Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multi risk assessment

Academic literature on the topic 'Multi risk assessment'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Nicolis, Orietta, Jozef Kiseľák, Francesco Porro, and Milan Stehlík. "Multi-fractal cancer risk assessment." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 35, no. 2 (December 8, 2016): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2016.1238766.

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Khatakho, Rajesh, Dipendra Gautam, Komal Raj Aryal, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Rajesh Rupakhety, Suraj Lamichhane, Yi-Chung Liu, et al. "Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105369.

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Natural hazards are complex phenomena that can occur independently, simultaneously, or in a series as cascading events. For any particular region, numerous single hazard maps may not necessarily provide all information regarding impending hazards to the stakeholders for preparedness and planning. A multi-hazard map furnishes composite illustration of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and spatial distribution. Thus, multi-hazard risk assessment is performed to depict the holistic natural hazards scenario of any particular region. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, multi-hazard risk assessments are rarely conducted in Nepal although multiple natural hazards strike the country almost every year. In this study, floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire hazards are used to assess multi-hazard risk in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is then integrated with the Geographical Information System (GIS). First, flood, landslide, earthquake, and urban fire hazard assessments are performed individually and then superimposed to obtain multi-hazard risk. Multi-hazard risk assessment of Kathmandu Valley is performed by pair-wise comparison of the four natural hazards. The sum of observations concludes that densely populated areas, old settlements, and the central valley have high to very high level of multi-hazard risk.
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Reeves, Carla. "How multi-agency are Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Committees?" Probation Journal 60, no. 1 (February 17, 2013): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550512470187.

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Li, Xiaopeng, and Fuqiu Li. "Reliability Assessment of Space Station Based on Multi-Layer and Multi-Type Risks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 10258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110258.

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A space station is a typical phased-mission system, and assessing its reliability during its configuration is an important engineering action. Traditional methods usually require extensive data to carry out a layered reliability assessment from components to the system. These methods suffer from lack of sufficient test data, and the assessment process becomes very difficult, especially in the early stage of the configuration. This paper proposes a reliability assessment method for the space station configuration mission, using multi-layer and multi-type risks. Firstly, the risk layer and the risk type for the space station configuration are defined and identified. Then, the key configuration risks are identified comprehensively, considering their occurrence likelihood and consequence severity. High load risks are identified through risk propagation feature analysis. Finally, the configuration reliability model is built and the state probabilities are computed, based on the probabilistic risk propagation assessment (PRPA) method using the assessment probability data. Two issues are addressed in this paper: (1) how to build the configuration reliability model with three layers and four types of risks in the early stage of the configuration; (2) how to quantitatively assess the configuration mission reliability using data from the existing operational database and data describing the propagation features. The proposed method could be a useful tool for the complex aerospace system reliability assessment in the early stage.
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Chandani, Priyanka, and Chetna Gupta. "An Early Multi-Criteria Risk Assessment Model." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 21, no. 2 (April 2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2019040104.

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Accurate time and budget is an essential estimate for planning software projects correctly. Quite often, the software projects fall into unrealistic estimates and the core reason generally owes to problems with the requirement analysis. For investigating such problems, risk has to identified and assessed at the requirement engineering phase only so that defects do not seep down to other software development phases. This article proposes a multi-criteria risk assessment model to compute risk at a requirement level by computing cumulative risk score based on a weighted score assigned to each criterion. The result of comparison with other approaches and experimentation shows that using this model it is possible to predict the risk at the early phase of software development life cycle with high accuracy.
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Strecker, Stefan, David Heise, and Ulrich Frank. "RiskM: A multi-perspective modeling method for IT risk assessment." Information Systems Frontiers 13, no. 4 (May 4, 2010): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10796-010-9235-3.

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Šugareková, M. "Flood risk assessment methodology." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012025.

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Abstract Paper presents a proposal of the flood risk assessment methodology. The theoretical background is based on the multi-index conceptual models, which consists of three layers -objective layer, index layer and indicators layer. The fulfilment of the layer is based on the Reports on the course and consequences of floods in the territory of the Slovak Republic.
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Gallina, Valentina, Silvia Torresan, Alex Zabeo, Andrea Critto, Thomas Glade, and Antonio Marcomini. "A Multi-Risk Methodology for the Assessment of Climate Change Impacts in Coastal Zones." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093697.

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Climate change threatens coastal areas, posing significant risks to natural and human systems, including coastal erosion and inundation. This paper presents a multi-risk approach integrating multiple climate-related hazards and exposure and vulnerability factors across different spatial units and temporal scales. The multi-hazard assessment employs an influence matrix to analyze the relationships among hazards (sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and storm surge) and their disjoint probability. The multi-vulnerability considers the susceptibility of the exposed receptors (wetlands, beaches, and urban areas) to different hazards based on multiple indicators (dunes, shoreline evolution, and urbanization rate). The methodology was applied in the North Adriatic coast, producing a ranking of multi-hazard risks by means of GIS maps and statistics. The results highlight that the higher multi-hazard score (meaning presence of all investigated hazards) is near the coastline while multi-vulnerability is relatively high in the whole case study, especially for beaches, wetlands, protected areas, and river mouths. The overall multi-risk score presents a trend similar to multi-hazard and shows that beaches is the receptor most affected by multiple risks (60% of surface in the higher multi-risk classes). Risk statistics were developed for coastal municipalities and local stakeholders to support the setting of adaptation priorities and coastal zone management plans.
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Heck, Nadine, Michael W. Beck, Borja Reguero, Kerstin Pfliegner, Max Ricker, and Ruben Prütz. "Global climate change risk to fisheries – A multi-risk assessment." Marine Policy 148 (February 2023): 105404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105404.

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Vlek, Charles A. J. "A multi-level, multi-stage and multi-attribute perspective on risk assessment, decision-making and risk control." Risk Decision and Policy 1, no. 1 (April 1, 1996): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135753096348772.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Zhang, Su. "Quantitative risk assessment under multi-context environments." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18634.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Computing and Information Sciences
Xinming Ou
If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it. Quantifying security with metrics is important not only because we want to have a scoring system to track our efforts in hardening cyber environments, but also because current labor resources cannot administrate the exponentially enlarged network without a feasible risk prioritization methodology. Unlike height, weight or temperature, risk from vulnerabilities is sophisticated to assess and the assessment is heavily context-dependent. Existing vulnerability assessment methodologies (e.g. CVSS scoring system, etc) mainly focus on the evaluation over intrinsic risk of individual vulnerabilities without taking their contexts into consideration. Vulnerability assessment over network usually output one aggregated metric indicating the security level of each host. However, none of these work captures the severity change of each individual vulnerabilities under different contexts. I have captured a number of such contexts for vulnerability assessment. For example, the correlation of vulnerabilities belonging to the same application should be considered while aggregating their risk scores. At system level, a vulnerability detected on a highly depended library code should be assigned with a higher risk metric than a vulnerability on a rarely used client side application, even when the two have the same intrinsic risk. Similarly at cloud environment, vulnerabilities with higher prevalences deserve more attention. Besides, zero-day vulnerabilities are largely utilized by attackers therefore should not be ignored while assessing the risks. Historical vulnerability information at application level can be used to predict underground risks. To assess vulnerability with a higher accuracy, feasibility, scalability and efficiency, I developed a systematic vulnerability assessment approach under each of these contexts. ​
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Juarez, Garcia Hugon. "Multi-hazard risk assessment : an interdependency approach." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27271.

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This research began with the Joint Infrastructure Interdependencies Research Program (JIIRP). JIIRP was part of an effort by the Government of Canada to fund research to develop innovative ways to mitigate large disaster situations. An interdependency simulator (I2Sim) was developed in the University of British Columbia through this project. This tool was developed to take into account the dynamic changes of the functional conditions of any given system. This thesis makes two major contributions to the capability of the simulator’s methodology, to handle seismic events and events that affect dense concentrations of people. The distinguishing characteristic of an earthquake event can affect the city and all the surrounding regions, causing damage to all lifeline systems. In its original form, I2Sim could model the damage and impact of each system on its own, but was unable to account for the effects of all other systems. The interdependency between systems is a crucial element for determining the impact of an earthquake and the time for recovery. The methodology proposed here can be used to measure Interdependencies and Resiliency in a region. Two cases were studied and implemented to test the methodology and the simulator. The first one was an earthquake hazard in a relatively small region (UBC Campus) in which the interdependencies and resiliency would be revealed to the emergency managers of UBC Campus; the second one, was a localized event in a massive sporting event (Winter Olympics in Vancouver), a black out in a Football Stadium that caused an uncontrolled egress, and related casualties due to a collapsing stage and the evacuation process were modelled. With the methodology and the simulator (I2Sim) it is possible to build up Region models, Disaster Scenarios, Objective Functions and Emergency Planning; and these, along with Interdependency and Resiliency calculations, will help in the preparedness, planning, response and recovery phases of any disaster.
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Bani-Mustafa, Tasneem. "Multi-Hazards Risk Aggregation Considering the Trustworthiness of the Risk Assessment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC096.

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Cette thèse de doctorat aborde le problème de l'agrégation de risques multiple (MHRA), qui vise à agréger les risques estimés pour différents contributeurs. La pratique actuelle de la MHRA est basée sur une sommation arithmétique simple des estimations de risques. Cependant, ces estimations sont obtenues à partir de modèles EPS (Estimation Probabiliste de risque) qui présentent des degrés de réalisme différents liés à différents niveaux de connaissances. En ne prenant pas en compte ces différences, le processus MHRA pourrait conduire à des résultats trompeurs pour la prise de décision (DM). Dans cette thèse, un cadre structuré est proposé afin d’évaluer le niveau de réalisme et de confiance dans les évaluations de risques et de l’intégrer dans le processus de MHRA. Ces travaux ont permis : (i) Une identification des facteurs contribuant à la fiabilité de l'évaluation des risques. Leurs criticités sont analysées afin de comprendre leur influence sur l’estimation des risques; (ii) Un cadre hiérarchique intégré est développé pour évaluer la confiance et le réalisme de l'estimation de risque, sur la base des facteurs et des attributs identifiés en (i); (iii) Une méthode basée sur un modèle réduit est proposée pour évaluer efficacement la fiabilité de l'évaluation des risques dans la pratique. Grâce à cette méthode, le nombre d'éléments pris en compte dans l'évaluation initiale des risques peut être limité. (iv) Une technique qui combine la théorie de Dempster-Shafer et le processus de hiérarchie analytique (DST-AHP) est appliquée au modèle développé. Cette technique permet d’évaluer le niveau de réalisme et confiance -dans l’analyse de risque- en utilisant une moyenne pondérée des attributs: la méthode AHP est utilisée pour calculer le poids des attributs et la méthode DST est utilisée pour tenir compte de l'incertitude subjective dans le jugement des experts dans l'évaluation des poids; (v) Une technique de MHRA est développée sur la base d'un modèle de moyenne bayésienne afin de surmonter les limites de la pratique actuelle de MHRA qui néglige le réalisme et confiance dans l'évaluation de chaque contributoire de risque; (vi) Le modèle développé est appliqué sur des cas réels de l'industrie des centrales nucléaires
This PhD thesis addresses the problem of Multi-Hazards Risk Aggregation (MHRA), which aims at aggregating the risk estimates from Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) models for the different contributors. The current practice of MHRA is based on a simple arithmetic summation of the risk estimates. However, the risk estimates are obtained from PRA models that have different degrees of trustworthiness, because of the different background knowledge they are based on. Ignoring this difference in MHRA could lead to misleading results for Decision-Making (DM). In this thesis, a structured framework is proposed to assess the level of trustworthiness, which risk assessment results are based on and to integrate it in the process of MHRA. The original scientific contributions are: (i) Factors contributing to the trustworthiness of risk assessment outcomes are identified and their criticalities are analyzed under different frameworks, to understand their influence on the risk results; (ii) An integrated hierarchical framework is developed for assessing the trustworthiness of risk analysis, based on the identified factors and related attributes; (iii) A reduced order model-based method is proposed to efficiently evaluate the trustworthiness of risk assessment in practice. Through the reduced-order model, the proposed method can limit the number of elements considered in the original risk assessment; (iv) A technique that combines Dempster Shafer Theory and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (namely, DSTAHP) is applied to the developed framework to assess the trustworthiness by a weighted average of the attributes in the framework: the AHP method is used to derive the weights of the attributes and the DST is used to account for the subjective uncertainty in the experts’ judgments for the evaluation of the weights; (v) A MHRA technique is developed based on Bayesian model averaging, to overcome the limitations of the current practice of risk aggregation that neglects the trustworthiness of the risk assessment of individual hazard groups; (vi) The developed framework is applied to real case studies from the Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) industry
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Chiu, Kenneth. "Generalized Gaussian covariance analysis in multi-market risk assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35449.

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Gehl, P. "Bayesian networks for the multi-risk assessment of road infrastructure." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1546080/.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological framework for the multi-risk assessment of road infrastructure systems. Since the network performance is directly linked to the functional states of its physical elements, most efforts are devoted to the derivation of fragility functions for bridges exposed to potential earthquake, flood and ground failure events. Thus, a harmonization effort is required in order to reconcile fragility models and damage scales from different hazard types. The proposed framework starts with the inventory of the various hazard-specific damaging mechanisms or failure modes that may affect each bridge component (e.g. piers, deck, bearings). Component fragility curves are then derived for each of these component failure modes, while corresponding functional consequences are proposed in a component-level damage-functionality matrix, thanks to an expert-based survey. Functionality-consistent failure modes at the bridge level are then assembled for specific configurations of component damage states. Finally, the development of a Bayesian Network approach enables the robust and efficient derivation of system fragility functions that (i) directly provide probabilities of reaching functionality losses and (ii) account for multiple types of hazard loadings and multi-risk interactions. At the network scale, a fully probabilistic approach is adopted in order to integrate multi-risk interactions at both hazard and fragility levels. A temporal dimension is integrated to account for joint independent hazard events, while the hazard-harmonized fragility models are able to capture cascading failures. The quantification of extreme events cannot be achieved by conventional sampling methods, and therefore the inference ability of Bayesian Networks is investigated as an alternative. Elaborate Bayesian Network formulations based on the identification of link sets are benchmarked, thus demonstrating the current computational difficulties to treat large and complex systems.
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Hahn, Lukas [Verfasser]. "Quantitative assessment of multi-year non-life insurance risk / Lukas Hahn." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119313966X/34.

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Hahn, Lukas Josef [Verfasser]. "Quantitative assessment of multi-year non-life insurance risk / Lukas Hahn." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119313966X/34.

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Pham, Hung Vuong <1988&gt. "Multi-risk assessment of freshwater ecosystem services under climate change conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17841.

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The aim of this work is to develop a multidisciplinary approach to (i) understand the dynamics of freshwater-related ecosystem services (ES); (ii) quantify the conjoined effects of climate and land use change on these ES; (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of different management scenarios; and (iv) provide appropriate indicators to support the identification of proper practices to improve ES management at the local level. First, we reviewed the complex effects of climatic and non-climatic drivers on the supply and demand of freshwater ecosystem services. Based on the literature, we proposed a conceptual framework and a set of indicators for assessing the above-mentioned impacts due to global change, i.e. climate change and human activities. Then, we checked their applicability to the provisioning services of two well-known case studies, namely the Po River basin (Italy) and the Red River basin (Vietnam). Second, we developed an integrated modeling approach to assess the conjoined impacts of land use and climate changes on the potential ecosystem services (i.e. water yield and nutrients retention) until 2050. This integrated approach is applied to the Taro river basin in the context of the PROLINE CE project, which focused on the sustainable use of freshwater in an integrated land use management approach. Finally, we integrated Bayesian Networks in ecosystem service model which enables identification of risks of human interaction on ecosystem, trade-offs among ecosystem services, and evaluation of different management scenarios. The outcomes of this work could be a valuable support to identify and prioritize the best management practices for sustainable water use, balancing the tradeoffs among services.
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LARI, SERENA. "Multi scale heuristic and quantitative multi-risk assessment in the Lombardy region, with uncertainty propagation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7550.

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In this thesis, some methodologies for multi-risk assessment are presented, that can be applied to regional or local scale. At the local scale, the problem of uncertainty propagation in risk assessment is treated, testing different methodology for calculation. The work is organised in four parts: 1. Multi risk analysis at the regional scale in Lombardy (PRIM project, 2007). The methodology integrates information with different degree of accuracy into an indicator based approach, in order to develop a regional scale multirisk assessment and to identify “hot spot” risk areas for more detailed analysis. Eventually, the sensitivity of weights is investigated, and the effect on risk assessment of different individual attitudes and perception (i.e., expert, social, political, risk aversion). 2. Quantitative multi risk assessment (QRA) at the local scale on the hot spots, for lower Valtellina and the area of Brescia and lower Val Trompia, Val Sabbia, and Valcamonica. The methodology is based on the use of historical data and modelling to assess for each threat the expected number of casualties and the expected economic damage. 3. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for floods, earthquakes and industrial accidents in the area of Brescia (420 km2), with uncertainty propagation analysis. Frequency-damage curves were calculated. Three methods were 6 used and compared to calculate the uncertainty of the expected economic losses: Monte Carlo Simulation, First Order Second Moment approach, and Point Estimate. 4. Realization of a tool based on a system of indicators aimed at assigning a priority for the realization of new mitigation works, at the evaluation of efficacy of existent works, and at the comparison of different alternatives for the same risk scenario. Indicators are referred to the risk scenario, to the most recent and most significant event occurred in the analysed area, to the planning stage of the work, and to the technical characteristics of realization and maintenance of the work itself.
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Terzi, Stefano <1988&gt. "Multi-risk assessment within the context of climate change in mountain regions." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17837.

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Mountain regions are facing multiple impacts due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. While shifts in precipitation and temperature are affecting the available water, current water demand for economic activities still rely on large quantity of water making mountain regions particularly susceptible to water scarcity. This conditions call for innovative methodologies able to represent complex dynamics of human-natural systems to understand and adapt to future climate change impacts. For these reasons, a literature review considered five innovative modelling approaches (Bayesian networks, agent-based models, system dynamic models, event and fault trees, and hybrid models), exploring their advantages and limitations and providing a roadmap for methodological and technical implementation of multi-risk assessments. Among these methodologies, system dynamics modelling (SDM) was chosen and applied to explore multiple interactions and feedback loops associated to hydrological processes and human demands in the Noce river catchment in the Province of Trento (Italy). Firstly, this study explored the vulnerability of a major reservoir in the Noce catchment considering the current situation and future climate change effects influencing the water stored and flow diverted to reservoir hydropower turbines and the amount of water remaining for other activities. By doing so, the aim was to test and demonstrate a probabilistic SDM assessment expanding the information coming from a hydrological model for quick and effective considerations on reservoir future conditions. Secondly, the SDM model was extended to different parts of the overall Noce catchment characterizing the hydropower water demand from other reservoirs, the agriculture demand for apples production and domestic water demand. By doing so, the aim was to compare the available water in future climate change scenarios with the water demand, resulting in vulnerable future conditions and multiple impacts on the selected sectors. Finally, such assessment aimed to identify critical states coming from a systemic perspective of water availability and water demand for each sub-catchment. The study discussed possible adaptation measures aimed to inform decision makers in order to prepare to future conditions of tackle climate-related water scarcity.
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Books on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Abella, Enrique Armando Castellanos. Multi-scale landslide risk assessment in Cuba. Enschede: International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, 2008.

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Abella, Enrique Armando Castellanos. Multi-scale landslide risk assessment in Cuba. Enschede: International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, 2008.

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Abella, Enrique Armando Castellanos. Multi-scale landslide risk assessment in Cuba. Enschede: International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, 2008.

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Ren, Jingzheng, ed. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Risk Assessment and Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78152-1.

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Gul, Muhammet, Suleyman Mete, Faruk Serin, and Erkan Celik. Fine–Kinney-Based Fuzzy Multi-criteria Occupational Risk Assessment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52148-6.

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Andy, Alaszewski, and English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting., eds. Risk assessment and management in multi-agency, multi-professional health care: Education and practice. London: English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, 1998.

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R, Parkhurst Benjamin, Cadmus Group, and Water Environment Research Foundation, eds. Aquatic ecological risk assessment: A multi-tiered approach : project 91-AER-1. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Research Foundation, 1996.

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Hmara, Ivan, and Viktor Strel'nikov. Environmental epidemiology and risk assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1019063.

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The material presented in the textbook is based on modern ideas about environmental epidemiology as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, the purpose of which is a multi — level study of the "environment-human health"system. Special attention is paid to the issues of risk assessment as an integral part of ecoepidemiological research. It corresponds to the program of the discipline "Environmental Epidemiology", approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council for Environmental Education of UMO Universities. For students in the field of training 05.03.06 "Ecology and nature management", as well as related biological, environmental and medical areas and specialists of the relevant work profiles.
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Olsen, Odd Einar. Standardization and risk governance: A multi-disciplinary approach. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2020.

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SETAC Workshop on Framework for Ecological Risk Management (1997 Williamsburg, Va.). A multi-stakeholder framework for ecological risk management: Summary of a SETAC technical workshop. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Zhang, Limin. "Multi-hazard Risk Assessment." In Desiderata Geotechnica, 227–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14987-1_27.

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Mussen, Filip. "Benefit–Risk Assessment." In Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to Support Healthcare Decisions, 105–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47540-0_7.

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Williams, Steve, and Berndt Müller. "Agents and Dementia — Smart Risk Assessment." In Multi-Agent Systems and Agreement Technologies, 277–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59294-7_22.

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Crawford-Brown, Douglas J., and Hwong-Wen Ma. "Multi-Pathway and Cumulative Risk Assessment." In Handbook of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 417–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1727-6_18.

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Bhunia, Gouri Sankar, and Pravat Kumar Shit. "Geospatial Technology for Multi-hazard Risk Assessment." In Advances in Geographic Information Science, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75197-5_1.

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Peña, Neiler de Jesús Medina. "Adra-Adaptive Disaster Risk Assessment." In Adaptive Disaster Risk Assessment Combining Multi-Hazards With Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Dynamic Exposure, 199–210. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003220749-8.

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Schumann, Andreas H., and David Nijssen. "Application of Scenarios and Multi-Criteria Decision Making Tools in Flood Polder Planning." In Flood Risk Assessment and Management, 249–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9917-4_12.

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Taflanidis, Alexandros A., Gaofeng Jia, and Ioannis Gidaris. "Natural Hazard Probabilistic Risk Assessment Through Surrogate Modeling." In Multi-hazard Approaches to Civil Infrastructure Engineering, 59–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29713-2_4.

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Bignami, Daniele Fabrizio. "Auditing and Analytical Procedure for Risk Indices Assessment." In Towards a Territorial Multi-Disaster Buildings’ Resistance Certification, 79–117. Milano: Springer Milan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5223-9_4.

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Tsakovski, Stefan, and Vasil Simeonov. "Hasse Diagram Technique Contributions to Environmental Risk Assessment." In Multi-indicator Systems and Modelling in Partial Order, 293–313. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8223-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Zhang, L. M., and S. Zhang. "Approaches to Multi-Hazard Landslide Risk Assessment." In Geo-Risk 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480731.025.

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Smagin, A. A., P. V. Bulychev, L. P. Suitkina, D. V. Khabarov, and M. V. Kochetkova. "Risk assessment in anesthesiology." In 2017 International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibircon.2017.8109943.

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Schorner, Philip, Daniel Grimm, and J. Marius Zollner. "Towards Multi-Modal Risk Assessment." In 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceccme55909.2022.9988483.

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Syrovatkin, Alexander. "Risk Assessment In Multi-period Models." In 2018 Eleventh International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2018.8551809.

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Avdeenko, T. V., M. A. Vasiljev, and J. O. Mamenko. "Intelligent Technologies in the Problem of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making on Field Tax Audit." In Advances in Management Science and Risk Assessment. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2011.704-037.

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"Controlled Environments For Cyber Risk Assessment Of Cyber-Physical Systems." In 2017 Summer Simulation Multi-Conference. Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22360/summersim.2017.scsc.003.

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Mohammadian, Masoud. "Network Security Risk Assessment Using Intelligent Agents." In 2018 International Symposium on Agent, Multi-Agent Systems and Robotics (ISAMSR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isamsr.2018.8540557.

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ALBULESCU, ANDRA-COSMINA, DANIELA LARION, and ADRIAN GROZAVU. "MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT OF THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF SCHOOL UNITS IN VASLUI CITY, ROMANIA." In RISK ANALYSIS 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk200021.

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Kobzili, Elhaouari, Cherif Larbes, Billel Kellalib, Fethi Demim, Ahmed Allam, and Abdelghani Boucheloukh. "Multi Sensor Data Fusion With Risk Assessment." In 2019 International Conference on Advanced Electrical Engineering (ICAEE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaee47123.2019.9015084.

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Xie Hui Li and Lei Wang. "Regional ecological risk assessment of multi-sources." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893452.

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Reports on the topic "Multi risk assessment"

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Coleman, Justin L., Chandu Bolisetti, Swetha Veeraraghavan, Carlo Parisi, Steven R. Prescott, and Abhinav Gupta. Multi-Hazard Advanced Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment Tools and Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1369534.

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Ahmadalipour, Ali. Multi-dimensional Drought Risk Assessment based on Socio-economic Vulnerabilities and Hydro-Climatological Factors. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5922.

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Sett, Dominic, Florian Waldschmidt, Alvaro Rojas-Ferreira, Saut Sagala, Teresa Arce Mojica, Preeti Koirala, Patrick Sanady, et al. Climate and disaster risk analytics tool for adaptive social protection. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/wnsg2302.

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Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) as discussed in this report is an approach to enhance the well-being of communities at risk. As an integrated approach, ASP builds on the interface of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Social Protection (SP) to address interconnected risks by building resilience, thereby overcoming the shortcomings of traditionally sectoral approaches. The design of meaningful ASP measures needs to be informed by specific information on risk, risk drivers and impacts on communities at risk. In contrast, a limited understanding of risk and its drivers can potentially lead to maladaptation practices. Therefore, multidimensional risk assessments are vital for the successful implementation of ASP. Although many sectoral tools to assess risks exist, available integrated risk assessment methods across sectors are still inadequate in the context of ASP, presenting an important research and implementation gap. ASP is now gaining international momentum, making the timely development of a comprehensive risk analytics tool even more important, including in Indonesia, where nationwide implementation of ASP is currently under way. OBJECTIVE: To address this gap, this study explores the feasibility of a climate and disaster risk analytics tool for ASP (CADRAT-ASP), combining sectoral risk assessment in the context of ASP with a more comprehensive risk analytics approach. Risk analytics improve the understanding of risks by locating and quantifying the potential impacts of disasters. For example, the Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) framework quantifies probable current and expected future impacts of extreme events and determines the monetary cost and benefits of specific risk management and adaptation measures. Using the ECA framework, this report examines the viability and practicality of applying a quantitative risk analytics approach for non-financial and non-tangible assets that were identified as central to ASP. This quantitative approach helps to identify cost-effective interventions to support risk-informed decision making for ASP. Therefore, we used Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, as a case study, to identify potential entry points and examples for the further development and application of such an approach. METHODS & RESULTS: The report presents an analysis of central risks and related impacts on communities in the context of ASP. In addition, central social protection dimensions (SPD) necessary for the successful implementation of ASP and respective data needs from a theoretical perspective are identified. The application of the quantitative ECA framework is tested for tropical storms in the context of ASP, providing an operational perspective on technical feasibility. Finally, recommendations on further research for the potential application of a suitable ASP risk analytics tool in Indonesia are proposed. Results show that the ECA framework and its quantitative modelling platform CLIMADA successfully quantified the impact of tropical storms on four SPDs. These SPDs (income, access to health, access to education and mobility) were selected based on the results from the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) conducted to support the development of an ASP roadmap for the Republic of Indonesia (UNU-EHS 2022, forthcoming). The SPDs were modelled using remote sensing, gridded data and available global indices. The results illustrate the value of the outcome to inform decision making and a better allocation of resources to deliver ASP to the case study area. RECOMMENDATIONS: This report highlights strong potential for the application of the ECA framework in the ASP context. The impact of extreme weather events on four social protection dimensions, ranging from access to health care and income to education and mobility, were successfully quantified. In addition, further developments of CADRAT-ASP can be envisaged to improve modelling results and uptake of this tool in ASP implementation. Recommendations are provided for four central themes: mainstreaming the CADRAT approach into ASP, data and information needs for the application of CADRAT-ASP, methodological advancements of the ECA framework to support ASP and use of CADRAT-ASP for improved resilience-building. Specific recommendations are given, including the integration of additional hazards, such as flood, drought or heatwaves, for a more comprehensive outlook on potential risks. This would provide a broader overview and allow for multi-hazard risk planning. In addition, high-resolution local data and stakeholder involvement can increase both ownership and the relevance of SPDs. Further recommendations include the development of a database and the inclusion of climate and socioeconomic scenarios in analyses.
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Zareian, Farzin, and Joel Lanning. Development of Testing Protocol for Cripple Wall Components (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/olpv6741.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA project is to provide scientifically-based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3.2 and focuses on Loading Protocol Development for Component Testing. It presents the background, development process, and recommendations for a quasi-static loading protocol to be used for cyclic testing of cripple wall components of wood-frame structures. The recommended loading protocol was developed for component testing to support the development of experimentally informed analytical models for cripple wall components. These analytical models are utilized for the performance-based assessment of wood-frame structures in the context of the PEER–CEA Project. The recommended loading protocol was developed using nonlinear dynamic analysis of representative multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems subjected to sets of single-component ground motions that varied in location and hazard level. Cumulative damage of the cripple wall components of the MDOF systems was investigated. The result is a testing protocol that captures the loading history that a cripple wall may experience in various seismic regions in California.
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Saha, Amrita, Marco Carreras, and John Thompson. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. APRA, Future Agricultures Consortium, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.011.

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Since it began in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to considerable concerns about the viability of local food systems and rural livelihoods across sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents the results of a three-round assessment of the effects of COVID-19 on the farming, labour and marketing practices, food and nutrition security, and well-being of over 800 male- and female-headed rural households in eight countries – Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In this paper, we argue that when we closely examine the lived experiences of people in different country contexts, results suggest that the immediate restrictions and strict control measures imposed by governments at the start of the pandemic on social and commercial activities acted as a major shock to the well-being of many rural households and communities. Furthermore, while some households and communities were able to find ways to cope or adapt to the COVID-19-related disruptions, for others the pandemic coincided with a number of other shocks and stresses (extreme weather events, locust infestations, conflict and insecurity, or a combination of these), exacerbating some of the observed risks.
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Thomas, Sandy, Peter Gregory, Sarah O’Brien, Catriona McCallion, Ben Goodall, Chun-Han Chan, and Paul Nunn. Rapid Evidence Review 1 on the Critical Appraisal of Third-Party Evidence. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.elm525.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) always seeks to ensure that itsrecommendations are made on the best-available evidence. Following a request from the FSA Chair, the Science Council have sought to provide a framework that can guide those seeking to submit uncommissioned evidence to the FSA on its scientific principles and standards.The Science Councils proposed framework is based on the principles of quality, trustand robustness. By being transparent about the FSA’s minimal expectations, we aim to help those who wish to submit evidence, typically in an effort to fill a perceived evidence gap orchange a relevant policy or legislation. The framework also seeks to provides assurance to others on the processes in place within the FSA to assess evidence it receives.When the FSA receives evidence, it will: be transparent about how the evidence is assessed and used to develop its evidence base, policy recommendations and risk communication; assess evidence in its proper context using the principles of quality, trust and robustness; seek to minimise bias in its assessments of evidence by using professional protocols, its SACs, peer review and/or multi-disciplinary teams be open and transparent about the conclusions it has reached about any evidence submitted to it.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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