Journal articles: 'Multifunctional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites'

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Zdraveva, Emilijia, Cristiana Gonilho-Pereira, Raul Manuel Esteves Sousa Fangueiro, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, Saíd Jalali, and M. Araújo. "Multifunctional Braided Composite Rods for Civil Engineering Applications." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.149.

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This paper presents the development of a braided reinforced composite rod (BCR) able to both reinforce and monitor the stress state of concrete elements. Carbon fibers have been used as sensing and reinforcing material along with glass fiber. Various composites rods have been produced using an author patented technique based on a modified conventional braiding machine. The materials investigated were prepared with different carbon fiber content as follows: BCR2 (77% glass/23% carbon fiber), BCR3 (53% glass/47% carbon fiber), BCR4 (100% carbon fiber). BCRs have been tested under bending while the variation of the electrical resistance was simultaneously monitored. The correlations obtained between deformation and electrical resistance show the suitability of the rods to be used as sensors. The fractional resistance change versus strain plots show that the gage factor increases with decreasing carbon fiber content.

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Ehlert, Gregory J., Hai Xiong Tang, Natalie R. Meeks, and Henry A. Sodano. "Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Interleaves for Multifunctional Fiber Reinforced Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.138.

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The integration of energy storage into structural multifunctional materials has found use in a wide variety of applications, such as future air and ground vehicles. However, the present realization of these materials cannot be used to increase the structural properties thus limiting its future use in these applications. Here, we developed a novel multifunctional composite material using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) interleaves in carbon fiber composites. The carbon fibers function as both the structural reinforcement as well as the electrodes for the dielectric polymer. It has shown that energy storage functionality can be added into the composites with no reduction in the short beam shear strength. Currently, the breakdown strength is low due to challenges in the processing of the composites and the potential for regions of reduced thickness during pressing. In future research, the manufacturing process of the composites will be investigated to improve the breakdown strength in order to obtain high energy density in addition to preserving the outstanding mechanical properties. This new multifunctional material will open a door to the development of advanced structures that distribute energy storage throughout the composite thus eliminating their current ad hoc implementation.

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Atif Javaid, Atif Javaid, Ahmad Shahzaib Ahmad Shahzaib, Hammad Tahir Hammad Tahir, Munazza Ali Munazza Ali, and and Wajiha Younus and Wajiha Younus. "Investigation of Mechanical and Electrochemical Performance of Multifunctional Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Electrical Energy Storage Applications." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 3 (2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000759/jcsp/41.03.2019.

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Concept of structural supercapacitors, based on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, has been introduced that can act as a structural load bearing component as well as an electrical energy storing device simultaneously. This multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced structural supercapacitors are fabricated by using carbon fiber and glass fiber/filter paper as reinforcements and cross-linked polymer electrolyte as a matrix. Carbon fiber mats also simultaneously serve the role of electrodes in addition to reinforcements whereas the glass fiber mat/filter paper also acts as an insulator to avoid the short-circuiting of the carbon fiber electrodes. A polymer epoxy matrix is modified by introducing ions within the cross-linked structure in order to develop an optimized polymer electrolyte. Flexural tests of structural supercapacitor are conducted to evaluate the structural performance while charge/discharge tests are conducted to evaluate the electrochemical performance. Multifunctional structural supercapacitors are tested mechanically as well as electrochemically. A structural supercapacitor is fabricated showing simultaneously an energy density of 0.11 mWh m-3, a specific capacitance of 0.8 mF.cm-3 and a flexural modulus of 26.6 GPa simultaneously.

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Barnett, Philip R., and Hicham K. Ghossein. "A Review of Recent Developments in Composites Made of Recycled Carbon Fiber Textiles." Textiles 1, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1030023.

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Carbon fiber recycling has garnered significant attention in recent years due to the large volume of manufacturing waste and upcoming end-of-life products that will enter the waste stream as the current generation of aircraft is retired from service. Recycled carbon fibers have been shown to retain most of their virgin mechanical properties, but their length is generally reduced such that continuous fiber laminates cannot be remade. As such, these fibers are typically used in low-performance applications including injection molding, extrusion/compression molding, and 3D printing that further degrade the fiber length and resulting composite properties. However, recent advances in the processing of long discontinuous fiber textiles have led to medium- to high-performance composites using recycled carbon fibers. This review paper describes the recent advances in recycled carbon fiber textile processing that have made these improvements possible. The techniques used to manufacture high-value polymer composites reinforced with discontinuous recycled carbon fiber are described. The resulting mechanical and multifunctional properties are also discussed to illustrate the advantages of these new textile-based recycled fiber composites over the prior art.

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Mu, Shengchang, Jianguang Yue, Yu Wang, and Chuang Feng. "Electrical, Piezoresistive and Electromagnetic Properties of Graphene Reinforced Cement Composites: A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123220.

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Due to their excellent combination of mechanical and physical properties, graphene and its derivatives as reinforcements have been drawing tremendous attention to the development of high-performance and multifunctional cement-based composites. This paper is mainly focused on reviewing existing studies on the three material properties (electrical, piezoresistive and electromagnetic) correlated to the multifunction of graphene reinforced cement composite materials (GRCCMs). Graphene fillers have demonstrated better reinforcing effects on the three material properties involved when compared to the other fillers, such as carbon fiber (CF), carbon nanotube (CNT) and glass fiber (GF). This can be attributed to the large specific surface area of graphene fillers, leading to improved hydration process, microstructures and interactions between the fillers and the cement matrix in the composites. Therefore, studies on using some widely adopted methods/techniques to characterize and investigate the hydration and microstructures of GRCCMs are reviewed and discussed. Since the types of graphene fillers and cement matrices and the preparation methods affect the filler dispersion and material properties, studies on these aspects are also briefly summarized and discussed. Based on the review, some challenges and research gaps for future research are identified. This review is envisaged to provide a comprehensive literature review and more insightful perspectives for research on developing multifunctional GRCCMs.

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Rashid, Iqra Abdul, Ayesha Afzal, Muhammad Fayzan Shakir, and Asra Tariq. "Multi-Functional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites for Fire Retardant Applications." Key Engineering Materials 875 (February 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.875.23.

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Development of multifunctional flame retardant (FR) polymer composite was done. Flame retardant polymer composite was prepared by modifying diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy. Modification involved two types of FR. Reactive type FR used was phosphoric acid and additive type FR used was magnesium hydroxide. Composite was fabricated using resin infusion under flexible tooling (RIFT) process. Different FR epoxy samples were evaluated by compression test, UL 94. The carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite with attributes of flame retardancy were characterized using in-plane shear test, to estimate the structural properties, and UL-94 test, to estimate the fire performance. FR composite exhibited UL-94 rating of V-1 and a shear modulus of 9.7 GPa, which proved it to multifunctional.

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Bezsmertna, Viktoriia, Oleksandra Mazna, Valerii Kohanyiy, Yurii Vasilenkov, Iryna Bilan, Maryna Shevtsova, and Vadym Stavychenko. "Multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted carbon fibrous fillers." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401012.

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The production technology of reinforcement filler for new multifunctional polymer based composites with weft-knitted structure had been proposed. In such reinforcement filler high-strength carbon fibers (CFs) from PAN precursors (wefts) were laid in a knitted fabric as straight continuous yarns, so in such case these CFs were not twisted by knitting machine to form the loops. Various kinds of chemical and inorganic fibers can be used as base yarn in this case, in particular glass, aramid, carbon fibers from hydrate cellulose and etc. Properties of multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted fillers depend upon fiber composition, relative content of weft and base yarns, scheme filler stacking (1D, 2D and 3D composites). The electrical conductivity of weft-knitted fabrics shows the strong anisotropy along high-strength fibers in comparison with looped rows, depending on the direction of high-strength CFs (weft). Investigation of shielding properties of polymer based composites reinforced by carbon weft-knitted fabrics showed the possibility of using them as shielding materials with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation.

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Lingappan, Niranjanmurthi, Sungmook Lim, Guk-Hwan Lee, Huynh Thanh Tung, Van Hoang Luan, and Wonoh Lee. "Recent advances on fiber-reinforced multifunctional composites for structural supercapacitors." Functional Composites and Structures 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac4de9.

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Abstract Engineering the conventional electrode designs as well as exploring prospective materials and prominent electrolytes, all of which are critically required to tackle the fundamental limitations associated with the current sustainable energy technologies. Structural supercapacitors (SSCs) have recently emerged as next-generation energy storage and conversion devices by virtue of their abilities to store the electrochemical energy whilst sustain high mechanical loads simultaneously. Composite materials as well as electrolytes with multifunctional characteristics, especially outstanding electrical/ionic conductivities and high mechanical robustness represent the key requirements to realize such exemplary multifunctional devices. In this review, we provide an overview, structural design, and the recent progress of the SSCs devices enabled by various carbon fiber-reinforced composites electrodes. Special emphases are given to the assessment on the significance of solid polymer electrolytes and their composites in SSCs. Finally, we conclude with feasible applications of the SSCs and outline the challenges that still need to be addressed for deploying high-performance SSCs for practical applications.

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Karakassides, Anastasios, Angeliki Karakassides, Michaella Konstantinidou, Alkiviadis S. Paipetis, and Pagona Papakonstantinou. "Enhanced out of Plane Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites Induced by CO2 Laser Irradiation of Carbon Fibers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103561.

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The creation of a hierarchical interface between the carbon fiber (CF) and the epoxy resin matrix of fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has become an effective strategy for introducing multifunctional properties. Although the efficacy of many hierarchical interfaces has been established in lab-scale, their production is not amenable to high-volume, continuous, cost effective fiber production, which is required for the large-scale commercialization of composites. This work investigates the use of commercially available CO2 laser as a means of nano-structuring the surface of carbon fiber (CF) tows in an incessant throughput procedure. Even though the single carbon fiber tensile strength measurements showed a decrease up to 68% for the exposed CFs, the electrical conductivity exhibited an increment up to 18.4%. Furthermore, results on laminates comprised of irradiated unidirectional CF cloth, demonstrated an enhancement in out of plane electrical conductivity up to 43%, while preserved the Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite, showing the potential for multifunctionality. This work indicates that the laser-induced graphitization of the CF surface can act as an interface for fast and cost-effective manufacturing of multifunctional CFRP composite materials.

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Monteserín, Cristina, Miren Blanco, Nieves Murillo, Ana Pérez-Márquez, Jon Maudes, Jorge Gayoso, Jose Manuel Laza, Estíbaliz Hernáez, Estíbaliz Aranzabe, and Jose Luis Vilas. "Novel Antibacterial and Toughened Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Composites by the Incorporation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Modified Electrospun Nanofibre Veils." Polymers 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091524.

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The inclusion of electrospun nanofiber veils was revealed as an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. These veils will eventually allow the incorporation of nanomaterials not only for mechanical reinforcement but also in multifunctional applications. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of electrospun nanofibrous veils made of polyamide 6 modified with TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of a carbon-fiber/epoxy composite. The nanofibers were included in the carbon-fiber/epoxy composite as a single structure. The effect of positioning these veils in different composite positions was investigated. Compared to the reference, the use of unmodified and TiO2 modified veils increased the flexural stress at failure and the fracture toughness of composites. When TiO2 modified veils were incorporated, new antibacterial properties were achieved due to the photocatalytic properties of the veils, widening the application area of these composites.

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Ashrafi, Behnam, Michael B. Jakubinek, Yadienka Martinez-Rubi, Meysam Rahmat, Drazen Djokic, Kurtis Laqua, Daesun Park, Keun-Su Kim, Benoit Simard, and Ali Yousefpour. "Multifunctional fiber reinforced polymer composites using carbon and boron nitride nanotubes." Acta Astronautica 141 (December 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.09.023.

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Yu, Yalin, Boming Zhang, Mengjie Feng, Guocheng Qi, Fangyu Tian, Qihang Feng, Jiping Yang, and Shubin Wang. "Multifunctional structural lithium ion batteries based on carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites." Composites Science and Technology 147 (July 2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.04.031.

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Javaid, Atif, Omer Khalid, Ahmed Shakeel, and Sehrish Noreen. "Multifunctional structural supercapacitors based on polyaniline deposited carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites." Journal of Energy Storage 33 (January 2021): 102168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102168.

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Arena, Maurizio, Massimo Viscardi, Giuseppina Barra, Luigi Vertuccio, and Liberata Guadagno. "Multifunctional Performance of a Nano-Modified Fiber Reinforced Composite Aeronautical Panel." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060869.

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The adoption of multifunctional flame-resistant composites is becoming increasingly attractive for many components of aircrafts and competition cars. Compared to conventional alloy solutions, the reduced weight and corrosion resistance are only a couple of the relevant advantages they can offer. In this paper, a carbon fiber reinforced panel (CFRP) was impregnated with an epoxy resin enhanced using a combination of 0.5 wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 5 wt% of Glycidyl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (GPOSS). This formulation, which is peculiar to resins with increased electrical conductivity and flame-resistance properties, has been employed for manufacturing a carbon fiber reinforced panel (CFRP) composed of eight plies through a liquid infusion technique. Vibro-acoustic tests have been performed on the panel for the characterization of the damping performance, as well the transmission loss properties related to micro-handling treatments. The spectral excitation has been provided by an acoustic source simulating the aerodynamic pressure load agent on the structure. The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix determines a non-trivial improvement in the dynamic performance of the laminate. An increased damping loss factor with reference to standard CFRP laminate and also an improvement of the sound insulation parameter was found for the specific test article.

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Bafakeeh, Omar Talal, Walid Mahmoud Shewakh, Ahmed Abu-Oqail, Walaa Abd-Elaziem, Metwally Abdel Ghafaar, and Mohamed Abu-Okail. "Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer by Adding Ceramic Nanoparticles for Aeronautical Structural Applications." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234116.

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The multiscale hybridization of ceramic nanoparticles incorporated into polymer matrices reinforced with hybrid fibers offers a new opportunity to develop high-performance, multifunctional composites, especially for applications in aeronautical structures. In this study, two different kinds of hybrid fibers were selected, woven carbon and glass fiber, while two different ceramic nanoparticles, alumina (Al2O3) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), were chosen to incorporate into a polymer matrix (epoxy resin). To obtain good dispersion of additive nanoparticles within the resin matrix, the ultrasonication technique was implemented. The microstructure, XRD patterns, hardness, and tensile properties of the fabricated composites were investigated here. Microstructural characterization demonstrated a good dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles of Al2O3 and GNPs in the fabricated composites. The addition of GNPs/Al2O3 nanoparticles as additive reinforcements to the fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) induced a significant increase in the hardness and tensile strength. Generally, the FRPs with 3 wt.% nano-Al2O3 enhanced composites exhibit higher tensile strength as compared with all other sets of composites. Particularly, the tensile strength was improved from 133 MPa in the unreinforced specimen to 230 MPa in the reinforced specimen with 3 wt.% Al2O3. This can be attributed to the better distribution of nanoparticles in the resin polymer, which, in turn, induces proper stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber phase. The hybrid mode mechanism depends on the interaction among the mechanical properties of fiber, the physical and chemical evolution of resin, the bonding properties of the fiber/resin interface, and the service environment. Therefore, the hybrid mode of woven carbon and glass fibers at a volume fraction of 64% with additive nanoparticles of GNPs/Al2O3 within the resin was appropriate to produce aeronautical structures with extraordinary properties.

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Wang, Yang, and Chao Yi Peng. "Thermal Analysis of Multifunctional Satellite Structure-Battery." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.228.

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To make the rapidly developing micro-satellite further smaller and lighter, based on gel polymer lithium-ion battery and high thermal conductivity carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites and polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam, a kind of multifunctional satellite structure-battery (SB) is designed in the paper, and an investigation of its thermal property in certain working environments is carried out by numerical simulation approach. The role of two parameters, longitudinal thermal conductivity of carbon fibers and the heat dissipation area, play in the temperature distribution while the SB is working, is analyzed. The result shows that, enlarging the heat disspation area is an effective way to decrease the maximum temperature of SB and it also implys that by selecting the two parameters carefully, the largest temperature rising of the SB could be considerably lowered, alleviating the burden of satellite thermal control subsystem.

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Rehra, Jan, Christian Andriß, Sebastian Schmeer, and Ulf P. Breuer. "Describing the Material Behavior of Steel and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites Using a Combined Damage-Plasticity Approach." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080235.

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Metal fiber hybrids (MFH) exhibit outstanding mechanical properties. They combine the advantages of ductile metallic materials with the well-known advantages of classical glass or carbon fibers in polymer matrices. Previous research has shown that these hybrid material concepts can improve structural integrity and energy absorption while maintaining their excellent weight-specific mechanical properties as well as allowing a wider range of multifunctional applications. In today’s component design process, simulation is a powerful tool for engineers to exploit the full mechanical potential of the material used. However, describing the material behavior including its multifunctional usability in numerically aided design processes of components is currently one of the major challenges for MFH. Against this background, this work focuses on the development and evaluation of a description method for MFH in the finite element analysis (FEA). A steel and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin (SCFRP) with hybridization at the laminate level is chosen as the reference material. To describe the behavior of unidirectional steel fiber reinforced plastic (SFRP) layers, a material model combining an orthotropic damage model and a 1D-plasticity model is proposed and implemented as a user-defined subroutine for LS-Dyna. In addition, SCFRP laminates are manufactured, tested under tensile loading, and used to parameterize the material models and to validate the description method for SCFRP. In this study, it is shown that the description method in combination with the newly developed material model is able to describe the complex failure mechanism of SCFRP. In particular, with respect to the material behavior up to the failure of the carbon fibers, a very good mapping accuracy can be achieved. Strain localization effects occur in both numerically predicted and experimentally measured post-failure behavior. Therefore, it could be concluded that the accuracy of the numerical predictions strongly depends on the geometric resolution of the discretization.

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Zhang, Zhenxue, Denise Bellisario, Fabrizio Quadrini, Simon Jestin, Francesca Ravanelli, Mauro Castello, Xiaoying Li, and Hanshan Dong. "Nanoindentation of Multifunctional Smart Composites." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142945.

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Three multifunctional smart composites for next-generation applications have been studied differently through versatile nanoindentation investigation techniques. They are used in order to determine peculiarities and specific properties for the different composites and to study the charge/matrix, charge/surface, or smart functions interactions. At first, a mapping indentation test was used to check the distribution of hardness and modulus across a large region to examine any non-uniformity due to structural anomalies or changes in properties for a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforced polypropylene (PP V-2) nanocomposite. This smart composite is suitable to be used in axial impeller fans and the results can be used to improve the process of the composite produced by injection moulding. Secondly, the interfacial properties of the carbon fibre (CF) and the resin were evaluated by a push-out method utilizing the smaller indentation tip to target the individual CF and apply load to measure its displacement under loads. This is useful to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface modification on the CFs, such as sizing. Finally, nanoindentation at different temperatures was used for the probing of the in situ response of smart shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) usable in grabbing devices for aerospace applications. Furthermore, the triggering temperature of the shape memory polymer response can be determined by observing the change of indentations after the heating and cooling cycles.

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Haentzsche, Eric, Moritz Frauendorf, Andreas Nocke, Chokri Cherif, Michaela Reichardt, Marko Butler, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Multifunctional components from carbon concrete composite C3 – integrated, textile-based sensor solutions for in situ structural monitoring of adaptive building envelopes." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 23 (September 11, 2017): 2699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517729385.

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This contribution will introduce carbon-reinforced concrete components (so-called carbon concrete composites, or C3) with sensor functionalities for innovative building envelopes. For a continuous in situ structural monitoring, these textile-reinforced concrete components are equipped with textile sensor networks consisting of resistive carbon fiber sensors (CFSs), which are integrated into the carbon fiber non-crimp fabrics of the concrete reinforcement by multiaxial warp-knitting. The in situ CFSs, consisting of 1 k or 50 k carbon fiber roving with added staple fiber/multifilament dielectric cladding, are later integral to the load-distributing elements of the concrete component, and elongations within these are easy to record with good correlation to ohmic resistance changes. Gage factors of k = 0.52–1.23 at linearity deviations of ALin = 4.0–8.7% are feasible. This allows a monitoring of C3 building envelopes for structural mechanical changes caused by physical changes within the component through mechanical or thermal loads or deformation and cracks.

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Ciccarelli, Lucas Anthony, Christof Breckenfelder, and Christoph Greb. "Characterization of carbon-composite antennas for wireless charging." Wireless Power Transfer 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2018.5.

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The objective of the presented work is to take advantage of the precision capabilities of tailor-fiber-placement (TFP) embroidery processes in order to qualify carbon-fiber parts as viable antennas for wireless power transfer applications in multifunctional carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. The solution comes first from a literature study of electrical, high-frequency, and textile engineering concepts. This review built familiarity with the technological challenges and state-of-the-art of the presented technology. Next step was iterative experimentation of machine capabilities for the production of carbon-fiber antennas. Finally, antenna prototypes were produced and their physical and electrical characteristics were evaluated through several test methods. The results showed that TFP embroidery machines were capable of producing quality, carbon antennas. Induction values of the antennas from 0.5 to 3.5 ‘H were achieved. Signal transfer efficiencies from carbon-antenna transmitters to an aftermarket receiver show promise in commercial application.

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Forintos, N., and T. Czigany. "Multifunctional application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: Electrical properties of the reinforcing carbon fibers – A short review." Composites Part B: Engineering 162 (April 2019): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.098.

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Jason Maung, K., H. Thomas Hahn, and Y. S. Ju. "Multifunctional integration of thin-film silicon solar cells on carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites." Solar Energy 84, no. 3 (March 2010): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.01.002.

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Zhao, Yueqing, Danni Zhao, Tao Zhang, Hongfu Li, Boming Zhang, and Zhang Zhenchong. "Preparation and multifunctional performance of carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic composites for laminated structural batteries." Polymer Composites 41, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 3023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25594.

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Wang, Yinan, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Numerical and experimental evaluation of mechanical performance of the multifunctional energy storage composites." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 2 (November 7, 2021): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211049504.

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This work presents numerical simulation methods to model the mechanical behavior of the multifunctional energy storage composites (MESCs), which consist of a stack of multiple thin battery layers reinforced with through-the-hole polymer rivets and embedded inside carbon fiber composite laminates. MESC has been demonstrated through earlier experiments on its exceptional behavior as a structural element as well as a battery. However, the inherent complex infrastructure of the MESC design has created significant challenges in simulation and modeling. A novel homogenization technique was adopted to characterize the multi-layer properties of battery material using physics-based constitutive equations combined with nonlinear deformation theories to handle the interface between the battery layers. Second, mechanical damage and failure modes among battery materials, polymer reinforcements, and carbon fiber-polymer interfaces were characterized through appropriate models and experiments. The model of MESCs has been implemented in a commercial finite element code in ABAQUS. A comparison of structural response and failure modes from numerical simulations and experimental tests are presented. The results of the study showed that the predictions of elastic and damage responses of MESCs at various loading conditions agreed well with the experimental data. © 2021

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Asanuma, Hiroshi. "A New Designing Concept for Multifunctional Structural Material Systems Based on Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.158.

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A new designing concept to realize multifunctional structural material systems is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The concept can be explained as follow: There exist a couple of competitive structural materials which normally compete with each other because of their similar and high mechanical properties, and they tend to have secondary properties which are different from each other or opposite among them. So if they are combined together to make a composite, the similar properties, normally high mechanical property, can be maintained, and the other dissimilar properties conflict with each other, which will generate functional properties. According to the proposed concept, a CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastics)/aluminum laminate was fabricated and its actuation capabilities and multifunctionality were successfully demonstrated. A titanium fiber/aluminum matrix composite was also fabricated, where the fiber was oxidized for electrical insulation and strengthening. This material system is very simple, but it can generate many useful functions such as heating, actuation, temperature sensing, deformation sensing and healing.

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Baldenebro-Lopez, F. J., J. H. Castorena-Gonzalez, J. A. Baldenebro-Lopez, J. I. Velazquez-Dimas, J. E. Ledezma-Sillas, R. Martinez-Sanchez, and J. M. Herrera-Ramirez. "Cement-Matrix Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers as a Multifunctional Material." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, S3 (August 2014): 1880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614011131.

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Gong, Guan, Birgitha Nyström, Erik Sandlund, Daniel Eklund, Maxime Noël, Robert Westerlund, Sofia Stenberg, Liva Pupure, Andrejs Pupurs, and Roberts Joffe. "Development of Electrophoretic Deposition Prototype for Continuous Production of Carbon Nanotube-Modified Carbon Fiber Fabrics Used in High-Performance Multifunctional Composites." Fibers 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040071.

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An electrophoretic deposition (EPD) prototype was developed aiming at the continuous production of carbon nanotube (CNT) deposited carbon fiber fabric. Such multi-scale reinforcement was used to manufacture carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The overall objective was to improve the mechanical performance and functionalities of CFRP composites. In the current study, the design concept and practical limit of the continuous EPD prototype, as well as the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength, were the focus. Initial mechanical tests showed that the flexural stiffness and strength of composites with the developed reinforcement were significantly reduced with respect to the composites with pristine reinforcement. However, optical microscopy study revealed that geometrical imperfections, such as waviness and misalignment, had been introduced into the reinforcement fibers and/or bundles when being pulled through the EPD bath, collected on a roll, and dried. These defects are likely to partly or completely shadow any enhancement of the mechanical properties due to the CNT deposit. In order to eliminate the effect of the discovered defects, the pristine reinforcement was subjected to the same EPD treatment, but without the addition of CNT in the EPD bath. When compared with such water-treated reinforcement, the CNT-deposited reinforcement clearly showed a positive effect on the flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength of the composites. It was also discovered that CNTs agglomerate with time under the electric field due to the change of ionic density, which is possibly due to the electrolysis of water (for carboxylated CNT aqueous suspension without surfactant) or the deposition of ionic surfactant along with CNT deposition (for non-functionalized CNT aqueous suspension with surfactant). Currently, this sets time limits for the continuous deposition.

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Ribeiro, Bruno, Jefersson Alexander Rojas Corredor, Michelle Leali Costa, Edson Cocchieri Botelho, and Mirabel Cerqueira Rezende. "Multifunctional Characteristics of Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Composites with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Interlayer." Polymer Engineering & Science 60, no. 4 (April 2020): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.25332.

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Jia, Yujun, Tosin D. Ajayi, Benjamin H. Wahls, Kishore Ranganath Ramakrishnan, Srinath Ekkad, and Chengying Xu. "Multifunctional Ceramic Composite System for Simultaneous Thermal Protection and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 52 (December 17, 2020): 58005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17361.

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Nataraj, Latha, Michael Coatney, Asha Hall, Mulugeta Haile, Riley Sherman, Jacob O’Donnell, and Vijaya Chalivendra. "Early-Stage Damage Detection in Advanced Multifunctional Aerospace Composites Using Embedded Carbon Nanotubes and Flocked Carbon Fibers." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 24, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05386.

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Early-stage damage detection could provide better reliability and performance and a longer lifetime of materials while reducing maintenance time of a variety of structures and systems. We investigate the early-stage damage formation and damage evolution in advanced multi-functional laminated aerospace composites embedded with a very small amount of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the matrix material and short carbon fibers along the Z-direction to reinforce the interlaminar interfaces. The three-dimensional (3-D) conductive network formed by the CNTs and the flocked carbon fibers allows for sensitive in-situ damage detection in materials in addition to providing improved mechanical properties such as superior fracture toughness for damage tolerance. We optimize several parameters such as fiber length, diameter, and density to generate an effective 3-D electrical conductive network, and characterize the responses of these composites under mechanical loading to investigate damage formation and evolution, advancing science and technology towards superior damage-tolerant and zero-maintenance structural materials.

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Shinyama, Y., Yoshimi Hatsukade, Saburo Tanaka, Y. Takai, M. S. Aly-Hassan, Asami Nakai, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Braided Carbon Fiber Composites Using High Tc SQUID." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.835.

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Braided carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is one of the multifunctional materials for applications to industrial products. We applied the superconducting quantum interference devise (SQUID) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique with high magnetic sensitivity and spatial resolution to inspect the state of the fabric in the braided CFRP. We prepared flat braided CFRP samples with nonuniform, uniform and cut-out bundles, which were fabricated with fold biaxial (±45º) tubular fabric and epoxy resin. While injecting ac current into each sample, the diagonal magnetic field gradients dBz/dx and dBz/dy above each sample were measured by the NDE system employing a SQUID gradiometer and xy-scanning stage, and then, the current flow in each sample was visualized by the field-gradient-to-current conversion method. In the measurements, it was shown that the current flowed along the continuous bundles in the cases of nonuniform and uniform samples, and it transmitted between bundles in the case of the sample with cut-out bundles. From these results, we showed the possibility that the NDE method can be applied to the nondestructive inspection of the integrity of the textile of braided CFRP.

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Araujo, Andreia, Diogo Vale, Panagiotis-Nektarios Pappas, Nikos Koutroumanis, and Raquel M. Santos. "Challenges and opportunities on nano-enabled multifunctional composites for aerostructures." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401007.

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The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials in the polymeric matrix of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites has recently received worldwide attention, aiming to enhance their performance and multifunctionality. In this work, different loadings of nanoparticles from the graphene family, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), were produced from graphite exfoliation. The mixing conditions for the production of epoxy-based suspensions were optimized using a three-roll mill, by changing the residence time and hydrodynamic shear stresses. The rheological behaviour, electrical conductivity and optical assessment were performed to study the influence of these nanoreinforcements on the resin properties. Afterwards, pristine and modified suspensions containing 0.089 wt. % of rGO or 2.14 wt. % of GNPs were used for manufacturing pre-impregnated materials with carbon fibre volume fractions of approximately 59 %. The nano-enabled CFRPs presented improved transverse electrical conductivity between 48 and 64 % when compared to the reference material. Significant enhancement of interlaminar fracture toughness (98.4 %) was found with GNPs.

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Micheli, D., A. Vricella, R. Pastore, A. Delfini, A. Giusti, M. Albano, M. Marchetti, F. Moglie, and V. Mariani Primiani. "Ballistic and electromagnetic shielding behaviour of multifunctional Kevlar fiber reinforced epoxy composites modified by carbon nanotubes." Carbon 104 (August 2016): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.059.

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Khushnood, R. A., S. Muhammad, S. Ahmad, J. M. Tulliani, M. U. Qamar, Q. Ullah, S. A. Khan, and A. Maqsom. "Theoretical and experimental analysis of multifunctional high performance cement mortar matrices reinforced with varying lengths of carbon fibers." Materiales de Construcción 68, no. 332 (October 1, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.09617.

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An effective scheme to formulate high performance and multifunctional cement based mortar composites reinforced with varying lengths of carbon fibers has been devised. The detailed investigations pertaining to the fracture response of composites in cracks initiation and progression phases, their conducting mechanism and volumetric stability were performed with varying loads of 6mm and 12mm long carbon fibers at two different w/c ratios i.e. 0.45 and 0.50. The experiments concluded that an optimum addition of carbon fibers results in substantial improvement of fracture properties alongside significant reduction in electrical resistivity and total plastic shrinkage. The field emission scanning electron microscopy of the cryofractured specimen revealed crack arresting actions of uniformly distributed carbon fibers through successful crack bridging and branching phenomenon.

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Moyer, Kathleen, Chuanzhe Meng, Breeanne Marshall, Osama Assal, Janna Eaves, Daniel Perez, Ryan Karkkainen, Luke Roberson, and Cary L. Pint. "Carbon fiber reinforced structural lithium-ion battery composite: Multifunctional power integration for CubeSats." Energy Storage Materials 24 (January 2020): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.003.

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Ghouti, Hamid, Abdeldjalil Zegaoui, Mehdi Derradji, Wan-an Cai, Jun Wang, Wen-bin Liu, and Abdul Dayo. "Multifunctional Hybrid Composites with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties Based on Polybenzoxazine and Chopped Kevlar/Carbon Hybrid Fibers." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121308.

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This work studied the structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of newly designed polymeric materials using high-performance hybrid fibers to reinforce the polybenzoxazine resins. To achieve this goal, hybrid fibers consisting of chopped Kevlar and carbon fibers were subjected to a silane surface treatment, incorporated into the resin matrix in various combinations, and then isothermally cured using the compression molding technique. The mechanical performances of the prepared composites were scrutinized in terms of bending and tensile tests. By way of illustration, the composites holding 20 wt % Kevlar fibers and 20 wt % carbon fibers accomplished a bending strength and modulus of 237.35 MPa and 7.80 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the same composites recorded a tensile stress and toughness of 77 MPa and 0.27 MPa, respectively, indicating an increase of about 234% and 32.8% when compared to the pristine resin’s properties. The thermogravimetric analysis denoted an excellent thermal resistance of the reinforced hybrid composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the functional groups of the as-used coupling agent were effectively grafted on the external surfaces of the reinforcing systems, and further confirmed that the chemical reaction took place between the treated fibers and the polybenzoxazine matrix, although the scanning electron microscope showed a uniform dispersion and interfacial adhesion of the fibers within the resin matrix. In fact, the incorporation of treated fibers along with their good dispersion/adhesion could explain the progressive enhancement in terms of thermal and mechanical properties that were observed in the hybrid composites.

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Huang, Yixing, Jin Chen, Qunfu Fan, Mingji Chen, and Daining Fang. "Multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced multilayered metastructure with broadband microwave absorption and effective mechanical resistance." Polymer Composites 42, no. 4 (January 14, 2021): 1846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25939.

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Sayah, Neshat, and Douglas E. Smith. "Effect of Process Parameters on Void Distribution, Volume Fraction, and Sphericity within the Bead Microstructure of Large-Area Additive Manufacturing Polymer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235107.

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Short carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials produced by large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM) are attractive due to their lightweight, favorable mechanical properties, multifunctional applications, and low manufacturing costs. However, the physical and mechanical properties of short carbon-fiber-reinforced composites 3D printed via LAAM systems remain below expectations due in part to the void formation within the bead microstructure. This study aimed to assess void characteristics including volume fraction and sphericity within the microstructure of 13 wt% short carbon fiber acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SCF/ABS). Our study evaluated SCF/ABS as a pellet, a single freely extruded strand, a regularly deposited single bead, and a single bead manufactured with a roller during the printing process using a high-resolution 3D micro-computed tomography (µCT) system. Micro voids were shown to exist within the microstructure of the SCF/ABS pellet and tended to become more prevalent in a single freely extruded strand which showed the highest void volume fraction among all the samples studied. Results also showed that deposition on the print bed reduced the void volume fraction and applying a roller during the printing process caused a further reduction in the void volume fraction. This study also reports the void’s shape within the microstructure in terms of sphericity which indicated that SCF/ABS single freely extruded strands had the highest mean void sphericity (voids tend to be more spherical). Moreover, this study evaluated the effect of printing process parameters, including nozzle temperature, extrusion speed and nozzle height above the printing table on the void volume fraction and sphericity within the microstructure of regularly deposited single beads.

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Zhang, Dan, Eusebio Cabrera, Yanan Zhao, Ziwei Zhao, Jose M. Castro, and Ly J. Lee. "Improved sand erosion resistance and mechanical properties of multifunctional carbon nanofiber nanopaper-enhanced fiber reinforced epoxy composites." Advances in Polymer Technology 37, no. 6 (June 2, 2017): 1878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.21846.

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Rosado Mérida, Katherine P., Sohel Rana, Cristiana Gonilho-Pereira, and Raul Fangueiro. "Self-Sensing Hybrid Composite Rod with Braided Reinforcement for Structural Health Monitoring." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.379.

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Enhancing the performance and lightness of different structures has already been achieved by the employment of fibre reinforced composite materials. Nowadays, a new challenging perspective is being given to these materials by the inclusion of non-metallic conductive components. This emerging technology will lead to multifunctional composites with possible applications in structural health monitoring and traffic monitoring. The aim is to avoid corrosion problems from metallic components, as well as to eliminate the need of expensive equipments used for the health monitoring of large infrastructures. In the present research, the strain-sensing capability of a core-reinforced hybrid carbon fibre/glass fibre braided composite has been investigated in order to develop continuous monitoring system. The characterization of sensing behaviour was performed with the help of an instrumental set-up capable of measuring the change in electrical resistance with mechanical stresses applied to the samples. The effect of core composition (carbon fibre/glass fibre weight ratio) on the strain sensitivity of the braided composites has been studied in order to find out the optimum composition for best sensing capability. Among the three compositions studied (23/77, 47/53 and 100/0), composites with lowest amount of carbon fibre showed the best strain sensitivity with gauge factors up to 23.4 at very low flexural strain (0.55%). Attempts have also been made in this research to develop a piezoresistive matrix for the braided composites in order to further enhance their strain sensitivity. For this purpose, the strain sensing capability of an unsaturated polyester matrix dispersed with chopped carbon fibres (1mm and 3 mm lengths) at various weight % (0.5, 0.75 and 1.25%) was evaluated in order to find out their optimum length and concentration. It was observed that chopped fibres with different lengths showed similar strain sensitivity, which however, improves with the decrease in their concentrations.

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Li, Jianbin, Zhifang Zhang, Jiyang Fu, Zhihong Liang, and Karthik Ram Ramakrishnan. "Mechanical properties and structural health monitoring performance of carbon nanotube-modified FRP composites: A review." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1438–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0104.

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Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are high-performance materials used extensively in aerospace and defense industries. Researchers have added various nanoscale materials to FRPs for improving their mechanical properties and to prepare multifunctional composites. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high strength, high modulus, and large aspect ratio have emerged as a frontrunner in the nano-reinforcements, and there is a large volume of published research on this topic. This article provides an extensive review of key publications covering topics of fabrication methods, enhancement of mechanical properties, and applications of CNT-modified FRP materials in structural health monitoring. A description of the main methods of adding CNTs into FRP materials, including dispersion in the resin and film lay-up, is presented. A key focus of the review is the effect of CNTs on the mechanical properties of FRP composites, including interlaminar fracture toughness, impact resistance, and fatigue properties. Since CNTs have self-sensing properties, there is potential to use CNTs for nondestructive identification (NDI) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite structures. Finally, a discussion of the problems that might be encountered during the use of CNTs as nano-reinforcements in FRP, and the future application potential of CNT-modified FRP materials is reported.

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Petersen, Jan, Sebastian Geier, Peter Wierach, and Martin Wiedemann. "In situ mechanical and electrical characterization of composite-integrated thin film-supercapacitors." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818801028.

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Future transport systems will be powered more and more electrically. Generally the energy is stored in batteries. To reduce system weight and volume, multifunctional materials could be the answer. Therefore materials with the capability to store electric energy and to bear mechanical loads, need to be investigated to understand the effect of mechanical load on such structural integrated energy storage devices. In this work a thin film-supercapacitor is build up and integrated within a composite structure. The capacitor is developed to withstand the manufacturing process of a glass-fibre reinforced polymer and to carry mechanical loads, while simultaneously storing electrical energy. By using a supercapacitor housing, which is compatible to epoxy resin, a strong bonding is achieved, leading to a mechanical robust multifunctional composite. An electrolyte with large temperature window, low vapour pressure and the compatibility to a carbon based electrodes is chosen, to meet the requirement regarding the manufacturing process of the supercapacitor itself and the fibre reinforced composite. The composites with integrated thin film-supercapacitor as well as a set of reference samples are mechanically characterised in tensile and four-point bending test. In situ measurements are performed to investigate the influence of mechanical load on the electrical performance.

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Chan, Kit-Ying, Han Lin, Kun Qiao, Baohua Jia, and Kin-Tak Lau. "Multifunctional graphene oxide paper embodied structural dielectric capacitor based on carbon fibre reinforced composites." Composites Science and Technology 163 (July 2018): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.05.027.

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Kadlec, Martin, Robin Hron, and Liberata Guadagno. "Mechanical properties of a carbon fabric-reinforced epoxy composite with carbon nanotubes and a flame retardant." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 5 (October 3, 2016): 630–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-09-2015-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the mechanical and morphological characterization of new multifunctional carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFRCs) that are able to overcome two of the main drawbacks of aeronautical composite materials: reduced electrical conductivity and poor flame resistance. Multiwall carbon nanotubes and glycidyl POSS (GPOSS) were used to simultaneously enhance electrical conductivity and flame resistance. The effect of these two combined components on the mechanical and morphological properties of the manufactured CFRCs was analysed. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the mechanical test results obtained for interlaminar shear strength, three-point bending, and tensile and fracture toughness in mode I tests. Carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin plates were manufactured in two series with blank resin and CNT+flame retardant GPOSS-enhanced resin. Findings The mechanical properties were decreased by no more than 10 per cent by combined influence of CNTs and GPOSS. Agglomerates of CNTs were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The agglomerates were large enough to be visible to the naked eye as black spots on the delaminated fracture surface. The decrease of the mechanical properties could be caused by these agglomerates or by a changed fibre volume content that was affected by the difficult infusion procedure due to high resin viscosity. Originality/value If we consider the benefit of CNTs as a nanofiller to increase electrical conductivity and the GPOSS as a component to increase the flame resistance of the resin, the decrease of strength seems to be insignificant.

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Kyriazis, Alexander, Kais Asali, Michael Sinapius, Korbinian Rager, and Andreas Dietzel. "Adhesion of Multifunctional Substrates for Integrated Cure Monitoring Film Sensors to Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030138.

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During fiber composite production, the quality of the manufactured parts can be assured by measuring the progress of the curing reaction. Dielectric film sensors are particularly suitable for this measurement task, as they can quantify the degree of curing very specifically and locally. These sensors are usually manufactured on PI films, which can lead to delaminations after integration. Other authors report that this negative influence can be reduced by miniaturization and a suitable shaping of the sensors. This article pursues as an alternative, a novel approach to achieve a material closure instead of a geometrically generated form closure by choosing suitable thermoplastic materials. Thermoplastic films made of PEI, PES and PA6 are proposed as carrier substrates for thin film sensors. They are investigated with regard to their mechanical effects in FRP. The experiments show that the integration of PES and PEI in FRP has the best shear strength, but PA6 leads to a higher critical energy release rate during crack propagation in mode I. For PI, a locally strongly scattering critical energy release rate was observed. Neither in tensile nor in Compression After Impact (CAI) tests a significant influence of the films on these characteristic values could be proven.

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Vallack, Nicola, and William W. Sampson. "Materials systems for interleave toughening in polymer composites." Journal of Materials Science 57, no. 11 (March 2022): 6129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06988-1.

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AbstractWe review the literature describing the use of interleaves to increase interlaminar fracture toughness in fibre-reinforced polymer composites and hence to improve damage tolerance. From an analysis of data provided in the literature from the use of microfibre and nanofibre interleaves, we show that the performance of these widely researched systems is clearly differentiated when plotted against the mean coverage of the interleaf. Using a simple analysis, we suggest that this can be attributed to the influence of their porous architectures on the infusion of resin. We show also that the superior toughening performance of microfibre interleaves is only weakly influenced by the choice of fibre. We find also that the inclusion of carbon nanotubes within interleaves to deliver multifunctional composites can be optimised by using a hybrid system with microfibres. Graphical abstract

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47

Dimoka, Polyxeni, Spyridon Psarras, Christine Kostagiannakopoulou, and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Assessing the Damage Tolerance of Out of Autoclave Manufactured Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071080.

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The present study aims to investigate the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the damage tolerance after impact (CAI) of the development of Out of Autoclave (OoA) carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The introduction of MWCNTs into the structure of CFRPs has been succeeded by adding carbon nanotube-enriched sizing agent for the pre-treatment of the fibre preform and using an in-house developed methodology that can be easily scaled up. The modified CFRPs laminates with 1.5 wt.% MWCNTs were subjected to low velocity impact at three impact energy levels (8, 15 and 30 J) and directly compared with the unmodified laminates. In terms of the CFRPs impact performance, compressive strength of nanomodified composites was improved for all energy levels compared to the reference material. The test results obtained from C-scan analysis of nano-modified specimens showed that the delamination area after the impact is mainly reduced, without the degradation of compressive strength and stiffness, indicating a potential improvement of damage tolerance compared to the reference material. SEM analysis of fracture surfaces revealed the additional energy dissipation mechanisms; pulled-out carbon nanotubes which is the main reason for the improved damage tolerance of the multifunctional composites.

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Petzoldt, Carolin, Sandra Gelbrich, Meike Röhrkohl, Christian Müller, Johannes Freund, and Lothar Kroll. "Textile Reinforced Lightweight Shells." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.319.

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Modern architecture is dominated by the tendency to design organically shaped filigree buildings. The resource and energy efficient construction of multifunctional buildings is as important as a broad variety of possible shapes. Multi-material support structures and shell constructions in lightweight design that also take over e. g. lighting and monitoring are needed for these purposes. Textile reinforced lightweight shell structures have been developed at Technische Universität Chemnitz within the scope of research projects. They consist of a hybrid material from carbon-fiber-reinforced concrete and glass-fiber-reinforced plastic. Thanks to the coupling of the positive material characteristics, the combination of two different composite materials results in a hybrid material with a total thickness of 15 mm, which has a high fatigue strength (XF4) and surface quality (exposed concrete). Furthermore, the hybrid is characterized by excellent compressive strength (120 MPa) and bending tensile strength (150 MPa), low susceptibility to corrosion and free formability. Therefore, it is highly suitable for thin-walled filigree lightweight shell structures. A research pavilion with a size of 4 x 4 x 3 m3 (l x w x h), made from textile reinforced lightweight shells, was built on the campus of TU Chemnitz, to test the theoretical investigations. Specially developed tensile sensors for the active lighting and determination of the elongations were integrated into the different layers. This aimed at an online-monitoring of the shell support structure.

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Khadak, A., B. Subeshan, and R. Asmatulu. "Studies on de-icing and anti-icing of carbon fiber-reinforced composites for aircraft surfaces using commercial multifunctional permanent superhydrophobic coatings." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 3078–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05459-9.

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Hallopeau, Xavier, Olivier Lesieutre, Camille Annede-Villeau, and Elisabeth Marie-Victoire. "Use of a CFRP reinforcement anode for the cathodic protection of an iconic building." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236101007.

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This paper reports the use of a new impressed anode for the reinforcement and the cathodic protection of steel reinforced rebars in concrete beams and columns of a French historical monument. It deals with the application of a dual effect of CFRP reinforcement. The application of a DC current on a carbon fiber-reinforced-polymer used both as a structural reinforcement and as a surface anode, allowed to polarize the steel in concrete. It was then possible to combine the strengthening function with the development of a multifunctional composite allowing protecting of steel rebar from corrosion but also the monitoring of repairing function versus time. The key to success in the development of this surface anode-reinforcement was the possibility of obtaining uniform distribution of current. This innovative technique was applied to the conservation of the reinforced concrete beams and columns of an iconic building of the north of France: the Belfry of Le Touquet’s city hall

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multifunctional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites'

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