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1
Song, Dongpo, Jie Yang, Bingbing Yang, Liangyu Chen, Fang Wang, and Xuebin Zhu. "Evolution of structure and ferroelectricity in Aurivillius Bi4Bin−3Fen−3Ti3O3n+3 thin films." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 32 (2018): 8618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02270d.
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Wang, Jiawei, Aitian Chen, Peisen Li, and Sen Zhang. "Magnetoelectric Memory Based on Ferromagnetic/Ferroelectric Multiferroic Heterostructure." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164623.
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Electric-field control of magnetism is significant for the next generation of large-capacity and low-power data storage technology. In this regard, the renaissance of a multiferroic compound provides an elegant platform owing to the coexistence and coupling of ferroelectric (FE) and magnetic orders. However, the scarcity of single-phase multiferroics at room temperature spurs zealous research in pursuit of composite systems combining a ferromagnet with FE or piezoelectric materials. So far, electric-field control of magnetism has been achieved in the exchange-mediated, charge-mediated, and strain-mediated ferromagnetic (FM)/FE multiferroic heterostructures. Concerning the giant, nonvolatile, and reversible electric-field control of magnetism at room temperature, we first review the theoretical and representative experiments on the electric-field control of magnetism via strain coupling in the FM/FE multiferroic heterostructures, especially the CoFeB/PMN–PT [where PMN–PT denotes the (PbMn1/3Nb2/3O3)1−x-(PbTiO3)x] heterostructure. Then, the application in the prototype spintronic devices, i.e., spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions, is introduced. The nonvolatile and reversible electric-field control of tunneling magnetoresistance without assistant magnetic field in the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)/FE architecture shows great promise for the future of data storage technology. We close by providing the main challenges of this and the different perspectives for straintronics and spintronics.
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Zhong, Tingting, and Menghao Wu. "Fullerene-based 0D ferroelectrics/multiferroics for ultrahigh-density and ultrafast nonvolatile memories." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 21 (2020): 12039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01797c.
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Compared with conventional ferroelectrics for data storage, 0D ferroelectrics/multiferroics based on polar functionalized fullerene may be endowed with a high areal density and high writing speed that are several orders of magnitude higher.
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Ferreira, P., A. Castro, P. M. Vilarinho, M. G. Willinger, J. Mosa, C. Laberty, and C. Sanchez. "Electron Microscopy Study of Porous and Co Functionalized BaTiO3 Thin Films." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S5 (August 2012): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013232.
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Multiferroics are currently of great interest for applications in microelectronics namely in future data storage and spintronic devices. These materials couple simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties and have potentially different applications resulting from the coupling between their dual order parameters. A true multiferroic material is single phase. However, the known true multiferroic materials possess insufficient coupling between the two phenomena or their magnetoelectric response occurs at temperatures too low to be useful in practical applications. But a tremendous progress in the field of microelectronics can be expected if one is able to design an effective multiferroic material with ideal coupling of the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties to suit a particular application. Within this context composite structures are gaining considerable interest and different strategies in terms of materials microstructure have been proposed including horizontal multilayers and vertical heterostructures. In the horizontal multilayer heterostructures, the alternating layers of conventional ferro/ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric phases are grown, while in the vertical heterostructures nanopillars of the ferro/ferrimagnetic phase are embedded in a ferroelectric matrix. The later structures show advantages over the first ones because promote larger interfacial surface area and are intrinsically heteroepitaxial in three dimensions; which is expected to allow a stronger coupling between ferroelectric and ferromagnetic components.
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Pulphol, Nattakarn, R. Muanghlua, Surasak Niemcharoen, Wisanu Pecharapa, Wanwilai C. Vittayakorn, and Naratip Vittayakorn. "Magnetoelectric Properties of BaTiO3 – Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 Composites Prepared by the Conventional Mixed Oxide Method." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.22.
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Multiferroics, which display simultaneous ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric properties, have been interesting recently because of their potentially significant applications in multifunctional devices such as magnetic resonance, drug delivery, high-density data storage, ferrofluid technology, etc. Composites combining BaTiO3 with Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 have influenced the interest of many researchers, due to their outstanding and distinguished character called magnetoelectric (ME). In this work, ferrimagnetic-ferroelectric composites of BaTiO3 nanopowder and Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanopowders were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide method. The multiferroic ceramics were compounded with the formula, (1-x)BaTiO3-(x)Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4, in which x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.35. All of the compositions were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) in order to reveal the phase of perovskite and spinal structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the variation of morphology and grain size of the composited ceramics. The magnetism of all the ceramics was measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that microstructure and the amount of ferrite are related strongly with magnetization.
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Dai, Liyufen, Feng An, Juan Zou, Xiangli Zhong, and Gaokuo Zhong. "Freestanding inorganic oxide films for flexible electronics." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 070904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0103092.
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Recently, flexible electronic devices are of increasing interest due to their wide range of application fields, including information storage, energy conversion, and wearable and implantable electronics. In particular, freestanding inorganic oxide films are proved to be an extraordinary versatile platform for flexible electronics owing to their super elasticity, outstanding functionalities, tunability, and long-term stability. In this Perspective, we review the up-to-date advances of freestanding inorganic oxide films from the perspectives of synthesis methods, physical properties, and device applications. First, preparation strategies based on epitaxial lift-off technologies are classified into physical and chemical aspects that are to be introduced. Second, we discuss the physical properties of freestanding inorganic oxide films, especially in terms of ferroelectricity, magnetism, multiferroics, etc. Third, we highlight several device applications in the fields of data memory, energy storage, and health care. Finally, we conclude with a future perspective into prospects and challenges regarding the syntheses and applications of freestanding inorganic oxide films.
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Sharif, Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad Azhar Khan, Muhammad Junaid, and Muhammad Javed Akhter. "Enhanced magnetic and ferroelectric properties of K–Hf substituted BiFeO3 multiferroics for magnetoelectric data storage applications." Ferroelectrics 599, no. 1 (October 26, 2022): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2022.2113649.
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Aleksandrov, Aleksey I., and Vitaliy G. Shevchenko. "Mechanochemical Activation of Superradiance in Paramagnetic Polymer Composites." Materials 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031297.
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The review examines the effect of radio-frequency superradiance during pulsed mechanochemical activation of polymer composites under high pressure. Mechanochemical activation is implemented in three modes: (a) rheological explosion of polymer composite under rapid uniaxial compression, when an elastic wave pulse occurs in a polymer composite sample and implements the physico-chemical transformations leading to the occurrence of a superradiance pulse; (b) parametric mode, when an elastic wave pulse is introduced from the outside through a waveguide into a composite sample; (c) the mode of rapid pressure release, which also leads to the occurrence of a superradiance pulse. Paramagnetic polymer composites—namely polystyrene–binuclear clusters Co(QH)2–O–Co(QH)2 or Mn(QH)2–O–Mn(QH)2, where QH is a ligand based on QH2–3,6-di-tert-butylpyrocatechin)—are considered as objects implementing such processes. These binuclear clusters exhibit the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya effect, and polymer composites based on them exhibit multiferroic properties. A composite of a molecular magnet in polystyrene matrix (Eu(III)(SQ)3·bipy complex with four unpaired electrons on Eu(III) and on SQ ligands; SQ is 3,6-di-tert-butylquinolate paramagnetic ligand) is also considered. The binuclear clusters and europium complexes form 2D nano-objects in the polymer matrix with a diameter of 50–100 nm and a thickness of ~ 1–2 nm. The review considers the formalisms of Dicke, Lorentz, Landau–Lifshitz–Blombergen and Havriliak–Negami equations, which make it possible to conduct a time–frequency analysis of these processes, to obtain data on the relaxation processes of spin and charge density in objects responsible for the process of radio-frequency superradiation. It is also shown that the analysis of electron spin resonance data allows us to provide a probable quantum chemical scheme for the implementation of the radio-frequency superradiance process. The phenomenon of superradiation has a great deal of potential in such areas as energy-saving technologies, wireless power transmission and storage devices. The technique of studying fast mechanochemical processes considered in the review allows us to investigate the mechanisms of interaction of magnetic and electrical subsystems in multiferroics and molecular magnets, which expands the scientific base for the creation of new functional materials and enables the solving of related problems of condensed matter physics.
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Chen, Shanbao, Huasheng Sun, Junfei Ding, Fang Wu, Chengxi Huang, and Erjun Kan. "Unconventional distortion induced two-dimensional multiferroicity in a CrO3 monolayer." Nanoscale 13, no. 30 (2021): 13048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr02335g.
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Vopson, M. M., E. Zemaityte, M. Spreitzer, and E. Namvar. "Multiferroic composites for magnetic data storage beyond the super-paramagnetic limit." Journal of Applied Physics 116, no. 11 (September 21, 2014): 113910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4896129.
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Annapureddy, V., N. P. Pathak, and Rabinder Nath. "Structural, Optical and Ferroelectric Properties of BiCoO3:BiFeO3 Composite Films." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.260.
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Multiferroic materials, which simultaneously exhibit ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, have recently stimulated a sharply increasing number of research activities for their scientific interest and significant technological promise in the novel multifunctional devices. Natural multiferroic single phase compounds are rare, and their magnetoelectric response are relatively weak at room temperature. In contrast, multiferroic composites improve the magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature which can have potential applications in data storage, sensors, spintronics and filters. In view of this, Multiferroic BiFeO3 –BiCoO3 (BF-BC) composite thin films have been prepared by the spray pyrolysis method, where (110) - oriented texture was obtained. X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that BF-BC composite films were highly (110) textured. The AFM images show that the films were uniform, dance and of nearly spherical shape nanoparticle with size of 18 nm. The (110) - texture BF-BC composite films exhibits improvement in remanent polarization and coercive field with very low leakage current. The optical properties of the composite films have been studied and correlated with their structural parameters.
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HU, JIA-MIAN, JING MA, JING WANG, ZHENG LI, YUAN-HUA LIN, and C. W. NAN. "MAGNETOELECTRIC RESPONSES IN MULTIFERROIC COMPOSITE THIN FILMS." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 01, no. 01 (January 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x11000021.
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Multiferroic composite thin films of ferroelectrics and magnets have attracted ever-increasing interest in most recent years. In this review, magnetoelectric (ME) responses as well as their underlying ME coupling mechanisms in such multiferroic composite thin films are discussed, oriented by their potential applications in novel ME devices. Among them, the direct ME response, i.e., magnetic-field control of polarization, can be exploited for micro-sensor applications (sensing magnetic field, electric current, light, etc.), mainly determined by a strain-mediated coupling interaction. The converse ME response, i.e., electric-field modulation of magnetism, offers great opportunities for new potential devices for spintronics and in data storage applications. A series of prototype ME devices based on both direct and converse ME responses have been presented. The review concludes with a remark on the future possibilities and scientific challenges in this field.
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Derras, M., and N. Hamdad. "Structural Stability and Magnetic Ordering in BiFeO3 Perovskite Oxide: A Comparative Study GGA+U vs L(S)DA+U." Annals of West University of Timisoara - Physics 62, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/awutp-2020-0004.
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AbstractAb initio calculations of BiFeO3 magnetic perovskite are carried. Accurate density functional theory calculations were performed considering a U-Hubbard correction (DFT+U) to account for on-site Coulomb interactions of the 3d-Fe states. We have applied the Full-potential linearized augmented plane waves (FP-LAPW) method. Exchange-correlation effects are treated using the Local Spin Density approximation (L(S)DA+U) vs generalized gradient approximations (GGA+U). Equilibrium lattices agree very well with other theoretical and experimental data. The magnetization energy differences between Spin Up and Spin Dn states are small. Spin effect and magnetic moment obtained from subsequent (L(S)DA+U) and (GGA+U) calculations are also discussed in different magnetic configurations: The Ferromagnetic cubic phase (Pm-3m), The A-type Antiferromagnetic (P4/mmc) and The G-type Antiferromagnetic (Fm-3m). The nature of magnetism arises mainly from the Fe-site exhibiting a G-type antiferromagnetic ordering. The electronic structure shows that BiFeO3 has a metallic band gap. This multiferroic exhibit strong hybridization of the 3d-Fe and 2p-O orbitals. Therefore, the Multiferroic BiFeO3 perovskite has driven significant research interest due to their promising technological potential. It’s a good candidate for potential applications in spintronic, and to aid the development of the next generation of data storage and multi-functional technological devices.
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Ruff, Eugen, Sebastian Widmann, Peter Lunkenheimer, Vladimir Tsurkan, Sandor Bordács, Istvan Kézsmárki, and Alois Loidl. "Multiferroicity and skyrmions carrying electric polarization in GaV4S8." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500916.
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Skyrmions are whirl-like topological spin objects with high potential for future magnetic data storage. A fundamental question that is relevant to both basic research and application is whether ferroelectric (FE) polarization can be associated with skyrmions’ magnetic texture and whether these objects can be manipulated by electric fields. We study the interplay between magnetism and electric polarization in the lacunar spinel GaV4S8, which undergoes a structural transition associated with orbital ordering at 44 K and reveals a complex magnetic phase diagram below 13 K, including ferromagnetic, cycloidal, and Néel-type skyrmion lattice (SkL) phases. We found that the orbitally ordered phase of GaV4S8 is FE with a sizable polarization of ~1 μC/cm2. Moreover, we observed spin-driven excess polarizations in all magnetic phases; hence, GaV4S8 hosts three different multiferroic phases with coexisting polar and magnetic order. These include the SkL phase, where we predict a strong spatial modulation of FE polarization close to the skyrmion cores. By taking into account the crystal symmetry and spin patterns of the magnetically ordered phases, we identify exchange striction as the main microscopic mechanism behind the spin-driven FE polarization in each multiferroic phase. Because GaV4S8 is unique among known SkL host materials owing to its polar crystal structure and the observed strong magnetoelectric effect, this study is an important step toward the nondissipative electric field control of skyrmions.
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Drathen, Christina, Kirill Yusenko, and Serena Margadonna. "Structural modulations in multiferroic tetragonal tungsten bronze KxMnxFe1+xF3." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314099471.
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Multiferroic materials showing coupling of the different order parameters (ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, ferroelastic) are interesting not only from a fundamental perspective, but also from a technological point of view, e.g. for to the development of new storage technologies. However, the coexistence of (ferro)magnetism and ferroelectricity is considered a rare phenomenon. Whilst this may be true for perovskite oxides, where emptyd-shells favor the off-centering of ions but counteract magnetism, this intrinsic limitation can be avoided by moving to different structure types, and/or away from oxides. An example of non-perovskite, non-oxide multiferroic systems are the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) fluorides KxM2+xM3+1+xF3(x= 0.4 – 0.6), which show coexistence of electric and magnetic ordering 1. Here we present a detailed structural study on a series of TTB fluorides, KxMnxFe1+xF3(x = 0.4 – 0.55). KMnFeF6has been previously described as tetragonalP42bcand orders ferrimagnetically belowT = 148 K 2. Additional satellite reflections were found in transmission electron microscopy experiments and attributed to ferroelastic domains arising from tilting ofMF6octahedra, but the reported bulk powder XRD measurements indicated only tetragonal symmetry 3. We used high-resolution powder diffraction techniques to reinvestigate the crystal structure as a function of temperature in comparison with DSC data. Our results reveal a structural distortion to orthorhombic symmetry (Ccc2) at room temperature, which diminished when moving to the end members of the series (x → 0.4 andx → 0.6). Although structurally subtle, this distortion may indicate a ferroelectric state, similar to KxFeF3, where ferroelectricity is observed only in the orthorhombic phase. On heating, an anomaly in thec-axis lattice parameter accompanies a phase transition to centrosymmetricP42/mbcaround 320 – 350 K, marking the transition from ferroelectric – paraelectric state.
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Delmonte, Davide, Francesco Mezzadri, Chiara Pernechele, Massimo Solzi, Gianluca Calestani, Fulvio Bolzoni, Riccardo Cabassi, and Edmondo Gilioli. "HP/HT synthesis and characterization of novel multiferroic Bi-based perovskites." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314081856.
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Bi-based perovskites (BiM1-xM'xO3, where M e M' are 3d and 4d metal ions) are considered very promising candidates to show multiferroic magnetoelectric character. A multiferroic magnetoelectric is a material in which ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity are not only coexistent but also coupled. Such properties, very rare in natural materials, are suitable for electronics, data storage and spintronics applications. Therefore, the interest in this class of compound showed an increasing trend of scientific publications in the last ten years. Unfortunately most members of this family cannot be synthesized with conventional techniques, due to their highly unstable and distorted crystallographic structure. High isostatic pressures and high temperatures can be exploited to overcome this fundamental drawback. The strategy is to induce ferroelectricity (e.g. polar symmetry) achieving the stereochemical effect of Bi3+ 6s2 lone pair, that polarizes the bonds with the neighboring oxygen anions, and independently to bring magnetism through the introduction of magnetic ions of the third or the fourth period on the octahedral coordinated B-site of the perovskite structure. We have synthesized simple and complex (quadruple [1,2] and double [3]) Bi-based perovskites in wide ranges of pressure (from 3 to 9 GPa) and temperature (from 9000C to 16500C) by means of solid state reactions in a multi-anvil Walker-type Press. We present an accurate study of the structural, magnetic and electric properties. Furthermore, unconventional home-made set-ups are also presented as the tools to probe the coupling between the electric and the magnetic properties through crossed magnetic characterizations (magnetic susceptibility dependence on an applied electric field) and reversely crossed electric characterizations (polarization as a function of an external magnetic field).
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Kireva, Maria, Ventsislav Tumbalev, Vladislav Kostov-Kytin, Peter Tzvetkov, and Daniela Kovacheva. "Rietveld Study of the Changes of Phase Composition, Crystal Structure, and Morphology of BiFeO3 by Partial Substitution of Bismuth with Rare-Earth Ions." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030278.
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BiFeO3 is an interesting material due to its multiferroic properties. It attracts attention due to its potential applications in spintronics and in microelectronics for data storage, among others. Single-phase bulk material from BiFeO3 is difficult to synthesize. The kinetics of perovskite phase formation most often leads to the presence of impurity phases. It has been shown that low levels of replacement of Bi with rare earth ions lead to stabilization of the perovskite phase. In the present work, Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure based on powder X-ray diffraction patterns was applied to study the influence of partial substitution of Bi by rare-earth (RE) elements with different ionic radii on structural and morphological properties of the ferrite phase. Substitution by large RE ions was found to preserve the rhombohedral symmetry of BiFeO3, whereas substitution by smaller RE ions led to the coexistence of two polymorphic perovskite phases with rhombohedral R3c and orthorhombic Pnma symmetries. The unit cell parameters as well as the interatomic distances and angles, not only around the A cation but also around the iron ions, were influenced by the substitution. The mean crystallite and particle size decreased with the decrease of ionic radius of substituting RE ion.
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Campanini, Marco, Rolf Erni, and Marta D. Rossell. "Probing local order in multiferroics by transmission electron microscopy." Physical Sciences Reviews 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2019-0068.
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Abstract The ongoing trend toward miniaturization has led to an increased interest in the magnetoelectric effect, which could yield entirely new device concepts, such as electric field-controlled magnetic data storage. As a result, much work is being devoted to developing new robust room temperature (RT) multiferroic materials that combine ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. However, the development of new multiferroic devices has proved unexpectedly challenging. Thus, a better understanding of the properties of multiferroic thin films and the relation with their microstructure is required to help drive multiferroic devices toward technological application. This review covers in a concise manner advanced analytical imaging methods based on (scanning) transmission electron microscopy which can potentially be used to characterize complex multiferroic materials. It consists of a first broad introduction to the topic followed by a section describing the so-called phase-contrast methods, which can be used to map the polar and magnetic order in magnetoelectric multiferroics at different spatial length scales down to atomic resolution. Section 3 is devoted to electron nanodiffraction methods. These methods allow measuring local strains, identifying crystal defects and determining crystal structures, and thus offer important possibilities for the detailed structural characterization of multiferroics in the ultrathin regime or inserted in multilayers or superlattice architectures. Thereafter, in Section 4, methods are discussed which allow for analyzing local strain, whereas in Section 5 methods are addressed which allow for measuring local polarization effects on a length scale of individual unit cells. Here, it is shown that the ferroelectric polarization can be indirectly determined from the atomic displacements measured in atomic resolution images. Finally, a brief outlook is given on newly established methods to probe the behavior of ferroelectric and magnetic domains and nanostructures during in situ heating/electrical biasing experiments. These in situ methods are just about at the launch of becoming increasingly popular, particularly in the field of magnetoelectric multiferroics, and shall contribute significantly to understanding the relationship between the domain dynamics of multiferroics and the specific microstructure of the films providing important guidance to design new devices and to predict and mitigate failures.
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"Proceedings of the 1st International symposium on physics of data storage." OAJ Materials and Devices 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.23647/ca.md20161108.
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Various memory technologies have emerged throughout history. Today, the discovery of new technologies and new materials over the past two decades has helped to manufacture memory devices, less bulky, less expensive, consuming less energy, but always with a larger capacity and higher speed data transfer. The international symposium ISPDS-1 has gathered researchers working on various aspects related with the problem of data storage, as Ferroics and Multiferroics, Memory storage devices, Switching phenomena, Heterojunctions and semiconductors, Energy and environment, and miscellaneous aspects. These proceedings gather abstracts of recent works in the field, presented at the symposium, dealing with chemistry, materials, devices, crystal structure, phase_diagrams, perovskite, Aurivillius, ferroelectric, ferrielectric, nanowire, Multiferroic, Flexoelectric, Magnetoelectric, Piezoresponse, Electrocaloric effect, photoelectrochemical, Resistive Switching, Magnetoelectric, nanoparticle, photovoltaic, Data_Storage, Pulsed_Laser_Deposition, PLD, lead_free_ferroelectric, solar cell, Lead_free_Materials, Nanodots, Memory, Storage, Polar nanoregions, ferroelectric_paraelectric_superlattices, ceramic, thin film, TTB, Dielectric properties, phase transition, Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3, GaFeO3, BaFe12O19, TbMnO3, PbTiO3, (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3, BaTiO3_BaZrO3_superlattices, Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, Cu2S, paracetamol, ZnO, BiFeO3, ZnO thin film, Graphene, ZnO_Nanorod, mesoporous_TiO2, silicate glass, C60, C70,carbon peapods, Nematic Phase, TbMnO3, BaHfO3, Pb2KNb5O15, LiNbO3, Dielectric_measurement, impedance_spectroscopy, BaGexTi1-xO3_ceramics, SrBaBi2Nb2TiO12, PolySi-oxide, AlN, Magnetron_sputtering, photonic, polyvinylidene_fluoride_ultrathin_film, Phosphate, dechiralization_line, Nb3Al, K3Sr2LnNb10O30 (Ln = La, Gd), NaXF3, DFT, Electronic_structure, Optical properties, CsBeF3, Single-Wall_Boron_nitride_nanotubes, energy_storage, capacitors, Bi2O3
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Zhou, Jian, and Shunhong Zhang. "Terahertz optics-driven phase transition in two-dimensional multiferroics." npj 2D Materials and Applications 5, no. 1 (January 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41699-020-00189-7.
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AbstractDisplacive martensitic phase transition is potentially promising in semiconductor-based data storage applications with fast switching speed. In addition to traditional phase transition materials, the recently discovered two-dimensional ferroic materials are receiving a lot of attention owing to their fast ferroic switching dynamics, which could tremendously boost data storage density and enhance read/write speed. In this study, we propose that a terahertz laser with an intermediate intensity and selected frequency can trigger ferroic order switching in two-dimensional multiferroics, which is a damage-free noncontacting approach. Through first-principles calculations, we theoretically and computationally investigate optically induced electronic, phononic, and mechanical responses of two experimentally fabricated multiferroic (with both ferroelastic and ferroelectric) materials, β-GeSe and α-SnTe monolayer. We show that the relative stability of different orientation variants can be effectively manipulated via the polarization direction of the terahertz laser, which is selectively and strongly coupled with the transverse optical phonon modes. The transition from one orientation variant to another can be barrierless, indicating ultrafast transition kinetics and the conventional nucleation-growth phase transition process can be avoidable.
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Tahir, Rabia, Sabeen Fatima, Syedah Afsheen Zahra, Deji Akinwande, Hu Li, Syed Hassan Mujtaba Jafri, and Syed Rizwan. "Multiferroic and ferroelectric phases revealed in 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene film for high performance resistive data storage devices." npj 2D Materials and Applications 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41699-023-00368-2.
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AbstractMultiferroic materials, showing simultaneous ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, are considered to be promising candidates for future data storage technology however, the multiferroic phenomenon in two-dimensional (2D) materials is rarely observed. We report a simple approach to observe frequency-dependent ferroelectricity and multiferroicity in 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene film at room-temperature. To study the frequency and poling effect on ferroelectricity, we performed electric polarization vs. electric field (P-E) measurement at different frequencies, measured under zero and non-zero static magnetic fields. The results not only indicate a clear frequency dependence of electric domains owing to varying time relaxation during reversal dynamic but also showed magnetic field control of electric polarization thus, confirmed the presence of strong magneto-electric (ME) coupling at room-temperature. The existence of ME coupling was attributed to the coupling between disordered electric dipoles with local spin moments as well reduced dielectric loss after heat-treatment. Moreover, the ferroelectric Ti3C2Tx MXene film was employed as an active layer within the resistive data storage device that showed a stable switching behavior along with improved on/off ratio in comparison to non-ferroelectric Ti3C2Tx active layer. The unique multiferroic behavior along with ferroelectric-tuned data storage devices reported here, will help understand the intrinsic nature of 2D materials and will advance the 2D ferroelectric data storage industry.
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Keeney, Lynette, Louise Colfer, and Michael Schmidt. "Probing Ferroelectric Behavior in Sub-10 nm Bismuth-Rich Aurivillius Films by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis, December 1, 2021, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621013726.
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Abstract Sub-10 nm ferroelectric and multiferroic materials are attracting increased scientific and technological interest, owing to their exciting physical phenomena and prospects in miniaturized electronic devices, neuromorphic computing, and ultra-compact data storage. The Bi6Ti2.9Fe1.5Mn0.6O18 (B6TFMO) Aurivillius system is a rare example of a multiferroic that operates at room temperature. Since the formation of magnetic impurity phases can complicate attempts to measure ferromagnetic signal intrinsic to the B6TFMO multiferroic phase and thus limits its use, herein we minimize this by utilizing relatively large (49%) bismuth excess to counteract its volatility during sub-10 nm growth. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy show sample crystallinity and purity are substantially improved on increasing bismuth excess from 5 to 49%, with the volume fraction of surface impurities decreasing from 2.95–3.97 vol% down to 0.02–0.31 vol%. Piezoresponse force microscopy reveals 8 nm B6TFMO films are ferroelectric, with an isotropic random distribution of stable in-plane domains and weaker out-of-plane piezoresponse. By reducing the volume fraction of magnetic impurities, this work demonstrates the recent progress in the optimization of ultra-thin B6TFMO for future multiferroic technologies. We show how the orientation of the ferroelectric polarization can be switched in 8 nm B6TFMO and arrays can be “written” and “read” to express states permitting anti-parallel information storage.
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Cheng, Xuli, Shaowen Xu, Chao Liu, Yaning Cui, Wenbin Ouyang, Fanhao Jia, Wei Wu, and Wei Ren. "Ferroelectric and negative piezoelectric properties in oxyhydroxide monolayers γ -XOOH (X = Al, Ga, and In)." Applied Physics Letters 123, no. 7 (August 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0164215.
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Two-dimensional (2D) multiferroic materials with coexisting ferroelasticity (FA) and ferroelectricity (FE) have potential applications in high-density data storage and sonar detectors. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we predict a series of stable 2D FA-FE multiferroic structures, namely, γ-XOOH (X = Al, Ga, and In) monolayers. By analyzing the lattice symmetry and orientation distribution of hydroxyls, we find that XOOH monolayers possess both in-plane ferroelastic and ferroelectric polarization, as well as antiferroelectric ordering caused by the anti-parallel alignment of hydroxyls. Interestingly, the perpendicular reorientation of in-plane FE polarization accompanies 90° ferroelastic switching. Moreover, they show an unusual negative transverse piezoelectric effect originated from the clamped-ion term. The multiferroic properties of the XOOH monolayers provide an excellent platform to study electroelastic effects.
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Li, Dong, Pengyu Liu, Ruiman He, Yihang Bai, Chang Liu, Bing Wang, and Guanwei Jia. "Intrinsic multiferroicity and magnetoelectric coupling in VSI2 monolayer." Applied Physics Letters 123, no. 5 (July 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0155960.
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Two dimensional (2D) multiferroic materials have great potential for miniaturized electronic and high-density multi-states data storage devices due to the coexistence of electric and spin polarization. Because the origins of magnetism and ferroelectricity are mutually exclusive and difficult to coexist, there are still rare to date 2D multiferroic semiconductors with good performance. Here, we propose a 2D multiferroic material, VSI2 monolayer, which has both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties by first principles calculation. It shows robust ferroelectricity with an appropriate switching barrier (∼140 meV), and the in-plane ferroelectric polarization is 1.44 × 10−10 C/m. At the same time, the VSI2 monolayer magnetic easy axis is along the b-axis direction and owns a large magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) (512 μeV/V-ion). Based on Monte Carlo simulations of the Heisenberg model, the Curie temperature (TC) is calculated to be approximately 92 K. In addition, biaxial strain can significantly change the MAE, and the in-plane magnetic easy axis can be switched to the out-of-plane direction by 5% biaxial tensile strain. In particular, we can change the magnetic moment at the two ends of VSI2 nanoribbons by switching the direction of electric polarization, providing an opportunity for the application of magnetic-electric control and memory devices. Our theoretical prediction provides a good platform for studying the 2D multiferroic effects and spintronic properties.
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Fukaya, Ryo, Jun-ichi Adachi, Hironori Nakao, Yuichi Yamasaki, Chihiro Tabata, Shunsuke Nozawa, Kouhei Ichiyanagi, Yuta Ishii, Hiroyuki Kimura, and Shin-ichi Adachi. "Time-resolved resonant soft X-ray scattering combined with MHz synchrotron X-ray and laser pulses at the Photon Factory." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 29, no. 6 (October 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577522008724.
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A picosecond pump–probe resonant soft X-ray scattering measurement system has been developed at the Photon Factory storage ring for highly efficient data collection. A high-repetition-rate high-power compact laser system has been installed to improve efficiency via flexible data acquisition to a sub-MHz frequency in time-resolved experiments. Data are acquired by gating the signal of a channel electron multiplier with a pulse-counting mode capable of discriminating single-bunch soft X-ray pulses in the dark gap of the hybrid operation mode in the storage ring. The photoinduced dynamics of magnetic order for multiferroic manganite SmMn2O5 are clearly demonstrated by the detection of transient changes in the resonant soft X-ray scattering intensity around the Mn L III- and O K-edges.
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Li, Tianyu, Sz-Chian Liou, Stephanie J. Hong, Qiang Zhang, H. Cein Mandujano, and Efrain E. Rodriguez. "Structural modulation and spin glassiness upon oxidation in oxygen storage material LnFeMnO4+x for Ln = Y, Lu, and Yb." APL Materials 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144717.
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The mixed valence multiferroic LnFe2+Fe3+O4 (where Ln = Y, Lu, and Yb) can reversibly uptake oxygen into its lattice, which is evidenced by a crystallographic phase transition along with the appearance of structural modulations. In this study, we show that the Mn-substituted version of this multiferroic can also be readily oxidized to LnFe3+Mn3+O4.5 revealing similar oxygen storage behavior. Through neutron, electron, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies, we observe a structural modulation that we attribute to a displacement wave in the fully oxidized compound. This wave exhibits commensurability with a wavevector q = (−2/7, 1/7, 0). Bond valence summation analysis of plausible interstitial oxygen positions suggests that oxygen insertion likely occurs at the middle of the Fe/Mn–O bipyramid layers. The structural modulation of LnFeMnO4.5 is two-dimensional, propagates along the ab-plane, and is highly symmetric as 12 identical modulation vectors are observed in the diffraction patterns. The nature of the lanthanide, Ln3+, does not seem to influence such modulations since we observe identical satellite reflections for all three samples of Ln = Y, Lu, and Yb. Both LnFeMnO4 and LnFeMnO4.5 display spin glassy behavior with 2D short-range magnetic ordering being observed in LnFeMnO4. Analysis of the neutron diffraction data reveals a correlation length of ∼10 nm. Upon oxidation to LnFeMnO4.5, the short-range magnetic order is significantly suppressed.
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Hitchen, D., and S. Ghosh. "Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characterization of Multiferroic BiFeO3 Thin Films." Journal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/jur.v4i1.7483.
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The polarization hysteresis and current leakage characteristics of bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition was measured while varying the temperature from 80 - 300 K in increments of 10 K, to determine the feasibility of BFO for capacitive applications in memory storage devices. Data is compared to the performance of prototypic ferroelectric barium strontium titanate, BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) under similar conditions. Finding contacts on the BFO samples that exhibited acceptable dielectric properties was challenging; and once identified, the polarization characteristics between them varied greatly. However, the non-uniformity among the contact points within each sample suggests that either the samples were defective (by contamination or growth process), or that the deposition process of the contacts may have undermined the functionality of the devices. Subjected to increasing temperatures, BFO's polarization improved, and though its polarizability was shown to be inferior to BST, the dielectric loss was less.
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El-Desoky, M. M., N. A. Gazouly, Ahmed E. Hannor, and Hesham A. Yousef. "Relaxor multiferroic properties of nanostructured BaTiO3–Fe2O3–Bi2O3 lead free for energy storage applications." Applied Physics A 128, no. 12 (November 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06179-4.
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AbstractRelaxor multiferroic properties of nanostructured 0.30BaTiO3–0.52Bi2O3–0.18Fe2O3 mol% (BFBT) were prepared via the mechanical activation method. The mixed powders were ball milled at 10, 20, 30, 50 and 75 h to obtain nanostructured materials. Room temperature XRD patterns for these nanostructured materials at different ball-milling times were investigated. The ball milled of nanostructured BFBT at different ball-milling times is characterized and identified by FTIR. After 50 h, HRTEM revealed the nanostructure of BFBT with an average particle size of 27.86 nm. Dielectric characterization showed a broad and frequency-dependent diffusion in phase transition around 560 K that shifted to the higher temperature with increasing frequency. The dielectric diffusivity (Υ = 1.78) was calculated from the modified Curie–Weiss law. Dielectric permitivitty (ε′) data were fitted using the Vogel–Fulcher relation, confirming the relaxor nature. Furthermore, the slim P-E hysteresis loop demonstrates recoverable energy density (Wrec = 16.17 mJ/cm3) and energy storage efficiency (η = 89.3%) at 360 K. The Néel Temperature (TN = 394 K) was determined by the magnetic susceptibility measurements. The M-H date shows a weak ferromagnetic behavior of the 50 h mechanical milled sample. Therefore, the presented work provides guidelines for synthesizing nanostructured BFBT by mechanical milling for the development of high-potential lead-free energy storage applications.
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Halpin, J., and L. Keeney. "Naturally Layered Aurivillius Phases: Flexible Scaffolds for the Design of Multiferroic Materials." OAJ Materials and Devices 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.23647/ca.md20202905.
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The Aurivillius layer-structures, described by the general formula Bi2O2(Am-1BmO3m+1), are naturally 2-dimensionally nanostructured. They are very flexible frameworks for a wide variety of applications, given that different types of cations can beaccommodated both at the A- and B-sites. In this review article, we describe how the Aurivillius phases are a particularly attractive class of oxides for the design of prospective single phase multiferroic systems for multi-state data storage applications, as they offer the potential to include substantial amounts of magnetic cations within a strongly ferroelectric system. The ability to vary m yields differing numbers of symmetrically distinct B-site locations over which the magnetic cations can be distributed and generates driving forces for cation partitioning and magnetic ordering. We discuss how out-of-phase boundary and stacking fault defects can further influence local stoichiometry and the extent of cation partitioning in these intriguing material systems.
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Martins, P., C. M. Costa, M. Benelmekki, and S. Lanceros-Mendez. "Nucleation of the electroactive phase of poly(vinylidene fluoride) by ferrite nanoparticles: surface versus size effects." MRS Proceedings 1312 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.121.
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ABSTRACTMultiferroics and magnetoelectric materials show interesting scientific challenges and technnologial applications in sensors, acuators and data storage. In view of the fact that only a small number of materials show this kind of properties, exhaustive research activity is being pursued towards the development of new composite materials. Multiferroic nanocomposites films composed of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and magnetostrictive nanosize CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4 or NiZnFe2O4 ferrites were prepared by a solution method. Those ferrite nanoparticles have the ability to nucleate the electroactive β-phase of the polymer, providing in this way an easy route for the preparation of magnetoelectric particulate composites. The fact that the different nanoparticles promotes different amount of β-phase nucleation for different concentrations of nanoparticles indicates that filler size is not the most important parameter determining phase nucleation but the filler-matrix surface interaction. Further, when the polymer-ferrite surface interaction is modified through surfactation, the electroactive phase is not nucleated.
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Sun, Wei, Wenxuan Wang, Hang Li, Guangbiao Zhang, Dong Chen, Jianli Wang, and Zhenxiang Cheng. "Controlling bimerons as skyrmion analogues by ferroelectric polarization in 2D van der Waals multiferroic heterostructures." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (November 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19779-6.
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AbstractAtom-thick van der Waals heterostructures with nontrivial physical properties tunable via the magnetoelectric coupling effect are highly desirable for the future advance of multiferroic devices. In this work on LaCl/In2Se3 heterostructure consisting of a 2D ferromagnetic layer and a 2D ferroelectric layer, reversible switch of the easy axis and the Curie temperature of the magnetic LaCl layer has been enabled by switching of ferroelectric polarization in In2Se3. More importantly, magnetic skyrmions in the bimerons form have been discovered in the LaCl/In2Se3 heterostructure and can be driven by an electric current. The creation and annihilation of bimerons in LaCl magnetic nanodisks were achieved by polarization switching. It thus proves to be a feasible approach to achieve purely electric control of skyrmions in 2D van der Waals heterostructures. Such nonvolatile and tunable magnetic skyrmions are promising candidates for information carriers in future data storage and logic devices operated under small electrical currents.
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Huxter, William S., Martin F. Sarott, Morgan Trassin, and Christian L. Degen. "Imaging ferroelectric domains with a single-spin scanning quantum sensor." Nature Physics, February 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01921-4.
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AbstractThe ability to sensitively image electric fields is important for understanding many nanoelectronic phenomena, including charge accumulation at surfaces1 and interfaces2 and field distributions in active electronic devices3. A particularly exciting application is the visualization of domain patterns in ferroelectric and nanoferroic materials4,5, owing to their potential in computing and data storage6–8. Here, we use a scanning nitrogen-vacancy (NV) microscope, well known for its use in magnetometry9, to image domain patterns in piezoelectric (Pb[Zr0.2Ti0.8]O3) and improper ferroelectric (YMnO3) materials through their electric fields. Electric field detection is enabled by measuring the Stark shift of the NV spin10,11 using a gradiometric detection scheme12. Analysis of the electric field maps allows us to discriminate between different types of surface charge distributions, as well as to reconstruct maps of the three-dimensional electric field vector and charge density. The ability to measure both stray electric and magnetic fields9,13 under ambient conditions opens opportunities for the study of multiferroic and multifunctional materials and devices8,14.
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Guzelturk, Burak, Tiannan Yang, Yu‐Chen Liu, Chia‐Chun Wei, Gal Orenstein, Mariano Trigo, Tao Zhou, et al. "Subnanosecond Reconfiguration of Ferroelectric Domains in Bismuth Ferrite." Advanced Materials, August 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306029.
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AbstractDomain switching is crucial for achieving desired functions in ferroic materials that are used in various applications. Fast control of domains at subnanosecond timescales remains a challenge despite its potential for high‐speed operation in random‐access memories, photonic, and nanoelectronic devices. In this work, ultrafast laser excitation is shown to transiently melt and reconfigure ferroelectric stripe domains in multiferroic bismuth ferrite on a timescale faster than 100 ps. This dynamic behavior is visualized by picosecond‐ and nanometer‐resolved X‐ray diffraction measurements as well as time‐resolved X‐ray diffuse scattering. The disordering of stripe domains is attributed to the screening of depolarization fields by photogenerated carriers resulting in the formation of charged domain walls, as supported by phase field simulations. Furthermore, the recovery of disordered domains exhibits subdiffusive growth on nanosecond timescales, with a nonequilibrium domain velocity reaching up to 10 m/s. These findings present a new approach to image and manipulate ferroelectric domains on subnanosecond timescales, which can be further extended into other photoferroic systems to modulate their electronic, optical, and magnetic properties beyond GHz frequencies. This approach could pave the way for high‐speed ferroelectric data storage, computing and photonic applications in a range of photoferroics, and, more broadly, defines new approaches for visualizing the non‐equilibrium dynamics of heterogeneous and disordered materials.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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Schöffmann, Patrick, Anirban Sarkar, Mai Hussein Hamed, Tanvi Bhatnagar-Schöffmann, Sabine Puetter, Brian Kirby, Alexander Grutter, et al. "Strain and charge contributions to the magnetoelectric coupling in Fe3O4/PMN-PT artificial multiferroic heterostructures." New Journal of Physics, December 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/acac48.
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Abstract The quest to realize new kinds of data storage devices has motivated recent studies in the field of magnetoelectric heterostructures. One of the most commonly investigated systems is Fe3O4/PMN-PT, however, the interplay between different coupling mechanisms is not yet well understood. To disentangle the role of strain and polarisation influence in Fe3O4/PMN-PT, we report on magnetoelectric coupling measurements for different orientations of the applied magnetic field and for two different substrate cuts, PMN-PT(001) and PMN-PT(011). For Fe3O4/PMN-PT(011), having the sample aligned such that the magnetic field is parallel to the [011] easy axis leads to a remanent increase of the magnetisation for each electric field cycle. On the other hand, for the magnetic field along the [100] hard axis, the magnetisation follows a butterfly-like loop characteristic of strain coupling imparted by the substrate. For Fe3O4/PMN-PT(001), the magnetoelectric effect is a superposition of the observed behaviour of both in-plane directions in Fe3O4/PMN-PT(011). The magnetisation shows an initial remanent increase followed by a butterfly like loop. Polarised neutron reflectometry measurements on Fe3O4/PMN-PT(011) shows no difference between the behaviour at the interface and the bulk of the film and no decline of the interaction further away from the shared interface. Our results demonstrate the role of strain and polarisation on the magnetisation of the Fe3O4 layer and provide a clear step towards the design of future magnetoelectric systems.