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Besserman, Lawrence. "Chaucer's Multi-Word Verbs." NOWELE Volume 34 (December 1998) 34 (December 1, 1998): 99–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.34.06bes.
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한창훈, 윤상돈, and Im,Byung-Bin. "The appropriateness of input of multi-word verbs: Word order of phrasal verbs." Journal of Studies in Language 27, no. 4 (February 2012): 733–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18627/jslg.27.4.201202.733.
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Ekasani, Kadek Ayu, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, Ketut Artawa, and Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati. "Translation of Multi-Word Verbs in English Cookbook into Indonesian." International Linguistics Research 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): p36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v2n2p36.
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This paper examines translation of multi-word verbs in English cookbook into Indonesian. This study emphasises on the analysis of the translations of multi-word verbs in English cookbook and its translation into Indonesian. The classification and the meaning of phrasal verbs are proposed by Quirk (1985). The research is descriptive qualitative. Methods of collecting data are observation and documentation. The data source was taken from English cookbook entitled The Essential Book of Sauces & Dressings from Murdoch Books published by Periplus, Singapore and its translation into Indonesian entitled Saus dan Dressing yang Esensial by Hadyana P. published by Periplus, Indonesia. The study shows that there are three types of multi-word verbs found in data source. They are phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs and phrasal prepositional verbs.
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Li, Wenchao. "Productivity and Constraint on Multi-Verb Constructions in Old Japanese." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i4.15002.
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Old Japanese is a dead language from the Asuka and Nara periods (7th - 8th century AD). Its writing system, case system and word order make it distinct from Modern Japanese in many respects. This study presents a quantitative linguistic analysis to the patterns of multiple verb combining in Old Japanese. To this end, two databases were built: multi-verb construction in the Early Nara Period written in variant Chinese (AD. 712) and purely classical Chinese (AD. 720), and multi-verb construction in the Late Nara Period written by man’yōgana (AD. 759).The findings reveal that, in the Nara period, the formation of multi-verb constructions is an issue of verb serialisingand is facilitated at a syntactic level. Grammaticalisation of unaccusative change-of-state verbs and motion verbs results in tighter integrity of multiple verbs, which, in turn, inspires the device of verb compounding.The entropy ofthe Vfinal unaccusative reveals that the formation via verb serialising is more productive than the formation via verb compounding.
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Zareva, Alla. "Multi-word verbs in student academic presentations." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 23 (September 2016): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.07.001.
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Hulstijn, Jan H., and Elaine Marchena. "Avoidance." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, no. 3 (September 1989): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100008123.
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This article follows up on a study by Dagut and Laufer (1985), who found that Hebrew learners of English avoid phrasal verbs, such as ‘let down’, while preferring one-word verbs, such as ‘;disappoint’, since phrasal verbs do not exist in Hebrew. A corollary derived from Dagut and Laufer's study is that Dutch learners of English would tend not to avoid English phrasal verbs, since phrasal verbs also exist in Dutch. It was hypothesized, however, that Dutch learners of English as a second language (ESL) would avoid phrasal verbs, too, not for structural, but for semantic reasons. Three tests (multiple choice, memorization, and translation) were administered to intermediate and advanced Dutch learners of English. Each test contained 15 sentences, eliciting preference for either a phrasal verb or an equivalent one-word verb. The results show that, as expected, Dutch learners of English do not avoid phrasal verbs categorically. However, they seem to avoid those idiomatic phrasal verbs that they perceive as too Dutch-like (lack of contrast between the first and second language). Furthermore, they exhibit a tendency to adopt a play-it-safe strategy, preferring one-word verbs with general, multi-purpose meanings over phrasal verbs with specific, sometimes idiomatic, meanings. It is argued that this semantic play-it-safe strategy may have also played a causal role in the avoidance behavior of the Hebrew ESL learners observed by Dagut and Laufer.
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Sakaba, Hiroko, and Takeshi Okada. "Usage Patterns and Meanings of High-Frequency English Verbs: A Multi-Word Expression Approach to Japanese High School EFL Textbook Analysis." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 10, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.10n.4p.116.
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This article aims to classify the overall uses of high-frequency English verbs in a novel methodology from both a pattern and meaning perspective, which has not be done in previous studies, with special reference to TAKE and MAKE. In the pattern-based analysis, all occurrences of these two verbs were collected from Japanese EFL textbook corpus, and the usage patterns of the extracted two target verbs were categorized into three major multi-word expression types: phrasal verbs, grammatical collocations, and lexical collocations. To further investigate the patterns of uses, some multi-word units consisting of three to seven words were identified as either semi-fixed expressions or fixed expressions. After the pattern-based classification, all the multi-word expressions identified were analyzed from a semantic perspective. This analysis revealed the new finding that all uses of TAKE (352) and MAKE (374) obtained from the corpus could be successfully classified into the three major multi-word expression categories. With respect to the pattern, the proportion of major multi-word expression categories showed similar results; lexical collocations were the most frequent, and phrasal verbs were the least frequent in both target verbs’ usage. In terms of meanings, the uses of TAKE were classified in a larger number of semantic categories (42) than MAKE (25). The obtained results have an implication that the novel methodology employed in this study is a valid way to the further investigation of the usage of high-frequency English verbs.
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Góreczna, Dorota. "Secondary school students’ attitudes to phrasal verbs." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 17(2) (October 20, 2020): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2020.2.04.
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Phrasal verbs are an essential, though difficult to teach and learn, part of the English language. Although phrasal verbs are commonly used by native speakers, for English learners they pose a considerable challenge as far as their acquisition and use are concerned. The aim of this study is to examine students’ attitude towards phrasal verbs taught at the B2 level in upper-secondary schools, and to analyse the significance of these multi-word verbs. The paper presents an excerpt of a survey conducted among secondary school students, which examined their understanding of phrasal verbs and analysed students’ opinions about the importance of acquiring these demanding multi-word verbs.
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Hameed (PH.D), Prof Nidham Sheet, and Lecturer Ala'a Hussein Jassim (MA). "Investigating Iraqi EFL Learners' Ability to Recognize and Produce English Multi –Word Verbs." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 215, no. 1 (November 11, 2018): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v0i215.602.
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The study deals with English multi-word verbs. It aims at investigating the Iraqi EFL learner's ability to recognize and produce phrasal and prepositional verbs and so find out what types of multi-word verbs they find most difficult. To achieve this aim, a test has been conducted on fifty students from the fourth stage at the College of Arts- University of Baghdad for the academic year 2013/2014, preceded by a pilot test two weeks before. It has been found that the level of difficulty of the test ranges between (0.30) and (0.80). The results showed that EFL learners demonstrated poor performance in using the suitable preposition or particle when they were asked to recognize or produce multi-word verbs. The students performed better on the whole recognition level (51.4%) than the production level (22.1%).
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Abdulhay, Husain. "Use of Single- vs. Multi-Word Verbs in the Written Discourse of Iranian EFL Learners." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 69 (May 2016): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.69.85.
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Age is being evermore complained as an impediment to language competency, either given as a pretext or raised as a real challenge, taken for granted by foreign language learners. This study seeks to prod about the verb choices among EFL learners. In so doing, the two completely different radiuses of EFL learners, a group of university students in distance education, with part-time class participation and another from a private language institute in Qom province were recruited and compared on their choices of verbs in respect of single- and multi-word forms put into the written tasks. The results of the rating of the students’ assignments showed that adult Iranian EFL learners’ written language was deprived of phrasal verbs, even in informal writing assigned the use of informal language were scarcely captured. The study corroborates the former studies for the avoidance and incompetency of EFL learners in the use of phrasal verbs.
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Oliveira, Thiago de, and Adriana Maria Tenuta de Azevedo. "A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON MULTI-WORD VERBS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS RECOMMENDED BY THE BRAZILIAN TEXTBOOK NATIONAL PROGRAM - PNLD 20121." Revista Moinhos, no. 3 (October 12, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30681/moinhos.v0i3.2426.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of textbooks used in regular schools and language institutes in order to contribute to an overview of the current situation of the EFL material provided to language students in Brazil. It presents the results of a language aspect, that is, the multi-word verbs. This research aimed at an analysis of how multi-word verbs are presented and discussed in English textbooks from the Brazilian Textbook National Program (PNLD 2012), and at an investigation, by means of a short questionnaire, of the way English teachers, mainly, but not only, from public schools, help their students master this linguistic aspect of the target language. The purpose was, first, to check whether a distinction between the adverb/ preposition particles is made in relation to such verbs, as well as to check the use of terminology for an appropriate syntactic discussion. The results from the textbook analysis and from the questionnaires were compared to help visualize the current situation of the multi- word verbs teaching.
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Costa, Priscilla Tulipa da. "Os verbos frasais mais frequentes na escrita de aprendizes: um estudo contrastivo / The most common phrasal verbs in learners’ writing: a contrastive analysis." Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.10.2.31-49.
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RESUMO: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o uso dos verbos frasais do inglês na escrita acadêmica de aprendizes brasileiros. Para tanto, dois corpora contendo ensaios escritos por estudantes universitários foram utilizados, sendo um para estudo (Br-ICLE) e outro para referência (LOCNESS). A metodologia, baseada na Linguística de Corpus, se compõe de exames quantitativos realizados com o suporte do software AntConc para o tratamento e a análise dos dados. Os resultados sugerem que, em relação a outros tipos de verbos multipalavras, os verbos frasais são pouco usados nos textos de aprendizes. Entretanto, nota-se também que algumas das estruturas verbo + partícula encontradas se tornaram características desse tipo de produção textual, o que indica que o seu uso é cada vez mais comum na escrita de caráter mais formal. Ademais, a investigação também apontou semelhanças e diferenças de uso entre os grupos examinados, e para a constatação de que nativos e não nativos utilizam verbos frasais iguais em proporções bem semelhantes, ainda que haja casos de uso em desacordo com os padrões da língua inglesa por parte dos alunos brasileiros.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: verbos frasais; corpus de aprendizes; escrita acadêmica; linguística de corpus. ABSTRACT: This study aims at analyzing the use of English phrasal verbs in the academic writing of Brazilian learners. Therefore, two corpora containing essays written by college students were used: one as the study corpus (Br-ICLE), and the other as the reference corpus (LOCNESS). The methodology, which is based on Corpus Linguistics, consists of quantitative exams performed with the AntConc software support for the treatment and analysis of the data. The results suggested that, considering the other types of multi-word verbs, phrasal verbs are less used by learners in their essays. However, it is also noted that some of the verb + particle structures found have become typical of this type of textual production, which indicates that its use is increasingly common in a more formal writing. In addition, the research also pointed out similarities and differences in the use of phrasal verbs in both groups examined, as well as the finding that natives and non-natives use equal combinations in very similar proportions, although Brazilian students sometimes use phrasal verbs in disagreement with the English language standardsKEYWORDS: phrasal verbs; learner corpus; academic writing; corpus linguistics.
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신명신. "Issues and suggestions regarding the teaching of English multi-word verbs." Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 2 (June 2008): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15738/kjell.8.2.200806.179.
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Torres-Martínez, Sergio. "Exploring attachment patterns between multi-word verbs and argument structure constructions." Lingua 209 (July 2018): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2018.04.001.
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Costa, Priscilla Tulipa da, and Adriana Maria Tenuta de Azevedo. "Multi-word verbs na escrita acadêmica de aprendizes do inglês: um estudo baseado em corpus de estudantes brasileiros." Scripta 20, no. 38 (August 1, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2358-3428.2016v20n38p215.
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<p>Motivada pela importância dos verbos compostos por mais de uma palavra na comunicação em inglês e pelos problemas que envolvem o ensino dessas formações lexicais, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar o uso dos <em>multi-word verbs</em> em textos acadêmicos escritos por aprendizes brasileiros da língua inglesa. A proposta é identificar quais são os verbos frasais, preposicionados e frasais preposicionados mais comuns nos textos de aprendizes, bem como observar as diferenças e semelhanças no emprego dessas unidades em gênero textual argumentativo por parte de brasileiros e falantes nativos. Para tanto, a pesquisa encontrou suporte teórico na Linguística de <em>Corpus</em>, que “se ocupa da coleta e exploração de <em>corpora</em>, ou conjunto de dados linguísticos textuais, em formato legível por computador, que foram coletados criteriosamente com o propósito de servirem para a pesquisa de uma língua ou variedade linguística” (SARDINHA, 2004, p.3). A investigação foi realizada com base em dois <em>corpora</em>: um de estudo, composto de textos escritos por aprendizes brasileiros do inglês (Br-ICLE) e um de referência, que contém textos de nativos da língua inglesa (LOCNESS). Os resultados sugerem que, na comparação com os nativos, os aprendizes brasileiros empregam quantidades bem significativas de <em>multi-word verbs</em> em seus textos. Entretanto, nota-se que existem erros na forma de uso, especialmente no que concerne às produções textuais dos não nativos.</p>
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Apuge, Michael Etuge. "Multiple Objects, Serial Verbs and the Question of Argument-Sharing." World Journal of Education and Humanities 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v4n2p12.
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This paper explores syntactic operations that obtain in multiple object and serial verb constructions in Akoose, a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon. Focus is placed on the structure and types of multi-verb constructions (MVCs), the structure of (MVCs), as well as multiple object constructions (MOCs). The paper also examines argument-sharing in both (MVCs) and (MOCs). The analysis is done following insights from Chomsky (1981, 1995; Miyagawa, 2010). While (MOCs) display predicates with two structural patterns, namely [VP, [NP IO [NP DO]]] and [VP, [NP DO [NP IO]]], serial verb constructions (SVCs) constitute a maximum of three different VP structures, namely a) [V1 [XP [V2]], b) [XP [V1 [V2]], and c) [V1[V2 [XP [V3]]]. It is found that notwithstanding the normal SVO word order in the language, complex serial verbs impose an S-V1-V2-(V3)-O word order, which further derives S-V1-V2-O-V3 and S-V1-O-V2-V3 surface variants. The analysis further reveals that irrespective of the complex nature of structures examined and the various transformational operations they undergo, there is no argument sharing in MOCs and SVCs in Akoose.
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Michel Lange, Violaine, Maria Messerschmidt, Peter Harder, Hartwig Roman Siebner, and Kasper Boye. "Planning and production of grammatical and lexical verbs in multi-word messages." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): e0186685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186685.
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Grant, Lynn E., and Paul Nation. "How many idioms are there in English?" ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 151 (2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.151.0.2015219.
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The word idiom and its derivatives idiomatic, idiomatically and idiomaticity are used with a wide range of meanings. Idiomatic English is used to refer to fluent language use that sounds like that of a native speaker. Items loosely classed as idioms include colloquial expressions, collocations, acceptable but unusual expressions, and opaque multi-word units. If linguists are pressed to define what an idiom is, they usually say that an idiom is a multi-word unit where the meaning of the whole unit is not clear from the meaning of its parts. The purpose of this paper is to report on a study where one particular use of the term idiom was very carefully defined and to show what the effects of the application of this careful definition were on coming up with a definitive list of idioms. It is argued that carefully distinguishing idioms from other multiword units makes sense for the teaching and leaming of multi-word units because different approaches are needed for the different types of multi-word units. Phrasal verbs were not included in the study.
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Hsu, Wenhua. "Establishment of a List of Non-Compositional Multi-Word Combinations for English for Journalism Learners." Research Journal of Education, no. 53 (March 20, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/rje.53.49.57.
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This research describes an attempt to establish a pedagogically useful list of the most frequent semantically non-compositional multi-word combinations for English for Journalism learners in an EFL context, who need to read English news in their field of study. The list was compiled from the NOW (News on the Web) Corpus, the largest English news database by far. In consideration of opaque multi-word combinations in widespread use and pedagogical value, the researcher applied a set of selection criteria when using the corpus. Based on frequency, meaningfulness, and semantic non-compositionality, a total of 318 non-compositional multi-word combinations of 2 to 5 words with the exclusion of phrasal verbs were selected and they accounted for approximately 2% of the total words in the corpus. The list, not highly technical in nature, contains the most commonly-used multi-word units traversing various topic areas and news readers may encounter these phrasal expressions very often. As with other individual word lists, it is hoped that this opaque expressions list may serve as a reference for English for Journalism teaching.
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N. L. Ivanytska, N. B. Ivanytska ,. "Syntagmatic Dimension of Ukrainian and English Verbs: the Typology of Exponents of Correlation." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.04.
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The paper focuses on the syntagmatic dimension of the Ukrainian and English verbs. The syntagmatics of the verbs is analysed from the cross-linguistic perspective. The approach to the bilateral contrastive study of the verbs is based on the essential notions of contemporary contrastive linguistics. The key factors determining the combinability of the word are analysed. The work contains a brief overview of the theories that differentiate syntactic, semantic and lexical syntagmatics. The factors proved that syntagmatic relations are of syncretic nature, especially within verbal classes. It is necessary to combine semantic and grammatical aspects of combinability. The work focuses on the concept of valency which is believed to be relevance for cross-linguistic analysis of syntagmatic parameters of the verbal systems. It was found out that the combinability potency of the verb determines the specificity and regularity of the syntagmatic relationships that arise in the process of functioning of the verbal systems of both the Ukrainian and English languages. The authors present typology of the formal exponents of correlation that seems promising for revealing isomorphic and allomorphic characteristics of the contrasted verbs. The exponent of correlation is believed to be an effective tool for building syntagmatic paradigm of the verbs from the contrastive perspective. The typology of the exponent of syntagmatic correlation contains non-verbalized (zero) and verbalized (non-predicative / predicative / semi-predictive, synthetic / analytic, simple / complicated, one-position / multi-positional) units that form the corresponding paradigmatic series in the comparable languages.
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Ikeo, Reiko. "An analysis of viewpoints by the use of frequent multi-word sequences in DH Lawrence’sLady Chatterley’s Lover." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 25, no. 2 (May 2016): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947016638986.
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This paper examines how particular multi-word sequences and a set of adjectives that are closely related to the leading protagonists’ viewpoints contribute to the character development and narrative construction in the fictional text, DH Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover (LCL). LCL is an iconic novel that explores sensuality and sexuality as being an essential part of humanity. To collect linguistic material for examination, I used a frequency list of the text of LCL as the primary source. From the frequency list, the most frequent mental verbs, perception verbs, body part nouns and adjectives were chosen for retrieving the most frequent 2/3-grams. These expressions, which occur frequently in the text, are primarily used for establishing the viewpoint of the leading character, Connie. These verbs, nouns and adjectives are also used to present the other main characters’ internal states, perceptions and viewpoints, although less frequently. These characters’ inner worlds, compared with Connie’s, whose intentions, motives and desires are transparent to the reader, appear to be less discernible and more distant from the reader. However, after Connie became intimately involved with the gamekeeper, Mellors’s viewpoint is more often introduced by similar lexical items to those that were applied to presenting Connie’s internal states. The analysis has revealed how particular linguistic means are related to different characters’ viewpoints.
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Veldi, Enn. "English denominal conversion verbs and their Estonian equivalents: comparing translations and J. Silvet’s English-Estonian dictionary." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.3.07.
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Conversion is a highly efficient and economical word-formation process. It has enriched the English vocabulary considerably; however, translators and lexicographers are faced with the challenge of finding suitable translation equivalents. The study is based on the analysis of the Estonian translation equivalents of over two hundred English denominal verbs in three novels. The results show that apart from the well-established equivalents that can be found both in translations and in the dictionary, the analysis revealed 53 suitable equivalents that were not covered by the dictionary. Two thirds of them were multi-word equivalents; this indicates that multi-word equivalents deserve more attention when compiling bilingual dictionaries. The analysis also revealed 24 meanings with suitable equivalents, which were not listed in the dictionary.Kokkuvõte. Enn Veldi: Konversiooni abil tuletatud inglise desubstantiivsed verbid ning nende eestikeelsed vasted: tõlgete ja J. Silveti inglise-eesti sõnaraamatu võrdlus. Konversioon on ökonoomne sõnamoodustusprotsess, mis on rikastanud inglise keele sõnavara olulisel määral. Samas on tõlkijate ja leksikograafide ülesanne leida neile sobivad tõlkevasted. Artikkel põhineb üle 200 inglise desubstantiivse verbi tõlkevastete analüüsil, mis esinesid kolmes romaanis. Tulemused näitavad, et lisaks väljakujunenud tõlkevastetele, mis esinevad nii tõlgetes kui sõnaraamatus, leidus tõlgetes 53 sobivat tõlkevastet, mis sõnastikus kajastamist ei leidnud. Kaks kolmandikku neist olid mitmesõnalised vasted, mis näitab, et mitmesõnalised vasted väärivad kakskeelsete sõnaraamatute koostamisel rohkem tähelepanu. Tõlgete analüüs tõi samuti esile 24 tähendust koos sobivate tõlkevastetega, mis sõnastikus kajastamist ei leidnud.Märksõnad: konversioon, inglise keel, eesti keel, tõlkimine, ekvivalentsus, kakskeelne leksikograafia
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J, Derrida,. "ENGLISH WAY OF VOCAL VERBS AND THEIR ITALIAN EXPLANATION: A CROSS-SPOKEN COMPARISON." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 05 (May 30, 2021): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-06.
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This examination expects to break down the diverse way by which Way of Vocal action words are understood in English and Italian. Following Talmy's differentiation between Satellite-outlined and Verb-outlined dialects, we target exhibiting how the semantic data passed on by these action words might be lost or advanced when changing from English into Italian. To do as such, four contemporary English books just as their Italian interpretations were considered. 83 English MoS action words were distinguished for a sum of 776 events. Their Italian partners (148 among action words and multi-word developments) were in this way dissected inside the Generative Lexicon model (Pustevjosky, 1998). As per our outcomes, English and Italian show a serious level of granularity in the semantic acknowledgment of Way of Vocalaction words. Also, inside this space, the resistance between a Satellite-outlined language like English and a Verb-outlined language like Italian is by all accounts obscured, since the two dialects, as a general rule, pick to conflate Way in the action word root.
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Majewska, Olga, Diana McCarthy, Jasper J. F. van den Bosch, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Ivan Vulić, and Anna Korhonen. "Semantic Data Set Construction from Human Clustering and Spatial Arrangement." Computational Linguistics 47, no. 1 (March 2021): 69–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00396.
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Abstract Research into representation learning models of lexical semantics usually utilizes some form of intrinsic evaluation to ensure that the learned representations reflect human semantic judgments. Lexical semantic similarity estimation is a widely used evaluation method, but efforts have typically focused on pairwise judgments of words in isolation, or are limited to specific contexts and lexical stimuli. There are limitations with these approaches that either do not provide any context for judgments, and thereby ignore ambiguity, or provide very specific sentential contexts that cannot then be used to generate a larger lexical resource. Furthermore, similarity between more than two items is not considered. We provide a full description and analysis of our recently proposed methodology for large-scale data set construction that produces a semantic classification of a large sample of verbs in the first phase, as well as multi-way similarity judgments made within the resultant semantic classes in the second phase. The methodology uses a spatial multi-arrangement approach proposed in the field of cognitive neuroscience for capturing multi-way similarity judgments of visual stimuli. We have adapted this method to handle polysemous linguistic stimuli and much larger samples than previous work. We specifically target verbs, but the method can equally be applied to other parts of speech. We perform cluster analysis on the data from the first phase and demonstrate how this might be useful in the construction of a comprehensive verb resource. We also analyze the semantic information captured by the second phase and discuss the potential of the spatially induced similarity judgments to better reflect human notions of word similarity. We demonstrate how the resultant data set can be used for fine-grained analyses and evaluation of representation learning models on the intrinsic tasks of semantic clustering and semantic similarity. In particular, we find that stronger static word embedding methods still outperform lexical representations emerging from more recent pre-training methods, both on word-level similarity and clustering. Moreover, thanks to the data set’s vast coverage, we are able to compare the benefits of specializing vector representations for a particular type of external knowledge by evaluating FrameNet- and VerbNet-retrofitted models on specific semantic domains such as “Heat” or “Motion.”
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Kan, Rachel T. Y., and Victoria A. Murphy. "Effects of frequency and idiomaticity on second language reading comprehension in children with English as an additional language." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 579–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.3.8.
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Vocabulary plays an important role in reading comprehension in both the L1 and the L2 (Murphy, 2018). In measuring vocabulary knowledge, however, researchers typically focus on mono-lexical units where vocabulary assessments tend not to take into account multi-word expressions which include phrasal verbs, collocations, and idioms. Omitting these multi-word lexical items can lead to an over-estimation of comprehension skills, particularly in reading. Indeed, adult learners of English comprehend texts containing a larger number of multi-word expressions less well compared to texts containing fewer of these expressions, even when the same words are used in each text (Martinez & Murphy, 2011). To investigate whether children learning English as an additional language (EAL) face a similar challenge, two reading comprehension tests were administered to EAL and monolingual (non-EAL) English-speaking children in primary school. Both tests contained the same common words, but whereas in one test some of the words occurred in multi-word expressions, in the other test they did not. Reading comprehension was significantly reduced for both groups of children when multi-word expressions were included. Monolingual participants generally performed better than children with EAL on both tests further suggesting that children with EAL may face a particular disadvantage in English reading comprehension. These results are discussed within the context of the importance of developing rich vocabulary knowledge in all children, and especially emergent bilingual children, within primary school and beyond.
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Baroni, Marco, and Alessandro Lenci. "Distributional Memory: A General Framework for Corpus-Based Semantics." Computational Linguistics 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 673–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00016.
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Research into corpus-based semantics has focused on the development of ad hoc models that treat single tasks, or sets of closely related tasks, as unrelated challenges to be tackled by extracting different kinds of distributional information from the corpus. As an alternative to this “one task, one model” approach, the Distributional Memory framework extracts distributional information once and for all from the corpus, in the form of a set of weighted word-link-word tuples arranged into a third-order tensor. Different matrices are then generated from the tensor, and their rows and columns constitute natural spaces to deal with different semantic problems. In this way, the same distributional information can be shared across tasks such as modeling word similarity judgments, discovering synonyms, concept categorization, predicting selectional preferences of verbs, solving analogy problems, classifying relations between word pairs, harvesting qualia structures with patterns or example pairs, predicting the typical properties of concepts, and classifying verbs into alternation classes. Extensive empirical testing in all these domains shows that a Distributional Memory implementation performs competitively against task-specific algorithms recently reported in the literature for the same tasks, and against our implementations of several state-of-the-art methods. The Distributional Memory approach is thus shown to be tenable despite the constraints imposed by its multi-purpose nature.
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Isroilova, Manzura. "FRANSUZ MATBUOTIDA FRAZEOLOGIK BIRLIKLARNING ISHLATILISHI." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 4 (May 15, 2021): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.07.05.2021.058.
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Phraseology is the focus of many linguists, and scholars who have studied the field have differing views on phraseological units. Phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units , in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently. This article focuses on the semantic-pragmatic analysis of phraseological units commonly used in the French press.
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Sabiti, Jacques, Jean Paul Ngoboka, and Patrick Ujwiga Anguru. "Language Development of a Child from Rwandan Context between 16 and 24 Months: Syntactic Aspect." Issue 6 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2022v03i06.0237.
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This study explored the language developed by Gavin, a child raised by Kinyarwanda speaking caregivers, focusing on syntactic aspect. Data collection tools employed in this study are direct observation, recording and diary to maintain the study subject utterances. The study revealed that Gavin’s syntactic structure was limited to one word use from 16 months until 24 months; two or three words between 19 and 24months, multi-words at the age of 24 months, using different parts of speech with emphasis on those belonging to open class like nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives. He was able to construct subject–verb structure but unable to produce subject-verb-object structure. The findings recommend further research in the area to see if other children can develop the same language as the study subject. Studies should be extended to children over two years until school age to ensure the proper mastery of the mother tongue before introducing other languages like French or English as medium of instruction in nursery and primary education.
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Yoo, Isaiah WonHo, and Yu Kyoung Shin. "English lexical bundles in a learner corpus of argumentative essays written by Korean university students." Corpora 17, Supplement (October 2022): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0245.
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This study examines the use of recurrent multi-word sequences (lexical bundles) found in a learner corpus of English argumentative essays written by L1 Korean college students at three different proficiency levels: low, mid and high. After compiling a list of the most frequently occurring four-word bundles in the three sub-corpora of the learner corpus, the study categorises them by structure and identifies which bundles appear in more than one sub-corpus. It then identifies frequent bi-grams embedded in the bundles in each sub-corpus to ascertain how the learners at each proficiency level construct multi-word sequences in context. The findings indicate that more proficient learners favour phrasal bundles, often producing them along with post-modifiers and in longer sentences, and thus approximating norms for academic prose. Lower proficiency learners, however, tend to use more clausal bundles, often including first-person pronouns and employing only a few specific verbs such as want and be, all of which are characteristic of spoken and informal registers. Taken together, these findings reflect L2 development in the use of formulaic language as they describe the uses of lexical bundles that are specific to each proficiency level.
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Seelbach, Dieter. "Vers une structuration de dictionnaires servant à la Tao." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 1999): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.22.1-2.10see.
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We have investigated the contrastive French-German aspects of about 50 simple nominal and compound adjectival predicates, and designed their entries for an electronic dictionary for computer-assisted translation. Their co-occurrence with support verbs expressing different aspectual semantic functions is coded; in the case of the nouns, their co-occurrence with determiners is also coded, as is the syntactic and semantic specification of their arguments in terms of semantic classes called “object classes”. As an illustration of the envisaged translation methodology based on lexicon-grammar, the syntactic tagging of different formal types of simple and compound predicates, and the semantic tagging of their arguments, are demonstrated with reference to a German newspaper text and its French translation. intex will be used not only for identifying and translating compound words or multi-word expressions, but also — as an additional, but necessary tool — for finding object classes together with their appropriate predicates and support verbs, because object classes are clearly syntactically defined.
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Petric Žižić, Špela. "School Dictionary of the Slovenian Language on the Franček Web Portal." Slavistica Vilnensis 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2022.67(2).100.
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This article presents the concept of the School Dictionary of the Slovenian Language (ŠSSJ), which is being made as part of the project Spletni portal Franček, Jezikovna svetovalnica za učitelje slovenščine in Šolski slovar slovenskega jezika (Franček Web Portal, Language Counselling for Slovenian Teachers and School Dictionary of the Slovenian Language). The School Dictionary of the Slovenian Language, which is a part of The Franček portal, the first specialized educational lexicographic-grammatic portal for Slovenian, brings a lexicographically informed, simplified display of information adapted to the abilities and knowledge of its youngest users. This article describes in greater detail the typology of explanations of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, which also includes explanations of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs’ phraseological and non-phraseological multi-word lexemes, the source for dictionary materials (together with the principles of including dictionary entries), the dictionary labels and grammatical information. Individual adjustments and simplifications are partly shown through comparison with the Dictionary of the Slovenian Standard Language (SSKJ).
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Tran, Thien Khai, and Tuoi Thi Phan. "Towards a Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Semantic Relation Analysis." International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 9, no. 2 (July 2018): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2018070104.
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Sentiment analysis is an important new field of research that has attracted the attention not only of researchers, but also businesses and organizations. In this article, the authors propose an effective model for aspect-based sentiment analysis for Vietnamese. First, sentiment dictionaries and syntactic dependency rules were combined to extract reliable word pairs (sentiment - aspect). They then relied on ontology to group these aspects and determine the sentiment polarity of each. They introduce two novel approaches in this work: 1) in order to “smooth” the sentiment scaling (rather than using discrete categories of 1, 0, and -1) for fined-grained classification, then extract multi-word sentiment phrases instead of sentiment words, and 2) the focus is not only on adjectives but also nouns and verbs. Initial evaluations of the system using real reviews show promising results.
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Kamarudin, Rafidah, and Ainul Azmin Md Zamin. "The Descriptions of Phrasal Verbs in Language Reference Materials." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.6p.158.
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Multi-word units like phrasal verbs (PVs) are very common in English, indicating their usefulness in everyday settings. Despite the importance of PVs in both written and spoken discourse, it was reported that language learners generally have great difficulties in understanding and using this linguistic form due to various factors. However, studies examining the treatment of PVs in language reference materials, which may also contribute to learners’ difficulties in understanding PVs are still lacking. Thus, the present study investigates how language reference materials, in particular those commonly prescribed to Malaysian school learners, address and describe this very common and important linguistic feature. Secondary school prescribed textbooks and two learner dictionaries were examined. All sections in the textbooks and dictionaries entries that discuss the selected common PVs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to examine how this particular language form is described by looking at the selection of PVs, as well as information provided with respect to PVs. Results of the present study have revealed a number of useful findings with regard to the selection and description of PVs in both reference materials which to date, have not been found in any other studies in Malaysia, to inform relevant parties for further actions.
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Ološtiak, Martin. "Remarks on lexical adaptation of loanwords in the Slovak language (based on the blog nomination family)." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 769–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2022-0003.
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Abstract The case study concentrates on a lexical adaptation of the nouns weblog and blog in the Slovak language. The processes of borrowing and subsequent adaptation are analysed in accordance with the theory of lexical motivation (TLM). Lexical adaptation represents a process on the basis of which a loanword is incorporated into the system of the borrowing language (L2), i.e. serving as an underlying, motivating word for coining new lexemes, and thus generates a nomination family (nomination nest). The concept of the nomination family is based on the understanding of the term word-formation nest, commonly used in derivatology. The nomination family is a cluster of all lexemes (single-word, or multi-word expressions), which are grouped around the initial, underlying, motivating loanword on the basis of formal and semantical relationships. The nomination family of the loanwords weblog and blog is substantial, and includes more than 200 entries. Both initial lexemes (weblog, blog) are taken from English (using the terminology of TLM, the concept of interlingual motivation is employed) while the nomination relationship – abbreviation (weblog → blog) has been transferred from L1 to L2. The word blog is thus polymotivated, its formation can be viewed in a twofold way: (a) as a loanword it has been borrowed from L1 (interlingual motivation), (b) as an abbreviation it has been formed from weblog (abbreviation motivation). A number of entries have been taken over and integrated at the same time (e.g. bloger, bloging, foodblog, foodbloging etc.) into the blog nomination family in the Slovak language. The impact of word-formation is extraordinarily evident in the formation from the word blog, cf. words denoting male and female persons (bloger, blogerka), adjectives (blogový, blogerský), verbs (blogovať), and notably compounds and their derivatives (videoblog, videoblogový, videoblogovať, videobloger, foodblog, foodbloger, foodblogerka, mikroblog, mikroblogovať, mikroblogový, etc.). Even though almost half of derivatives can be classified as nonce-formations, this kind of word-formation manifests a huge potentiality of word-formation motivation in the Slovak language. Moreover, a significant place in the blog nomination family is held by multiword expressions such as politický blog ‚political blog‘, cestovateľský blog ‚travel blog‘. In addition, competition between multi-word expressions and semantically identical compounds (technologický blog – techblog) is rare. A complex notion to be denominated is predominantly expressed either by means of a multi-word expression (finančný blog ‚financial blog‘, knižný blog ‚book blog‘), or a compound (foodblog, mikroblog).
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Łozowski, Przemysław. "Towards a lexicographic account of GIRL: forms, meanings and values." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2015-0017.
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Summary Lexicography is basically concerned with the meaning and use of words. In recent times, lexicographers have investigated not only the meanings of words in their mutual systemic relations (e.g., synonymy, antonymy, hoponymy etc.), but modern lexicographic research has extended its interest into the area of studying the way words are used and, in particular, how lexical associations are used and how various meanings linked to individual lexical items are reflected in the areas of their word-formation; phraseological and paremiological productivity of lexicography is, therefore, directly connected to phraseology because the target of both disciplines is to investigate sets of fixed expressions (idioms, phrasal verbs, etc.) and other types of multi-word lexical units. This paper makes an attempt to make an in-depth lexicographic account of the lexical item girl and its productivity, as evidenced in lexicographic sources. Our sample data may provide a starting point for producing an alternative reference work for non-native learners of English.
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Przybyszewski, Sebastian. "O użyciu operatorów kwantyfikacji ogólnej w zdaniach przeczących." Język Polski 100, no. 3 (October 2020): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.100.3.1.
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In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy (All didn’t add suger to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".
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Oksefjell Ebeling, Signe. "Bringing home the bacon! A contrastive study of the cognates bring/bringe in English and Norwegian." Kalbotyra 70, no. 70 (January 9, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2017.11193.
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This paper highlights the value of a bidirectional translation corpus in contrastive studies in an investigation of the cross-linguistic relationship between two cognates in English and Norwegian: bring and bringe. Although monolingual and bilingual dictionaries prove to be excellent sources of information in respect of this relationship, the present study contributes further to our knowledge regarding the cognates’ conditions of use. Drawing on material from the fiction part of the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), the study reveals that English bring is far more frequent than its Norwegian counterpart. By exploring the close to 500 occurrences of the two words in original and translated texts, it becomes clear that the two verbs have a relatively low Mutual Correspondence. That is, overall, they only correspond to each other in translation in roughly 20% of the cases. This low correspondence rate is surprising, given the fact that we are looking at verbs stemming from the same origin in two closely related languages. The corpus correspondences suggest that there may be at least two main reasons for this. First, Norwegian bringe may be considered more formal than English bring and there is thus a preference for using less formal verbs in Norwegian to express the meaning of bring, notably the multi-word verbs ha med (REFL) ‘have with (REFL)’, ta med (REFL) ‘take with (REFL)’ and komme med ‘come with’. Second, English bring is more versatile than Norwegian bringe, particularly in the sense that it more readily forms part of phrasal verbs and fixed phrases. It is also the case that English bring has come to be used with a wider range of meanings than Norwegian bringe, as attested in the dictionaries consulted. These ‘extra’ meanings include ‘initiate legal action against someone’ and ‘force oneself to do something (unpleasant)’; however, neither of these meanings is particularly salient in the current data. The findings underline the role a parallel corpus such as the ENPC can play in shedding light on contrastive nuances that contribute to a broader understanding of cross-linguistic relationships.
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Solak, Ercan. "Accusative Licensing of Nouns in Turkish." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5052.
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The observation that some Turkish nouns license accusative marking of their complements has puzzled linguistics for the last three decades. The first and the most common hypothesis is that such nouns are part of light-verb compounds in their infinitive nominal form where the verbal part is dropped. In this paper, I argue that light-verb hypothesis is incorrect by providing several constructions where it fails to account for. I propose an alternative, two-part hypothesis. The first part is independent of the light-verb constructions and claims that in Turkish, the accusative case is licensed by verb stems rather than finite verbs. This is a natural corollary of a yet larger hypothesis about the structure of syntax trees for languages like Turkish which claims that the syntax trees go deeper than the word level. The leaves of such trees are morphemes or morpheme groups and the whole of infection/derivation is considered within a single morphosyntactic structure. The implication is that as far as the case-licensing is concerned, only the verb stems license accusative case. In constructions where a deverbal noun seems to be licensing accusative case, it is actually the verb stem in the noun’s derivation tree that licenses the accusative case. The second part of the hypothesis is the claim that the case-licensing nouns are actually lexicalizations involving multiple adjacent leaves in the morphosyntactic tree. The most common manifestations of this are the lexicalizations of verb stem-participle pairs through replacement with templatic surface forms borrowed from Arabic. The new proposal naturally explains the observation that accusative licensing is most common for a small set of words borrowed from Arabic. I illustrate that these words are the templatic forms of their multi-morpheme counterparts in Turkish which correspond to deverbal nouns, adjectives or adverbs.
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Kong, Wen, Quan-Jiang Guo, Yin-Yan Dong, and Xuesong (Andy) Gao. "Effects of EFL Learning on L1 Chinese Lexis." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 13496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313496.
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The advocates of multi-competence theory argue that the L2 learners’ language system is unique because of the crosslinguistic influences of both languages. However, the influence of a foreign language on the learner’s L1 has not been extensively investigated. In order to address the gap, the present study sought to investigate the effects of EFL learning on written L1 Chinese at the lexical level. Two studies were conducted on 200 abstracts of MA theses written in Chinese, half on English literature written by Chinese-L1 English majors (EMs), and half on Chinese literature written by Chinese-L1 Chinese majors (CMs). The first study investigated the differences between the two groups in terms of the frequencies of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions in the abstracts. The second study examined the differences in the lexical complexity and diversity between the two groups. The results reveal 12 significant differences in 27 investigated word classes and subclasses, as well as significant differences in lexical complexity, but no significant difference in lexical diversity. The identified differences are discussed from a multi-competence perspective.
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El-Rahman, Sahar A., Tarek A. El-Shishtawy, and Raafat A. El-Kammar. "A Knowledge-Based Machine Translation Using AI Technique." International Journal of Software Innovation 6, no. 3 (July 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2018070106.
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This article presents a realistic technique for the machine aided translation system. In this technique, the system dictionary is partitioned into a multi-module structure for fast retrieval of Arabic features of English words. Each module is accessed through an interface that includes the necessary morphological rules, which directs the search toward the proper sub-dictionary. Another factor that aids fast retrieval of Arabic features of words is the prediction of the word category, and accesses its sub-dictionary to retrieve the corresponding attributes. The system consists of three main parts, which are the source language analysis, the transfer rules between source language (English) and target language (Arabic), and the generation of the target language. The proposed system is able to translate, some negative forms, demonstrations, and conjunctions, and also adjust nouns, verbs, and adjectives according their attributes. Then, it adds the symptom of Arabic words to generate a correct sentence.
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Justeson, John S., and Slava M. Katz. "Technical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text." Natural Language Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000048.
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AbstractThis paper identifies some linguistic properties of technical terminology, and uses them to formulate an algorithm for identifying technical terms in running text. The grammatical properties discussed are preferred phrase structures: technical terms consist mostly of noun phrases containing adjectives, nouns, and occasionally prepositions; rerely do terms contain verbs, adverbs, or conjunctions. The discourse properties are patterns of repetition that distinguish noun phrases that are technical terms, especially those multi-word phrases that constitute a substantial majority of all technical vocabulary, from other types of noun phrase.The paper presents a terminology indentification algorithm that is motivated by these linguistic properties. An implementation of the algorithm is described; it recovers a high proportion of the technical terms in a text, and a high proportaion of the recovered strings are vaild technical terms. The algorithm proves to be effective regardless of the domain of the text to which it is applied.
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Rusnak, Yulia. "Cognitive nature of metaphor in the language of Olga Kobylyanska's works." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.235.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the structural and semantic features of metaphor in the Olga Kobylyanska’s artistic discourse. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of further in-depth study of Olga Kobylyanskaya idiostyle in order to form a cognitive-pragmatic conception of the writer's artistic discourse. The novelty of scientific work is due to the fact that the cognitive nature of metaphor in the language of the O. Kobylyanska’s works is studied for the first time. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural and comparative and historical methods. Conclusions. Olga Kobylyanska's artistic discourse is characterized by the convergence of linguistic means, in particular, her works are full of metaphors of different nature. We recorded one-word and multi-words metaphors. One-word metaphors are dominated by addresses. In multi-words metaphors the semantic load falls on one of the components of the syntactic construction. Many metaphors describe the mental state of human. Often the metaphor is complemented by comparison, inversion, oxymoron etc. In creating of metaphorical constructions the writer uses the following images: soul, heart (to convey the psycho-emotional state of the characters), bread (to denote the property status), lilies (means pure girl’s love), dirty spot (to denote difficult memories), the sun in souls (to depict joyful events). Metaphors contain a number of verbs used figuratively. We distinguish metaphors formed on the basis of interparadigmatic transferred meanings, which come from the artistic (sculpture), musical, theatrical, sacred, financial spheres.
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Jurko, Primož. "Semantic prosody of Slovene adverb–verb collocations: introducing the top-down approach." Corpora 17, no. 1 (April 2022): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0234.
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This paper presents a corpus-driven Sinclairian analysis of five high-frequency Slovene verbs covering the lexical paradigm ‘to express orally’ in combination with their premodifying adverbs of manner. One of the main goals of the paper is to establish how frequent the phenomenon of semantic prosody actually is among high-frequency lexical items (here, adv-v pairs). A methodology aiming to provide an answer to this question has been proposed featuring the top-down approach (i.e., in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence). It involves setting up the widest possible parameters of searching for so-called ‘extended units of meaning’ and their semantic prosody amongst the most frequent lexical patterns in a language. A total of twenty-six adv-v pairs have been examined. Results indicate a strong correlation between the frequency of multi-word lexical items and their tendency to develop semantic prosodies: high-frequency collocations are thus more likely to have semantic prosodies compared to their lower-frequency counterparts. Overall, results also corroborate the trend of semantic prosody to be found with mainly negative meanings and to a lesser extent in neutral meanings, while no positive semantic prosody has been determined in this study.
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Gizatulina, Diana, Farida Ismaeva, Marina Solnyshkina, Ekaterina Martynova, and Iskander Yarmakeev. "Fluctuations of text complexity: the case of Basic State Examination in English." SHS Web of Conferences 88 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208802001.
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Text complexity as a research problem is equally relevant in linguistics and education since its solution provides an algorithm to match readers of certain categories to texts. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative parameters that affect text complexity in ESOL. However, text complexity range within one proficiency level remains a research niche. The current study is aimed at identifying the range of text complexity fluctuations within one proficiency level and their appropriateness for readers. We conduct a multi-factor analysis and contrast 66 English texts for Basic State Examination (OGE) in readability, average sentence length, word length, number of verbs and nouns, cohesion and lexical diversity. The text features computed with the two online services, Text Inspector and Coh-Metrix, provide slightly different quantitative results though consistent in qualifying the range of text complexity fluctuations as high. The research findings refute the hypothesis of a linear nature of text complexity growth in the textbooks designed to increase students’ proficiency and confirm the lack of correlation between the revealed and claimed complexity of texts. The algorithm suggested by the authors can be useful for textbook writers and test developers selecting reading material for any proficiency level.
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Moroz, T. "HE TYPES OF ANTONYMS IN POLISH PAROEMIAS." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 35 (2019): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2019.35.09.
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The article analyzes theoretical works on opposites and typological varieties of antonyms. It also considers features which influence on antonimous words entering into a relationship of opposition. The paper focuses on the study of the types of antonyms in Polish proverbs and sayings based on semantic, formal-structural and stylistic features. In a semantic relation the cases of presence two and more antonymous pair are fixed, which can belong both to the different types of antonyms or to the same one. Also a lot of opposition was defined based on the sex and family ties. The types of antonyms are analysed in relation to parts-of-speech expression. The analysis of single-root and multicolored opposition in thecomposition of the studied units, which resulted in the finding that the antonymic pairs formed bywith the help of different roots, make up the majority. The one-root antonyms in the composition are singled out Polish paremias, in particular the opposition, formed by adding prefixes to verbs bases and a negative part nie to the basics of nouns. The analysis of contextual antonyms recorded that more often opposed than individual words, and multi word part of paroemias. Issues that need further detailed study are outlined.
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JOSEPH, KATE L., and JULIAN M. PINE. "Does error-free use of French negation constitute evidence for Very Early Parameter Setting?" Journal of Child Language 29, no. 1 (February 2002): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000901004901.
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Many recent generativist models attribute grammatical knowledge to young children on the basis that children's language patterns the same way as the target adult language. It has been proposed that the child acquires this knowledge early on in development by a process of parameter setting. Wexler (1996) presents the VERY EARLY PARAMETER SETTING HYPOTHESIS (VEPS), which suggests that basic language-specific parameters are set correctly at the earliest observable stages, that is, from the onset of multi-word speech. However, the patterns predicted by VEPS are necessarily a characteristic feature of the input language and could therefore be just as readily explained in more limited scope terms. A good example of this is French negation where, in order to perform correctly, the child simply has to register that certain lexical forms precede the negative particle pas and certain other forms follow it. One implication of such a limited scope account is that there should be a strong relation between the lexical specificity of children's and mothers' use of verbs before and after pas. We present data for one subject, aged from 2;1 to 2;8, that are compatible with this hypothesis. While these data do not count directly against VEPS, they do suggest that the very low frequency of errors in children's use of French negation does not in and of itself constitute evidence for early syntactic knowledge.
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Toporova, Tatyana. "Studies in the analysis of the epic word: O.‑Icel. hel ‘world of the dead; the dead-goddess Hel’ in the Elder Edda." Scandinavian Philology 20, no. 1 (2022): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.106.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the epic word on the example of O-Icel. hel ‘world of the dead; the dead-goddess’ in the Old Icelandic Elder Edda, used to nominate one of the most important loci of the mythopoetic model of the world, as well as its personification. The author focuses on the analysis of the context, on the basis of which it is possible to realize the main goal — to understand the principles of distribution of this lexeme in the Elder Edda. A multi-component analysis is used, taking into account statistical data (primarily the frequency of word usage), grammar (the case paradigm of the corresponding forms), morphology (types of combination of composite components), syntax (predicates that perform a number of functions), etymology capable of actualization in certain situations, mythology (attraction to certain mythologems, motives, plots or myths), poetics (alliteration, sound repetitions, anagrams) and extralinguistic aspect — connection with the “world of things.” Particular attention is paid to composites, which include O-Icel. hel as the first or second components, since it is in compound words that the semantic potential of this lexeme can be realized. It was found that O.-Icel. hel is opposed to the “world of the living” (O.-Icel. heimr), associated with the bottom, indicating the localization of hel, the way to get into the lower world (to kill) and the subjects that inhabit it (people), mainly performs the function of direction, combined with verbs of movement. A hypothesis is put forward about semantic evolution: locus (the underworld) > character (its owner), and the various stages of this process found in the Elder Edda are reconstructed. To determine the semantics of O.-Icel. hel, the anthropocentric factor acquires special significance, since the starting point is the “middle world” inhabited by people, in relation to which spatial reference points are used underneath and from here. Based on the Eddic facts, the extralinguistic specificity of the corresponding denotation as a fenced space with a gate is established. The affiliation of O.-Icel. hel with the sphere of funeral ritual and sacral terminology is verified.
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Ripei, Mariia. "The lexemes «obrobliaty» and «zhaduvatysia» in the newspapers’ publications." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 9(27) (2019): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2019-9(27)-17.
Full textAbstract:
This article seeks to develop new avenues for the study of the Ukrainian lexicography, specifically, a correct usage of the verbal lexemes in the journalistic texts. We have analyzed and edited improper usage of the lexemes «obrobliaty» and «zhaduvatysia» in the newspapers’ publications on the basis of the Urkainian reference literature (specifically, the Ukrainian (as well as the Russian-Ukrainian) dictionaries of contemporary Ukrainian language). This article aims to analyze cases of the incorrect use of the Ukrainian verbs «obrobliaty» and «zhaduvatysia» in the «Den’» newspaper. The latter quality daily occupies a particular place in the Ukrainian newspaper journalism and publicism. Our editing expertise (as well as academic normative usage of these lexemes in the multi-volume dictionaries of the renowned contemporary Ukrainian linguists) made us possible to identify the errors during the textual analysis. This study shows numerous examples of incorrect usage of these lexemes as well as others (specifically, in word combinations featured in the publications covering socio-political topics). We argue that the correct usage of the lexemes «obrobliaty» and «zgaduvatysia» depends on many factors, specifically, context, discourse, topical and problem aspects of the publication as well as their semantics. The latter (semantic implications) of these analyzed words is frequently overlooked by the Ukrainian authors (journalists, publicists, contributors) composing the journalistic texts (specifically, those published in the Den’ newspaper). We conclude that the different meanings of these words depending on their contextual (as well as intertextual) placement determine either correct or incorrect usage of the lexemes «obrobliaty» and «zhaduvatysia». Given its importance and significance, this problem requires further research. Keywords: lexeme, newspapers publications, incorrect (improper) usage, dictionaries.
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Zheleva, Zlatina, and Svetla Petrova. "THE TERMINOLOGY OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY- A CONTRASTIVE ENGLISH-BULGARIAN STUDY." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061787z.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of terminology from its very beginning, and especially that of specialized medical or technical terminology, has been to establish and facilitate professional communication. The development of terminology and its theory is a long and difficult process, from its very beginning scientists of all fields have been trying to work out a unified system for term formation which would apply to all sciences and fields of science. The ‘fathers’ of the contemporary General Terminological Theory (GTT) were the Austrian scholar Wüster and the Russian scholar Lote, both working on terminology of engineering, and their goal was to create an unambiguous terminology which would enhance professional and scientific communication. The issue of internationalization was brought up and was one of the guiding principles in terminology formation. In medical terminology this issue is partly resolved due to the Greek and Latin origins of terms and concepts which are used in most countries throughout the world. Since English borrows most of its terms from Latin and Greek and since it has come to be the international language in the medical field, this has made scientific communication easier. However, these terms refer mainly to anatomical and clinical terms and do not include the new terminological entities which occur due to the constant development of the field. The present article aims at conducting a contrastive linguistic study of the terminology of paediatric dentistry and exploring the differences and similarities in English and Bulgarian languages. The materials used are textbooks from the field of paediatric dentistry used in the education of university students at Medical University-Plovdiv. Terminology discussed encompasses both anatomical and clinical entities and studies the origins, the manner of term formation in both languages and the manner in which English dental medical terminology influences the Bulgarian one. Terminology is classified according to the manner of its formation in the source language- English and the changes which it undergoes in being translated or transliterated into the other language- Bulgarian. The terms are discussed from the point of view of types of word formation such as derivation, compounding, which prevail in the already established terms which derive from Greek and Latin, and the forming of multi-word phrases which prevails nowadays and leads to the use of abbreviations. What is interesting is the use of the latter in contemporary medical literature in Bulgarian and the manner in which nouns, verbs etc. are directly borrowed from English and transliterated. The constant development of new medical terms and their usage in other languages is an ongoing and continuous process and it presents a challenge to the scientists who use it, the translators who work with texts and linguists who are interested in the principles of language development.
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Li, Wenchao. "Multi-verb constructions in Old Chinese and Middle Chinese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 4, no. 1 (September 17, 2018): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.16013.li.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Multiple verb constructions have been studied intensively in Chinese. However, given the typological differences between the Indo-European languages and Chinese, it is no surprise that the application of a ‘Western’ notion, namely ‘serial verb construction’ (SVC), has caused much debate. This study provides a working definition of ‘SVC’ in Old Chinese and then turns to diachronic issues, for example, the combinatorial possibilities of multiple verbs in Old Chinese, pre-Middle Chinese, and Middle Chinese, clarifying which kind of complex constructions may be regarded as verb serialising and which as verb compounding. With this in place, the study approaches an understanding of the evolution of multiple verb formations in Chinese. The finding reveals that multiple verbs in Old Chinese are combined via verb serialisation. Six combinatorial possibilities are confirmed: (a) unergative V + unergative V; (b) transitive V + unaccusative V; (c) unaccusative V + unaccusative V (change of state); (d) unergative V + unaccusative V; (e) transitive V + transitive V; (f) unaccusative V + unaccusative V (motion). These can be further classified into two groups: Group I: (a)–(d) are successive SVCs; Group II: (e)–(f) are coordinate SVCs. In pre-Middle Chinese, there are signs of verb compounding. The occurrence of disyllabic word roots in the Early Han Dynasty as well as (de)grammaticalisation may be responsible for this. In Middle Chinese, the grammaticalisation of transitive change-of-state verbs, and the degrammaticalisation of motion verbs, led to three different lexical categories: (a) partial intransitive change-of-state verbs turned into resultative complements (resulting in [transitive V + unaccusative V] SVC transiting into predicate-complement V-V (change-of-state)); (b) partial motion verbs degrammaticalised and turned into directional complements (resulting in [unergative V + unaccusative V] SVC transiting into predicate-complement V-V (motion)); and (c) the first verb in [coordinate SVC] receives preverbalisation (giving rise to modifier-predicate V-V).