Journal articles: 'Multifunctional Lubricating Oil'

1

Ghosh, P., and M. Das. "Biocompatible multifunctional lubricating oil additives." Petroleum Science and Technology 34, no. 15 (August 2, 2016): 1367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1202967.

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Upadhyay, Mahua, Gobinda Karmakar, Gurpreet Singh Kapur, and Pranab Ghosh. "Multifunctional greener additives for lubricating oil." Polymer Engineering & Science 58, no. 5 (June 28, 2017): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.24635.

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Fan, Bing Li, An Nan Sun, Zheng Jie Li, Yi Wei Guo, Xiao Wen Qi, and Chang Xin Liu. "Experimental Study on Dissolution Stability and Dispersion and their Influence on Tribological Properties for Reducing Friction and Prolonging Life of Armored Vehicle Engine Lubricating Oil Additives." Advanced Engineering Forum 49 (May 31, 2023): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ba6mc5.

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A lubricating oil additive for armored vehicle engine was synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion and physical blending with polyisobutylene and poly alpha olefin as polymer matrix, nanoBN and nanoALN as antifriction materials and polyisobutylene succinimide as surfactant. Polymer-based lubricating oil additive, hydroxyl magnesium silicate powder additive, commercial anti-wear repairing agent Goldway and commercial anti-wear protective agent Chief were dispersed into 10W-40 armored vehicle engine special lubricating oil according to a certain mass fraction. The dissolution stability of different lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil was investigated by standing test. The effects of ultrasonic time and temperature on the dispersion of different kinds of lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil are investigated by using ultrasonic disperser and particle size analyzer. The MDW-5G multifunctional end-face friction and wear tester is used to simulate the actual working process of cylinder liner-piston ring in armored vehicles during driving, and tribological tests were carried out under conventional working conditions to evaluate the tribological properties of different lubricating oil additives. Scanning electron microscope was used to measure and analyze the wear surface morphology and friction interface elements after tribological test, and the lubrication mechanism of lubricating oil additives is revealed. The results show that the polymer-based lubricating oil additive has good dissolution stability and dispersion in lubricating oil. Compared with pure lubricating oil, the average friction coefficient of lubricating oil containing 3wt% polymer-based additives is 0.085, and the friction coefficient decreases by 38.8%. During the friction process, polymer-based lubricating oil additives form a self-repairing oil film to cover the surface of the sample through a series of complex physical and chemical reactions, which reduces the friction and wear between the grinding pairs and improves the lubricating performance of lubricating oil.

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Li, H., Z. P. Hou, and X. H. Zhang. "Preparation and tribological properties of GO supported MoO3 composite nanomaterials." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 18, no. 4 (December 4, 2023): 1395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2023.184.1395.

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The MoO3/GO composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The performance of these composites as lubricating oil additives was investigated by a multifunctional friction testing machine. And the lubrication mechanism of MoO3/GO in base oil was discussed based on SEM and EDS test data. The results demonstrate that MoO3/GO composites as additives exhibit excellent anti-friction and anti-wear properties. This is mainly due to the synergistic effect between the lubricating film formed by the composite material on the wear surface and the self-healing ability of nano-MoO3, which can effectively fill and repair wear scars while reducing friction and wear on the steel disc surface.

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Karmakar, Gobinda, and Pranab Ghosh. "Soybean Oil as a Biocompatible Multifunctional Additive for Lubricating Oil." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc500685r.

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Talukdar, Sujit, and Pranab Ghosh. "Biodegradable vegetable oil polymer as a multifunctional lubricating oil additive." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 57, no. 4 (November 23, 2019): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2019.1691449.

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7

Ren, Tianhui, Yong Wan, Qunji Xue, and Hanqing Wang. "A study of alkylthiomethylbenzotriazoles as multifunctional lubricating oil additives." Lubrication Science 7, no. 2 (January 1995): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ls.3010070205.

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Bordubanova, E. G., E. Yu Oganesova, A. S. Lyadov, and O. P. Parenago. "A NEW MULTIFUNCTIONAL LUBRICANT ADDITIVE BASED ON A SULFUR-CONTAINING DERIVATIVE OF 2,6-DIMETHYLPHENOL." Доклады Российской академии наук. Химия, науки о материалах 512, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686953523600290.

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New dialkyldithio derivatives of 2,6-dimethylphenol have been synthesized and characterized. For the first time, the polyfunctional properties of these compounds have been studied as additives to lubricating oils in the processes of friction and wear in the boundary friction regime, as inhibitors of high-temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons, and as protectors of metal surfaces. It has been established that already with the content of synthesized additives in lubricating oils in the amount of 0.5 wt. % antiwear properties are improved more than twice. It has been shown that additives exhibit a complex antioxidant effect and high efficiency at all stages of the oxidation process, and even at ultra-low concentrations (0.005 wt. %), their ability to resist oxidation exceeds widely used analogs. New additives are of considerable interest to modern lubrication science, and they can be used in motor oil compositions and other lubricants.

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Wu, Daoyi, Yufu Xu, Lulu Yao, Tao You, and Xianguo Hu. "Tribological behaviour of graphene oxide sheets as lubricating additives in bio-oil." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2017-0356.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the upgradation of the lubricating performance of the renewable base oil , and to study the tribological behavior of graphene oxide (GO) sheets used as lubricating additives in bio-oil for iron/steel contact. Design/methodology/approach A multifunctional end-face tribometer was used to characterize the friction coefficient and wear loss of the tribosystem under different lubricants. Findings The experimental results show that GO sheets with small size benefit lubricating effects and the optimal concentration of GO sheets in bio-oil is 0.4-0.6 per cent, which can form a complete lubricating film on the frictional interfaces and obtain a low friction coefficient and wear loss. Higher concentration of GO sheets can result in a significant aggregation of the sheets, reducing the content of the lubricating components in the bio-oil, which results in the increase in friction and wear; at this stage, the main wear pattern was ascribed to adhesive wear. Practical implications These results show a promising prospect of improving the tribological performance of renewable base oil with the introduction of GO sheets as additives. Originality/value No literature has covered the tribological behaviour of GO sheets in bio-oil. This study contributes to accelerating the application of bio-oil.

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Nandi, Manishita, and Pranab Ghosh. "Evaluation and Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Multifunctional Additives for Lube Oil." Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 3, 2024): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2024/v14i1284.

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Behenyl acrylate (BA) homo-polymer and its copolymers with citral were synthesized with varying percentage compositions (w/w) and subjected to thorough characterization through GPC (gel permeation chromatography) analysis and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, NMR). The polymers' capability was assessed through viscosity index improvers/viscosity modifiers (VII or VM), anti wear (AW) additives and pour point depressants (PPD) for base oils (lubricating oil). The action mechanism of the PPD properties was investigated through photomicrographic analysis. Additionally, the thermal stability of the polymers was measured using TGA or thermo gravimetric analysis. Biodegradability tests on copolymers were conducted using soil burial test (SBT) and the Disc Diffusion (DD) method. The copolymers exhibited exceptional PPD, VII, and AW performance when incorporated into lubricating oil.

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Talukdar, Sujit, and Pranab Ghosh. "An ionic liquid as a potential multifunctional lubricating oil additive." Petroleum Science and Technology 36, no. 22 (October 25, 2018): 1920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1519574.

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Ghosh, P., M. Upadhyay, and M. Das. "Multifunctional Additive Performance of Liquid Crystal Blended Polydecylacrylate in Lubricating Oil." Petroleum Science and Technology 32, no. 19 (July 24, 2014): 2312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2013.798333.

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13

Wang, Jiabei, Wenjing Hu, and Jiusheng Li. "Lubrication and Anti-Rust Properties of Jeffamine-Triazole Derivative as Water-Based Lubricant Additive." Coatings 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060679.

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With the worldwide concern of environmental protection, water-based lubricants exhibit extensive potential applications due to their advantages of energy-conservation, innocuity, and competitive price. Nonetheless, the common lubricating additives currently available in the market are mainly oil-based, while multifunctional water lubricants are rare. This paper reports a sulfur- and phosphorus-free multifunctional additive with high water-solubility, which is applicable for multitype material surfaces. Specifically, through the Mannich reaction method, a Jeffamine-triazole derivative was synthesized from olyetheramine and benzotriazole. Compared with distilled water, the derivative exhibited superior friction reduction and wear resistance properties in water, with the friction reduction rate up to 72.7% and 70.2% for steel/steel and steel/aluminum contacts, respectively, when the concentration of the JD2000 is 2 wt.%. Remarkably, the wear resistance property for steel/aluminum contact is improved by 88.2%. Moreover, the additive showed corrosion inhibition on the metal surface by 75.5%. We further revealed the lubrication and anti-rust mechanisms: the additives are adsorbed on the surfaces through nitrogen atoms, and the long-chain structure of polyether can cover the sliding surfaces, forming a stable viscoelastic film to prevent the severe damages caused by the direct contact between rough friction pairs. Concurrently, the dense protective film can resist the corrosion of environmental media on the metal surface and delay the metal rust. This research may provide a candidate for an ecofriendly multifunctional water-based lubricating additive.

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14

Naletova, A. V., D. V. Davydov, and V. N. Bakunin. "Derivatives Based on 2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-Thiadiazole as Multifunctional Additives for Lubricating Oils." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 627, no. 5 (2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-627-5-45-52.

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Additives’ research remains relevant to many oil companies for this day. The dynamically developing market of lubricants requires the search for promising products for their production and the preparation of new compositions. In the last decade the strategic context for domestic oil refining has been the development of its own additives, compositions and packages of additives. The article discusses the trend of the selection of promising products based on a compound, which is the basis for the synthesis of multifunctional additives.

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15

Kicha, Gennadiy Petrovich, Maksim Anatol'evich Serebryakov, Ruslan Alekseevich Kriuchkov, and Andrey Veniaminovich Nadezhkin. "Modeling and evaluation of the engine oil aging intensity in marine trunk diesel engines when they are supercharged." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2024, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2024-1-45-57.

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A computational and experimental model of the aging of lubricating oil in different directions is presented, taking into account the influence on the intensity of its degradation of the degree of forcing (thermal load) and the technical condition of diesel, the quality (motor group) of the lubricant product and the sulfur content in the fuel. The novelty in assessing the aging of the lubricant in a tank diesel engine when forcing it by supercharging consists in the formation of a thermal load on the oil film, which determines the aging rate of the engine oil on the cylinder sleeve of the engine. It is reported how the density of the heat flux acting on the surface of the oil film swept by the piston is experimentally fixed and averaged over the height of the sleeve and the angle of rotation of the crankshaft during the engine operating cycle. The influence of the factors under consideration on the specific rate of aging of lubricating oil per unit area of the sleeve surface in contact with gases in the direction of additive activation, decrease in alkalinity, increase in acidity, tar formation and accumulation of insoluble products has been identified. The lines of equal values of the hypersurfaces of the response functions for the specific intensity of the alkalinity response and the formation of insoluble products of tar formation and acidity growth are illustrated. The requirements for engine oil have been formed according to the level of alloying with multifunctional additives, depending on the degree of boost (average effective pressure) of supercharged marine tank diesels. As a result of the analysis of the aging rate of engine oil in modern marine diesel engines with medium and high boost, the expediency of using unified type oils in them has been confirmed M-10(14)G2CS and M-14(16)DCL20 with multifunctional additives MASK and PMS for the combustion of distillate fuels and their mixtures with fuel oils with a sulfur content of up to 0.5%.

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16

Bae, Kichang, Minju Kang, Yeji Shin, Eunyoung Choi, Young-Mog Kim, and Junghoon Lee. "Multifunctional Edible Oil-Impregnated Nanoporous Oxide Layer on AISI 304 Stainless Steel." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050807.

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Slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) realized on commercial materials provides various functionalities, such as corrosion resistance, condensation heat transfer, anti-fouling, de/anti-icing, and self-cleaning. In particular, perfluorinated lubricants infused in fluorocarbon-coated porous structures have showed exceptional performances with durability; however, they caused several issues in safety, due to their difficulty in degradation and bio-accumulation. Here, we introduce a new approach to create the multifunctional lubricant-impregnated surface with edible oils and fatty acid, which are also safe to human body and degradable in nature. The edible oil-impregnated anodized nanoporous stainless steel surface shows a significantly low contact angle hysteresis and sliding angle, which is similar with general surface of fluorocarbon lubricant-infused systems. The edible oil impregnated in the hydrophobic nanoporous oxide surface also inhibits the direct contact of external aqueous solution to a solid surface structure. Due to such de-wetting property caused by a lubricating effect of edible oils, the edible oil-impregnated stainless steel surface shows enhanced corrosion resistance, anti-biofouling and condensation heat transfer with reduced ice adhesion.

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Karmakar, Gobinda, Koushik Dey, Pranab Ghosh, Brajendra K. Sharma, and Sevim Z. Erhan. "A Short Review on Polymeric Biomaterials as Additives for Lubricants." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081333.

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With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the development of lubricant additives from bioresources has attracted much attention recently. In this review, we reported a few polymers and polymer composites that are synthesized from vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and castor oil) and used as multifunctional additives in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant compositions. We mentioned the preparation of vegetable oil-based homo- and copolymers and their characterization by different spectral techniques (FTIR/NMR). The average molecular weights of the polymers are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Performance evaluations of the polymeric materials mainly as a viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD), and most importantly antifriction additives when blended with lubricating base oils are indicated. Standard ASTM methods have been applied to evaluate their performances. The findings have shown that all the additives discussed are non-toxic, biodegradable, and showed excellent performances compared to commercial petroleum-based additives.

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Abdulfatai, Usman, Adamu Uzairu, Gideon Adamu Shallangwa, and Sani Uba. "In-silico molecular design and dynamic binding energy assessments of some multifunctional lubricating oil additives." South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 32 (April 2020): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.002.

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Timokhin, S. V., Yu V. Rodionov, and I. I. Kurbakov. "Improvement of the technology for controlling the parameters of the lubricating system of the D-245 diesel engine." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 6 (2020): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-6-163.

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А significant factor affecting the reliability of the internal combustion engine and its technical and Economic indicators is the efficiency of the lubrication system. When the standard oil supply is applied, semiliquid friction occurs between the contacting parts, in which the parts are not completely separated by a layer of oil. However, with this friction, the required durability of components and parts with heat removal is guaranteed. The performance of the engine lubrication system is determined by the state of its elements (coarse and fine filters, oil radiator and pump, valves), as well as the quality of oil, its level in the internal combustion engine crankcase and temperature. In domestic internal combustion engines, the minimum oil level in the crankcase is controlled, but in operation there are situations when the oil level exceeds its maximum permissible value. This situation occurs when coolant or fuel enters the lubrication system. Coolant can get into the oil if the cylinder head gaskets, sleeve o-rings, or cracks in the cylinder head and block are broken. Top-Livo can enter the oil through worn and damaged parts of the fuel equipment (gas pump diaphragm, fuel pump plunger pairs, etc.). These liquids sharply degrade the quality of the oil and increase the wear of internal combustion engine parts, and the standard singlelevel indicator will not give the driver operational information about the malfunction. In connection with the above, the purpose of this work is to improve the technology for monitoring the technical condition of the internal combustion engine lubrication system on the example of the d-245 diesel engine and its modifications, which are widely used in GAZ (GAZ-3309), ZIL (ZIL-5301), MAZ (MAZ Zubrenok), PAZ buses (PAZ-3205), MTZ tractors (MTZ — 100, 892, 1020), agricultural and construction equipment.by developing and implementing a built — in device for monitoring the minimum and maximum oil levels in the crankcase, as well as its temperature. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the use of new circuit and technical solutions, as well as the original algorithm of the sensor operation developed by the authors, based on the use of switching laws of reed switches with normally closed and normally open contacts, the operation of which is spaced over time and controlled oil levels. Block diagram of the proposed device comprises a multifunction sensor level and oil temperature, including sensors of the mi-minimum and increased levels of engine oil in the crankcase of the engine and its temperature, the operation mode switch signal cooling temperature-edusei fluid and engine oil, the first and second voltage сomparators, indicator lights, buzzer, switch power supply, voltage regulator and regular temperature sensor coolant. The use of the developed device significantly increases the reliability and convenience of monitoring one of the most important indicators of internal combustion engines-the oil level in the crankcase, which will avoid significant engine damage. As a result of further research, it is planned to develop the device design, conduct laboratory studies of the developed multifunctional sensor in order to determine the dependence of its resistance on the temperature at the normal level of engine oil in the measuring flask, as well as determine the actual values of the developed sensor response heights at the lower and upper levels.

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20

Zhou, Chen, Li Tan, Wenjing Hu, and Jiusheng Li. "A modified oil‐soluble polyether used as multifunctional ashless additives with enhanced lubricating and corrosion protection performance." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 14 (November 2020): 50134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.50134.

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21

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, and Aminu Musa. "Sunflower and Linseed Oils with Decyl Methacrylate Based Copolymers as Green Lubricating Additives." Materials Science Forum 1045 (September 6, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1045.109.

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During the last few years, the greener additives prepared from bio-raw materials with low-cost and multifunctional applications have attracted considerable attention in the field of lubricant industry. In the present work, copolymers derived from sunflower and linseed oils with decyl methacrylate were synthesized by a thermal method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a radical initiator. Direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain in the presence of a free radical initiator leads to the formation of ecofriendly copolymeric additives (P1 and P2). The copolymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). Thermal decomposition of copolymers was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The average molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method. Different concentrations of prepared copolymer as additives vis 1, 2, 3, and 4 (w/v) were used to examine the rheological behavior and performance evaluation of the formulated base oil. The copolymer acts as an excellent viscosity improver and better pour point depressant.

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22

Aliyev, F. Y., H. A. Javadova, and I. A. Jafarova. "Influence of biocides on the operational properties of lubricant compositions." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-12-35-39.

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O organization of the production of lubricants, the creation of motor oils for various brands of locomotive, stationary, industrial, large-load self-loading ship diesels used in Republic, researched of highly effective additives and additive packages, is possible with the development of new lubricant compositions. For this purpose, investigation of multifunctional additives and additive packages in base oils according to the latest requirements has the great importance. Additives included in additive compositions in optimal concentration meet the requirements for a number of quality indicators of oils. The component added to these compositions – the biocide – may have a negative effect on the mentioned operating properties. Therefore, the main physico-chemical and operating properties of new bio-sustainable lubricants should be checked and the options recommended for application should be scientifically and practically justified. It is known, that the basic operational properties of lubricating oils are their oxidation, corrosion, corrosion and washing properties. As a result of the research conducted in the field of creating bio-sustainable additive compositions for various purpose lubricants on the basis of multifunctional additives and additive packages, it was determined that using organic compounds of different composition (α-phenyl-β-nitroethene biocide in the amount of 0.25 %) as a biocide can increase their service life possible. The specified properties of bio-sustainable oil samples created by adding biocide are determined by the relevant GOST. Our goal is to study the effect of biocide added to the oil composition.

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23

Каримова, Д. М., А. Ф. Хайдаров, and Г. Ю. Климентова. "STUDY OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF S-CONTAINING PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVES AND OILS FOR TWO-STROKE ENGINES." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 2(36) (April 30, 2021): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.36.2.010.

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Двухтактные двигатели за счет простоты своей конструкции, небольшого количества деталей и компактности пользуются большим спросом во многих отраслях, преимущественно для садовой техники и мотоциклов. В таких двигателях используется бензо-масляная смесь для создания масляной пленки, обеспечения достаточной смазки трущихся деталей и защиты их от коррозии. К современному моторному маслу для двухтактного двигателя существует ряд требований: полное выгорание без образования кокса, золы, отложений, хорошее растворение и перемешивание с топливом, противоизносные, антикоррозионные, смазывающие свойства при высоких температурах. Одновременного выполнения всех требований достичь представляется проблематично. Производители моторных масел используют различные присадки, улучшающие функциональные свойства масел. Известно, что содержание присадки в масле может достигать 3%. В настоящей статье рассматривается возможность использования S-содержащих пространственно-затрудненных фенолов как многофункциональных присадок. Эти вещества обладают высокой антиокислительной активностью за счет своего строения, благодаря которому замедляются процессы окисления. В качестве объекта сравнения были взяты показатели базовых масел, полученные при исследовании низкотемпературных свойств, кинематической вязкости и определении индекса вязкости. Низкотемпературные свойства присадок в смеси с маслом показали возможность использования этих веществ и в качестве пеногасящей присадки. Результаты исследования кинематической вязкости масел с присадками показали небольшое увеличение адсорбционной способности масла на деталях двигателя. Использование S-содержащих пространственно-затрудненных фенолов в составе смазывающей композиции представляется целесообразным. По исследуемым показателям можно видеть, что данные соединения совместимы с базовыми маслами. Two-stroke engines, due to their simplicity of design, a small number of parts and compactness, are in great demand in many industries, mainly for garden equipment and motorcycles. These engines use a petrol-oil mixture to create an oil film, ensure sufficient lubrication of rubbing parts and protect them from corrosion. There are a number of requirements for a modern engine oil for a two-stroke engine: complete burnout without the formation of coke, ash, deposits, good dissolution and mixing with fuel, antiwear, anti-corrosion, lubricating properties at high temperatures. It seems problematic to achieve the simultaneous fulfillment of all requirements. Motor oil manufacturers use a variety of additives to improve the performance of oils. It is known that the additive content in oil can be up to 3%. This article discusses the possibility of using S-containing sterically hindered phenols as multifunctional additives. These substances have high antioxidant activity due to their structure, due to which oxidation processes are slowed down. As an object of comparison, the indicators of base oils were taken, obtained in the study of low-temperature properties, kinematic viscosity and determination of the viscosity index. The low-temperature properties of the additives mixed with oil have shown the possibility of using these substances as a defoaming additive. The results of studying the kinematic viscosity of oils with additives showed a slight increase in the adsorption capacity of the oil on engine parts. The use of S-containing sterically hindered phenols in the composition of the lubricating composition seems to be expedient. According to the studied indicators, it can be seen that these compounds are compatible with base oils.

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Samyn, Pieter, Joey Bosmans, and Patrick Cosemans. "Role of Bio-Based and Fossil-Based Reactive Diluents in Epoxy Coatings with Amine and Phenalkamine Crosslinker." Polymers 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2023): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15193856.

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The properties of epoxy can be adapted depending on the selection of bio-based diluents and crosslinkers to balance the appropriate viscosity for processing and the resulting mechanical properties for coating applications. This work presents a comprehensive study on the structure–property relationships for epoxy coatings with various diluents of mono-, di-, and bio-based trifunctional glycidyl ethers or bio-based epoxidized soybean oil added in appropriate concentration ranges, in combination with a traditional fossil-based amine or bio-based phenalkamine crosslinker. The viscosity of epoxy resins was already reduced for diluents with simple linear molecular configurations at low concentrations, while higher concentrations of more complex multifunctional diluents were needed for a similar viscosity reduction. The curing kinetics were evaluated through the fitting of data from differential scanning calorimetry to an Arrhenius equation, yielding the lowest activation energies for difunctional diluents in parallel with a balance between viscosity and reactivity. While the variations in curing kinetics with a change in diluent were minor, the phenalkamine crosslinkers resulted in a stronger decrease in activation energy. For cured epoxy resins, the glass transition temperature was determined as an intrinsic parameter that was further related to the mechanical coating performance. Considerable effects of the diluents on coating properties were investigated, mostly showing a reduction in abrasive wear for trifunctional diluents in parallel with the variations in hardness and ductility. The high hydrophobicity for coatings with diluents remained after wear and provided good protection. In conclusion, the coating performance could be related to the intrinsic mechanical properties independently of the fossil- or bio-based origin of diluents and crosslinkers, while additional lubricating properties are presented for vegetable oil diluents.

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Sun, X. F., Yu Lin Qiao, Jia Wu He, Shi Ning Ma, and C. H. Hu. "High Temperature Tribological Behavior of Nano-Al₂O₃ in Different Base Oils." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.568.

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High temperature tribological behavior of nano-Al2O3 in different base oils were tested by a SRV multifunctional test system. The results show that the nano-Al2O3 particles can obviously improve the antiwear and friction reducing properties of the base oil under high temperature and high load. The friction coefficients of the base oil with added nano-Al2O3 are reduced about 35%, and abrasion loss reduces about 60%. When temperature is 500°C and load is 500N the pure base oil has lost lubricative function, but the base oil with added nano-Al2O3 can still remain the lower friction coefficients. Tribological behavior should be similar to the “ball bearing” lubrication action of the nano-Al2O3 particles, so the movement between the two tribological pairs becomes sliding/rolling.

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Xu, Quan, Qingqiao Li, Xu Wu, Bofan Li, Erdong Yao, Yuan Li, Fujian Zhou, Yan Luo, and Wei Cai. "Enhancement of the Wettability and Lubrication of Shale Rock via Nanoemulsions." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7145698.

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Nanoemulsions have been widely used as additives for drilling fluids in recent years. With the development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanomaterials have been added to nanoemulsions. The improvement of wettability of the surfaces, alteration of oil-wet on shale rock surfaces, and environmentally friendly conditions are considered as the future development directions of nanoemulsions. In this work, a novel nanoemulsion was prepared by using hydrocarbon-based polyoxyethylene ether, oil (hydrocarbon), distilled water, and formation crude oil as the main raw materials. The shale rocks before and after immersion with as-prepared nanoemulsion were characterized by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscope (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is clearly observed that the nanoemulsion greatly improved the wettability of the sandstone and rock surface by forming a layer of active agent film on the surface of the rock. The as-prepared nanoemulsion had good ability to curb the anticollapse and lubricate and protect the oil and gas layer.

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Tarasov, Maxim Igorevich, and Gennadiy Petrovich Kicha. "Kinetics of motor oil aging in marine diesel engines under continuous and periodic refill to compensate loss." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2023, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2023-1-7-14.

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The article considers the balance of the engine oil aging components in the diesel engine lubrication system with the refinement of oil composition caused by the oil product loss. The motor oil aging process has been identified under continuous and periodic oil refill in order to replenish the lubrication system with fresh oil which would compensate the burnt off oil products. There were derived and solved the differential equations of the oil product balance for such aspects of aging as contamination by insoluble impurities and multifunctional additives impact, which helped understand the general regularities and kinetics of the studied process. Novelty of the approach to theoretical description of the process consisted in the fact of filtering the insoluble and colloidal components of mechanical impurities and additives by the purification and burnout means. Cyclic picture of aging allows to analyze the state of the oil aging before and after refill with its periodic refreshment. The dependence is transformed and presented in a form where it is possible to determine the state of the oil at each aging cycle, without examining the intermediate concentrations of impurities and additives. The advantage of the obtained kinetic integral expressions for oil aging is the ability to determine the conditions for a long-term or permanent mode of its use in the lubrication system of a diesel engine. There are given the formulas by which the intensity of filtration and the concentration of additives in fresh oil or the time of their impact are calculated at a given oil loss and provide a pre-rejection mode of using circulating luboil in a diesel engine.

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Wu, Yuanbo, Xuefeng Yang, Shouren Wang, Jian Cheng, Hui Zhang, Chongyang Lu, and Hailong Chen. "Tribological Properties of V-Shaped Surface Texture under Oil Lubrication Condition." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 2 (April 2019): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193720401.

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In order to study the tribological properties of V-shaped texture under oil lubrication conditions, the loading force and speed are selected as the influencing factors, each factor selected six levels. Experimental study on friction and wear of V-shaped texture with ring arrangement is finished by MMG-10 Multifunctional Friction and Wear Testing Machine, and the data of the experimental results are analyzed by using Matlab. The results show that there is a near linear relationship between the friction coefficient and the loading force and velocity. The relationship between the friction coefficient and the loading force and velocity can be expressed by a functional equation. The loading force has a greater influence on the friction coefficient than the speed. The SEM images of the post-test specimens show that the main weared zone of the V-shaped texture is the tip part. Create a single V-shaped texture model with Solidworks and use CFD to divide the mesh into the Fluent solution. According to the pressure distribution cloud diagram and the turbulence intensity cloud diagram, the stability of the oil film is improved due to the enhanced fluidity of the oil film and the small change in the oil pressure. The tip portion is also the region with a large turbulence intensity value. The improvement of the stability of the oil film is the key to reduce the friction coefficient of the V-shaped texture when the loading force increases.

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Kang, Jianxiong, Yanjun Lu, Bin Zhao, Cheng Jiang, Pengzhou Li, Hongbo Luo, and Yongfang Zhang. "Experimental study of the tribological characteristics of a honed cylinder liner during the running-in process." Mechanical Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-101-2022.

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Abstract. The tribological properties of the cylinder liner are of great significance in reducing energy loss from an internal combustion engine's system. In order to improve the antiwear performance of the cylinder liner at top dead center (TDC), the friction and wear of the honed cylinder liner during the running-in process are investigated. Using a UMT TriboLab multifunction friction wear tester, the coefficients of friction (COFs) are analyzed under different lubrication conditions and loads, and the surface roughness and profile of the cylinder liner are obtained using a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The COF, roughness and surface profile are compared in order to investigate the variation in tribology parameters under different operating conditions. To monitor the COF in real time, it is predicted using the polynomial fitting method. It is shown that the COF decreases with an increase in the lubrication oil and load and that the surface profile more easily becomes smooth under dry (lubrication) conditions; this can effectively shorten the operation time during the running-in process. The polynomial fitting method can achieve an assessment of the COF with a very small standard error.

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Xiong, Sang, Baosen Zhang, Shuai Luo, Hao Wu, and Zhen Zhang. "Preparation, characterization, and tribological properties of silica-nanoparticle-reinforced B-N-co-doped reduced graphene oxide as a multifunctional additive for enhanced lubrication." Friction 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0331-1.

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AbstractMicrowave-synthesized SiO2-reinforced B-N-co-doped reduced graphene oxide (SiO2-B-N-GO) nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (TEM/EDX) analysis. The tribological properties of the SiO2-B-N-GO prepared as anti-wear additives for enhanced lubrication were studied using a four-ball tester. The experiment results indicated that SiO2-B-N-GO exhibits excellent load-carrying, anti-wear, and anti-friction properties in a base oil, especially at the optimal concentration of additives at 0.15 wt%. The wear scar diameter decreased from 0.70 to 0.37 mm and the coefficient of friction was reduced from 0.092 to 0.070, which reductions are attributed to the formation of B-N and graphene layer tribofilms of several tens of nanometers in thickness that prevented direct contact between metals.

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Srikiran, S., P. N. L. Pavani, and Kumaran Palani. "Modeling of Nanolubricant-Assisted Machining Process by using Multiple Regression Analysis." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (February 14, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3669399.

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Graphite, due to its hexagonally arranged crystal structure, is a preferred lubricant. The crystal structure within a planar condensed ring system indicates that the layers are stacked in a direction that is parallel to each other. Researchers have reported that the use of graphite powder as a lubricant during machining has exhibited promising results. Mixture of graphite in a carrying medium demonstrated multifunctional lubrication performance due to the separation of sliding surfaces by a liquid lubricant film and protected by solid powder. Scientific literature has pointed out that graphite powder at the nanoscale has been used in various mechanical operations exhibiting promising results. It is found that nanolevel graphite powder has been used previously by researchers in the metal-forming operations and tribological tests. This emphasizes the significance of the present work, which investigates the impact of nanoscale differences in the particle size of graphite powder has on the machining of hardened steel. With SAE 40 oil functioning as the carrying medium and nanocrystalline graphite of various size range performing as the lubricant, the current work attempts to determine the effects of solid-lubricant-assisted machining. It is observed experimentally that the machining parameters have improved with respect to the particle size of the nanopowder. The experimental results show that the cutting forces, tool temperatures, and surface roughness are found to increase as the size of the nanocrystalline graphite powder is reduced from 70–90 to 5–10 nm. Using the experimental values, regression analysis is carried out to develop nonlinear expressions between the input and output variables using SPSS statistical tool. The data are used to develop the models to predict cutting forces, tool temperatures, and surface roughness for the input parameters like size of the nanocrystalline graphite powder, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting velocity for a considerably good range in a scientific way so that further researchers can use it. Further, the outputs obtained from the experimentation and the regression equations are compared and analysis is carried out in terms of the error percentage.

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Ghosh, Pranab, Mainul Hoque, Gobinda Karmakar, and Sultana Yeasmin. "Castor Oil Based Multifunctional Greener Additives for Lubricating Oil." Current Environmental Engineering 4, no. 3 (October 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212717804666170609121546.

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Ghosh, Pranab, and Gobinda Karmakar. "Evaluation of sunflower oil as a multifunctional lubricating oil additive." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40090-014-0007-7.

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Singh, Nisha, Priyanka Agarwal, Jyoti Porwal, and Suheel K. Porwal. "Evaluation of block copolymer and homopolymer of stearyl methacrylate as multifunctional additives for lubricating oil." Polymer Bulletin, August 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04937-9.

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Zhang, Yingying, Qingxia Niu, Yao Xu, Jian Chen, Congcong Zhai, Umair Azhar, Yi Lu, Hui Li, and Chuanyong Zong. "Synthesis of long straight‐chain alkane substituted ferrocene with ultra‐robust oil solubility as multifunctional organometallic additive." Applied Organometallic Chemistry, April 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.7482.

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Tailoring of organometallics structure toward desirable properties continues to be both fascinating and challenging in the field of materials science. Herein, a novel ferrocene derivative with long straight‐chain alkane mono‐substituent is synthesized and used as multifunctional organometallic additive in the base oil. This ferrocene‐based organometallic compound (MFc) is synthesized via the Friedel‐Crafts acylation of ferrocene with myristyl chloride, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. The chemical structure, crystallizability, surface morphology, and the thermal properties of the as‐synthesized compound are systematically characterized. As the iron‐containing standard substance, the MFc was preferable dissolve in lubricating oil with the iron element content as high as 2*105 ppm. Resultantly, the MFc/oil solutions exhibited excellent stability even after high‐speed centrifugal treatment, long‐term storage up to 3 months, and ultra‐low temperature treatment at −40°C for 24 h. Moreover, the MFc as a functional lubricant additive could reduce the average wear scar diameter, wear volume, and coefficient of friction with 40%, 73%, and 18%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding pure base oil. This synthetic strategy provides a novel perspective for the design of functional organometallics, and the as‐synthesized novel ferrocene derivative may find a wide range of advanced potential applications in analytical chemistry, tribology, and interfacial science.

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Li, Jing, Hua Wu, and Tianhui Ren. "The Tribological Study of Novel Benzotriazolyl-Containing Anticorrosive Polysulfides in Rapeseed Oil." Journal of Tribology 131, no. 1 (December 3, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2991125.

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Two novel benzotriazolyl-containing polysulfides were synthesized as a part of the efforts of molecular design. The tribological properties of the synthetic products as additives in rapeseed oil were evaluated using a four-ball machine and compared with that of diiso-butylpolysulfides (DIBPS). The copper corrosion-inhibiting performance and thermal stabilities of the additives were explored as well. The results showed that the synthetic heterocyclic polysulfides had better corrosion-inhibiting properties and thermal stability than the DIBPS. Moreover, the heterocyclic polysulfide additives can improve extreme pressure properties of rapeseed oil as well as antiwear and friction-reducing abilities. However, compared with DIBPS, the heterocyclic polysulfide additives showed a little weaker performance. Tribofilms were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface analysis indicated that the benzotriazolyl-containing polysulfides experienced tribochemical reactions with the rubbing steel surface to generate FeS and FeS2, which together with the chemically absorbed organic N-containing species formed a surface protective film and hence significantly reduce wear of the steel-steel frictional pair. The titled synthetic compounds could be used as promising environmentally friendly multifunctional lubricating additives.

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Mahmoud, Husameldin, Arafat A. A. Mohammed, Mustafa S. Nasser, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, and Muftah H. El-Naas. "Green drilling fluid additives for a sustainable hole-cleaning performance: a comprehensive review." Emergent Materials, July 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00524-w.

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AbstractDrilling fluids are the core of drilling operations, and they are responsible for many roles, such as lubricating drill string, cooling down drilling equipment, maintaining wellbore integrity, and transporting cuttings to the surface. High-energy demands have caused the oil and gas production rates to increase by orders of magnitude, which is accompanied by increased usage of different drilling fluids, including oil-based muds (OBM) and water-based muds (WBM). Large amounts of fluids used without caution can cause severe consequences to the environment if not well monitored. Therefore, the field has been exploring the utilization of biodegradable and environmentally friendly additives (green). These green formulations can promote a safer alternative to the currently available commercial additives, meet sophisticated drilling requirements, and ensure resource sustainability. A comprehensive overview of the literature has been conducted in this review, starting with a background on oil and gas reservoir types and cuttings transportation mechanisms, followed by a discussion on various recent green fluids or additives emerging in the field. In addition, an economic comparison has been conducted to assess the feasibility of the reviewed green formulations. Finally, the review ends with a summary and future prospective on the topic. In conclusion, this review suggests the development of multifunctional drilling fluids with good hole-cleaning properties, utilizing additives studied for different functions (e.g., filtration). Enhancement of rheological properties achieved through the addition of these additives indicates their suitability for hole-cleaning applications, which must be confirmed through additional studies. Consequently, filling the existing gap in the literature is by triggering research topics in this area.

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HI, Al-Shafey. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Multifunction Co-Polymer as Lubricating Oils Additives." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000159.

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Yao, Na, Haiyang Ding, Mei Li, Shouhai Li, Lina Xu, and Xiaohua Yang. "Multifunctional Lubricant Additive Improves Lubrication and Antioxidation Properties of Tung Oil." Journal of Renewable Materials, 2023, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2023.026823.

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Al-Messri, Zainab A. K., and Saba Zuhair Hussein. "Synthesis of Over-Based Magnesium Stearate Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation as Multifunction Lubricating Oil Additives." Iraqi Journal of Science, December 30, 2022, 5131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.12.4.

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The use of multifunction additives in the lubricant sector has attracted great interest due to their ability to simultaneously improve and add multiple functions. This work describes the preparation and evaluation of over-based magnesium stearate detergent as a multifunction additive by the reaction of stearic acid with carbon dioxide gas in the presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and ammonia. The prepared over-based magnesium stearate was evaluated as a multifunction additive through blending it in various concentrations of 1-5 wt/wt% with sixty stock lubricating oils. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Institute of Petroleum (IP) were used to determine the total base number (TBN), viscosity index (VI), pour point (PP), rust prevention, copper corrosion inhibition, and oxidation stability. The over-based magnesium stearate detergent gave higher values for TBN and detergency efficiency. The blended oil with one percent of the prepared additive showed more rust, oxidation, and corrosion resistance than the standard antioxidant (hindered phenol HP). The VI values of the blended oils showed that the 5 wt/wt% over-based magnesium stearate, which has approximately the same VI values as the blend with 5% of the standard olefin copolymer (OCP), provides better performance.

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Li, Chuan, Qiangqiang Zhang, Bo Wu, Weimin Feng, Hui Song, and Xianguo Hu. "Effect of rGO@Fe3O4 on the tribological behavior of biodiesel soot-contaminated polyalphaolefin." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, April 7, 2020, 135065012091785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650120917857.

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The biodiesel soot interacts with engine oil and causes the wear of engine parts. In this study, we present the effects of rGO@Fe3O4 on the tribological behavior of the biodiesel soot-contaminated lubricating oil using a UMT-2 multifunction friction tester to ensure active control with respect to the role of biodiesel soot in engine oil. Three-dimensional laser scanning microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the worn surfaces of the lower disc. rGO@Fe3O4 reduced the wear of the GCr15 steel specimens as an additive in the polyalphaolefin-6 base oil containing biodiesel soot. The tribological mechanism can be attributed to the formation of a protecting layer in the presence of rGO@Fe3O4 and the ability of the exfoliated Fe3O4 particles to repair the friction surfaces, enhancing the anti-wear property of polyalphaolefin-6 containing biodiesel soot.

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Bao, Yichen, Kai Liu, Quan Zheng, Lulu Yao, and Yufu Xu. "A Review of Preparation and Tribological Applications of Pickering Emulsion." Journal of Tribology, September 17, 2021, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4052480.

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Abstract Pickering emulsion is a new type of stable emulsion made by ultra-fine solid particles instead of traditional surfactants as stabilizers, which has received widespread attention in recent years. The preparation methods of stator-rotor homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonic emulsification were compared with others in this work. The main factors affecting the stability of Pickering emulsion are the surface humidity of the solid particles, the polarity of the oil phase, and the oil-water ratio. These factors could affect the nature of the solid particles, the preparation process of Pickering emulsion and the external environment. Consequently, the long-term stability of Pickering emulsion is still a challenge. The tribological investigations of Pickering emulsion were summarized, and the multifunctional Pickering emulsion shows superior prospects for tribological applications. Moreover, the latest development of Pickering emulsion offers a new strategy for smart lubrication in the near future.

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Salih, Ahmad R., and Zainab A. K. Al-Messri. "Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Some Pyranopyrazole Derivatives as Multifunction Additives for Medium Lubricating Oils." Iraqi Journal of Science, July 31, 2022, 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.7.7.

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The current work involves synthesis of 6-amino-4-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,4- dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (2) by condensation of 2-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine) malononitrile (1) with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. The product 2 was then reacted with various aldehydes to form a series of Schiff base derivatives 3a-h. The reaction of the chosen Schiff base derivatives (3a and 3b) with mercaptoacetic acid gave thiazolidinone derivatives (4a and 4b). The structures of prepared compounds were confirmed using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. They were evaluated as good copper corrosion inhibitors, anti-rust, and antioxidants. This was done by mixing them with the base medium lubricating oil (type 60 stock) provided by the Iraqi Midland Refineries Company/Al-Daura according to the American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM-D130, ASTM-D665, and Institute of Petroleum's testing method, oxidation stability test (IP-280), respectively.

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Gupta, Manoj Kumar, Jayashree Bijwe, and Ajay Kumar Kadiyala. "Tribo-Investigations on Oils With Dispersants and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Particles." Journal of Tribology 140, no. 3 (October 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4038105.

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A dispersant is almost an unavoidable additive in engine oils since it helps to keep the carbonaceous particles in a suspended form. Dispersants can be multifunctional and can therefore interfere with the functions of other additives either synergistically or antagonistically. The present work investigated the influence of four dispersants (with and without particles of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on selected lubrication-related properties of the oils using four ball tester. Particles of hBN, though known as effective anti-wear (AW) and anti-friction (AF) additives, did not prove effective in oil in the presence of dispersants. On the other hand, it proved to be a good extreme pressure (EP) additive by showing 27% improvement in weld load (WL). Worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Raman spectroscopy.

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Fenibo, Emmanuel Oliver, Salome Ibietela Douglas, and Herbert Okechukwu Stanley. "A Review on Microbial Surfactants: Production, Classifications, Properties and Characterization." Journal of Advances in Microbiology, September 17, 2019, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v18i330170.

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Surfactants are a surface-active group of molecular compounds with hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in one single molecule that distributes themselves between two immiscible fluids, reduce surface/ interfacial tensions and cause the solubility of non-polar compounds in polar solvents. Besides surface and interfacial activities, they display properties such as solubilization, detergency, lubrication, emulsification, stabilization and foaming capacity. Microbiologically derived surfactants are called biosurfactants. They are produced as either metabolic products or as the surface chemistry of an actual cell. The employment of screening techniques such as surface tension measurements, drop collapse test, oil spreading assay, emulsification index (%EI24), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/methylene blue agar plate test and strain characterization. Others are analytical techniques including liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. These have led to the identification of biosurfactant producing microorganisms, properties and characterization of biosurfactants. Therefore, this review tends to provide the current knowledge of the screening techniques and chromatography/spectroscopic tools employed to study biosurfactants. Results from a detailed study of these tools can unveil new surfactant producing microorganism, decipher chemical diversity and multifunctional properties of biosurfactants critical for applications in diverse industrial sectors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multifunctional Lubricating Oil'

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