Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multi-scale architecture

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Multi-scale architecture'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Gao, Shang-Hua, Ming-Ming Cheng, Kai Zhao, Xin-Yu Zhang, Ming-Hsuan Yang, and Philip Torr. "Res2Net: A New Multi-Scale Backbone Architecture." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2938758.

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Jayashankar, Vaishali, Irina A. Mueller, and Susanne M. Rafelski. "Shaping the multi-scale architecture of mitochondria." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 38 (February 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.006.

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Knolle, Moritz, Georgios Kaissis, Friederike Jungmann, Sebastian Ziegelmayer, Daniel Sasse, Marcus Makowski, Daniel Rueckert, and Rickmer Braren. "Efficient, high-performance semantic segmentation using multi-scale feature extraction." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0255397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255397.

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The success of deep learning in recent years has arguably been driven by the availability of large datasets for training powerful predictive algorithms. In medical applications however, the sensitive nature of the data limits the collection and exchange of large-scale datasets. Privacy-preserving and collaborative learning systems can enable the successful application of machine learning in medicine. However, collaborative protocols such as federated learning require the frequent transfer of parameter updates over a network. To enable the deployment of such protocols to a wide range of systems with varying computational performance, efficient deep learning architectures for resource-constrained environments are required. Here we present MoNet, a small, highly optimized neural-network-based segmentation algorithm leveraging efficient multi-scale image features. MoNet is a shallow, U-Net-like architecture based on repeated, dilated convolutions with decreasing dilation rates. We apply and test our architecture on the challenging clinical tasks of pancreatic segmentation in computed tomography (CT) images as well as brain tumor segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. We assess our model’s segmentation performance and demonstrate that it provides performance on par with compared architectures while providing superior out-of-sample generalization performance, outperforming larger architectures on an independent validation set, while utilizing significantly fewer parameters. We furthermore confirm the suitability of our architecture for federated learning applications by demonstrating a substantial reduction in serialized model storage requirement as a surrogate for network data transfer. Finally, we evaluate MoNet’s inference latency on the central processing unit (CPU) to determine its utility in environments without access to graphics processing units. Our implementation is publicly available as free and open-source software.
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Akinniyi, Oluwatunmise, Md Mahmudur Rahman, Harpal Singh Sandhu, Ayman El-Baz, and Fahmi Khalifa. "Multi-Stage Classification of Retinal OCT Using Multi-Scale Ensemble Deep Architecture." Bioengineering 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070823.

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Accurate noninvasive diagnosis of retinal disorders is required for appropriate treatment or precision medicine. This work proposes a multi-stage classification network built on a multi-scale (pyramidal) feature ensemble architecture for retinal image classification using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. First, a scale-adaptive neural network is developed to produce multi-scale inputs for feature extraction and ensemble learning. The larger input sizes yield more global information, while the smaller input sizes focus on local details. Then, a feature-rich pyramidal architecture is designed to extract multi-scale features as inputs using DenseNet as the backbone. The advantage of the hierarchical structure is that it allows the system to extract multi-scale, information-rich features for the accurate classification of retinal disorders. Evaluation on two public OCT datasets containing normal and abnormal retinas (e.g., diabetic macular edema (DME), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Drusen) and comparison against recent networks demonstrates the advantages of the proposed architecture’s ability to produce feature-rich classification with average accuracy of 97.78%, 96.83%, and 94.26% for the first (binary) stage, second (three-class) stage, and all-at-once (four-class) classification, respectively, using cross-validation experiments using the first dataset. In the second dataset, our system showed an overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.69%, 99.71%, and 99.87%, respectively. Overall, the tangible advantages of the proposed network for enhanced feature learning might be used in various medical image classification tasks where scale-invariant features are crucial for precise diagnosis.
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Reyes, J. A., and E. M. Stoudenmire. "Multi-scale tensor network architecture for machine learning." Machine Learning: Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 035036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abffe8.

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Yang, Lintao, Pietro Liò, Xu Shen, Yuyang Zhang, and Chengbin Peng. "Adaptive multi-scale Graph Neural Architecture Search framework." Neurocomputing 599 (September 2024): 128094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2024.128094.

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Chuen, Alvin Lim Fang, Khoh Wee How, Pang Ying Han, and Yap Hui Yen. "In-Air Hand Gesture Signature Recognition Using Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Networks." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 7, no. 3-2 (November 30, 2023): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.7.3-2.2359.

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The hand signature is a unique handwritten name or symbol that serves as a proof of identity. Due to its practicality and widespread use, hand signature is still used by financial institutions as a means of verifying and validating the identity of their customers. The emergence of the COVID-19 global pandemic has raised hygiene concerns regarding the conventional touch-based hand signature recognition system, which often requires sharing the acquisition devices among the public. This paper presents in-air hand gesture signature recognition using convolutional neural networks to address this concern. We designed a shallow multi-scale convolutional neural network using 3x3 and 5x5 kernel filter sizes to extract features on different scales. The feature maps from these two filters are then concatenated to provide more robust features, which improve the model’s performance. The experiment results show that the proposed architecture outperforms other architectures, which obtained the highest accuracy of 93.00%. On the other hand, our architecture consumed significantly fewer computational resources, requiring only an average of 3 minutes and 33 seconds to train. Additionally, the performance of the proposed architecture could be further enhanced by integrating it with recurrent neural networks (RNN). This integrated architecture of convolutional recurrent neural networks (C-RNN) can capture spatio-temporal features simultaneously.
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Li, Bo, Guofeng Zhou, Wei Ge, Limin Wang, Xiaowei Wang, Li Guo, and Jinghai Li. "A multi-scale architecture for multi-scale simulation and its application to gas–solid flows." Particuology 15 (August 2014): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2013.07.004.

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Shi, Lu, Xu Chen, Yuqian Xu, Xing Gao, Jialong Lai, and Shusheng Wang. "Towards an Effective Architectural Form: The Composition of Squareness and Roundness Based on Scale Proportion—Evidence from the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda." Buildings 14, no. 5 (May 18, 2024): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051472.

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Investigating the mathematical and geometric principles embedded in ancient classic architecture is a significant tradition in the history of architectural development. Drawing inspiration from the modular design and creative ideology based on the geometric proportions of squareness and roundness in ancient Chinese architecture, we propose a new mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion specifically for the design of multi-story buildings. Taking Yingxian Wooden Pagoda as the case study, we not only re-evaluate the modular system and proportional rules followed in the design of the entire pagoda, but also reveal the technical approaches and geometric rules for effectively controlling the form of multi-story buildings. In particular, the mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion, utilizing a modular grid combined with squareness and roundness drawings as decision-making tools, can control the scale and proportion of buildings across different design dimensions and organically coordinate the design of multi-story buildings’ plans and elevations. Thus, it can achieve an effective balance of multi-story architectural forms. This study has potential applications in the creation of traditional multi-story buildings and heritage restoration projects, and offers valuable insights for future research on ancient multi-story buildings.
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Alotaibi, Hatim, Masoud Jabbari, Chamil Abeykoon, and Constantinos Soutis. "Numerical Investigation of Multi-scale Characteristics of Single and Multi-layered Woven Structures." Applied Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-022-10010-x.

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AbstractResin flow through multi-ply woven fabrics is affected by the fibre orientation and laminate stacking sequence during the impregnation process. This is characterised by permeability, which measures the ability of transferring fluids within a 2D or 3D layered woven fibre architecture (i.e., through a porous medium). The work aims to investigate the feasibility of characterising macro-scale flow permeability via the micro-meso-scale (dual-scale) permeability across and along woven yarns, with different structures of yarn nesting, non-shifting, and ply orientation. The permeability characterisation is performed using Ansys-Fluent software package where textile architectures and resin flow in porous media are simulated. The results show that in- and out-plane permeability of the nested, non-shifted and oriented single-ply woven preforms are different than that corresponding to multi-layered plates, making them only applicable for dual-scale permeabilities. However, with a number of plies in the multi-ply woven fabrics — e.g., 9-ply and 5-ply, for in- and out-of-plane flows, respectively — the dual-scale permeabilities can be extended to macro-flow making them applicable at all scales (multi-scale flow). The calculated in-plane multi-scale permeabilities are then used in the 2D simulations and compared with the analytical solution of the Darcy’s equation, which resulted in a very good agreement.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Olivares, Chauvet Pedro. "Multi-scale analysis of chromosome and nuclear architecture." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multiscale-analysis-of-chromosome-and-nuclear-architecture(32a7b634-035b-4c6b-83f9-735f83bc73fb).html.

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Mammalian nuclear function depends on the complex interaction of genetic and epi-genetic elements coordinated in space and time. Structure and function overlap to such a degree that they are usually considered as being inextricably linked. In this work I combine an experimental approach with a computational one in order to answer two main questions in the field of mammalian chromosome organization. In the first section of this thesis, I attempted to answer the question, to what extent does chromatin from different chromosome territories share the same space inside the nucleus? This is a relatively open question in the field of chromosome territories. It is well-known and accepted that interphase chromosomes are spatially constrained inside the nucleus and that they occupy their own territory, however, the degree of spatial interaction between neighbouring chromosomes is still under debate. Using labelling methods that directly incorporate halogenated DNA precursors into newly replicated DNA without the need for immuno-detection or in situ hybridization, we show that neighbouring chromosome territories colocalise at very low levels. We also found that the native structure of DNA foci is partially responsible for constraining the interaction of chromosome territories as disruption of the innate architecture of DNA foci by treatment with TSA resulted in increased colocalisation signal between adjacent chromosomes territories. The second major question I attempted to answer concerned the correlation between nuclear function and the banding pattern observed in human mitotic chromosomes. Human mitotic chromosomes display characteristic patterns of light and dark bands when visualized under the light microscope using specific chemical dyes such as Giemsa. Despite the long standing use of the Giemsa banding pattern in human genetics for identifying chromosome abnormalities and mapping genes, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that generate the Giemsa banding pattern or its biological relevance. The recent availability of many genetic and epigenetic features mapped to the human genome permit a high-resolution investigation of the molecular correlates of Giemsa banding. Here I investigate the relationship of more than 50 genomic and epigenomic features with light (R) and dark (G) bands. My results confirm many classical results, such as the low gene density of the most darkly staining G bands and their late replication time, using genome-wide data. Surprisingly, I found that for virtually all features investigated, R bands show intermediate properties between the lightest and darkest G bands, suggesting that many R bands contain G-like sequences within them. To identify R bands that show properties of G bands, I employed an unsupervised learning approach to classify R bands on their genomic and epigenomic properties and show that the smallest R bands show a tendency to have characteristics typical of G bands. I revisit the evidence supporting the boundaries of G and R bands in the current cytogenomic map and conclude that inaccurate placement of weakly supported band boundaries can explain the intermediate pattern of R bands. Finally, I propose an approach based on aggregating data from multiple genomic and epigenomic features to improve the positioning of band boundaries in the human cytogenomic map. My results suggest that contiguous domains showing a high degree of uniformity in the ratio of heterochromatin and euchromatin sub-domains define the Giemsa banding pattern in human chromosomes.
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Javalera, Rincón Valeria. "Distributed large scale systems : a multi-agent RL-MPC architecture." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393922.

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This thesis describes a methodology to deal with the interaction between MPC controllers in a distributed MPC architecture. This approach combines ideas from Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) in order to provide a controller interaction based on cooperative agents and learning techniques. The aim of this methodology is to provide a general structure to perform optimal control in networked distributed environments, where multiple dependencies between subsystems are found. Those dependencies or connections often correspond to control variables. In that case, the distributed control has to be consistent in both subsystems. One of the main new concepts of this architecture is the negotiator agent. Negotiator agents interact with MPC agents to determine the optimal value of the shared control variables in a cooperative way using learning techniques (RL). The optimal value of those shared control variables has to accomplish a common goal, probably different from the specific goal of each agent sharing the variable. Two cases of study, in which the proposed architecture is applied and tested are considered, a small water distribution network and the Barcelona water network. The results suggest this approach is a promising strategy when centralized control is not a reasonable choice.
Esta tesis describe una metodología para hacer frente a la interacción entre controladores MPC en una arquitectura MPC distribuida. Este enfoque combina las ideas de Inteligencia Artificial Distribuida (DIA) y aprendizaje por refuerzo (RL) con el fin de proporcionar una interacción entre controladores basado en agentes de cooperativos y técnicas de aprendizaje. El objetivo de esta metodología es proporcionar una estructura general para llevar a cabo un control óptimo en entornos de redes distribuidas, donde se encuentran varias dependencias entre subsistemas. Esas dependencias o conexiones corresponden a menudo a variables de control. En ese caso, el control distribuido tiene que ser coherente en ambos subsistemas. Uno de los principales conceptos novedosos de esta arquitectura es el agente negociador. Los agentes negociadores actúan junto con agentes MPC para determinar el valor óptimo de las variables de control compartidas de forma cooperativa utilizando técnicas de aprendizaje (RL). El valor óptimo de esas variables compartidas debe lograr un objetivo común, probablemente diferente de los objetivos específicos de cada agente que está compartiendo la variable. Se consideran dos casos de estudio, en el que la arquitectura propuesta se ha aplicado y probado, una pequeña red de distribución de agua y la red de agua de Barcelona. Los resultados sugieren que este enfoque es una estrategia prometedora cuando el control centralizado no es una opción razonable.
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Zhu, Weirong. "Efficient synchronization for a large-scale multi-core chip architecture." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 206 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1362532791&sid=27&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Soler, Vila Paula 1989. "Multi-scale study of the genome architecture and its dynamical facets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668229.

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High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) techniques have provided a comprehensive overview of the genome architecture. Hi-C, a derivative of 3C, has become a reference technique to study the 3D chromatin structure and its relationship with the functional state of the cell. However, several aspects of the analysis and interpretation of Hi-C data remain a challenge and may hide a potential yet to be unveiled. In this thesis, we explore the structural landscape of multiple chromatin features. We developed an integrative approach combining in situ Hi-C data with nine additional omic layers and revealed a new dynamic and transitional genomic compartment enriched in poised and polycomb-repressed chromatin. This novel intermediate compartment plays an important role in the modulation of the genome during B cells differentiation and upon neoplastic transformation, specifically in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients. We also developed TADpole, a computational tool designed to characterize the hierarchy of topologically-associated domains (TADs) using Hi-C interaction matrices. We demonstrated its technical and biological robustness, and its capacity to reveal topological differences in high-resolution capture Hi-C experiments.
El desarrollo de métodos experimentales basados en la captura de la conformación cromosómica (3C) ha permitido tener una visión más detallada de la arquitectura genómica. El Hi-C, derivado del 3C, se ha convertido en una técnica de referencia para analizar la estructura tridimensional de la cromatina, así como su relación con el estado funcional celular. Sin embargo, varios aspectos del análisis y la interpretación de los datos de Hi-C siguen siendo un desafío, y pueden ocultar un potencial aún por descubrir. En esta tesis se exploran múltiples niveles de organización estructural de la cromatina. Hemos realizado un estudio integrativo combinando datos de in situ Hi-C con nueve capas epigenéticas y hemos revelado un nuevo compartimento genómico caracterizado por su dinámica y capacidad de transición, enriquecido en cromatina reprimida por polycomb. Este nuevo compartimento intermedio juega un papel importante en la modulación del genoma durante la diferenciación de células B y durante su transformación neoplásica, específicamente en pacientes con leucemia linfocítica crónica (CLL) o con linfoma de células del manto (MCL). Además, hemos desarrollado TADpole, un nuevo método computacional destinado a la detección de la jerarquía de dominios asociados topológicamente (TADs) empleando mapas de interacciones de Hi-C. Hemos demostrado su robustez ante una evaluación técnica y biológica, así como su capacidad de detectar diferencias topológicas en experimentos de capture Hi-C de alta resolución.
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Sclaroff, Stanley Edward. "Deformable solids and displacement maps--a multi-scale technique for model recovery and recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70198.

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Duro, Royo Jorge. "Towards Fabrication Information Modeling (FIM) : workflow and methods for multi-scale trans-disciplinary informed design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101843.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-70).
This thesis sets the stage for Fabrication Information Modeling (FIM); a design approach for enabling seamless design-to-production workflows that can derive complex designs fusing advanced digital design technologies associated with analysis, engineering and manufacturing. Present day digital fabrication platforms enable the design and construction of high-resolution and complex material distribution structures. However, virtual-to-physical workflows and their associated software environments are yet to incorporate such capabilities. As preliminary methods towards FIM I have developed four computational strategies for the design and digital construction of custom systems. These methods are presented in this thesis in the context of specific design challenges and include a biologically driven fiber construction algorithm; an anatomically driven shell-to-wearable translation protocol; an environmentally-driven swarm printing system; and a manufacturing-driven hierarchical fabrication platform. I discuss and analyze these four challenges in terms of their capabilities to integrate design across media, disciplines and scales through the concepts of multidimensionality, media-informed computation and trans-disciplinary data in advanced digital design workflows. With FIM I aim to contribute to the field of digital design and fabrication by enabling feedback workflows where materials are designed rather than selected; where the question of how information is passed across spatiotemporal scales is central to design generation itself; where modeling at each level of resolution and representation is based on various methods and carried out by various media or agents within a single environment; and finally, where virtual and physical considerations coexist as equals.
by Jorge Duro Royo.
S.M.
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Krüger, Martin Wolfgang [Verfasser]. "Personalized Multi-Scale Modeling of the Atria: Heterogeneities, Fiber Architecture, Hemodialysis and Ablation Therapy / Martin Wolfgang Krüger." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2013. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Deserranno, Dimitri. "A Multi-Scale Finite Element Model of the Cardiac Ventricles." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1148984314.

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Hardy, Clément. "Architectures multi-échelles de type encοdeur-décοdeur pοur la stéréοphοtοmétrie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC222.

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La stéréophotométrie est une technique de reconstruction 3D de la surface d'un objet. De plus en plus de recherches s'intéressent à ce problème qui se veut prometteur dans le monde industriel. En effet, la stéréophotométrie peut être utilisée pour détecter les défauts d'usinage de pièces mécaniques ou pour de la reconnaissance faciale par exemple. Cette thèse explore les méthodes d'apprentissage profond pour la stéréophotométrie, notamment les différents aspects liés aux bases de données d'entraînement et aux architectures considérées.De manière générale, la sur-paramétrisation d'un réseau de neurones est souvent suffisante pour supporter la diversité des problèmes rencontrés. La base de données d'entraînement est alors considérée comme le point clé permettant de conditionner le réseau au problème traité. Par conséquent, pour répondre à ce besoin, nous proposons une nouvelle base de données d'entraînement synthétique. Cette base de données considère une très grande variété de géométries, de textures, de directions ou conditions lumineuses mais également d'environnements, permettant donc de générer un nombre de situation quasiment infini.Le second point décisif d'une bonne reconstruction concerne le choix de l'architecture. L'architecture d'un réseau doit assurer une bonne capacité de généralisation sur de nouvelles données pour générer de très bons résultats sur des données inédites. Et ce, quelle que soit l'application. En particulier, pour la stéréophotométrie, l'enjeu est d'être capable de reconstruire des images très haute résolution afin de ne pas perdre de détails. Nous proposons alors une architecture multi-échelles de type encodeur-décodeur afin de répondre à ce problème.Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une architecture fondée sur les réseaux convolutionnels pour répondre au problème de stéréophotométrie calibrée, i.e. quand la direction lumineuse est connue. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une version fondé sur les Transformers afin de répondre au problème de stéréophotométrie universelle. C'est-à-dire que nous sommes en capacité de gérer n'importe quel environnement, direction lumineuse, etc., sans aucune information préalable. Finalement, pour améliorer les reconstructions sur des matériaux difficiles (translucides ou brillants par exemple), nous proposons une nouvelle approche que nous appelons ``faiblement calibrée'' pour la stéréophotométrie. Dans ce contexte, nous n'avons qu'une connaissance approximative de la direction d'éclairage.L'ensemble des pistes que nous avons explorées ont conduit à des résultats convaincants, à la fois quantitatifs et visuels sur l'ensemble des bases de données de l'état-de-l'art. En effet, nous avons pu observer une amélioration notable de la précision de reconstruction des cartes de normales, contribuant ainsi à avancer l'état de l'art dans ce domaine
Photometric stereo is a technique for 3D surface reconstruction of objects. This field has seen a surge in research interest due to its potential applications in industry. Specifically, photometric stereo can be employed for tasks such as detecting machining defects in mechanical components or facial recognition. This thesis delves into deep learning methods for photometry stero, with a particular focus on training data and network architectures.While neural network over-parameterization is often adequate, the training dataset plays a pivotal role in task adaptation. To generate a highly diverse and extensible training set, we propose a new synthetic dataset. This dataset incorporates a broad spectrum of geometric, textural, lighting, and environmental variations, allowing for the creation of nearly infinite training instances.The second decisive point of a good reconstruction concerns the choice of architecture. The architecture of a network must ensure a good generalization capacity on new data to generate very good results on unseen data. And this, regardless of the application. In particular, for the photometric stereo problem, the challenge is to be able to reconstruct very high-resolution images in order not to lose any details. We therefore propose a multi-scale encoder-decoder architecture to address this problem.We first introduce a convolutional neural network architecture for calibrated photometric stereo, where the lighting direction is known. To handle unconstrained environments, we propose a Transformers-based approach for universal photometric stereo. Lastly, for challenging materials shiny like translucent or shiny surfaces, we introduce a ``weakly calibrated'' approach that assumes only approximate knowledge of the lighting direction.The approaches we have investigated have consistently demonstrated strong performance on standard benchmarks, as evidenced by both quantitative metrics and visual assessments. Our results, particularly the improved accuracy of reconstructed normal maps, represent a significant advancement in photometric stereo
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Stephan, André. "Towards a comprehensive energy assessment of residential buildings: a multi-scale life cycle energy analysis framework." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209465.

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Buildings are directly responsible for 40% of the final energy use in most developed economies and for much more if indirect requirements are considered. This results in huge impacts which affect the environmental balance of our planet.

However, most current building energy assessments focus solely on operational energy overlooking other energy uses such as embodied and transport energy. Embodied energy comprises the energy requirements for building materials production, construction and replacement. Transport energy represents the amount of energy required for the mobility of building users.

Decisions based on partial assessments might result in an increased energy demand during other life cycle stages or at different scales of the built environment. Recent studies have shown that embodied and transport energy demands often account for more than half of the total lifecycle energy demand of residential buildings. Current assessment tools and policies therefore overlook more than 50% of the life cycle energy use.

This thesis presents a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings. This framework takes into account energy requirements at the building scale, i.e. the embodied and operational energy demands, and at the city scale, i.e. the embodied energy of nearby infrastructures and the transport energy of its users. This framework is implemented through the development, verification and validation of an advanced software tool which allows the rapid analysis of the life cycle energy demand of residential buildings and districts. Two case studies, located in Brussels, Belgium and Melbourne, Australia, are used to investigate the potential of the developed framework.

Results show that each of the embodied, operational and transport energy requirements represent a significant share of the total energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions of a residential building, over its useful life. The use of the developed tool will allow building designers, town planners and policy makers to reduce the energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of residential buildings by selecting measures that result in overall savings. This will ultimately contribute to reducing the environmental impact of the built environment.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Books on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Docker and Kubernetes for Java Developers: Scale, deploy, and monitor multi-container applications. Packt Publishing, 2017.

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Singapore's Building Stock: Approaches to a Multi-Scale Documentation and Analysis of Transformations Including Recommendations for Future-Oriented Administration. Hirmer Verlag GmbH, 2016.

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Haaland, Randi, and Gunnar Haaland. Prehistoric Figurines in Sudan. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.005.

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The chapter presents a descriptive account of Neolithic site inventories containing figurines in the Sudan Nile Valley. Cattle figurines indicate that animal husbandry played an important role in economic life as well as in political and ritual contexts. Female figurines can be seen as a multi-vocal symbol that may evoke a wide spectrum of meanings ranging from sexuality and fertility to basic qualities in human relations— trust, dependency, and solidarity. The mother–child relation is generally associated with such qualities. Symbolic imagery (e.g. female figurines) evoking this relation serves to foster compelling ideas of solidarity in small-scale networks of relations. In Neolithic pre-state communities, security of life and property is based on ad hoc political mobilization of such small-scale networks. Emergence of more permanent, specialized politico-administrative structures serving to maintain security within societies of larger scale is associated with increase in signs (e.g. weaponry, monumental architecture) expressing male warrior-like qualities.
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Achmadi, Amanda, Paul Walker, and Soon-Tzu Speechley, eds. Architectural Encounters in Asia Pacific. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350421394.

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Architectural Encounters in Asia Pacificexplores the architecture of colonial trade and industry, revealing a complex network of transnational connections across the built heritage of the world’s most dispersed and culturally diverse region. A wide-ranging collection of case studies uncover these forgotten connections, drawing together stories of migratory architects, imperial commodities, and indentured labour. From Iran to Tasmania, Japan to Java, and Imperial China to the Pacific Islands, the chapters reveal how remnants of colonial trade and industry shed light on the many multi-faceted mobilities of the imperial age, and their enduring legacy in the postcolonial built environments of Australasia, the Pacific, Southeast Asia and beyond. The chapters also reveal deep strands of cultural influences and material imprints long neglected by national histories of architecture, and showcase new methodologies to analyse the interconnectivities and bordering practices which are shaping our experiences of the 21st century. With almost every chapter arising from new archival sources, this richly interdisciplinary volume brings together the work of architectural historians, geographers and heritage practitioners to provide a new understanding of the rich and contested history of this region. This book illuminates a new geography of architectural histories through explorations of intracolonial encounters and exchanges across Asia Pacific (1800s-1940s). It reveals a complex field of transnational connectivity manifest in the built environments across of the world’s most disperse and culturally diverse region. Buildings for industry, agriculture, and trade in Australia, the Pacific and South-East Asia share an important but forgotten history of encounter, exchange, and influence. Industrial heritage is also under-represented in World Heritage lists, with the Asia Pacific region poorly represented and global connections between industrial sites insufficiently understood. This book addresses these research gaps by examining unprecedented buildings for trade and industrial-scale resource extraction across Asia-Pacific’s multiple colonial entities and their successor nation-states. The various chapters collected in this book help uncover these forgotten connections, drawing together stories of migratory architects, imperial commodities, and indentured labour. They reveal how remnants of colonial trade and industry shed light on the many multi-faceted mobilities of the imperial age, and their enduring legacy in the postcolonial built environments of Australasia, the Pacific, Southeast Asia and beyond. They reveal the deep strands of cultural influence and material imprints long neglected by national histories of architecture. They also showcase new methodologies to analyse the dialectics of interconnectivity and bordering practice that are shaping our experiences of the 21st century. This richly interdisciplinary volume brings together the works of architectural historians, architects, and heritage practitioners to provide a holistic view of the rich and contested architectural and urban history of this region.
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Dorrian, Mark, and Adrian Hawker. Metis : On the Surface. University of Edinburgh, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ed.9781836450153.

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Metis : On the Surface is an exhibition of seven projects that range from installations to large urban restructuring proposals. The exhibition and the projects are by Metis, an atelier for art, architecture and urbanism founded by Mark Dorrian and Adrian Hawker at the University of Edinburgh in 1997. The projects aim to connect architectural research, teaching and practice. As this exhibition attests, the projects research the city and the complex ways in which it is imagined, inhabited, and representationally encoded. The research produces rich, multi-layered outputs that resist immediate consumption and that are instead gradually unfurled over time through interaction with them. The work demonstrates a poetic but critical approach to the city that is sensitive to the city’s cultural memory but is also articulated in relation to its possible futures. Working between two contrasting scales, the exhibition itself constitutes an original research output. The seven projects have been redrawn, crafted, reinterpreted and combined into a complex topographical surface. Visitors entering the exhibition encounter a vast drawing on which they walk, carpeting the floor of the gallery. Through this, an internal terrain is inserted within the display space, which is then inhabited by glass display tables that hold detailed drawings and models. The viewers of the exhibition thus not only see a series of projects, but find themselves – as they travel across scale and space – active participants in a speculative architectural imaginary, one in which the architectural object is always in communication with the broader historical, cultural, material and representational conditions of the city or landscape within which it is positioned. The exhibitions ran from: 10 October – 14 November 2014. Arkitektskolen Gallery, Aarhus, Denmark. 27 March – 6 April 2015. Sculpture Court, Edinburgh College of Art, (ECA), Edinburgh, UK.
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MacKenzie, Lisa. An t-Eilean (The Island). University of Edinburgh, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ed.9781836450214.

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An t-Eilean (The Island, Gaelic) is an open-air, multi-purpose space (16 metres square) that occupies a central position in Inverness Campus for the University of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.The space unites sculpture, building, and garden to form a distinctive landscape. Visitors experience An t’Eilean as a floating courtyard open to the sky and the surrounding landscape and connected to the land by a timber boardwalk. The project challenges scale and collapses normative design practices to unite architecture and landscape in ways that are subtle and sensitive to the rhythms of the days and seasons. An t-Eilean is a built ‘concept’ and an interstice – a constructed translation of the designer’s knowledge of theory and her landscape architectural practice. Mackenzie worked with leading expert David Bennett on the concrete specification for An t-Eilean. The concrete mix uses a by-product from coal-fired power stations called Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA), to promote material re-use in construction. The mix allows a range of surface finishes to manifest through the structure, capturing and animating different qualities of light and shadow through the space. The project was presented and received input and approval from a wide range of stakeholders involved in the Campus development. The design was exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy in 2014 before its completion. Over 20,000 people viewed the designs of just ten architects, including MacKenzie, selected for the exhibition, which aimed to explore the relationship between architecture, art and landscape. The design was awarded the Landscape Institute Scotland, Public Vote Prize in 2015. Mackenzie has been invited to talk about this project internationally to professional and educational groups in Amsterdam (2013), Xiamen (2016) and Oslo (2019).
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Pang, Changhyun, Chanseok Lee, Hoon Eui Jeong, and Kahp-Yang Suh. Skin and dry adhesion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0022.

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Close observation of various attachment systems in animal skins has revealed various exquisite multi-scale architectures for essential functions such as locomotion, crawling, mating, and protection from predators. Some of these adhesion systems of geckos and beetles have unique structural features (e.g. high-aspect ratio, tilted angle, and hierarchical nanostructure), resulting in mechanical interlocking mediated by van der Waals forces or liquid secretion (capillary force). In this chapter, we present an overview of recent advances in bio-inspired, artificial dry adhesives, and biomimetics in the context of nanofabrication and material properties. In addition, relevant bio-inspired structural materials, devices (clean transportation device, interlocker, biomedical skin patch, and flexible strain-gauge sensor) and microrobots are briefly introduced, which would shed light on future smart, directional, and reversible adhesion systems.
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Book chapters on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Gassara, Amal, Ismael Bouassida Rodriguez, and Mohamed Jmaiel. "Towards a Multi-scale Modeling for Architectural Deployment Based on Bigraphs." In Software Architecture, 122–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39031-9_11.

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Chaudhary, Priyanshu, Nischay Dhankhar, Amit Singhal, and K. P. S. Rana. "Multi-scale Architecture for High Performance RSVP Classification." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 443–51. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2508-3_32.

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Hofmann, Jaco. "Multi-Chip Dataflow Architecture for Massive Scale Biophyscially Accurate Neuron Simulation." In Real-Time Multi-Chip Neural Network for Cognitive Systems, 23–47. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003339205-2.

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Yan, Xingang, Weiwen Jiang, Yiyu Shi, and Cheng Zhuo. "MS-NAS: Multi-scale Neural Architecture Search for Medical Image Segmentation." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2020, 388–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59710-8_38.

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Dabral, Tanmaya Shekhar, Amala Sanjay Deshmukh, and Aruna Malapati. "A Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Music Auto-Tagging." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 757–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1592-3_60.

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Ren, Jian, Jin Xie, and Zhong Jin. "Hierarchical Multi-scale Architecture Search for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 447–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02444-3_34.

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Doroodian, Sareh, Nima Ghaemian, and Mohsen Sharifi. "Analysis of Core-Level Scale-Out Efficiency for OpenMP Programs on Multi-core Processors." In High Performance Architecture and Grid Computing, 322–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22577-2_44.

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Saad, Muhammad Muneeb, Mubashir Husain Rehmani, and Ruairi O’Reilly. "A Self-attention Guided Multi-scale Gradient GAN for Diversified X-ray Image Synthesis." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 18–31. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26438-2_2.

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AbstractImbalanced image datasets are commonly available in the domain of biomedical image analysis. Biomedical images contain diversified features that are significant in predicting targeted diseases. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are utilized to address the data limitation problem via the generation of synthetic images. Training challenges such as mode collapse, non-convergence, and instability degrade a GAN’s performance in synthesizing diversified and high-quality images. In this work, MSG-SAGAN, an attention-guided multi-scale gradient GAN architecture is proposed to model the relationship between long-range dependencies of biomedical image features and improves the training performance using a flow of multi-scale gradients at multiple resolutions in the layers of generator and discriminator models. The intent is to reduce the impact of mode collapse and stabilize the training of GAN using an attention mechanism with multi-scale gradient learning for diversified X-ray image synthesis. Multi-scale Structural Similarity Index Measure (MS-SSIM) and Frechet Inception Distance (FID) are used to identify the occurrence of mode collapse and evaluate the diversity of synthetic images generated. The proposed architecture is compared with the multi-scale gradient GAN (MSG-GAN) to assess the diversity of generated synthetic images. Results indicate that the MSG-SAGAN outperforms MSG-GAN in synthesizing diversified images as evidenced by the MS-SSIM and FID scores.
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Li, Kaijiang, Yi Qin, Peisen Wang, Chunyi Guo, Junqi Wang, Ruiyang Jia, and Wenfeng Jiang. "DAMS: Document Image Steganography with Dual Attention Multi-scale Encoder-Decoder Architecture." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 118–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8490-5_9.

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Zhang, He. "A Hierarchical Dataflow Architecture for Large-Scale Multi-FPGA Biophysically Accurate Neuron Simulation." In Real-Time Multi-Chip Neural Network for Cognitive Systems, 143–61. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003339205-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Huang, Boqiang, Jiayu Ying, Ruizhi Lyu, Nadine S. Schaadt, Barbara M. Klinkhammer, Peter Boor, Johannes Lotz, Friedrich Feuerhake, and Dorit Merhof. "Utnetpara: A Hybrid CNN-Transformer Architecture with Multi-Scale Fusion for Whole-Slide Image Segmentation." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635778.

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Zhu, Jingwen, Yaxuan Xing, Hongxia Ye, and Feng Wang. "A Subsurface Architecture Detection Method Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data Combined with a Two-Scale Model." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 6807–10. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642206.

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Michalatos, Panagiotis, and Andrew Payne. "Working with Multi-scale Material Distributions." In ACADIA 2013: Adaptive Architecture. ACADIA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.043.

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Yu, Bo Yang, Tomonori Honda, Syed Zubair, Mostafa H. Sharqawy, and Maria C. Yang. "Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization for Large-Scale Reverse Osmosis Systems." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35032.

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Large-scale desalination plants are complex systems with many inter-disciplinary interactions and different levels of sub-system hierarchy. Advanced complex systems design tools have been shown to have a positive impact on design in aerospace and automotive, but have generally not been used in the design of water systems. This work presents a multi-disciplinary design optimization approach to desalination system design to minimize the total water production cost of a 30,000m3/day capacity reverse osmosis plant situated in the Middle East, with a focus on comparing monolithic with distributed optimization architectures. A hierarchical multi-disciplinary model is constructed to capture the entire system’s functional components and subsystem interactions. Three different multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) architectures are then compared to find the optimal plant design that minimizes total water cost. The architectures include the monolithic architecture multidisciplinary feasible (MDF), individual disciplinary feasible (IDF) and the distributed architecture analytical target cascading (ATC). The results demonstrate that an MDF architecture was the most efficient for finding the optimal design, while a distributed MDO approach such as analytical target cascading is also a suitable approach for optimal design of desalination plants, but optimization performance may depend on initial conditions.
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Hambley, Christopher J., Andrew R. Mills, Visakan Kadirkamanathan, Tony J. Dodd, William Bradley, and Robin Shirtcliffe. "Customer-oriented architecture refinement in multi-criteria synthesis of large-scale system architectures." In 2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/syseng.2017.8088291.

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Kim, Won Shik, Ho-Youl Jung, and Jae Hun Choi. "Automatic CAC Voxel Classification with Multi-scale CNN Architecture." In 2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictc46691.2019.8939821.

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Xu, Yadong, Heiko Aydt, and Michael Lees. "SEMSim: A Distributed Architecture for Multi-scale Traffic Simulation." In 2012 ACM/IEEE/SCS 26th Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pads.2012.40.

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Cioflan, Cristian, and Radu Timofte. "MS-RANAS: Multi-Scale Resource-Aware Neural Architecture Search." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561565.

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Smith, Mitchell T., Michael R. Starke, Madhu Chinthavali, and Leon M. Tolbert. "Architecture for Utility-Scale Multi-Chemistry Battery Energy Storage." In 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2019.8912309.

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Gassara, Amal, Ismael Bouassida Rodriguez, and Mohamed Jmaiel. "A multi-scale modeling approach for software architecture deployment." In SAC 2015: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2695664.2695721.

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Reports on the topic "Multi-scale architecture"

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Taufique, Mohammad Fuad Nur, Isabella Johanna van Rooyen, Sudipta Biswas, Michael Mcmurtrey, Mathew Swisher, Mark Messner, Srinivas Aditya Mantri, et al. MDDC Multi-Length Scale Data Architecture Contribution Report – PNNL, INL, ANL, LANL and ORNL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2478116.

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Skjellum, Anthony, Hong Yuan, and Yoginder S. Dandass. A Multi-Time Scale Morphable Software Milieu for Polymorphous Computing Architectures (PCA) - Composable, Scalable Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada427345.

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Wozniakowska, P., D. W. Eaton, C. Deblonde, A. Mort, and O. H. Ardakani. Identification of regional structural corridors in the Montney play using trend surface analysis combined with geophysical imaging, British Columbia and Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328850.

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The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is a mature oil and gas basin with an extraordinary endowment of publicly accessible data. It contains structural elements of varying age, expressed as folding, faulting, and fracturing, which provide a record of tectonic activity during basin evolution. Knowledge of the structural architecture of the basin is crucial to understand its tectonic evolution; it also provides essential input for a range of geoscientific studies, including hydrogeology, geomechanics, and seismic risk analysis. This study focuses on an area defined by the subsurface extent of the Triassic Montney Formation, a region of the WCSB straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia, and covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2. In terms of regional structural elements, this area is roughly bisected by the east-west trending Dawson Creek Graben Complex (DCGC), which initially formed in the Late Carboniferous, and is bordered to the southwest by the Late Cretaceous - Paleocene Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt (TFB). The structural geology of this region has been extensively studied, but structural elements compiled from previous studies exhibit inconsistencies arising from distinct subregions of investigation in previous studies, differences in the interpreted locations of faults, and inconsistent terminology. Moreover, in cases where faults are mapped based on unpublished proprietary data, many existing interpretations suffer from a lack of reproducibility. In this study, publicly accessible data - formation tops derived from well logs, LITHOPROBE seismic profiles and regional potential-field grids, are used to delineate regional structural elements. Where seismic profiles cross key structural features, these features are generally expressed as multi-stranded or en echelon faults and structurally-linked folds, rather than discrete faults. Furthermore, even in areas of relatively tight well control, individual fault structures cannot be discerned in a robust manner, because the spatial sampling is insufficient to resolve fault strands. We have therefore adopted a structural-corridor approach, where structural corridors are defined as laterally continuous trends, identified using geological trend surface analysis supported by geophysical data, that contain co-genetic faults and folds. Such structural trends have been documented in laboratory models of basement-involved faults and some types of structural corridors have been described as flower structures. The distinction between discrete faults and structural corridors is particularly important for induced seismicity risk analysis, as the hazard posed by a single large structure differs from the hazard presented by a corridor of smaller pre-existing faults. We have implemented a workflow that uses trend surface analysis based on formation tops, with extensive quality control, combined with validation using available geophysical data. Seven formations are considered, from the Late Cretaceous Basal Fish Scale Zone (BFSZ) to the Wabamun Group. This approach helped to resolve the problem of limited spatial extent of available seismic data and provided a broader spatial coverage, enabling the investigation of structural trends throughout the entirety of the Montney play. In total, we identified 34 major structural corridors and number of smaller-scale structures, for which a GIS shapefile is included as a digital supplement to facilitate use of these features in other studies. Our study also outlines two buried regional foreland lobes of the Rocky Mountain TFB, both north and south of the DCGC.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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