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Journal articles on the topic 'Multiaxial deformation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Yaguchi, Masatsugu, Masato Yamamoto, Takashi Ogata, and Nobutada Ohno. "An Anisotropic Constitutive Model for a Directionally Solidified Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.901.

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The monotonic tensile and creep deformations of a directionally solidified (DS) superalloy are investigated for several loading directions. The material exhibits remarkable anisotropy under elastic and creep loading conditions, whereas it shows isotropy under loading conditions of high strain rates. Tension-torsion creep tests are also conducted to investigate the deformation under multiaxial stress conditions. Referring to the observed behavior, a unified constitutive model, which has two features, is developed for the DS superalloy. One is a static recovery term of back stresses that is prescribed as a transversely isotropic property, which is supposed to have an effect on the deformation behavior under creep loading conditions. The other is the division of inelastic strain into two components, which represent octahedral and cubic slip system deformations, so as to describe multiaxial creep deformation. Calculation results obtained using the constitutive model are compared with the uniaxial and multiaxial experimental results to evaluate the validity of the model.

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2

Yang, Xianjie, Yan Luo, and Qing Gao. "Constitutive Modeling on Time-Dependent Deformation Behavior of 96.5Sn-3.5Ag Solder Alloy Under Cyclic Multiaxial Straining." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2429708.

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Based on the time dependent multiaxial deformation behavior of 96.5Sn-3.5Ag solder alloy, a constitutive model is proposed which considers the nonproportional multiaxial cyclic deformation properties. In the back stress evolution equations of this model, the nonproportionality which affects the back stress evolution rate is introduced. The approach for the determination of model parameters is proposed. The model is used to describe the time-dependent cyclic deformation behavior of 96.5Sn-3.5Ag solder alloy under cross, rectangular, rhombic, and double-triangular tensile–torsion multiaxial strain paths at different strain rates with different dwell time. The comparison between the predicted and experimental results demonstrates that the model can satisfactorily describe the time-dependent multiaxial cyclic deformation behavior under complicated nonproportional cyclic straining.

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3

Termonia, Yves. "Multiaxial deformation of polymer networks." Macromolecules 24, no. 5 (September 1991): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00005a024.

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4

Li, Jiejie, Jie Li, Yangheng Chen, and Jian Chen. "Strengthening Modulus and Softening Strength of Nanoporous Gold in Multiaxial Tension: Insights from Molecular Dynamics." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244381.

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The functionalized applications of nanoporous metals place clear requirements on their basic mechanical properties, yet there is a lack of research on the mechanical response under multiaxial loading conditions. In this work, the mechanical behaviors of nanoporous gold under multiaxial tension are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The mechanical properties under different loading conditions are compared and the microstructure evolution is analyzed to clarify the deformation mechanisms of nanoporous gold in biaxial and triaxial tension. It is found that the modulus of nanoporous gold in multiaxial tension is strengthened and the strength is softened compared to uniaxial tension. The failure of nanoporous gold in multiaxial tension is dominated by the progressive yielding, necking, and rupture of ligaments along the multiple uniaxial loading directions. The dislocation activity under multiaxial loads is more intense and more prone to plastic deformation, ultimately resulting in lower strength and smaller failure strain. The findings provide more insight into the understanding of the deformation mechanisms of nanoporous metals under complex stress states.

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5

Kwapisz, Marcin, Marcin Knapiński, Henryk Dyja, and Konrad Błażej Laber. "Numerical Analysis in the Process of Alternate Pressing and Multiaxial Compression." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1763.

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This article presents the results of numeric simulation obtained with commercial software for thermo-mechanical analysis of plastic forging processes, Forge 2009, of the process of alternate forced pressing and multiaxial compression. The new method of alternate forced pressing and multiaxial compression suggested by the authors is characterized by the presence in the plastically forged material of the similar states of deformations to those present in the processes of the equal channel angular pressing and cyclic extrusion compressing. From the performed preliminary tests it can be stated that as a result of combining and repeating two alternate operations: pressing and multiaxial compression, strain accumulation and development of deformation state favorable to grain crushing take place.

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6

Kubo, Atsushi, and Yoshitaka Umeno. "Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Fracture Problems in Polycarbonate." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.73.

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A coarse-grained particle (CG) model was developed based on all-atom molecular dynamics simulation results, aiming at applying to deformation and fracture analyses of polycarbonate. After confirming the validity of the model, the developed CG model was applied to deformation analyses to investigate the effects of strain rate and multiaxial tension. The effect of strain rate was found to be consistent with an experiment. Two types of deformation behavior were observed according to the type of multiaxial tension.

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7

Lu, Fucong, Kun Zhang, Yuhang Hou, and Zhiwen Wu. "Investigation on Temperature-Dependent Multiaxial Ratchetting of Polycarbonate by a Novel Experimental Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (May 13, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6577569.

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A novel method to heat the multiaxial hollow thin-wall specimen was proposed, where its gauge length section can be heated by the liquid (i.e., water) filled inside the specimen instead of the closed furnace. This method realizes the direct measurement of multiaxial strain on the surface of specimen at different temperatures by the noncontact digital image correlation. By utilizing the proposed method, the multiaxial stress-control cyclic tests were performed to investigate the multiaxial ratchetting of polycarbonate (PC) at different temperatures. It is found that the multiaxial ratchetting of PC depends greatly on the test temperatures and the multiaxial ratchetting strain increases with increasing the test temperature. The temperature-dependent multiaxial ratchetting is also influenced by valley stresses. The unrecoverable part of deformation in the multiaxial ratchetting strain increases with increasing temperature.

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8

Cazac, Alin Marian, Costică Bejinariu, Constantin Baciu, Stefan Lucian Toma, and Costel Dorel Florea. "Experimental Determination of Force and Deformation Stress in Nanostructuring Aluminum by Multiaxial Forging Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.137.

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This Paper Aims to Determine by Experiment Total Force and Stress of Deformation Depending on Punch Stroke and the Level of Deformation on Severe Plastic Deformation of Aluminum by Multiaxial Cold Forging. the Deformation Force in Multiaxial Forging Depends on a Number of Parameters of whom the most Important are: Strain, the Flow Force of Aluminum, Deformation Speed, the Friction between the Material and the Die, Shape and Size of Die, the Dimensions of Deform Profile, Shape and Dimensions of Workpiece, Temperature Variation during the Process, Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Workpiece Material, the Structural Inhomogeneity of Workpiece Material. the Deformation Process is Discontinuous and Includes Deformation Processes that Define a Cycle of Severe Plastic Deformation. this Paper Aims to Determine the Force and Stress Corresponding to the First 12 Cycles of Severe Plastic Deformation.

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9

Kang, Guo Zheng, and Yu Jie Liu. "Uniaxial and Multiaxial Cyclic Deformation Behaviors of SiCp/6061Al Alloy Composites." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1247.

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The uniaxial/multiaxial cyclic deformation behaviors of SiCp/6061Al alloy composites with various particulate volume fractions were studied by uniaxial and multiaxial cyclic straining or stressing tests at room temperature. The cyclic softening/hardening features and ratcheting behaviors of T6-treated composites and un-reinforced matrix were discussed in different loading conditions. It is shown that the ratcheting also occurs in the composites under uniaxial and multiaxial asymmetrical cyclic stressing, and the ratcheting strain increases with stress amplitude and mean stress; however, the addition of SiC particulates into the matrix increases the resistance of the composite to ratcheting. The ratcheting depends greatly on the shapes of loading paths and mainly occurs in the direction of non-zero mean stress.

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10

Karuskevych, M., T. Maslak, and L. Pejkowski. "Surface deformation relief features under multiaxial fatigue." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 96, no. 4 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2019.04.045.

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11

Gaziev, E., and J. Alberro. "Rock Deformation in a Multiaxial Compression State." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 35, no. 4-5 (June 1998): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(98)00019-9.

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12

Khaleel, Moe A., Mark T. Smith, and A. L. Lund. "Cavitation during Multiaxial Deformation of Superplastic Forming." Materials Science Forum 243-245 (November 1996): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.243-245.155.

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13

Blatnický, Miroslav, Ján Dižo, Milan Sága, Marek Brůna, and Milan Vaško. "Experimental Research on Manson–Coffin Curves for the Frame Material of an Unconventional Vehicle." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051768.

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The submitted research paper describes the fundamental findings in terms of multiaxial fatigue of the basic material EN AW6063 and its welds for implementation in the frame design of an unconventional vehicle. It also includes a briefly-presented conceptual design of a technical solution for optimizing the functionality of a steering mechanism in a patented unconventional vehicle, designed by the authors to increase the cornering stability of a vehicle–tricycle. The most important part of this article is the description of the ongoing research and the results of multiaxial fatigue (bending–torsion combination) of the structural material for the construction of the vehicle frame. The research in this area is important due to the increased load on the frame during operation caused by the unconventional steering mechanism. The measured and constructed Manson–Coffin curves indicate that the use of material EN AW6063 is possible for this vehicle in terms of multiaxial stress. This also applies to the material affected by the technology in the frame production (TIG welding). A higher fatigue of the basic material was observed at a 90° phase shift. The difference between the 0° and 90° phases practically makes up approximately 10 to 15% of the difference in the cycle numbers with the same deformation amplitude. At the same time, the measured results show that the phase shift between loads will not play such an important role in welded joints of aluminum alloy EN AW6063. When comparing the dependences with a constant deformation amplitude in bending and in torsion, it can be said that the bending stress will react more to even a small change in the deformation amplitude. Bending has been proven to be the more dominant component of the total deformation amplitude in multiaxial tests. In terms of low-cycle multiaxial fatigue (up to 5 × 105 cycles), a higher fatigue of the basic material is found in comparison with the weld. At lower deformation amplitudes, a higher fatigue of the welded material is detected.

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14

Bejinariu, Costică, Alin Marian Cazac, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Andrei Victor Sandhu, and Petru Lazar. "Experimental Determination of Stress and Deformation Pressure in Nanostructuring Copper by Multiaxial Forging Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.784.

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This paper aims to determine by experiment total stress and pressure of deformation depending on punch stroke and the level of deformation on severe plastic deformation of copper Cu_99.75 by multiaxial cold forging. The deformation process is discontinuous and includes deformation processes that define a cycle of severe plastic deformation. This paper aims to determine the stress and pressure corresponding to the first 12 cycles of severe plastic deformation.

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15

Xia, Z., and F. Ellyin. "Nonproportional Multiaxial Cyclic Loading: Experiments and Constitute Modeling." Journal of Applied Mechanics 58, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897188.

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Biaxial tension compression, deformation controlled, out-of-phase cyclic tests were conducted on thin-walled circular cylindrical specimens of a low alloy carbon steel. The influence of strain amplitude and phase angle (a measure of nonproportionality of strain path) on the stress-strain loops have been studied. Material aniostropy and additional cyclic hardening due to the plastic deformation and nonproportional path are clearly observed. A constitutive model is presented which describes the material behavior under complex loading histories including cyclic deformation. The predictions of the model are compared to the experimental results, and the agreement is found to be fairly good.

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16

Cazac, Alin Marian, Costică Bejinariu, Iulian Ionita, Stefan Lucian Toma, and Cosmin Rodu. "Design and Implementation of a Device for Nanostructuring of Metallic Materials by Multiaxial Forging Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.193.

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This paper presents materialization through a device of severe plastic deformation process by multiaxial forging. In essence, by design, the device includes a board reinforced with fretting rings where the severe plastic deformation takes place and an assembly, punch-counterpunch that transmits the force from the source and performs multiaxial forging as a discontinuous process. The device has a high level of universality and has the following advantages: contains an extraction system of deformed blank from the active fretted broad; ensures workpiece centering into place of active plate, contains a system for measuring the strength of forging; can be used on any type of press.

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17

Fett, Theo, Dietrich Munz, and Gerhard Thun. "Multiaxial Deformation Behavior of PZT from Torsion Tests." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 86, no. 8 (August 2003): 1427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03488.x.

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18

Tourabi, A., P. Guelin, B. Wack, P. Pegon, D. Favier, and W. K. Nowacki. "USEFUL SCALAR PARAMETERS FOR MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DEFORMATION STUDIES." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 19, no. 10 (October 1996): 1181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00942.x.

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19

Schmidt, A., P. Rothemund, and E. Mazza. "Multiaxial deformation and failure of acrylic elastomer membranes." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 174 (February 2012): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2011.12.004.

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20

Drozdov, A. D., and J. deC Christiansen. "Stress–strain relations for hydrogels under multiaxial deformation." International Journal of Solids and Structures 50, no. 22-23 (October 2013): 3570–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.06.023.

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21

Khaleel,, M. A., M. T. Smith,, and E. A. Nyberg,. "DAMAGE DURING MULTIAXIAL DEFORMATION OF SUPERPLASTIC 5083-AA." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 11, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.2000.11.1-3.79.

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22

Wang, C. H., and M. W. Brown. "On plastic deformation and fatigue under multiaxial loading." Nuclear Engineering and Design 162, no. 1 (March 1996): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(95)01134-x.

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23

Clarke, Kester D., Yuri Hovanski, Daniel R. Coughlin, and John E. Carsley. "Behavior of Sheet Metal Under Multiaxial Deformation Paths." JOM 69, no. 5 (March 28, 2017): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2304-z.

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24

Bejinariu, Costica, Alin Marian Cazac, Petru Lazar, and Diana Antonia Gheorghiu. "Aluminum Flow Simulation to Severe Plastic Deformation by Multiaxial Forging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.271.

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By plastic deformation processing techniques is possible to achieve parts with complex geometric configuration and superior mechanical characteristics required in many industries such as aerospace, energy, transport etc. These parts are subjected to high loads or involves a special safety in operation and therefore can not be achieved by empirical design techniques. In addition, industrial development requires obtaining parts with smaller dimensional deviations without defects from expensive materials which are manufacturing in smaller series. To cope with these trends in the currently processed by severe plastic deformation is necessary to apply plastic deformation simulation using finite element method. Aluminum flow simulation is necessary for plastic deformation predetermination the total force, which is used to choose the machine deformation. Also through flow simulation aims to determine contact stress material - deformation tools, necessary stress dimensioning tool, in this case the active plate, punch and counterpunch.

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25

Stepanov, Nikita, Dmitry Shaysultanov, Nikita Yurchenko, Margarita Klimova, Sergey Zherebtsov, and Gennady Salishchev. "Microstructure Refinement in the CoCrFeNiMn High Entropy Alloy under Plastic Straining." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1853.

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The effect of plastic deformation under various conditions of the equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy with single face-centered cubic phase structure was studied. The alloy was rolled at room and cryogenic temperatures, and uniaxially compressed at room temperature and temperatures of 600-1100°C with different height reductions. In addition, multiaxial forging at 900-1000°C was performed. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, including EBSD analysis, was widely employed to characterize microstructure of the deformed alloy. At room and cryogenic temperatures, mechanical twinning and shear banding plays play dominant role in microstructure evolution. Extensive refinement of the microstructure occurs as the result of rolling with reduction of 80%. During deformation at 600-1100°C, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization takes place. The recrystallized grains size and their volume fraction increases with increase of deformation temperature. Multiaxial forging at 900-1000°C was used to produce fully recrystallized structure with average grain size of 6.7 μm. The alloy in the initial condition had low yield strength of 160 Mpa but remarkable tensile ductility of 68%. Rolling substantial increases yield strength to 1120-1290 MPa, but results in loss of ductility. After multiaxial forging the alloy has balanced combination of properties – yield strength of 280 MPa and elongation of 56%.

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26

Concas, Francesca, Stefan Diebels, and Anne Jung. "MULTIAXIAL INVESTIGATION OF PVC FOAMS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DEFORMATION MECHANISM BY 3D-DIC." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 25 (December 6, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.25.0006.

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Closed-cell polyvinylchloride (PVC) foams are widely used as core for sandwich composites for applications, in which multiaxial loads are involved. In the present work a wide range of uniaxial (tension, compression and torsion) and multiaxial experiments (both simultaneous tension-torsion and compression-torsion) were conducted on a high performance PVC foam. Failure data for each experiment were collected and depicted in the invariants plane. The whole cylindrical surface of the specimen was monitored by means of an 8-camera-system, strain fields were obtained by 3D-DIC. Hence, the occurrence and the evolution of deformation bands were inspected. The usage of an 8-camera system was essential for the observation of the deformation mechanism, especially for pure compression, pure torsion and combined axial load-torsion, in which the arising of deformation bands is affected by the occurrence of buckling and the orthotropy of the foam.

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27

Cazac, Alin Marian, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Cristian Predescu, Andrei Victor Sandhu, and Costică Bejinariu. "The Experimental Determination of the Friction Stress between the Semi-Product and the Active Plate at the Multiaxial Forging of Copper." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.216.

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The paper aims the determination of the friction force by means of external friction stress, at the severe plastic deformation processing using cyclic closed-die forging method. It is known that the total force used at the severe plastic deformation by the method of multiaxial forging is being composed by the deformation force itself and the friction force between the semi-product and the deformation tools. Once the friction stresses known, for a certain material, one can determine the friction force corresponding for a given deformation of a semi-product of a particular shape and sizes. By means of the flowing curve of the semi-product material one can determine the deformation force, which together with the friction force give the total necessary force for a deformation and so one can choose the necessary equipment for the processing of the material by severe plastic deformation. For this purpose it has been severely plastic deformed by the method of multiaxial forging, a semi-product having the sizes 10x10x20 mm, the finished part having the same sizes and shape. It has been measured the deformation force and the extraction force of the finished part from the cavity of the active plate, the late being used for the determination of the friction stress between the semi-product and the active plate.

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28

Bejinariu, Costică, Alin Marian Cazac, Adrian Alexandru, and Stefan Lucian Toma. "Copper Flow Simulation to Severe Plastic Deformation by Multiaxial Forging." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.62.

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Today, computer numerical simulations take place increasingly trials. The development of computers, increasing data storage capacity and computing speed, led to appearance of specialized software for virtual simulation of most plastics processing procedures. With these programs you can get answers to fundamental problems of plastic deformation: the size and stress distribution within the body, breaking predicting how the material flow, final shape of the product. Copper flow simulation is necessary for predetermination of total plastic deformation force, which is used to choose the machine deformation. Also, flow simulation aims to determine material contact tensions - deformation tools, necessary tension for sizing tool, in this case the active plate, punch and conterpunch.

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29

Kwapisz, Marcin. "Analysis of the Shape of Stamp on the Distribution of Deformation in the Process of Alternate Pressing and Multiaxial Compression." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.963.

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The paper presents the results of numerical simulations of the alternate indirect extrusion and multiaxial compression process, performed using commercial software designed for the thermomechanical analysis of plastic working processes, Forge 2009. The paper presents selected results on the distribution of deformation in the process of alternating extrusion and multiaxial compression. Examples of modifications to the shape of the die and punch, and their effect on the kinetics of the material flow as well as the likelihood of defects of materials are provided. The results confirm that suitable modifying the shape of the die and punch enables to obtain a material with no internal defects. Iterative process, alternating squeezing and multiaxial compressive strain allows the accumulation of which results in fragmentation of the microstructure.

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30

Wu, Han-Chin, and Zhiyou Xu. "An Axial-Torsional Extensometer for Finite Deformation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903333.

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An axial-torsional extensometer has been designed, constructed and tested. This extensometer is suitable for use in the experimental determination of multiaxial plastic deformation and determination of fatigue fracture under moderately large strain range. The extensometer is applicable to tubular or solid cylindrical specimens, with enlarged ends, and measures the axial and shear deformations within a gage section of the specimen. It has been calibrated, and error bounds are given in terms of linearity, crosstalk, and hysteresis. The diametral strain can also be measured, which is especially useful in the testing of materials with voids. An application has been made to combined axial-torsional loading of a metal tubular specimen. Test results are presented.

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31

Yao, Jie, Young Hong Zhu, and Yun Zhang Wu. "The Research of the Difference between Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations for Shape Memory Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.3.

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Based on thermodynamics and phase transformation driving force, we apply a SMA constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation of SMA materials. Simulations under different loading, uniaxial tension and shear conditions, illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation. The results indicate that the difference between the two methods is small under the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results are very different under shear deformation case. It lays a foundation for the further studies of the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

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32

Hiyoshi, Noritake, Takamoto Itoh, Masao Sakane, Takafumi Tsurui, and Masaaki Tsurui. "Development of Multiaxial Creep Testing Machine for Miniature Specimen." MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930014001.

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High temperature components such as boiler tube and jet engine turbine blade undergo multiaxial creep damage. Although multiaxial creep testing investigation is required for safety high temperature components designing, there are few commercial testing machines which can conduct multiaxial loading at high temperature. A new miniature cruciform specimen, which has a 5 mm square size plane stress gauge part, was designed by using FE analysis. A biaxial tensile loading creep testing machine was also designed to conduct multiaxial creep testing. The testing machine has 2 kN loading capacity and 1 kW furnace. We had also developed a non-contact displacement measuring method for the miniature specimen. This method uses conventional optical camera to get the surface observation photograph. Chasing the trace of the target mark painted at surface of the specimen, we can get the displacement of the specimen. The calculated strain value obtained from the non-contact displacement measuring method corresponds with the strain gauge value at room temperature. By using the multiaxial creep testing machine and the non-contact observation system, we can investigate not only deformation of the testing specimen but also surface conditions of materials during the creep testing.

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33

Bobyr', N. I., I. N. Grigor'ev, O. N. Mukoida, and S. N. Shukaev. "Deformation resistance and limiting state of structural materials in multiaxial low-cycle deformation." Strength of Materials 22, no. 10 (October 1990): 1393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00767218.

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34

Tszeng, T. C. "Micromechanics Characterization of Unidirectional Composites during Multiaxial Plastic Deformation." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 9 (May 1994): 800–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402800902.

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35

Gates, Nicholas, and Ali Fatemi. "Notch deformation and stress gradient effects in multiaxial fatigue." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 84 (August 2016): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.02.005.

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36

Hsu, Wei-Neng, Efthymios Polatidis, Miroslav Šmíd, Steven Van Petegem, Nicola Casati, and Helena Van Swygenhoven. "Deformation and degradation of superelastic NiTi under multiaxial loading." Acta Materialia 167 (April 2019): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.047.

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37

Cui, Lu, and Peng Wang. "Validation of a Phenomenological Lifetime Estimation Method with Biaxial Experiments at High Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 2251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2251.

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Modern 9-12%Cr steels are widely used for steam turbine components. For the design optimization and lifetime estimation of steam turbines, it is very important to investigate and describe the deformation as well as crack initiation behavior at critical location of steam turbine components under multiaxial service-type loading conditions. In this paper a phenomenological lifetime estimation method was validated by multiaxial loading. The applicability and reliability of this lifetime estimation model was confirmed by a recalculation of biaxial creep fatigue tests performed on cruciform specimens of rotor steel X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 successfully.

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Kleber, Siegfried, and Martin Hafok. "Multiaxial Forging of Super Duplex Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2998–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2998.

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The investigated super duplex steel belongs to the group of stainless steels which exhibits an austenitic-ferritic microstructure with a phase fraction of about 50% austenite and 50% ferrite. The alloy shows excellent general corrosion resistance as well as a good resistance against stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue and erosion corrosion. Due to these outstanding properties, the super duplex alloy is used in components for sea or waste water applications and in the offshore and chemical industry. In addition, the investigated super duplex steel exhibits a good weldability and a high strength in comparison to pure austenitic steel grades In order to optimize the production process and to provide a suitable microstructure to satisfy the customer’s requirements multiaxial forging test at various temperatures were performed in the Gleeble Maxstrain system. The force and the displacement after each anvil stroke were measured and used to distinguish the mechanical behaviour in the forging process at different thermal conditions. The recorded force and displacement is also compared with a multi step compression test to show the influence of change in the deformation direction. A certain number of samples were exposed an in-situ heat treatment after the deformation while other samples were immediately quenched after the forging to preserve the deformed microstructure, which was measured by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Furthermore, electron back scatter diffractions scans were applied to characterize the degree of dynamic recrystallization during the forging process.

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Habtour, Ed, William (Skip) Connon, Michael F. Pohland, Samuel C. Stanton, Mark Paulus, and Abhijit Dasgupta. "Review of Response and Damage of Linear and Nonlinear Systems under Multiaxial Vibration." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/294271.

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A review of past and recent developments in multiaxial excitation of linear and nonlinear structures is presented. The objective is to review some of the basic approaches used in the analytical and experimental methods for kinematic and dynamic analysis of flexible mechanical systems, and to identify future directions in this research area. In addition, comparison between uniaxial and multiaxial excitations and their impact on a structure’s life-cycles is provided. The importance of understanding failure mechanisms in complex structures has led to the development of a vast range of theoretical, numerical, and experimental techniques to address complex dynamical effects. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the failure mechanisms of structures through experimental and virtual failure assessment based on correctly identified dynamic loads. For that reason, techniques for mapping the dynamic loads to fatigue were provided. Future research areas in structural dynamics due to multiaxial excitation are identified as (i) effect of dynamic couplings, (ii) modal interaction, (iii) modal identification and experimental methods for flexible structures, and (iv) computational models for large deformation in response to multiaxial excitation.

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Bishara, Dana, and Mahmood Jabareen. "A reduced mixed finite-element formulation for modeling the viscoelastic response of electro-active polymers at finite deformation." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 1578–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286518802419.

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In this work, a parameter identification procedure has been held for characterizing the widely used dielectric elastomer VHB. The calibration procedure has been performed using various experimental data found in previous works including uniaxial and multiaxial tests. Unlike the uniaxial tests, the multiaxial tests yield inhomogeneous deformation fields and, therefore, the finite-element method is adopted to obtain numerical solutions for the multiaxial tests. Here, a numerical scheme has been developed using the reduced mixed finite-element formulation, which eliminates the possible volumetric locking in electro-active polymers and enhances the computational efficiency as the static condensation is circumvented. The objective function, which calculates the discrepancy between the results obtained from the computational model and the measured experimental data, has been formulated taking into account the different types of experiments. The material parameters have been extracted when the objective function reached a minimum value, which is obtained by applying an iterative procedure using the fminsearch in Matlab. Within the extracted parameters and the developed finite-element formulation, number of simulations showing the efficiency of the computational model have been performed.

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Zeng, Chongyang, and Xiangfan Fang. "Experimental analysis and modelling of dynamic deformation and failure behaviour of steel." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125002020.

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New specimen geometries with various stress states are designed and applied for dynamic loading tests. Oscillation-free force is measured during multiaxial loading tests in the strain range of 10-4 – 103 s-1. The deformation and local strain fields of specimens have been measured using high-speed camera and evaluated by digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. It is found that the strain rate effects on fracture strain are stressstate dependent. To model the material plasticity and ductile fracture behaviour during dynamic tests, an extended damage mechanics model (eMBW model) is used. In this work, the model is enhanced and implemented into LS-DYNA. To cover the strain rate effects on plasticity at a large strain rate range, a modified Johnson–Cook-type rate-dependency and exponential temperature-dependency are used. In addition, the influences of both stress state and strain rate on fracture locus are considered. The enhanced damage mechanics model successfully predicts the deformation and fracture behaviour of the investigated steel under dynamic multiaxial loading.

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42

Frondelius, Tero, Sami Holopainen, Reijo Kouhia, Niels Saabye Ottosen, Matti Ristinmaa, and Joona Vaara. "A continuum based macroscopic unified low-and high cycle fatigue model." MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 16008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930016008.

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In this work, an extension of a previously developed continuum based high-cycle fatigue model is enhanced to also capture the low-cycle fatigue regime, where significant plastic deformation of the bulk material takes place. Coupling of the LCFand HCF-models is due to the damage evolution equation. The high-cycle part of the model is based on the concepts of a moving endurance surface in the stress space with an associated evolving isotropic damage variable. Damage evolution in the low-cycle part is determined via plastic deformations and endurance function. For the plastic behaviour a non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening J2-plasticity model is adopted. Within this unified approach, there is no need for heuristic cycle-counting approaches since the model is formulated by means of evolution equations, i.e. incremental relations, and not changes per cycle. Moreover, the model is inherently multiaxial and treats the uniaxial and multiaxial stress histories in the same manner. Calibration of the model parameters is discussed and results from some test cases are shown.

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Reis, Luís G., Vitor Anes, Bin Li, and Manuel de Freitas. "Characterizing the Cyclic Behaviour of Extruded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.727.

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In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloys under multiaxial fatigue loading conditions is studied. The monotonic properties of the AZ31 magnesium alloy were determined by tests on the specimens which were machined from extruded rods. Then, the cyclic deformation under multiaxial loading conditions was simulated by ANSYS and a plasticity program with the Jiang & Sehitoglu plasticity model. The fatigue lives were estimated by the critical plane models coupled with Coffin-Manson rule, such as Findley, Fatemi-Socie, Brown-Miller, SWT and Liu models. Four loading paths were considered with different levels of non-proportionality, the results show significant loading path dependence.

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Santaoja, K. "Three-Dimensional Ductile Constitutive Equation for Ice." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919866.

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In the present paper the constitutive equation for polycrystalline materials, such as ice at wide temperature and strain rate range, is studied. The following deformation mechanisms of the material are examined: instantaneous linear elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscoplasticity. The uniaxial material model is based on the theory proposed by Sinha. The delayed elastic strain is predicted by the modification introduced by Ashby and Duval to the equation of Sinha. A multiaxial theory to represent the reponse of isotropic polycrystalline material is developed. The multiaxial material model, called the SADS-model, coincides in case of uniaxial tension with the Ashby and Duval modification of the equations proposed by Sinha.

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Navarro, A., M. W. Brown, and K. J. Miller. "A multiaxial stress-strain analysis for proportional cyclic loading." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v282125.

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A simplified treatment is presented for the analysis of tubular specimens subject to in-phase tension-torsion loads in the elasto-plastic regime. Use is made of a hardening function readily obtainable from the uniaxial cyclic stress-strain curve and hysteresis loops. Expressions are given for incremental as well as deformation theories of plasticity. The reversals of loading are modelled by referring the flow equations to the point of reversal and calculating distances from the point of reversal using a yield critertion. The method has been used to predict the deformation response of in-phase tests on an En15R steel, and comparisons with experimental data are provided. The material exhibited a non-Masing type behaviour. A power law rule is developed for predicting multiaxial cyclic response from uniaxial data by incorporating a hysteretic strain hardening exponent.

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HUANG, Hongtao, Andrew Godfrey, Wei LIU, Baoqin FU, and Qing LIU. "DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF AZ31 MAGNESIUMALLOY DURING MULTIAXIAL COMPRESSIONBY EBSD TRACKING." Acta Metallurgica Sinica 49, no. 8 (2013): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1037.2013.00112.

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GOODALL, I. W., and R. P. SKELTON. "The importance of multiaxial stress in creep deformation and rupture." Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 27, no. 4 (April 2004): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2004.00743.x.

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Dong, Yawei, Guozheng Kang, Yujie Liu, Hong Wang, and Xiaojuan Cheng. "Dislocation evolution in 316L stainless steel during multiaxial ratchetting deformation." Materials Characterization 65 (March 2012): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.01.004.

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SASAKI, Yasutoshi, and Mariko YAMASAKI. "K-0629 Deformation Behavior of Wood during Multiaxial Cyclic Loading." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting I.01.1 (2001): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.i.01.1.0_253.

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Katiyar, A. K., S. K. Rajput, and Yashwant Mehta. "Microstructural Evolution of High Phosphorus Steel Using Warm Multiaxial Deformation." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 9 (2017): 9380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.189.

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