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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials

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Academic literature on the topic 'Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials"

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Liu, Jialin, David Hui, and Denvid Lau. "Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (2022): 770–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0041.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial-reinforced polymer composites exhibit superior properties and multifunctional applications. Compared to lower dimensional nanomaterials such as nanotubes and nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials show a larger surface area. The large surface area makes 2D nanomaterials more effectively restrict the mobility of polymer chains and yields better reinforcing efficiency than the lower-dimensional nanomaterials. To gain an in-depth understanding and extend the applications of polymer composites reinforced with 2D nanomaterials, this paper reviews the progress in

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Danilenko, I., O. Gorban, A. Shylo, L. Akhkozov, M. Lakusta, and T. Konstantinova. "New multifunctional zirconia composite nanomaterials – from electronics to ceramics." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 213 (June 2017): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/213/1/012016.

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Tran, Thien, Daniel M. Deocampo, and Nadine Kabengi. "Synthesis and Optimization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes–Ferrihydrite Hybrid Composite." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010005.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a family of carbon nanomaterials that have uses in many technological and medical applications due to their unique properties. However, compared to other nanomaterials, CNT have a significantly lower specific surface areas (SSA), which is a critical limitation for applications. To overcome this limitation, here, we report a new protocol to synthesize a hybrid material composed of varying ratios of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and ferrihydrite (FHY). Furthermore, through a series of physical and electrochemical characterization tests, we determined that 36% FH

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Ali, Alamry, and Andri Andriyana. "Properties of multifunctional composite materials based on nanomaterials: a review." RSC Advances 10, no. 28 (2020): 16390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10594h.

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Chan, Ming-Hsien, Wen-Tse Huang, Aishwarya Satpathy, Ting-Yi Su, Michael Hsiao, and Ru-Shi Liu. "Progress and Viewpoints of Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials for Glioblastoma Theranostics." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020456.

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The most common malignant tumor of the brain is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in adults. Many patients die shortly after diagnosis, and only 6% of patients survive more than 5 years. Moreover, the current average survival of malignant brain tumors is only about 15 months, and the recurrence rate within 2 years is almost 100%. Brain diseases are complicated to treat. The reason for this is that drugs are challenging to deliver to the brain because there is a blood–brain barrier (BBB) protection mechanism in the brain, which only allows water, oxygen, and blood sugar to enter the brain through b

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Tomšič, Brigita, Špela Bajrič, Kaja Cergonja, et al. "Tailoring of multifunctional cotton fabric by embedding a TiO2+ZnO composite into a chitosan matrix." Tekstilec 66 (July 7, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec.66.2023049.

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The use of nanomaterials to functionalise textiles offers new opportunities for chemical modification of textile fibres’ surfaces to achieve multifunctional protective properties. In this study, novel coatings were tailored on cotton fabric by embedding a mixture of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) of different molar ratios into a chitosan polymer matrix. The excitation energies of the TiO2+ZnO composites generated in the coatings ranged from 3.20 eV to 3.25 eV, indicating that the photocatalytic performance of the functionalised cotton was driven by UV light. The presence of TiO2+ZnO composit

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Hu, Yu, Nan Yao, Jin Tan, and Yang Liu. "An Efficient and Reusable Multifunctional Composite Magnetic Nanocatalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation." Synlett 30, no. 06 (2019): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612076.

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A range of multifunctional magnetic metal–organic framework nanomaterials consisting of various mass ratios of the metal–organic framework MIL-53(Fe) and magnetic SiO2@NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were designed, prepared, characterized, and evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation. The as-fabricated nanomaterials, especially the nanocatalyst MIL-53(Fe)@SiO2@NiFe2O4(1.0), showed good catalytic performance in the Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature as a result of synergistic interaction between the Lewis acid iron sites of MIL-53(Fe) and the active sites of the mag

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Shen, Jia-Yan, Ting Dong, Liang Fang, Jian-Jun Ma, and Li-Hong Zeng. "Study on Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials for Controlled Drug Release in Biomedicine." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 2 (2021): 1230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18685.

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Nanoscience is a highly comprehensive, interdisciplinary discipline based on many advanced science and technology, and has developed very rapidly in the past few decades. Nanoscience and technology has been widely used in many fields such as biomedicine, materials science, chemistry, physics, and electronic information engineering. Nanomaterials are widely used due to their many excellent properties such as quantum size effects, small size effects, surface effects, and tunneling effects, and have become hot research areas. It is very suitable as a carrier for antitumor drug molecules, which is

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Monteserín, Cristina, Miren Blanco, Nieves Murillo, et al. "Novel Antibacterial and Toughened Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Composites by the Incorporation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Modified Electrospun Nanofibre Veils." Polymers 11, no. 9 (2019): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091524.

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The inclusion of electrospun nanofiber veils was revealed as an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. These veils will eventually allow the incorporation of nanomaterials not only for mechanical reinforcement but also in multifunctional applications. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of electrospun nanofibrous veils made of polyamide 6 modified with TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of a carbon-fiber/epoxy composite. The nanofibers were included in the carbon-fiber/epoxy composite as a single structure. Th

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Chan, Ming-Hsien, Chien-Hsiu Li, Yu-Chan Chang, and Michael Hsiao. "Iron-Based Ceramic Composite Nanomaterials for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (2022): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122584.

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Because of the unique physicochemical properties of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetism, high saturation magnetization, and high effective surface area, they have been applied in biomedical fields such as diagnostic imaging, disease treatment, and biochemical separation. Iron-based nanoparticles have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce clearer and more detailed images, and they have therapeutic applications in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). In recent years, researchers have used clay minerals, such as ceramic materials with iron-based nanopart

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials"

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Carraro, Giorgio. "Is Rust a Real Must? From Design to Applications of Multifunctional Fe2O3-based Nanomaterials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423463.

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The present PhD thesis is devoted to the design and fabrication of multi-functional Fe2O3-based nanomaterials by means of vapor phase techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, both thermal (CVD) and plasma enhanced (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sputtering, either as such or combined into original preparation strategies. The performed research activities have covered the entire material production chain, encompassing the preparation of the molecular precursor, the material development and chemico-physical characterization, up to the ultimate functional validation for energy a

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Lee, Jeonyoon. "Nanomaterial-enabled manufacturing for next-generation multifunctional advanced composite prepreg laminate architectures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120256.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 179-193).<br>Manufacturing of advanced aerospace-grade structural composites has traditionally utilized autoclaves to impart heat and pressure, in addition to vacuum, to create high-quality, void (defect)- free, reproducible structures. Carbon (micro) fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, which are pre-impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer to form prepreg sheets, are in widespread use via

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Books on the topic "Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials"

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Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials Conference (2nd 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt). Proceedings of the ASME 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials Conference--2008: Presented at the 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials Conference, January 11-13, 2008, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. ASME, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials"

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Kannan, Karthik, Devi Radhika, R. Suriyaprabha, Sreeja K. Satheesh, and L. Sivarama Krishna. "Emergent Nanomaterials and Their Composite Fabrication for Multifunctional Applications." In Nanomaterials in Bionanotechnology. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003139744-5.

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Alimuddin and Salman A. Khan. "Graphene-Analog Boron Nitride Nanomaterial and Their Photocatalytic Applications." In Multifunctional Boron-Nitride Composites. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2866-8_5.

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Bagheri, Samira, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, and Negar Mansouri. "Nanocrystalline Cellulose: Green, Multifunctional and Sustainable Nanomaterials." In Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch142.

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A. Butt, Hassaan, German V. Rogozhkin, Andrei Starkov, Dmitry V. Krasnikov, and Albert G. Nasibulin. "Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer/Fiber Composites: Fiber-Based Integration and Properties." In Next Generation Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108810.

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Carbon nanotubes are one of the most versatile nanomaterials currently used to modify the properties of both thermoplastic and thermoset-based composites, both with and without the use of a fibrous reinforcement phase. Electrically and thermally conductive by nature, their addition to traditional fiber-reinforced polymer composites has not only heralded increased mechanical properties in terms of flexural, tensile, impact, and interlaminar properties, but also allowed imparting inherent conductivity to the final composites, allowing the creation of specialized, isotropic, anisotropic, and hierarchically graded composites with applications ranging from self-diagnostic damage detection, de-icing to energy storage and conversion. The purpose of this book chapter is to focus on the methods used to integrate carbon nanotubes, both anistropically and anisotropically via techniques that focus solely on the fibrous reinforcement phase and not the matrix, into fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. The chapter aims to review the properties that may result from such integration of the various techniques, provide a current state of the art of the multifunctional properties, which have been achieved thus far, and outline possible future dimensions of investigation and application.

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Hoang Nam, Nguyen. "Multifunctional Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications." In Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96712.

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Multifunctional silver nanoparticles have attracted widely due to their potential applications. Based on the properties of individual silver nanoparticles, such as plasmonic and antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles can become multifunctional by surface modifications with various surfactants or they can be combined in core-shell and composite structures with the magnetic nanoparticles to form bifunctional nanoparticles. After reviewing the methods of synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles, the chapter describes the synthesis and the properties of the new types of multifunctional silver nanomaterials based on the plasmonic behaviors of silver nanoparticles and the iron oxide Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles. One type is a simple combination of silver nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles in a silica matrix Fe3O4/Ag-4ATP@SiO2. Other types are the core-shell structured nanoparticles, where Fe3O4 nanoparticles play as the core and silver nanoparticles are the outer shell, so-called Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag and Fe3O4-Ag. In the Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag, silver nanoparticles are reduced on the surface of silica-coated magnetic core, while in Fe3O4-Ag, silver nanoparticles are directly reduced on the amino groups functionalized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles without coating with silica. Both of types of the multifunctional silver nanoparticles show the plasmonic and magnetic properties similar as the individual silver and iron oxide nanoparticles. Finally, some applications of those multifunctional silver nanoparticles will be discussed.

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"Chapter 11 Formation of Multifunctional Fe3O4/Au Composite Nanoparticles for Dual-mode MR/CT Imaging Applications." In Synthesis and biomedical applications of magnetic nanomaterials. EDP Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-2715-2.c013.

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Asghar, Hamza, Sara Baig, Mahnoor Naeem, et al. "Graphene Based Functional Hybrids: Design and Technological Applications." In Graphene - Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108791.

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Because of the versatile chemical, physical, and electrical properties, graphene as well as its nanocomposites are regarded as the backbone of engineering and scientific innovation. Different physical and chemical methods are used to create sustainable carbon materials. Furthermore, fabrication methods are employed in order to produce the composites, which are of constituents with desirable properties. Because of their biocompatibility, graphene nanomaterials have enormous potential for improving biology and drug delivery. The proposed chapter provides a variety of fabrication methods for sustainable graphene composites and highlights various applications of graphene. Furthermore, graphene nanocomposites are promising multifunctional materials with improved tensile strength and elastic modulus. Despite some challenges and the fact that carbon nanotube/polymer composites are sometimes better in some specific performance, graphene nanocomposites may have a wide range of potential applications due to their outstanding properties and the low cost of graphene. Because these graphene composites have a controllable porous structure, a large surface area, high conductivity, high temperature stability, excellent anti-corrosion properties, and composite compatibility, they can be used in energy storage as electrocatalysts, electro-conductive additives, intercalation hosts, and an ideal substrate for active materials. Meanwhile, the chapter summaries the graphene nanocomposites requirements for technological innovation and scientific applied research.

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Henriques Ferreira, Sofia, Ana Rovisco, Andreia dos Santos, et al. "Porous ZnO Nanostructures Synthesized by Microwave Hydrothermal Method for Energy Harvesting Applications." In Nanopores [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97060.

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The ever-growing global market for smart wearable technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for sustainable and multifunctional nanomaterials synthesized by low-cost and energy-efficient processing technologies. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a key material for this purpose due to the variety of facile methods that exist to produced ZnO nanostructures with tailored sizes, morphologies, and optical and electrical properties. In particular, ZnO nanostructures with a porous structure are advantageous over other morphologies for many applications because of their high specific surface area. In this chapter, a literature review on the latest progress regarding the synthesis and applications of ZnO with a porous morphology will be provided, with special focus on the synthesis by microwave hydrothermal method of these nanomaterials and their potential for application in energy harvesting devices. Nanogenerators of a composite made by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and porous ZnO nanostructures were explored and optimized, with an output voltage of (4.5 ± 0.3) V being achieved for the best conditions. The daily life applicability of these devices was demonstrated by lighting up a commercial LED, by manually stimulating the nanogenerator directly connected to the LED.

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"Graphitic Carbon Nanomaterials for Multifunctional Nanocomposites." In Smart Composites. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16257-8.

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John, Sam, Sreelakshmi Rajeevan, K. P. Greeshma, and Soney C. George. "Nanocellulose-based polymer composites for energy applications." In Applications of Multifunctional Nanomaterials. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820557-0.00031-x.

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Conference papers on the topic "Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials"

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Abdel Hamid, Dalia, Amal Esawi, Inas Sami, and Randa Elsalawy. "Characterization of Nano- and Micro-Filled Resin Composites Used as Dental Restorative Materials." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47053.

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Adhesively-bonded resin composites have the advantage of conserving sound tooth structure with the potential for tooth reinforcement, while at the same time providing an aesthetically acceptable restoration. However, no composite material has been able to meet both the functional needs of posterior restorations and the superior aesthetics required for anterior restoration. In an attempt to develop a dental resin composite that had the mechanical strength of hybrid composite materials and the superior polish and gloss retention associated with microfilled materials, nanofilled resin composites

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Aly-Hassan, Mohamed S., Yuka Kobayashi, Asami Nakai, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Tensile and Shear Properties of Biaxial Flat Braided Carbon/Epoxy Composites With Dispersed Carbon Nanofibers in the Matrix." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47057.

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In laminated flat braided composites there are no fibers through the thickness direction except at the edges due to the fiber continuity of the braiding technique. A delamination along the interlaminar planes can be propagated because of the lack of fibers in the Z- or third-direction to the composite. The delamination initiates essentially as a result of arising the stresses concentrations around the transverse or matrix cracks that appear due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the fibers and matrix during the fabrication process. The delamination renders low interlamina

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Du, H., S. H. Ng, K. T. Neo, et al. "Inorganic-Polymer Nanocomposites for Optical Applications." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17088.

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The combination of organic and inorganic materials forms unique composites with properties that neither of the two components provides. Such functional materials are considered innovative advanced materials that enable applications in many fields, including optics, electronics, separation membranes, protective coatings, catalysis, sensors, biotechnology, and others. The challenge of incorporating inorganic particles into an organic matrix still remains today, especially for nanoparticles, due to the difficulties in their dispersion, de-agglomeration and surface modification. NanoGram has pione

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Ghasemi-Nejhad, Mehrdad N. "Multifunctional Hierarchical Nanocomposites: A Review." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65599.

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Nanocomposites; including nano-materials such as nano-particles, nanoclays, nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanosheets; are of significant importance in the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Due to the nanometer size of these inclusions, their physicochemical characteristics differ significantly from those of micron size and bulk materials. The field of nanocomposites involves the study of multiphase materials where at least one of the constituent phases has one dimension less than 100 nm. This is the range where the phenomena associated with the atomic and molecular interaction strongly

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Abuali Galehdari, Nasim, and Ajit D. Kelkar. "Characterization of Nanoparticle Enhanced Multifunctional Sandwich Composites Subjected to Space Radiation." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66774.

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One of the major concerns in long duration space exploration is to minimize the exposure of crew and equipment to space radiation. High energy radiation not only can be hazardous to the health but also can damage the materials and electronics. Current designs are contained heavy metals to avoid occupational hazards from radiation exposures. As a result the shielding structures are heavy and not effective to attenuate all types of radiation. Therefore, the proposed lightweight sandwich composites are designed to effectively shield high energy radiations while providing structural integrity. In

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Aly-Hassan, Mohamed S. "Novel Multifunctional Composites by Functionally Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes Throughout the Matrix of Carbon/Carbon Composites." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47024.

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Recently, increasing demands for smarter and smaller products calls for the development of multifunctional composites. These materials are used not only as structural materials but also satisfy the needs for additional functionalities such as thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical, biological, etc. In this research, a novel carbon nanotubes dispersion approach leads to a new generation of multifunctional composites with additionally novel thermal functionality, we called it heat-directed functionality. These distinctive composites have unique capability which can conduct the majority

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Nam, Duk-Hyun, Chang-Young Son, Chang Kyu Kim, and Sunghak Lee. "Mechanical Properties of Cu-Based Amorphous Alloy Matrix Composites Consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47048.

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In this study, microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-based amorphous alloy matrix composites consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) equipment were investigated. Amorphous alloy powders were mixed with 10∼40 vol.% of pure Cu powders, and were consolidated at 460°C for 1/2 minute under 300 or 700 MPa. The consolidated composites contained Cu particles homogeneously distributed in the amorphous matrix, and showed a considerable plastic strain, whereas their compressive strength was lower than that of the monolithic amorphous alloys. The compressive strength and plastic strain of th

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El-Mahallawi, I. S., K. Eigenfeld, F. H. Kouta, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of New Cast A356(Al2O3)P Metal Matrix Nano-Composites." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47049.

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The present investigation studies the processing of A356 Al-Si alloy containing up to 5% vol.-% nano-sized al2o3 particles having size less than 500 nm. Composites were prepared using semi-solid casting route. To evaluate the results the alloys were further characterised by various metallurgical and mechanical characterization methods. The results showed that introducing nano-particles into semi-solid slurries promises to be a successful route for producing a new generation of cast metal matrix nano-composites (MMNCs). The nano-composites showed high strength values associated with superior du

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El-Ashry, Mostafa M., Kareem M. Gouda, and Henry Daniel Young. "Production of Polymer Nanofibers by Wet Spinning." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47030.

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Polymer nanofibers are attractive in many engineering and medical applications because of its distinctive mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties typically evident in nanomaterials. Some applications are liquid & particle filters, composites, surgical masks, sensors. We propose a fibre fabrication method that can produce continuous polymer nanofibres with submicron cross-section. This technique can spin fibres from precursor rheologies that would be considered “unspinnable” by any other current method. As such, this technique may allow the fabrication of novel fibre structures, ass

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Jiang, Zhangfan, Osman E. Ozbulut, and Guohua Xing. "Self-Sensing Characterization of GNP and Carbon Black Filled Cementitious Composites." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5653.

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Abstract Over the past decades, a number of structural health monitoring methods have been developed for condition assessment of concrete structures. Most of these methods require the installation of external sensors. Accelerometers are commonly used for vibration-based damage detection for the entire structure, while strain gauges are installed in order to detect cracking and damage at the component level. Conventional strain sensors, such as metal foil strain gauges, have been widely used to monitor local conditions in concrete structures. However, all of these sensors have certain shortcomi

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