Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multi-scalar'

Current cosmological measurements of the various components of mass in the Universe indicate that a significant contribution to the total mass density is due to a previously undiscovered type of matter that must be both non-luminous and non-baryonic in nature, aptly named dark matter. The standard model of particle physics, while describing the results of collider experiments with unprecedented precision, does not include a suitable dark matter candidate. All of this is clear and strong evidence for the existence of new physics beyond both the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. One of the recent main areas of interest to physicists exploring beyond standard model physics is theories which incorporate extra dimensions. All of these theories postulate that the 3+1 spacetime that we experience exists as a localized subspace embedded within a larger (3+n)+1 spacetime. Among the many interesting motivations for exploring the phenomenology of extra dimensional models is the existence of a viable dark matter candidate, which has been found to arise somewhat naturally within the context of certain models. In the present work we consider a six dimensional model in which the two extra spatial dimensions are compactified onto a spherical geometry. An imposed parity and a subset of the spherical symmetry of the extra dimensions is then exploited to stabilize a number of massive four dimensional Kaluza Klein excitations, thereby leading to a self interacting multi-component theory of dark matter. The Boltzmann equations describing this system are then solved in order to simultaneously determine the relic densities of the stable dark matter particles. In the following thesis, we will describe this theory in detail along with its motivations, consequences, and compatibility with current observational data.

In the field of urban planning, environmental psychology studies human relationship to places and settings, which are then categorized as the public's identities, attachments, and dependencies. Of interest to city planning, these findings can also be utilized in a design methodology. By giving particular attention to civic programs, this thesis presents a model for multi-scalar architecture and construction of place meanings. With urban, political, and historic networks contributing to place categories, ecological evolution provides developmental trajectories that can then be manifested through architectural design in civic and cultural institutions within city centers. From site selection through the design and execution of the project, the precedence is led by the people of past, present, and future, and the spaces they celebrate. The following is about the County of Arlington Civic Center, a multi-scalar perspective and design.
Master of Architecture

The ambitious 16+ GW new nuclear programme in Britain marks a distinctive low-carbon energy pathway. The proposed new build projects are megainvestments instituting novel ways of governance and public engagement with striking contrasts to previous constructions. To probe into this new era of nuclear megainvestments, the thesis focuses on the proposed £14bn Wylfa Newydd project on Anglesey, on the northwest fringe of Wales. In the intersection of sociotechnical transitions, human geography, and science and technology studies (STS) literatures, the case study addresses the geographies of energy transitions, the politics of governing low-carbon investments, and the changing participation in large-scale infrastructural projects. The multi-scalar ethnographic study included both living in local communities and engaging with stakeholder organisations, from local councils to Whitehall ministries and multinational investors, through interviewing, document analysis, and meeting participations. Based on the findings, the thesis claims that the new nuclear project is better characterised as a megainvestment assembled together from diverse issues across multiple scales, from Welsh language protection to supply chain development, than as a technological object, an energy-generating source, or a financial megaproject. The megainvestment is transformative well beyond Anglesey with distinct practices and visions tied to the investment across various geographic scales. The governance of Wylfa Newydd is blurring the boundaries between public and private organisations with a shift towards collaborative platforms and coproduction of specialist knowledge. The public consultations displace the political controversies to legal wrangles and disputes on (geographic) boundaries by fragmenting affected publics and customising issues. In summary, this transformative project marks a new era of doing megainvestments on multiple geographic scales, with shifts in particular towards collaborative evidence-based governance and customised public consultations.

Anthropogenic disturbance regimes are anticipated to overwhelm Earth’s ecosystems during the Anthropocene. Boreal forests are particularly at risk of significant transition due to human appropriation of renewable and non-renewable resources. Forestry and energy development in the boreal forest have three primary ecological consequences: suppression of historical disturbance regimes such as fire; emergence of novel ecosystems; and the eradication of ecological memory, which maintains ecological integrity. The objective of this dissertation is to improve our understanding of the pattern characteristics of anthropogenic disturbance regimes in order to mitigate the negative, unintended outcomes of managed boreal forests. Anthropogenic disturbance from forest harvesting and energy development was mapped for industrialized landscapes of Alberta, Canada between 1949 and 2012. A comparative analysis using spatial models of unsuppressed fires sampled across Alberta and Saskatchewan and aerially-interpreted forest inventory data revealed that the anthropogenic disturbance patterns were beyond the historical range-of-variability in terms of disturbed area, largest patch size, and undisturbed forest remnants. When the spatial data were segmented based on a recent period of intensive energy development, it was determined that energy development in Alberta was a major driver of cumulative anthropogenic disturbance patterns. Levels of undisturbed forest remnants within anthropogenic disturbances declined between 18-34% and edge density increased between 15-175% following energy development. Landscape-level patterns of forest cover changes were assessed using a time series of satellite imagery between 1985 and 2010. Forest disturbance was classified as resource extraction or fire in the Foothills of Alberta with 94% overall accuracy. The rate of resource extraction exceeded fire, accounting for 86% of annual forest disturbance, indicating that fire was suppressed in the landscape. A time series pattern analysis approach applied across Canada demonstrated that managed boreal forests were associated with rising edge density, declining core forest cover, and declining largest forest patch size. Boreal forests that had low disturbance rates were characterized by inherent forest cover pattern variation. This dissertation advanced new perspectives on conceptualizing, detecting, and characterizing patterns of anthropogenic disturbance regimes. Future work is identified primarily around the development and interpretation of landscape structure thresholds and transition indicators.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

‘Rural restructuring’ has frequently been used to indicate the magnitude, and conceptualise the nature, of contemporary change in the countryside. Most notably, concern has focused upon the fundamental changes in economic and social organisation brought about by the increasing leverage of consumption-based activity as a path to rural development. By drawing on the relevant literature, however, I suggest in this thesis that the use of ‘rural restructuring’ as a conceptual framework has been inconsistent. The issue of scale is a case in point with scholars positioning their studies of rural change at varying levels of analysis. In response, I adopt Massey’s (2004) arguments about space and place to present an alternative model which considers ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. To explore the feasibility of approaching ‘rural restructuring’ in this way, the thesis focuses, in particular, upon the development of rural tourism at five different scales. These comprise the national scale (New Zealand), the regional scale (Central Otago), the sub-regional scale (the Otago Central Rail Trail), the business scale (five business case studies) and the individual scale (five entrepreneurial case studies). Reflecting the exploratory nature of the study and its multi-scalar approach, I use a number of qualitative research methods. These include interrogating the promotion of New Zealand and Central Otago as tourist destinations, cycling along the Otago Central Rail Trail, staying at accommodation businesses along the Rail Trail, and interviewing individual entrepreneurs about their experiences of business development. The analytical chapters of the thesis comprise an in-depth look at the promotion or experience of rural tourism development at each scale of analysis. Through identifying inter-scale consistencies and emphasising the reciprocal basis of such consistency, I present ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. Thus, I connect the national-scale targeting of the ‘interactive traveller’ to the promotion of Central Otago as a ‘World of Discovery’, before linking the development of the Otago Central Rail Trail to its regional context. I then investigate the nature of business development as intimately bound to the evolution of the Rail Trail, before finally tying these entrepreneurial creations to individual accounts of exhaustion and enjoyment that emerge from the operation of tourism businesses. The thesis ends by concluding that ‘rural restructuring’ can indeed be considered a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process, worked out simultaneously at wide-ranging but interconnected levels of change.

This dissertation describes the development and analysis of a new forest dynamics model. The NORTHern Woodland Dynamics Simulator (NORTHWDS) was designed to spatially model forest pattern and process for the northern Lake States, and to incorporate multiple spatial scales. While ecologically detailed, this stand table-based model is sufficiently parsimonious to be able to simulate 100s to 1000s of hectares for centuries. Processes like tree regeneration, growth, and mortality, herbaceous and shrubby competition, biogeochemistry, carbon cycling, edge effects, and climatic influences are incorporated in NORTHWDS. Wind disturbance and white-tailed deer browsing were also included to help forecast stand and landscape dynamics under managed and unmanaged scenarios. Preliminary results suggest that NORTHWDS can reliably predict long-term forest ecosystem responses to succession and disturbance. NORTHWDS was also applied to test the effectiveness of a managing-for-old-growth strategy, with results indicating that this type of management can provide improvements over traditional even- and uneven-aged harvest systems in desirable old-growth attributes like aboveground live biomass and coarse woody debris patterns. The results of the NORTHWDS developmental and application chapters were then synthesized to produce a new conceptual approach to landscape simulation that incorporated space, multiple scales, and a hierarchical design. A user's guide, the source code, and model defaults complete this dissertation.

The increasing challenges caused by non-renewable energy in regard to climate change, the increased flux of migration to urban areas, and the undeniable impact of human activities on these phenomena have given rise to a wide range of scientific work analysing the relationship between urban form and energy. Pioneering research in this field shows a link between the density of cities and their energy consumption. While concerns surrounding sustainable urbanism have grown, urban thinking has evolved, and the interdependence between planning and mobility, and planning and building are increasingly being explored beyond the traditional ways in which they have been considered in isolation. Environmentally conscious design of dense urban forms is thus at the heart of sustainable urbanism. This research uses the concept of urban form to explain the city as a spatial phenomenon. Urban form is proposed as an analytical lens through which the contributions of design characteristics are revealed, for an energy-efficient urban planning policy.Although the link between urban form and energy performance is clearly established, research is lacking on the influence of spatial organization on energy saving in cities from efficient urban fabrics. The urban scale dimension of research on energy consumption attracts much less interest than that of the building, which is very present within the literature. Therefore, the research question was formulated as follows: “How can urban form and energy performance be connected to meet the increasingly unique and changing expectations or needs of places and populations?”. In this regard, the approach adopted in this research is a methodological contribution to knowledge.To answer this question, a research framework was developed with several research methods were employed to answer a set of sub-questions. The first –“What are the links between urban form and energy consumption?”– should be seen as exploratory questions to form a complete picture of the problem. It is answered through a combination of literature review and analysis of urban form elements. The second sub-question –“How can urban form indicators be integrated into the decision-making process for an energy-efficient urban planning policy?– is a fundamental question and is theoretically answered by a literature review and through the development of a theoretical framework. The third sub-question –“What are the links between socio-economic variables, transport infrastructure energy consumption and urban form?”– is the first of three questions that structure the empirical research. It resulted in a statistical data analysis for the selected case area, i.e. the Brussels-Capital Region. The fourth sub-question –“ What are the links between building geometry and solar gains?”– is answered with the analysis of a 3D simulation model of a district area in renovation. The last sub-question –“What are the design priorities required to reduce urban energy use?”– led to the development of a conclusion at multiple scales of urban form analysis. After introducing the topic, the research question and the research framework in the first chapter, chapters 2 to 6 respectively respond to each of the sub-questions. To answer the first sub-question, a historical analysis of the relationship between energy and urban form is presented in chapter 2. The discipline of urban form study in the fields of architecture urbanism and geography introduced four main schools of thought and three main approaches to analyse the urban form during the period 1960-2018. These schools support the viability of urban form analysis as an instrument for planning, as it makes us consider how urban form design affects the energy usage of the city. At the same time, urban planners need to consider the urban not to be simply a set of data, but a subject of inquiry that depends on an assumed initial definition and conceptualisation.In chapter 3, the methodological aspects used in this research are detailed and give an answer to the second sub-question. Four complementary systems of urban form elements are highlighted and connected to the energy indicators identified in the literature review. The scale of analysis for each of the urban form elements is also presented in this chapter with argumentation and detailed definition of the urban indicators. At the same time, the econometric statistical analysis is developed and explain the potential of; correlation, cointegration and causality analysis in building an efficient urban planning policy. In chapter 4, the Brussels-Capital Region mobility data for a 26 years period (1990-2016) are statistically analysed. The link between urban form indicators, transport and socio-economic indicators show the importance of road length development on increasing energy consumption in transport for the region. It also highlights the need for policy planning more inclined to take the “time” into consideration to be able to support future energy-efficient policy measure. In chapter 5, the analysis of the relationships between urban form and energy is scaled down to the street and building scales. A solar analysis is conducted on two different urban form models (the closed block and the open block). The results point to the importance of urban planning design considering open space an object of inquiry rather than simply leftover space between buildings. It is also reasserting the need for 3D model analyses in the preliminary stages of the conception of the technical specifications provided by the region for each project. Finally, in the chapter 6, the applicability and merits of the theoretical framework are first reflected upon. Next, the newly gained insights about the processes behind urban form and energy nexus are presented. Then, an answer is given to the main research question in the form of recommendations. These recommendations are based on the idea that the study of urban form development could be used as a powerful tool for crafting urban regulation guidelines and practices for a more integrated, sustainable urbanism.
Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Polytechnique)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis explores the different scales of sociality (or social interaction) found within the LBK through the lens of a broadly meshwork-based perspective. It evaluates the hypotheses that people in the LBK lived in and recognised multiple levels of 'community', that these different communities overlapped, resulting in negotiation and possibly conflict; and that membership of these communities was potentially open and fluid, varying according to season, task or personal preference. With the help of meshwork-thinking, I explore the social relationships that helped to define the LBK. In doing so, I demonstrate that this dynamic, multi-dimensional approach can offer a new perspective on understanding the degree of homogeneity and variation within the LBK tradition. The core of the thesis is divided into three case studies, each concentrating on a specific scale of analysis. The first case study focuses on social interaction at the household scale and considers the emergence of individual households, household complexes and co-operative groups of households within the Merzbach and Schlangengraben valleys. The second case study explores the inter-play between competing family and clan/lineage identities at the scale of the settlement cluster or micro-region. The third case study zooms out to the regional scale of the Lower Rhine basin, tracing more geographically spread patterns in the material culture as well as interaction with non-LBK groups beyond the loess regions. Calling on these cases studies, I also consider how scale was experienced in the LBK.

This research analyses policy responses to disasters in Chile. The main objective is to explore linkages between temporally and spatially distant processes of policy, governance and decision-making, and the materialisation of disaster vulnerability in the form of ‘unsafe conditions’. The study focuses on the progression of vulnerability in a post-disaster context, critically reflecting on the multiplicity of agencies and pressures in creating and increasing vulnerability of a specific territory at local scale. The central argument is that the Chilean model of disaster risk management and reduction is dominated by top-down and reactive approaches that tend to diminish the potentials of policy responses to disasters and ultimately became sources of vulnerability and risk. The research’s analytical framework is grounded in disaster studies and specifically it adopts a social constructionist approach to disaster, vulnerability and geographical scale focused on the Pressure and Release model. The latter allows one to look at the state territorial organisation of Chile as a structural factor in the national model of disaster management, and to place root causes and dynamic pressures of disaster vulnerability within the multi-scalar configuration of the country. The thesis chooses the Chaitén volcanic eruption that occurred in May 2008 in Los Lagos Region of Chile, and the disaster policy context in the country as the empirical base on which the argument is put forward. Several policy responses are examined using qualitative methods at national, regional and local scales, revealing the centralisation of disaster governance in Chile as a key factor in producing inadequate responses to the disaster that failed to utilise people’s knowledge and local organisational capacities. This disaster policy context mediated the materialisation of four unsafe conditions in Chaitén: the uneven distribution of risks; the limited access to services; the erosion of trust in public authorities; and the weaknesses of emergency planning. The research re-problematises and suggests new ways of ‘thinking vulnerability’ and disaster governance from a wider multi-scalar perspective. It explains that when policy responses to disasters do not consider local capacities and realities, these can facilitate the (re)production of unsafe conditions, and contribute to and perpetuate the generation of risks over time. This could help to challenge some still dominant views found in Chile and in many other national governments that dissimulate the causality of disaster generation and risk accumulation.

This thesis aims to understand the role of public governance (national laws and regulations) in addressing poor working conditions on South African fruit farms connected to global production networks (GPN), at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) and local civil society organisation (CSO) initiatives. A particular objective of the investigation is to understand the extent to which public governance is able to address working conditions on South African fruit export farms, taking into account wider global commercial pressures inherent in fruit GPNs. Much analysis of global private and governance by local CSOs has not sufficiently addressed the role of public governance. Research focusing on public governance in addressing working conditions in South African fruit has not sufficiently accounted for the multi-scalar interactions between lead firm supermarkets, national suppliers and local fruit producers. These interactions are positioned to shape and influence regulatory outcomes for different groups of permanent and casual farmworkers. The thesis seeks to address the following central research question: ‘To what extent do multi-scalar tensions in global production networks (GPNs) challenge the public governance of working conditions, and what are the lessons from labour operating in South African fruit production?’This research draws upon the GPN analytical framework and public governance research, in order to conceptualise the multi-scalar commercial and governance processes that play out in the South African fruit export sector. In doing so, this research seeks to contribute to existing GPN and public governance literatures. Previous GPN research has not sufficiently investigated the role of public governance (laws and regulations) in addressing working conditions, partly due to an assumption that neoliberal policies have eroded the ability of developing states to regulate labour incorporated into global production. This problematic is beginning to be addressed, due to increasing academic acknowledgement of the central regulatory role nation states continue to play in addressing working conditions in global production, at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) initiatives and governance by local CSOs (NGO and trade union activity). Additionally, this thesis seeks to bring together two separate strands of ‘governance’ research in global production networks, which have thus far been investigated separately; the governance of commercial interactions on the one hand, and the governance of labour on the other. A key theoretical argument is that understanding challenges facing the public governance of labour requires a broader conceptualisation of the governance of multi-scalar commercial interactions in global production, which shape and influence workforce composition at local farm level. This thesis argues that an inherent multi-scalar tension exists on the one hand between ‘global commercial pressures’ exerted by global lead firms over national suppliers and local producers driving workforce casualisation, and on the other hand a ‘global governance deficit’ at the core of which lies a public governance deficit facing increasing numbers of casual workers, characterised by minimum wages insufficient to meet living costs and a lack of trade union representation. This tension, it is argued, underpinned the crisis in South African fruit in 2012/13, when casual workers mobilised to demand an increase in the agricultural minimum wage, and threatened the fruit value chain by blocking the main arterial routes to Cape Town port. The policy implications of this thesis are that nation states are required to adopt multi-scalar interventions which transcend traditional forms of governance, in order to address the global commercial pressures inherent in GPNs and protect increasing numbers of casual workers in this context.

Innovation is nowadays a highly interdependent process where firms rely on distributed knowledge sources at various spatial scales. It has been argued that innovation interactions are shifting increasingly from local/regional towards global scales and that the region as a space for supporting innovation and competitiveness of firms is losing in importance. We suggest, however, that firms and clusters rely on various kinds of knowledge bases and factors for their development that differ in their geographical mobility and territorial boundedness. Whereas codified knowledge as well as many kinds of goods and services, investment capital, and people have become mobile at a global scale due to improvements of transport- and communication technologies and a lowering of trade barriers, we find other factors that are still territorially bound, such as tacit knowledge that is exchanged in local and social networks, and certain kinds institutions and regulations that are territorially confined. We investigate therefore for different types of industries to what extent and which kind of driving factors for cluster development and innovation have become non-local or footlose, or remain territorially bound to regions or countries. This also has relevance for regional and innovation policies that try to enhance the competitiveness of clusters and regional economies.
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Aujourd'hui il y a plus en plus des données ayant des structures non-standard. Cela inclut le cadre multi-tâches où chaque échantillon de données est associé à plusieurs étiquettes de sortie, ainsi que le paradigme d'apprentissage multi-vues, dans lequel chaque échantillon de données a de nombreuses descriptions. Il est important de bien modéliser les interactions présentes dans les vues ou les variables de sortie.Les méthodes à noyaux offrent un moyen justifié et élégant de résoudre de problèmes d’apprentissage. Les noyaux à valeurs opérateurs, qui généralisent les noyaux à valeur scalaires, ont récemment fait l’objet d’une attention. Toujours le choix d’une fonction noyau adaptée aux données joue un rôle crucial dans la réussite de la tâche d’apprentissage.Cette thèse propose l’apprentissage des noyaux comme une solution à problèmes d’apprentissage automatique de multi-tâches et multi-vues. Les chapitres deux et trois étudient l’apprentissage des interactions entre données à vues multiples. Le deuxième chapitre considère l'apprentissage inductif supervisé et les interactions sont modélisées avec des noyaux à valeurs opérateurs. Le chapitre trois traite un contexte non supervisé et propose une méthode d’apprentissage du noyau à valeurs scalaires pour compléter les données manquantes dans les matrices à noyaux issues d’un problème à vues multiples. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous passons à un apprentissage à sorties multiples, pour revenir au paradigme de l'apprentissage inductif supervisé. Nous proposons une méthode d’apprentissage de noyaux inséparables à valeurs opérateurs qui modélisent les interactions entre les entrées et de multiples variables de sortie
Nowadays datasets with non-standard structures are more and more common. Examples include the already well-known multi-task framework where each data sample is associated with multiple output labels, as well as the multi-view learning paradigm, in which each data sample can be seen to contain numerous descriptions. To obtain a good performance in tasks like these, it is important to model the interactions present in the views or output variables well.Kernel methods offer a justified and elegant way to solve many machine learning problems. Operator-valued kernels, which generalize the well-known scalar-valued kernels, have gained attention recently as a way to learn vector-valued functions. The choice of a good kernel function plays crucial role for the success on the learning task.This thesis offers kernel learning as a solution for various machine learning problems. Chapters two and three investigate learning the data interactions with multi-view data. In the first of these, the focus is in supervised inductive learning and the interactions are modeled with operator-valued kernels. Chapter three tackles multi-view data and kernel learning in unsupervised context and proposes a scalar-valued kernel learning method for completing missing data in kernel matrices of a multi-view problem. In the last chapter we turn from multi-view to multi-output learning, and return to the supervised inductive learning paradigm. We propose a method for learning inseparable operator-valued kernels that model interactions between inputs and multiple output variables

Henri Lefebvre’s radical call for “the right to the city” as a step in his wider utopian project of societal transformation has attracted much academic interest in the 21st century. A central problematic for advancing this idea, however, is how to take the leap from experimental heterotopies to a new form of urban commons that could provide the foundation for this new society. This thesis draws from Lefebvre’s extensive writings as well as from five weeks of ethnographic fieldwork, including a focus group and five semi-structured interviews conducted at Suderbyn ecovillage to deliver a comparative discussion on the process of establishing a common social relation to place (and ultimately space) and how it relates to scale. The main conclusion is that the dominance of use-values in combination with a synthesis of the connection of elements such as work, leisure and learning plays a central role in the process of establishing a common social relation to place in Suderbyn and that this in turn is a crucial aspect of consideration for tackling the scalar problematic.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the Department of Biology." Discipline: Biology; Department/School: Biology.

There has been great scholarly interest in examining the management, proliferation, and dynamic articulations of borders through an actor-network lens in recent years. In tracing the networks of Mohamed Harkat, the irregular arrival of a particular group of Tamil migrants, and Deepan Budlakoti, I demonstrate how the border is a fluid entity composed of socio-technical actors dispersed across time and space capable of producing varying degrees of membership statuses. In exploring the cases of these non-citizens, this thesis aims to understand what each of these multi-level networks tells us about the notion of borders and bordering practices alike. This study contributes to the expanding literature that situates the border as a fluid and malleable entity that is made up of interwoven socio-technical practices, discourses, symbols, institutions, and networks through which power is dispersed and the binary distinctions between membership and non-membership increasingly become layered concepts.

The aim of this research is to provide a more holistic approach to study Chumash rock art throughout their entire geographic region within South-Central California by applying geographic information systems (GIS), incorporating ethnohistoric and ethnographic data and utilising associated archaeological material under an Actor-Network Theory (ANT) framework. Through a review of past Chumash archaeological and rock art studies, I discuss where previous research is lacking and how that research was fragmentary due to focusing only on specific geographic areas or linguistic regions. As rock art is an artefact fixed within the terrain, I further argue it has a potential connection to the topography--particularly its relationship to Chumash landscapes and taskscapes by applying both formal and informed methodologies at multiple scales. By modifying the tenets of ANT to create a framework that uses the rock art data to define space, analyse its heterogeneity and connectivity and study its topographic entrenchment, this research conceptualises rock art’s networks. To conduct this research, I collated a large body of spatial and descriptive information for 254 rock art sites and associated archaeology. Spatial analyses were performed at multiple scales using GIS as a heuristic to conceptualise site clustering, landscape entrenchment and anisotropic movement for the collated data. While the rock art sites were used to define the multi-scalar spaces, results show that the identity of the sites change throughout space and time where rock art itself is a network and not exclusive to one specific Chumash network. Analysis of the data shows that the topographic setting entrenches the rock art and begins to represent the dynamic assembly of its heterogeneous network relations. Movement through the landscape reflects how the sites were connected or structured within their landscapes and taskscapes. Overall it reflects rock art’s interrelationships to the networked economic, social, ideological and political organisations of the Chumash and their rich ceremonial practices. Therefore, the Chumash rock art networks were as complex, dynamic, variable and heterogeneous as Chumash society and the rock art panels themselves.

En un intent per millorar l’eficiència i l’equitat dels sistemes educatius, un nombre creixent de sistemes educatius han adoptat polítiques de rendició de comptes (RdC) basades en el rendiment escolar. Si bé la investigació sobre les reformes de RdC s’ha expandit en les últimes dècades, la literatura existent no adreça en profunditat per què els decisors de polítiques, en contextos tan diversos, opten per la RdC basada en el rendiment a l’hora de reformar els seus sistemes educatius. De manera similar, la comprensió dels mecanismes i condicions sota els quals la RdC genera resultats diferents és limitada. Amb l’objectiu de contribuir a omplir aquests buits en la literatura existent, aquesta tesi doctoral adopta un aproximació multiescalar a l’estudi del desplegament de les polítiques de RdC basades en el rendiment a Noruega, un país nòrdic anteriorment considerat “immune” a aquest fenomen de política globalitzadora. Concretament, la tesi explora com la RdC basada en el rendiment s’adopta, configura i implementa en el sistema educatiu noruec. Per examinar la trajectòria de la RdC a Noruega, l’estui es basa en dues fonts de dades principals; 37 entrevistes en profunditat amb polítics d’alt rang, decisors de polítiques i agents clau de l’educació noruega, així com 4 llibres blancs. A més, per il·lustrar el paper exercit per organitzacions que intercedeixen en el desenvolupament i recontextualització de la RdC, es realitza una anàlisi sistemàtica de 3.046 articles de premsa publicats per 155 diaris regionals i locals noruecs entre 2004-2018. Finalment, per obtenir una comprensió més profunda de com s’interpreten, experimenten i posen en pràctica les demandes de RdC a nivell escolar, he portat a terme entrevistes en profunditat a 23 directors que treballen en escoles primàries públiques de nou municipis urbans. Els resultats destaquen que, a Noruega, la RdC s’ha adoptat i institucionalitzat com una forma d’assegurar els estàndards d’aprenentatge en un sistema educatiu altament descentralitzat. Si bé els factors i les idees de polítiques globals han influït clarament en els processos de disseny de la política, la trajectòria de la RdC a Noruega està determinada simultàniament per les institucions polítiques, el règim de benestar i el sistema educatiu del país, així com pels processos d’implementació de polítiques. Els mitjans de comunicació juguen un paper central en la mediació de l’impacte de la publicació dels resultats de les proves de rendiment; són un mecanisme de pressió clau a l’hora de desencadenar canvis de comportament entre les escoles. L’anàlisi identifica quatre marcs de significat dominants en la cobertura dels mitjans regionals i locals sobre les proves estandarditzades, així com importants diferències en la informació que els mitjans ofereixen sobre rendiment escolar al llarg del temps i entre les diferents localitats. Finalment, els resultats identifiquen patrons de resposta diferents en la forma en què els directors noruecs perceben, interpreten i tradueixen les demandes de RdC. La tesi posa de relleu que la RdC basada en el rendiment promou canvis de comportament a través de la reformulació de les normes i nocions sobre bones pràctiques educatives, i de com els educadors donen sentit als aspectes centrals del seu treball. Al fer-ho, aquesta tesi desafia una premissa central de la investigació sobre la RdC educativa; és a dir, que els incentius extrínsecs i les sancions formen els principals factors explicatius del canvi de comportament impulsat per la RdC. A més, la tesi contribueix a la literatura sobre la RdC educativa en proporcionar evidències empíriques noves sobre un règim de RdC de baixes conseqüències en un entorn educatiu nòrdic, així com en demostrar el valor d’un enfocament multiescalar per comprendre el desplegament de les polítiques de RdC.
En un intento por mejorar la eficiencia y la equidad de los sistemas educativos, un número creciente de sistemas educativos han adoptado políticas de rendición de cuentas (RdC) basadas en el desempeño escolar. Si bien la investigación sobre las reformas de RdC se ha expandido en las últimas décadas, la literatura existente no aborda en profundidad los motivos por los que los decisores de políticas, en contextos tan diversos, optan por la RdC basada en el rendimiento a la hora de reformar sus sistemas educativos. De manera similar, la comprensión de los mecanismos y condiciones bajo los cuales la RdC genera resultados diferenciados es todavía limitada. Con el objetivo de contribuir a llenar estos vacíos en la literatura existente, esta tesis doctoral adopta una aproximación multiescalar al estudio del despliegue de las políticas de RdC basadas en el desempeño en Noruega, un país nórdico anteriormente considerado ""inmune"" a este fenómeno de política globalizadora. Concretamente, la tesis explora cómo la RdC basada en el desempeño se adopta, configura e implementa en el sistema educativo noruego. Para examinar la trayectoria de la RdC en Noruega, el análisis se basa en dos fuentes de datos principales; 37 entrevistas en profundidad con políticos de alto rango, decisores de políticas y agentes clave de la educación noruega, así como 4 libros blancos. Además, para ilustrar el papel desempeñado por organizaciones que intermedian en las formas en que la RdC se desarrolla y recontextualiza en el ámbito de la práctica educativa, se realiza un análisis sistemático de 3.046 artículos de prensa publicados por 155 periódicos regionales y locales noruegos entre 2004-2018. Finalmente, para obtener una comprensión más profunda de cómo se interpretan y ponen en práctica las demandas de RdC a nivel escolar, el análisis se basa en entrevistas en profundidad a 23 directores que trabajan en escuelas primarias. Los resultados destacan que, en Noruega, la RdC se ha adoptado e institucionalizado como una forma de asegurar los estándares de aprendizaje en un sistema educativo altamente descentralizado. Si bien los factores y las ideas de políticas globales han influido claramente en los procesos de diseño de la política, la trayectoria de la RdC en Noruega está determinada simultáneamente por las instituciones políticas, el régimen de bienestar y el sistema educativo del país, así como por los procesos de implementación de políticas. Los medios de comunicación juegan un rol central en la mediación del impacto de la publicación de los resultados de las pruebas de desempeño como un mecanismo de presión clave para provocar el cambio de comportamiento deseado entre las escuelas. El análisis identifica cuatro marcos de significado dominantes en la cobertura de los medios regionales y locales sobre las pruebas estandarizadas, así como importantes diferencias en la información de los medios sobre desempeño escolar a lo largo del tiempo y entre las diferentes localidades. Finalmente, los resultados identifican patrones de respuesta distintos en la forma en que los directores noruegos perciben, interpretan y traducen las demandas de RdC. La tesis pone de relieve que la RdC basada en el desempeño promueve cambios de comportamiento a través de la reformulación de las normas y nociones sobre buenas prácticas educativas y de cómo los educadores dan sentido a los aspectos centrales de su trabajo. Al hacerlo esta tesis desafía una premisa central de la investigación sobre la RdC educativa; es decir, que los incentivos extrínsecos y las sanciones son los principales factores explicativos del cambio de comportamiento impulsado por la RdC. Además, la tesis contribuye a la literatura sobre la RdC educativa al demostrar el valor de un enfoque multiescalar para comprender el despliegue de políticas de RdC.
“In an attempt to raise the performance, efficiency and equity of education systems, performance-based accountability policies have been adopted or strengthened by an increasing number of countries, characterized by highly diverse political institutional regimes, education systems, and levels of economic development. While research interest in accountability reforms has sparked in recent decades, the existing literature remains characterized by an insufficient understanding of why policymakers, in such diverse contexts, turn towards performance-based accountability to reform their education systems, in particular considering the absence of strong evidence regarding the benefits produced by this reform approach. In a similar vein, a limited understanding prevails of the mechanisms and conditions under which performance-based accountability generates particular policy outcomes. With the aim of contributing to filling some of the gaps in the existing literature, this doctoral dissertation adopts a multi-scalar case-study, which scrutinizes the different (but interconnected) scales in the deployment of performance-based accountability policies in Norway, a Nordic country formerly considered ‘immune’ to this globalizing policy phenomenon. More specifically, the dissertation examines how performance-based accountability, as a global policy for education reform, is adopted, shaped and enacted in the Norwegian education system. In order to examine the trajectory of performance-based accountability in Norway, the analysis relies on two principal data sources; 37 in-depth interviews with top-level politicians, policymakers and education stakeholders, as well as 4 White Papers. Moreover, to shed light on the role played by intermediate bodies in mediating the ways in which accountability plays out in practice, a systematic analysis of 3,046 newspaper articles published by 155 Norwegian regional and local newspapers between 2004-2018 is performed. Finally, to gain a deeper understanding of how accountability demands are interpreted, experienced and put into practice at the school level, the analysis relies on in-depth interviews with 23 school principals working at public, primary schools in nine urban municipalities. The findings highlight how performance-based accountability has been adopted and institutionalized in Norway as a way to secure equity and quality standards in a highly decentralized education system. While global drivers and policy ideas have clearly influenced policy design processes, the trajectory of performance-based accountability in Norway is simultaneously shaped by the country’s political institutions, welfare regime, and education system, as well as by policy enactment processes. The media play a key role in mediating the impact of the publication of test results as a key pressure mechanism to elicit the desired behavioral change. The analysis identifies four dominant frames present in regional and local media coverage on standardized testing, as well as important differences in media reporting over time and across localities. Finally, the findings identify distinct response patterns in how Norwegian principals perceive, interpret and translate accountability demands, which range from alignment to accountability expectations to symbolic responses. By highlighting how performance-based accountability can drive behavioral change by reframing norms of good educational practice, and by changing how educators make sense of core aspects of their work, this dissertation challenges a central premise of educational accountability research; i.e. that external incentives and sanctions form the prime explanatory factors of behavioral change instigated by accountability reforms. Moreover, the dissertation contributes to the educational accountability literature by providing novel empirical findings on a lesser documented accountability regime in a Nordic educational setting, as well as by demonstrating the value of a multi-scalar approach to understand the deployment of accountability policies. The dissertation advocates that lowering the stakes forms an insufficient measure to prevent perverse effects from occurring, and calls for the need to re-think current dominant accountability approaches in education.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Sociologia

Pendant les deux dernières décennies l'idée d'une nature holographique de la gravité a pris forme à travers la correspondance AdS/CFT, aussi connue sous le nom de dualité jauge/gravité. CFT correspond à « conformal field theory », théorie conforme des champs, et dans la dualité il s'agit d'une théorie de jauge dans la limite de grand N 1. AdS représente l'espace d'anti-de Sitter, une solution maximalement symétrique des équations d'Einstein avec une constante cosmologique négative, et correspond au côté gravitationnel de la dualité. Dans certaines limites, des théories sur AdS avec de la gravité en d+1 dimensions peuvent être associées à des CFTs sans gravité en d dimensions, d'où le nom « dualité ». Cette dualité est aussi dite « holographique » par analogie avec le concept optique homonyme qui indique la possibilité de générer une image tridimensionnelle comme la projection d'un écran ou d'un film bidimensionnel. Le terme holographie vient des mots grecs holos, « en entier », et graphe, « écriture. Une telle projection, malgré le fait que l'information est stockée en 2 dimensions, contiendrait toute l'information pour reconstruire l'image tridimensionnelle. Dans la dualité jauge/gravité, la théorie de jauge se comporte comme un film d-dimensionnel qui contient la même information que l'image gravitationnelle (d+1)-dimensionnelle. Cette dualité relie la théorie gravitationnelle à la théorie quantique de champs (TQC) dual à travers des conditions aux limites sur des champs qui vivent dans AdS. Dans ce sens-là, la théorie de jauge peut être considérée comme définie sur le bord d'AdS, ce qui renforce l'analogie optique et, pour cela, la dualité est aussi connue comme la correspondance « bulk/boundary » ou « intérieur/bord ». Une de ses principales propriétés est l'association d'une TQC fortement couplée à une théorie gravitationnelle faiblement couplée et vice-versa. Pour cette raison, dans cette thèse j'utilise un intérieur faiblement couplé pour explorer et identifier des propriétés non-perturbatives de TQCs dans la limite de couplage fort. Cette thèse explore l'holographie à température nulle et finie. Nos objets d'intérêt sont des TQCs générées par la brisure de l'invariance d'échelle de CFTs et qui peuvent être étudiées à travers le groupe de renormalisation (GR). Le profil des champs au long de la dimension supplémentaire à l'intérieur est dual à des flots du GR sur la TQC vivant sur le bord, car la dimension supplémentaire est en correspondance avec l'échelle d'énergie. La correspondance va plus loin en identifiant les champs de l'intérieur comme duaux aux couplages renormalisés de la TQC, ce qui mène au concept du GR holographique. Avec le GR holographique, dans cette thèse je vais explorer des comportements qui sont d'une nature intrinsèquement non-perturbatifs du point de vue de la QFT. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. A température nulle, pour un seul couplage, nous avons classifié toutes les solutions de notre système et identifié trois types de flots exotiques correspondant à des solutions qui inversent leur direction au long du flot, d'autres qui sautent des points fixes et des flots qui interpolent entre des minima du potentiel. Ces résultats ont été généralisés à plusieurs couplages à température nulle. Je présente également la relation entre la fonction principale de Hamilton et la nature du champ de vitesses des couplages: gradient ou non. À température finie nous avons considéré un seul couplage et exploré la thermodynamique des trois types de solutions exotiques mentionnées ci-dessus. Nous avons identifié une transition de phase entre des solutions qui sautent et qui ne sautent pas des points fixes, une discontinuité de l'énergie libre pour un potentiel admettant des solutions qui inversent le sens du flot à température nulle et la non-existence de solutions à température finie associées à un flot entre minima pour un potentiel qui admet une telle solution à température nulle
Over the past twenty years the idea that gravity is holographic has become progressively concrete, materialised through the AdS/CFT correspondence, also known as the gauge/gravity duality. CFT stands for conformal field theory and in the correspondence it is a gauge-theory in the large N limit1. AdS stands for anti-de Sitter space-time, a maximally symmetric solution of Einstein’s equations with negative cosmological constant, it corresponds to the gravitational side of the duality. In some limits, theories on AdS with gravity in d + 1 dimensions can be mapped to CFTs without gravity in d dimensions and vice-versa, hence the name “duality”. Another term for the gauge/gravity duality is holographic duality. The term holography comes from the Greek words holos, “whole”, and graphe, “writing” or “drawing”. In physics, the term holography originates in optics, referring to the possibility of generating a 3-dimensional image as a projection from a bi- dimensional screen or film. In such a projection, despite of the fact that the film has one spatial dimension less than the projection, the film would contain all the information to recover the three-dimensional image. In the gauge/gravity duality, the gauge-theory behaves as a d-dimensional film which contains the same information as the (d + 1)-dimensional gravitational image. This analogy is reinforced by the fact that the duality relates the gravitational theory to the dual resulting quantum field theory (QFT) via boundary conditions of the fields living in the AdS bulk. In this sense, the gauge theory can be thought of as living at the boundary of AdS and the duality is also know as the bulk/boundary correspondence. One of the most important features of the correspondence is the mapping of a strongly coupled QFT into a weakly coupled gravitational theory and vice-versa. For this reason, in this thesis I will use a weakly coupled bulk theory to explore and identify non-perturbative features of QFT in the strong coupling regime. This thesis explores holography at zero and finite temperature. Our main concern are the CFTs in which scale invariance is either spontaneously or explicitly broken and the resulting QFT can be studied via the renormalisation group (RG). The profile of fields along the extra-dimension in the bulk is dual to renormalisation group flows in the QFT side (boundary), as the extra-dimension can be mapped to an energy scale. The mapping goes further by identifying bulk fields as dual to QFT running couplings, leading to the so-called holographic renormalisation group. With the holographic RG in what follows I will explore behaviours that are of an intrinsically non-perturbative nature from the QFT standpoint. The main results are as follows. At zero temperature, for a single coupling, we classified all possible solutions in our setup and identified three kinds of exotic flows corresponding to solutions reversing direction along the flow (bounces), flows skipping fixed points and solutions interpolating between minima of the potential. These results are generalised to many couplings at zero temperature. I also present a complete map between forms of the Hamilton's principal function and the gradient or non-gradient nature of the solutions. At finite temperature we considered a single coupling setup and explored the thermodynamics of the three kinds of above-mentioned exotic flows. We identified a phase transition between skipping and non-skipping solutions, a discontinuous free energy for a bouncing potential and the non-existence of a finite-temperature solutions for a chosen potential admitting a minimum-to-minimum solution

La « fin de la géographie » constitue un sujet de débats et d’oppositions entre les économistes et lesgéographes. Pourtant, les premiers participent à la reconnaissance du rôle de la géographie par la miseen évidence de l’influence toujours prégnante de la distance géographique sur les comportementsfinanciers. Ainsi, les économistes participent à la construction de cette discipline. Dans cetteperspective, l’objectif de cette thèse est l’intégration des OPCVM européens comme objets d’analysepertinents en géographie de la finance. Elle suppose de s’interroger sur le fonctionnement del’industrie, ses pratiques, sa réglementation. Le point focal mis sur le marché européen des OPCVMpermet de mettre au coeur de l’analyse le processus d’expansion spatiale inhérent à la finance. Si lesprincipes guidant cette expansion trouvent leurs origines dans l’industrie américaine, cette thèsesouligne le rôle actif joué par les États, l’Europe et les acteurs français. La circulation différenciée descapitaux au sein du marché européen révèle la logique multi-scalaire de la finance
The “end of geography” is a disputed and controversial topic among economists and geographers.Nevertheless economists contribute to the recognition of the role of geography by highlighting thepersistently important influence of geographic distance over financial behaviour. In this way they takepart in the construction of the discipline. Seen in this light, the aim of this study is the integration ofEuropean UCITS as a relevant research topic in geography of finance. The study claims to questionthe functioning of the industry, its practices and its regulation. The focus on European markets ofUCITS enables to place the process of geographic expansion in the centre of analysis. If the principlesguiding this expansion find their origins in the US, this study highlights the active role of States,Europe and French actors. Differentiated circulation of capital within European markets reveals themulti-scalar logic of finance

The topic of the thesis is analysis of the topological structure of scalar fields andshapes represented through Morse and cell complexes, respectively. This isachieved by defining simplification and refinement operators on thesecomplexes. It is shown that the defined operators form a basis for the set ofoperators that modify Morse and cell complexes. Based on the definedoperators, a multi-resolution model for Morse and cell complexes is constructed,which contains a large number of representations at uniform and variableresolution.
Тема дисертације је анализа тополошке структуре скаларних поља иоблика представљених у облику комплекса Морза и ћелијских комплекса,редом. То се постиже дефинисањем оператора за симплификацију ирафинацију тих комплекса. Показано је да дефинисани оператори чинебазу за скуп оператора на комплексима Морза и ћелијским комплексима.На основу дефинисаних оператора конструисан је мулти-резолуционимодел за комплексе Морза и ћелијске комплексе, који садржи велики бројрепрезентација униформне и варијабилне резолуције.
Tema disertacije je analiza topološke strukture skalarnih polja ioblika predstavljenih u obliku kompleksa Morza i ćelijskih kompleksa,redom. To se postiže definisanjem operatora za simplifikaciju irafinaciju tih kompleksa. Pokazano je da definisani operatori činebazu za skup operatora na kompleksima Morza i ćelijskim kompleksima.Na osnovu definisanih operatora konstruisan je multi-rezolucionimodel za komplekse Morza i ćelijske komplekse, koji sadrži veliki brojreprezentacija uniformne i varijabilne rezolucije.

La dissolution du dioxyde d’uranium en milieu nitrique est une étape clef du traitement des combustibles nucléaires usés. Elle précède en effet le procédé PUREX, qui permet l’extraction liquide - liquide des radionucléides valorisables. Cette dissolution est triphasique et autocatalytique, ce qui fait que de nombreux phénomènes impactent la réaction. Une bonne compréhension de ces phénomènes, autant à l’échelle microscopique que macroscopique, est nécessaire pour pouvoir proposer un modèle de la vitesse de disparition du solide au sein des dissolveurs. Les paramètres cinétiques de la réaction de dissolution ont été déterminés, en intégrant son aspect autocatalytique. L’étude cinétique a été réalisée en suivant la dissolution par microscopie optique. Cette technique d’analyse permet une approche uni-particulaire, qui est nécessaire car elle permet de limiter l’accumulation de l’espèce autocatalytique à l’interface solide – liquide. De plus, la dissolution du dioxyde d’uranium produit des oxydes d’azote. Une réaction volumique entre ces gaz et le catalyseur a été mise en évidence. Les cinétiques de cette réaction ont été estimées à partir des résultats expérimentaux. L’importance de la prise en compte des échanges à l’interface gaz – liquide pour définir la concentration de catalyseur en solution a été démontrée. Un modèle a été réalisé sur Matlab pour permettre de discriminer l’influence de ces différents éléments. Ce modèle donne des résultats cohérents avec l’expérimental, aussi bien à l’échelle microscopique que macroscopique. Plusieurs nombres adimensionnels ont également été mis en évidence pour cerner les phénomènes dont l’impact est prépondérant, en fonction de la géométrie et de l’hydrodynamique du dissolveur. Ce modèle a permis de cerner quelques pistes d’optimisation de procédés mettant en jeux des réactions autocatalytiques. Notamment, le fait que pour ces réactions particulières, les échanges aux interfaces solide - liquide et liquide - gaz peuvent être utilisés comme leviers pour maitriser la vitesse de disparition du solide
Recycling of nuclear fuel is based on liquid – liquid extraction. The dissolution of uranium dioxide in nitric medium is hence a key step at the head - end of the entire process. This particular dissolution is triphasic and autocatalytic, which means that numerous phenomena must be taken into account. A complete understanding of these phenomena, at macroscopic and microscopic scale, is necessary in order to model the solid disappearance rate in dissolvers. The kinetical parameters of the reaction were determined for both the catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions. The kinetic study was realized thanks to a single particle approach. The reaction rates were measured by optical microscopy. This analytical technic enables to limit the catalyst accumulation at the solid - liquid interface. Moreover, nitrous oxides are products of the uranium dioxide dissolution. Evidence of a volumic reaction between these gases and the catalyst were found, and the kinetics of this reaction was estimated from the experimental results. Gas – liquid exchanges were shown to have an important impact on the catalyst concentration in the reactor. A model was realized thanks to the software Matlab to simulate these different phenomena. It was shown to be in good agreement with experimental results, at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. Dimensionless numbers were highlighted to describe the impact of each phenomenon on the solid disappearance, including the influence of the geometry and hydrodynamics of the reactor. Finally, ways of process optimization for autocatalytic reactions were determined thanks to the model. For instance, gas – liquid and solid – liquid exchanges were shown to be an interesting lever to fix the catalyst concentration in the reactor and at the solid surface

Ce travail examine les changements dans l'organisation de Hattuša, une ville de l'âge du bronze au nord de l'Anatolie centrale, lorsqu'elle devient la capitale des Hittites. Cette étude pose de façon innovatrice le problème de l'organisation de la cité-état (1950-1750 av. J.-C.) et celle de la capitale de royaume (1700-1200 av. J.-C.), en regardant les liens entre organisation politique et réalité urbaine à travers une analyse diachronique, reproductible et multiscalaire du principal quartier d'habitation de la ville, la Westterrasse. L'analyse chronologique démontre que la phase la mieux attestée de la Westterrasse ne date pas des XIVe-XIIIe siècles av. J.-C., comme il est communément admis, mais des XVIe-XVe siècles av.J.-C. Les rapports entre les bâtiments, les voies de circulation et le système d'évacuation des eaux illustrent la planification de la Westterrasse, la gestion des aménagements collectifs, de l'habitat privé et souligne la médiation nécessaire pour leur cohabitation. La répartition des petits objets révèle les profils principaux de la population de la Westterrasse, qui sont replacés dans le contexte politique du devenir de la capitale hittite
This study investigates changes in the organisation of the Bronze Age city of Hattuša (North Central Anatolia), during the time the site became the capital of the Hittites. Interweaving a diachronic, reproducible and multi-scalar analysis of the main living quarter of the city (the so-called Westterrasse), this study enables an innovative exploration of the organisation of the city-state (1950-1750 BCE) and capital of the Hittite kingdom (1700-1200 BCE), by attending to the links between politics and urban space. The chronological analysis demonstrates that the best-recovered phase of the Westterrasse dates to the 16th-15th century and not to the 14th-13th century as previously assumed. The study of the buildings, streets and sewage system indicate a high degree of planning for the Westterrasse with careful management of both public infrastructure and private dwelling, which underline the mediation necessary for their cohabitation. The insights afforded by examination of the distribution of finds reveal the broad contours of the population of the Westterrasse, as they are situated in the political context of the future Hittite capital

L'analyse de données topologique nécessite des algorithmes de plus en plus efficaces pour être capable de traiter des jeux de données dont la taille et le niveau de détail augmente continûment. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur trois abstractions topologiques fondamentales dérivées des ensembles de niveaux : l'arbre de jointure, l'arbre de contour et le graphe de Reeb. Nous proposons trois nouveaux algorithmes parallèles efficaces pour leur calcul sur des stations de travail composées de processeurs multi-cœur en mémoire partagée. Le premier algorithme élaboré durant cette thèse se base sur du parallélisme multi-thread pour le calcul de l'arbre de contour. Une seconde approche revisite l'algorithme séquentiel de référence pour le calcul de cette structure et se base sur des propagations locales exprimables en tâches parallèles. Ce nouvel algorithme est en pratique deux fois plus rapide en séquentiel que l'algorithme de référence élaboré en 2000 et offre une accélération d'un ordre de grandeur en parallèle. Un dernier algorithme basé sur une approche locale par tâches est également présenté pour une abstraction plus générique : le graphe de Reeb. Contrairement aux approches concurrentes, nos algorithmes construisent les versions augmentées de ces structures, permettant de supporter l'ensemble des applications pour l'analyse de données par ensembles de niveaux. Les méthodes présentées dans ce manuscrit ont donné lieu à des implémentations qui sont les plus rapides parmi celles disponibles pour le calcul de ces abstractions. Ce travail a été intégré à la bibliothèque libre : Topology Toolkit (TTK)
Topological Data Analysis requires efficient algorithms to deal with the continuously increasing size and level of details of data sets. In this manuscript, we focus on three fundamental topological abstractions based on level sets: merge trees, contour trees and Reeb graphs. We propose three new efficient parallel algorithms for the computation of these abstractions on multi-core shared memory workstations. The first algorithm developed in the context of this thesis is based on multi-thread parallelism for the contour tree computation. A second algorithm revisits the reference sequential algorithm to compute this abstraction and is based on local propagations expressible as parallel tasks. This new algorithm is in practice twice faster in sequential than the reference algorithm designed in 2000 and offers one order of magnitude speedups in parallel. A last algorithm also relying on task-based local propagations is presented, computing a more generic abstraction: the Reeb graph. Contrary to concurrent approaches, these methods provide the augmented version of these structures, hence enabling the full extend of level-set based analysis. Algorithms presented in this manuscript result today in the fastest implementations available to compute these abstractions. This work has been integrated into the open-source platform: the Topology Toolkit (TTK)

Ce travail vise au développement de nouvelles méthodes numériques adaptatives pour la simulation numérique de phénomènes physiques multi-échelles en temps et en espace. Nous nous concentrons sur les écoulements réactifs à faible nombre de Mach, caractéristiques d'un grand nombre de configurations industrielles telles que la convection naturelle, la dynamique de fronts de flamme ou encore les décharges plasmas. La raideur associée à ce type de problèmes, que ce soit via le terme source chimique qui présente un large spectre d'échelles de temps caractéristiques ou encore via la présence de forts gradients très localisés associés aux fronts de réaction, génère des difficultés numériques considérables. Il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des méthodes sur mesure pour traiter la raideur de telles applications, afin d'obtenir des résultats d'une grande précision avec un coût calcul raisonnable. Dans ce cadre général, nous introduisons de nouvelles méthodes numériques pour la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes incompressibles, une étape importante dans la réalisation d'un solveur hydrodynamique pour les écoulements à faible nombre de Mach. Nous construisons un solveur volumes finis avec adaptation de maillage par l'analyse de multirésolution, qui permet un contrôle a priori des erreurs générées par l'adaptation de maillage. Pour ce faire, nous développons un nouveau schéma de volumes finis collocalisé, avec un traitement original des modes de pression et de vitesse parasites qui n'affecte pas la précision de la discrétisation spatiale. Cette dernière est couplée à un nouveau schéma de Runge-Kutta additif d'ordre 3 pour les écoulements incompressibles, qui présente des propriétés de stabilité adaptées à la raideur des équations différentielles algébriques semi-explicites d'index 2. L'ensemble de cette stratégie est implémentée dans le code de calcul scientifique mrpy. Ce dernier est écrit en Python, et repose sur la librairie PETSc, écrite en C, pour le traitement des opérations d'algèbre linéaire. Nous évaluons l'efficacité algorithmique de cette stratégie par la simulation numérique d'un transport de scalaire passif dans un écoulement incompressible sur maillage adaptatif. Ce travail présente donc un nouveau solveur hydrodynamique d'ordre élevé pour les écoulements incompressibles, avec adaptation de maillage par multirésolution et contrôle d'erreur, qui peut être étendu aux écoulements à faible nombre de Mach
We address the development of new numerical methods for the efficient resolution of stiff Partial Differential Equations modelling multi-scale time/space physical phenomena. We are more specifically interested in low Mach reacting flow processes, that cover various real-world applications such as flame dynamics at low gas velocity, buoyant jet flows or plasma/flow interactions. It is well-known that the numerical simulation of these problems is a highly difficult task, due to the large spectrum of spatial and time scales caused by the presence of nonlinear The adaptive spatial discretization is coupled to a new 3rd-order additive Runge-Kutta method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, combining a 3rd-order, A-stable, stiffly accurate, 4-stage ESDIRK method for the algebraic linear part of these equations, and a 4th-order explicit Runge-Kutta scheme for the nonlinear convective part. This numerical strategy is implemented from scratch in the in-house numerical code mrpy. This software is written in Python, and relies on the PETSc library, written in C, for linear algebra operations. We assess the capabilities of this mechanisms taking place into dynamic fronts. In this general context, this work introduces dedicated numerical tools for the resolution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, an important first step when designing an hydrodynamic solver for low Mach flows. We build a space adaptive numerical scheme to solve incompressible flows in a finite-volume context, that relies on multiresolution analysis with error control. To this end, we introduce a new collocated finite-volume method on adaptive rectangular grids, with an original treatment of the spurious pressure and velocity modes that does not alter the precision of the discretization technique. new hydrodynamic solver in terms of speed and efficiency, in the context of scalar transport on adaptive grids. Hence, this study presents a new high-order hydrodynamics solver for incompressible flows, with grid adaptation by multiresolution, that can be extended to the more general low-Mach flow configuration

Optimal scale of study and scaling are fundamental to ecological research, and have been made easier with remotely sensed (RS) data. With access to RS data at multiple scales, it is important to identify how they compare and how effectively information at a specific scale will potentially transfer between scales. Therefore, my research compared the spatial, spectral, and temporal aspects of scale of RS data to study biophysical properties and spatio-temporal dynamics of the northern mixed prairie vegetation. I collected ground cover, dominant species, aboveground biomass, and leaf area index (LAI) from 41 sites and along 3 transects in the West Block of Grasslands National Park of Canada (GNPC; +49°, -107°) between June-July of 2006 and 2007. Narrowband (VIn) and broadband vegetation indices (VIb) were derived from RS data at multiple scales acquired through field spectroradiometry (1 m) and satellite imagery (10, 20, 30 m). VIs were upscaled from their native scales to coarser scales for spatial comparison, and time-series imagery at ~5-year intervals was used for temporal comparison. Results showed VIn, VIb, and LAI captured the spatial variation of plant biophysical properties along topographical gradients and their spatial scales ranged from 35-200 m. Among the scales compared, RS data at finer scales showed stronger ability than coarser scales to estimate ground vegetation. VIn were found to be better predictors than VIb in estimating LAI. Upscaling at all spatial scales showed similar weakening trends for LAI prediction using VIb, however spatial regression methods were necessary to minimize spatial effects in the RS data sets and to improve the prediction results. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) successfully captured the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and effective modeling of sub-pixel spectral variability to produce improved vegetation maps. However, the efficiency of spectral unmixing was found to be highly dependent on the identification of optimal type and number of region-specific endmembers, and comparison of spectral unmixing on imagery at different scales showed spectral resolution to be important over spatial resolution. With the development of a comprehensive endmember library, MESMA may be used as a standard tool for identifying spatio-temporal changes in time-series imagery. Climatic variables were found to affect the success of unmixing, with lower success for years of climatic extremes. Change-detection analysis showed the success of biodiversity conservation practices of GNPC since establishment of the park and suggests that its management strategies are effective in maintaining vegetation heterogeneity in the region. Overall, my research has advanced the understanding of RS of the northern mixed prairie vegetation, especially in the context of effects of scale and scaling. From an eco-management perspective, this research has provided cost- and time-effective methods for vegetation mapping and monitoring. Data and techniques tested in this study will be even more useful with hyperspectral imagery should they become available for the northern mixed prairie.

The study of regional inequality has attracted numerous attentions of geographers and economists. The interdisciplinary research has been reflected in a spatial-temporal hierarchical structure, that is, the multi-scalar nature of economic convergence and the temporal dynamics of geographical inequality. With the support of big databases, the integration of these two growing fields provides opportunities for a spatially integrated social science. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore this long-debated issue from two novel perspectives. On the one hand, the newly available county-level dataset will be employed to reexamine the three major issues of economic inequality and then a comparative analysis at the county level, city level and provincial level will be conducted to study the scale nature of economic inequality. On the other hand, the spatial data exploratory analysis as well as the geospatial analysis provides a new methodological framework to study the spatial effects of economic development.
With the support of the Barameter on China’s Development database, this dissertation covers 2254 county-level units, 338 prefecture-level units and 27 provincial units during the period of 1997 to 2010. Three major research issues have been reexamined at three different spatial scales using the geospatial analysis. Firstly, besides the temporal trend of economic inequality at multiple scales, the decomposable Theil index is applied to measure the intra/inter provincial/prefectural inequality as well as the urban-rural disparity. It is found that economic inequality is more prominent within provinces and between prefectures. Moreover, different from previous studies, the inequality within urban or rural areas is much more intense than the urban-rural disparity. Secondly, global and local spatial patterns of economic inequality are explored with the exploratory spatial data analysis technique. With the recent advances in geovisualization, a spatially explicit view of development mobility provides new insights on the role of spatial spillover effects. It is found that spatial clustering of economic development is investigated differently at these three spatial scales during the whole time period. Spatial integrated moves where the county-level unit’s development improves or worsens more than its neighbors are more frequently encountered than the reversed situation. Thirdly, spatial filtering method as well as multilevel modelling is employed to examine the causal mechanisms underlying economic inequality, which are nested among different spatial scales in China. The spatio-temporal and hierarchical analysis reveals that the county-level development is influenced significantly by its decentralization, fixed investment as well as urbanization rate. Simultaneously, the multi-mechanisms underlying regional development are spatially heterogeneous shaped largely by geography and policy.
The above findings thus contribute to the recent literature on economic inequality and suggest meaningful theoretical and policy implications. The county-level scale provides a novel perspective for understanding the trajectory of economic development in China. As suggested by the new economic geography literature, the prominent significance of space is reaffirmed at different spatial scales and reiterates pervasive existence of spillover effects operating at local scales. Furthermore, institutional reforms, such as empowering counties, should be enlarged to strengthen cooperative relationships among local governments thus realizing cross-border economic cooperation. Meanwhile, with the advances of geocomputing and geovisualization, new interdisciplinary approaches are needed to study this longstanding issue, so as to visualize the spatially integrated dynamics of regional development.
自从改革开放以来，中国经济保持着每年约10%的增长速度。在快速增长的同时，愈来愈显著的区域差异问题也成为困扰中央和地方政府的一大难题。许多学者已对区域差异问题展开了广泛且深入的研究，主要围绕区域差异的时间趋势、空间格局以及驱动因素等三大主要问题，但至今由于研究方法、研究尺度或者研究区域的不同，学者们很难达成对区域差异问题的统一见解，从而影响有效区域政策的制定。
区域差异研究发展到至今，大致经历了从宏观尺度向微观尺度的转变，研究的视角也开始更注重时间空间的动态结合，但仍存在以下不足：首先，以往研究主要围绕省级单元进行，或者仅以个别经济发展较快的省份作为研究对象，宏观尺度的研究掩盖了微观尺度上的区域发展过程，而个别省份的研究又影响了区域研究的整体性；其次，以往研究主要依赖于传统的统计方法，虽然一些最新的研究开始应用多层次模型等，但根据克鲁格曼提出的新经济地理，空间的作用不可忽略。空间模型的应用仍是以后更深入了解区域差异的重要方法。
本文针对现今区域差异研究的不足，在具有可比性时空动态分析的理论框架和多尺度多机制的分析框架下，从研究尺度和研究方法上进行创新，旨在为更深入理解区域差异问题提供一种新的视角。基于从1997年到2010年的全国县级发展数据库，本文首先探讨并比较县级、地级市及省级层面上区域差异的时间趋势，其次采用地理可视化技术和空间马尔科夫链，探讨了区域差异的空间格局及其动态特征，最后运用空间过滤方法及多层次多变量模型，探讨了不同尺度上驱动因素的相互作用。完成的主要研究工作如下：
首先，在分析了几种不同衡量区域差异的指标后，本文采用了泰尔系数衡量并比较全国省、市、县等不同尺度上的区域差异趋势，并利用泰尔系数的分解性特征，进一步研究区域差异在不同地理尺度上、城乡单元之间的关联性和特征，并着重研究了区域差异趋势的空间异质性。本文发现了区域差异在较小的空间尺度上更为显著，省级、地级市之间的区域差异大体呈现倒U型，但县域空间差异却呈现逐渐增强的趋势。通过多尺度泰尔系数的分解，区域经济差异在省内部和地级市之间更为明显。不同于以往的研究，城市或者乡村内部的差异远超过城乡差距，并成为导致县域差异的主因。另外，由于空间异质性，区域差异在东部、西部、中部、东北呈现不同的时间趋势及特征。
其次，在采用地理信息系统和探索性空间数据分析方法鉴定区域发展的全局和局部空间集聚特征后，为了进一步理解这种空间特征的动态性，本文采用空间马尔科夫链探讨区域发展的空间溢出特征，并结合地理可视化技术，更直观显示区域发展的空间关系及其变化。本文发现了区域发展主要呈现出空间集聚的特征，且空间集聚的强度在细尺度上更为明显。2004年开始，空间集聚开始呈现出逐渐北移的新特征。从时空角度看，一个区域的经济发展受它地理邻居单元的影响，呈现出共同进退的特征；一般而言，一个区域的发展速度均快过邻居的发展。
再次，采用空间过滤方法，并结合多层次模型，设计出符合理论框架的定量模型。并采用多尺度多变量模型分析财政分权、全球化、固定投资、人力资本以及政策对区域发展的影响，以及驱动因素在不同空间尺度间的相互影响。研究发现空间溢出对于县域发展作用不显著，但受到财政分权、外商投资以及固定资产的重要影响。地理和政策对于区域发展的影响呈现出空间异质性。
总之，本文从县级尺度出发，采用最新的一些地理空间方法重新探讨了区域差异的三大经典问题。本文证实了新经济地理学的观点，空间尺度和空间溢出对于重新理解区域发展问题至关重要。同时，本文提出了一些实用性较强的区域发展政策，旨在实现更为均衡的区域发展模式。
He, Sanwei.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-166).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016).
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
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abstract: Interdisciplinary research has highlighted how social-ecological dynamics drive the structure and function of the urban landscape across multiple scales. Land management decisions operate across various levels, from individuals in their backyard to local municipalities and broader political-economic forces. These decisions then scale up and down across the landscape to influence ecological functioning, such as the provisioning of biodiversity. Likewise, people are influenced by, and respond to, their environment. However, there is a lack of integrated research, especially research that considers the spatial and temporal complexities of social-ecological dynamics, to fully understand how people influence ecosystems or how the resulting landscape in turn influences human decision making, attitudes, and well-being. My dissertation connects these interdisciplinary themes to examine three questions linked by their investigation of the interactions between people and biodiversity: (1) How do the social and spatial patterns within an arid city affect people’s attitudes about their regional desert environment? (2) How are novel communities in cities assembled given the social-ecological dynamics that influence the processes that structure ecological communities? (3) How can we reposition bird species traits into a conservation framework that explains the complexity of the interactions between people and urban bird communities? I found that social-ecological dynamics between people, the environment, and biodiversity are tightly interwoven in urban ecosystems. The regional desert environment shapes people’s attitudes along spatial and social configurations, which holds implications for yard management decisions. Multi-scalar management decisions then influence biodiversity throughout cities, which shifts public perceptions of urban nature. Overall, my research acts as a bridge between social and ecological sciences to theoretically and empirically integrate research focused on biodiversity conservation in complex, social-ecological systems. My goal as a scholar is to understand the balance between social and ecological implications of landscape change to support human well-being and promote biodiversity conservation.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2020

博士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
103
TOWARD ECO-CITY PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE:A MULTI-SCALAR EMPIRICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY Urban areas account for less than 2 percent of the surface of the Earth, but more than two-thirds of the greenhouse gas emissions and more than 70% of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the city is the key to solving the problems of global warming and environmental change. Since 2005, the eco-city has gradually become a mainstream feature of the world's urban planning and development, and a considerable number of eco-cities around the world have been compared. However, a comparative analysis within an interpretive framework that reveals why some eco-cities are more successful than others is still lacking. This study puts forth a "research hypothesis" that the move toward an effective eco-cities proceeds from the concept of an ecological city, through planning and governance practices within a dynamic process of social actors’ interactive networks; and an "analytical framework" of governance network which integrates ‘itinerant governance logic’ and ‘participatory governance approach’. This comparative study explores the key factors of successful eco-city governance by comparing domestic and international cases with empirical investigation and by analyzing inductive inferences within cross-scales (from global to local) networks governance. These comparative cases of Stockholm city in Sweden and Taipei city, New Taipei city, Keelung city and Kaohsiung city in Taiwan reveal that the managerial governance model that best captures the effectiveness of governance but the populist governance model that worst captures the effectiveness of governance. Additionally, this study verifies the "research hypothesis" empirically and the "analytical framework" helps to elucidate the interactions among the governance logic, governance approach and governance effectiveness, as well as the characteristics and causes of "good governance" of an eco-city. Furthermore, the "analytical framework" provides a more comprehensive approach for actors self-learning to improve urban governance practices, because the "analytical framework" is an interactive network and an open system that help actors absorb, analyze and learn external resources. This "analytical framework" can be used to accelerate collective consensus of eco-city governance as a "learning framework" of social innovation, and act as a "planning framework" for the implementation of the strategy of eco-city governance. Moreover, it can be used as a "governance framework" to facilitate good governance in terms of other aspects. The results of the study are summarized as follows. An eco-city should be the basic cluster in which humans coexist with the environment leading by environmental civilization to transform material civilization in pursuit of economic activation, social harmony and environmental sustainability with local characteristics, urban ecosystem and healthy lifestyle. Toward eco-city governance is a complete process with desperate challenges from the concept to the practice of glocalization, which is embedded in a specific, dynamic and spatio-temporal environment by actors’ interactive process within a complex political, economic and social context. This dissertation contributes empirical research that confirms a research hypotheses and analytical framework for realizing in practices of eco-city governance. This study proposes a theoretical framework for the successful eco-city governance and argues that first, an integrated governance framework of itinerant logic and participatory approaches of governance must be constructed; secondly, the vertical and horizontal governance strategies across scales and networks must be developed; thirdly, governance strategies should strengthen the connections of governance plans (things) and governance networks (actors) with social practices; finally, it should build up a continuously review mechanism of dynamic adjustment and feedback concepts, framework and strategies of eco-city governance in order to enhance the effectiveness of governance as a fit model. Finally, the policy implications of the research findings include a total of 17 recommendations concerning the main issues that must be considered in eco-city planning and governance in Taiwan and in Taipei based on the national, metropolitan and city scales in Taiwan. The conclusions of this study indicate that the "planning" of an eco-city must focus on strengthening ties between planning and social practice, and the "governance" of an eco-city should take a holistic approach toward economic activation, social harmony and environmental sustainability with local characteristics within a healthy urban ecosystem and lifestyle.

This dissertation asks how activists, planners, and politicians reshaped transport institutions to prioritize buses over cars in London and Paris. The policy studied in both cities is the creation of a network of bus priority, known as the Red Routes and London Bus Priority Network in London and the Mobilien network in Paris. Using media analysis, archival research, and 30 interviews across the two cities, it traces the process of change in both cities and maps the deliberative system, the actors engaged in the decision-making process. It finds that empowered but not autonomous local governments—the boroughs in the case of London and the city of Paris in the case of Paris—were major actors in the change process, putting forth alternatives and deliberating with regional bodies to shape policies that took into account a variety of competing needs. It also finds that public conversation, debate, and conflict were essential to the process of institutional change, through which road governance was decentralized and local actors were empowered to control their own streets. These findings follow Iris Marion Young’s proposal that empowered but not autonomous local actors, subject to regional governments, is the most just model of urban governance.

碩士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
106
The literature on the urban re-development of the neoliberalism has focused on the city-scales between the local government and the private sector. When the neo-liberalist urban strategies governance has practice the developmental state of East Asia, the capital which is the interface city is still strategically intervened by the state apparatus. Therefore many of the literature pay attention to the governance in the power of the central government, local government, and private sector. However, it is still ignore the impact of other scales governance which links from cross-border scales, regional scales, and citizens who are gradually emerging from the policy power stage. Therefore, this study is based on the multi-scale governance analysis structure of urban re-development. By combining the governance relationship between different scales, this study explain the problem of governance contradictory which is complex but more complete and real in the process of urban re-development policy. This study is a case study “New East District” in Taipei Nangang. Post-industrializing Nangang which had a large amount of Brownfield has become urban development strategy area of Taipei where is limited hinterland in the past 30 years. However, it's urban re-development policy has continued to delay and change. The main reason is the multi-scale governance contradiction under the neo-liberalist urban strategies. Therefore, this study analyzes the reasons for the delay and change of the urban re-development policy in Nangang. The results is that, first, cross-border/ state/ region scales governance contradiction makes the city-region competitiveness is limited. Under the influence of the structure, it reduced the private sector into the development of Nangang, and so far, “Taiwan Brain Power Base - Five Center Plan” without any private sector investment completed. Second, the public private partnership failure crisis of the policy implementation phase. The weak foundation of the public private partnership has led to speculations of public and private sectors. Thus, it affect the effectiveness of urban re-development policy. Third, the policy effect formed the "stagnation" of the public private partnership. The citizens was dissatisfied with the weak foundation of the public private partnership and the polarization development of the neoliberalism, thus formed political pressure to force Taipei city government to adjust the policy. However, after the end of 2014, the mayor's team of KE,WEN-ZHE took too drastic policy adjustments, resulting in the public sector trust and social capital is depreciating, making the private sector do not want to partner with public sector , and then form a new wave of policy delays and changes.

No
Excavations in the 1920s and 1970s at the Sculptor’s Cave, North-East Scotland, revealed that the site was used for mortuary rituals during the Late Bronze Age (c. 1100–800 BC) and Roman Iron Age (late first to fourth centuries AD), whilst a series of Pictish symbols carved into its entrance walls suggest that the cave’s importance continued into the Early Medieval Period. A new programme of analysis has utilised advanced 3D digital documentation and 3D metrology (specifically, 3D laser scanning) to enable this inaccessible site to be appreciated by wider audiences and analysed remotely. Detailed in situ recording of the Pictish symbols was undertaken using macro-level structured light scanning and the high-fidelity digital models blended with terrestrial laser scan data of the cave interior to show the location and detail of the carvings. This chapter examines the value of emerging digital approaches in the analysis, presentation and management of the Sculptor’s Cave, from the elucidation of additional carved details and the monitoring of surface degradation, to the dissemination of this difficult-to-access site to the wider public via online platforms.
Historic Environment Scotland provided funding for scanning work. Collaborators Visualising Heritage and Fragmented Heritage at the University of Bradford, funded by HEIF (via the University of Bradford) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/L00688X/1), respectively.

碩士
國立中山大學
光電工程學系研究所
104
The recent trend in optical fiber communication is moving toward developing the multi-core fiber (MCF) with each fiber core supporting either a single mode or multi modes. It will effectively increase the bandwidth of the communications system. However, for the single-mode MCF as we reduce the cladding spacing between each core the coupling among each core increases. This will result in undesirable signal crosstalk coming from adjacent fiber cores. It is interesting to note that present theoretical prediction of the coupling strength of a single-mode MCF is a few orders of magnitude larger than experimentally measured values. We can only speculate that the coupling strength is reduced partly due to random fluctuation of relative phases among neighboring cores and partly due to polarization variation among fiber bores. Since the cross sectional area of a MCF is of several hundred/thousand wavelength square, it is impossible to conduct mode field analysis of these MCFs using commercial software using traditional mode-solving techniques such as the finite-element method or beam propagation method. In this paper, considering the small index contrast in the MCF we propose to develop a rigorous scalar coupled-mode theory (CMT) to analyze mode fields of a given single-mode MCF. The global MCF mode fields are then represented by some linear combination of linear polarized fiber mode field attributed to each single individual fiber core. In the end we have implemented Matlab codes for the MCF under CMT formulation. This program not only computes every eigen-mode of the global MCF waveguide structure it also allows us to study the mode field evolution of the single-mode MCF. As we initially turn on one of the fiber core we are able to observe that the energy gradually spread across all fiber cores according to the governing equation. When combined with new broadband MCF optical amplifiers we may see another ten-fold increase in the capacity of the optical fiber communication system with a minimum increase in cost.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-110).

Lam Pui Wing Caspar.
"Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2008-2009, design report."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110).
Introduction
Preface --- p.2
Table of Content --- p.4
Research
Mobility Definition --- p.8
Mobility & City --- p.10
Mobility: Issues & Concerns --- p.13
Methodological Research --- p.14
Case Study 1 - Urban Design of Philadelphia --- p.16
Case Study 2 - The McCormickTribune Campus Centre --- p.22
Macau Lightrail: Background Research
Abstracted Renderings --- p.26
Lightrail Scheme Development Process --- p.28
Newspaper Cuttings --- p.30
Mapping of Macau LRT: at PRD Scale --- p.34
Mapping of Macau LRT: at City Scale --- p.36
Zooming into the 23 Stations --- p.38
Design Preliminary Stage
Site Study --- p.42
Methodology Experiments --- p.52
Schemetic Models --- p.54
Proposed Circulation Pattern --- p.56
Proposed Network of Open Spaces --- p.58
Development Models --- p.60
Presentation
Connection at Regional Scale --- p.64
Connection at Local Scale --- p.72
Connection at Architectural Scale --- p.88
Appendix
Bibliography --- p.110
Tickets --- p.112
Panels --- p.114

Given the ongoing biodiversity decline during a time of Indigenous resurgence, Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) are garnering interest from the academic community, Indigenous and state governments, and protected area practitioners. Though Indigenous forms of land and sea protection have existed for millennia, these actors are exploring how IPCA development and support can meet needs to protect biodiversity and respect Indigenous rights and roles in conservation. My main research objective was to advance academic and practical applications of IPCAs by drawing from global IPCA research while assisting the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation’s IPCA planning process. I investigated two research questions: 1. What are the key successes, challenges, and lessons from IPCA research globally? 2. What can we learn from the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation’s rationale and process for developing an IPCA? To answer my first question, I reviewed 58 papers, describing 86 specific IPCA initiatives involving at least 68 Indigenous Peoples across 25 countries. Indigenous Peoples established IPCAs independently and through local- and broad-scale partnerships. Where state IPCA support existed, it was through formal legislation, agreements, and policies, and informally through local relationships and shared values. IPCAs created socio-cultural, political, and ecological benefits. Challenges limited benefits while demanding additional resources for mitigation. I recommend that states and other external actors create/improve IPCA policies, legislations, and resources as defined by Indigenous Peoples; facilitate Indigenous leadership to shape external IPCA establishment and development mechanisms; and create internal Indigenous engagement/partnerships mechanisms. I suggest that Indigenous Peoples would benefit from building partnerships to support and manage their IPCAs. Finally, I recommend that IPCA managers commit more resources, particularly in monitoring and management that integrates management priorities with local and larger scale social-environmental issues. To answer my second question, in collaboration with the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation, we used participatory action research to assist efforts to plan a land-and-sea IPCA in Kitasoo/Xai’xais Territory. Together, we used mixed methods to summarize the Nation’s rationale and process. IPCA development is an iteration of ongoing efforts to address limitations of state protected areas to better reflect Kitasoo/Xai’xais rights and responsibilities while preserving culture, biodiversity, and economic opportunity. The Kitasoo/Xai’xais process is rooted in long-term Territory planning and contemporary stewardship capacity building, has benefitted from global IPCA research, and has ongoing multi-generational engagement. The Nation faces challenges similar to other protected areas and is additionally burdened by ongoing colonization impacts. To address these challenges, the Nation is seeking state legislative IPCA recognition, applying Indigenous and complementary western stewardship approaches, and pursuing responsibility-based partnerships. This research makes both practical and academic contributions. It assisted the Kitasoo/Xai’xais IPCA process by contributing to planning and documentation, to be used and modified by the Nation to implement current and future IPCAs. Other Indigenous organizations can adapt the lessons and processes described for their IPCA interests. Additionally, this work provides recommendations for states and other actors at various scales to improve IPCA support and recognition. This work also contributes to literature which highlight Indigenous-led conservation initiatives, including IPCAs, as potential pathways towards supporting biodiversity conservation and Indigenous resurgence.
Graduate

Bringing more agricultural land into production for biofuels and food crops will be necessary if we are to both fulfill our collective climate initiative goals and feed an increasing global population. The direct competition between land for food and land for biofuels has resulted in increased interest in identifying 'marginal lands' such that biofuels can be grown on land that does not threaten the food security of poor, rural communities. The term `marginal land' is also used by developing state governments to describe large swaths of land being leased to private or state-affiliated investors in what has been referred to by the international research community as the 'global land grab'. 'Marginal land', however, is defined and operationalized differently across users and anecdotal evidence shows that some lands classified as marginal are actually used by local communities. Empirical studies investigating these contested lands have not incorporated spatial information. The main objective of this thesis is to conduct a multi-scalar, spatially-explicit exploration of the marginal lands narrative. The first chapter investigates the ontology of the marginal land label as it is applied on a global/regional scale using a meta-analysis of four recent studies. The second chapter triangulates national-level geospatial information with information from semi-structured interviews to examine marginal lands allocated to Ethiopia's federal land bank as contested spaces. The third chapter uses a statistical analysis to identify the socio-political and biophysical determinants of banked lands on a subnational scale in Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia. Results show that methods using remotely sensed information to identify marginal lands on a global/regional scale are qualitatively and quantitatively divergent and are limited in their usefulness in identifying available land for biofuels. The Ethiopia case study finds that the federal government is banking 'marginal land' for future investment that is more appropriately understood as 'land unused for commercial agriculture' and that they are contested spaces where the federal government stands to incur multiple benefits through their transformation to large-scale agriculture. I also find both biophysical and socio-political factors (i.e. ethnicity, agricultural practices) guide the federal government's decision regarding which land to target in the subnational region of Benishangul-Gumuz.

yes
Shamanic belief systems represent the first form of religious practice visible within the global archaeological record. Here we report on the earliest known evidence of shamanic costume: modified red deer crania headdresses from the Early Holocene site of Star Carr (c. 11 kya). More than 90% of the examples from prehistoric Europe come from this one site, establishing it as a place of outstanding shamanistic/cosmological significance. Our work, involving a programme of experimental replication, analysis of macroscopic traces, organic residue analysis and 3D image acquisition, metrology and visualisation, represents the first attempt to understand the manufacturing processes used to create these artefacts. The results produced were unexpected—rather than being carefully crafted objects, elements of their production can only be described as expedient.
AHRC