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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-photon polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 November 2024

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1

Huang, Ying, Yusheng Zhang, Yuming Su, Zhenghao Zhai, Jiawei Chen, and Cheng Wang. "Two-photon induced polymerization in a porous polymer film to create multi-layer structures." Chemical Communications 57, no. 37 (2021): 4516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc01383a.

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2

Lin, Jieqiong, Peng Liu, Xian Jing, Mingming Lu, Kaixuan Wang, and Jie Sun. "Stochastic Multi-Molecular Modeling Method of Organic-Modified Ceramics in Two-Photon Induced Photopolymerization." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 3876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233876.

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Organic-modified ceramics (Ormocer) are an outstanding class of hybrid materials due to the fact of their various excellent properties, and they have been successfully used in two-photon polymerization microfabrication fields. A series of functional devices has been fabricated and widely used in aerospace, information science, biomedicine, and other fields. However, quantization of intermolecular energy during the fabrication process is still a difficult problem. A stochastic multi-molecular modeling method is proposed in this paper. The detailed molecular-interaction energies during the photon polymerization of Ormocer were obtained by molecular dynamics analysis. The established molecular model was verified by comparing the simulated shrinkage results with commercial calibrated ones. This work is expected to provide a reference for optimizing the fabrication of organically modified ceramics and reducing photoresist shrinkage in two-photon polymerization.

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3

Verbitsky, Lior, Nir Waiskopf, Shlomo Magdassi, and Uri Banin. "A clear solution: semiconductor nanocrystals as photoinitiators in solvent free polymerization." Nanoscale 11, no. 23 (2019): 11209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03086g.

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Semiconductor nanocrystals are shown as highly efficient quantum photoinitiators for solvent-and-additive-free polymerization with micromolar loading, surpassing traditional organic initiators. The new quantum photoinitiators demonstrate a two-photon polymerization capacity, allowing multi-functional microprinting.

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4

Glöckler, Felix, Florian Hausladen, Igor Alekseenko, Alexander Gröger, Giancarlo Pedrini, and Daniel Claus. "Two-photon-polymerization enabled and enhanced multi-channel fibre switch." Engineering Research Express 3, no. 4 (November 11, 2021): 045016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac34c5.

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Abstract This article discusses the fabrication and performance of a multi-channel fibre switch, consisting of 19 single-mode fibres, with enhanced coupling efficiency due to micro-optics, directly printed via two-photon-polymerization on the end-face of each fibre. The use of high-resolution two-photon-polymerization not only allows the enhancement of the coupling efficiency with respect to the coupling device in use but likewise offers great freedom in the arrangement of the used fibres. This letter gives a thorough explanation of the fabrication method as well as the optical simulations for the lenses on the fibre assembly.

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5

Pisanello, Marco, Di Zheng, Antonio Balena, Filippo Pisano, Massimo De Vittorio, and Ferruccio Pisanello. "An open source three-mirror laser scanning holographic two-photon lithography system." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): e0265678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265678.

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Two-photon polymerization is a widely adopted technique for direct fabrication of 3D and 2D structures with sub-diffraction-limit features. Here we present an open-hardware, open-software custom design for a holographic multibeam two-photon polymerization system based on a phase-only spatial light modulator and a three-mirror scanhead. The use of three reflective surfaces, two of which scanning the phase-modulated image along the same axis, allows to overcome the loss of virtual conjugation within the large galvanometric mirrors pair needed to accommodate the holographic projection. This extends the writing field of view among which the hologram can be employed for multi-beam two-photon polymerization by a factor of ~2 on one axis (i.e. from ~200μm to ~400μm), with a voxel size of ~250nm × ~1050nm (lateral × axial size), and writing speed of three simultaneous beams of 2000 voxels/s, making our system a powerful and reliable tool for advanced micro and nano-fabrications on large area.

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6

Filippidis, G., J. Catherine, M. Farsari, V. Zorba, and C. Fotakis. "Construction of micron three-dimensional structures employing multi-photon polymerization." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 219, no. 4 (December 2005): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/17403499jnn48.

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7

Zhao, Yuxia, Xue Li, Feipeng Wu, and Xiangyun Fang. "Novel multi-branched two-photon polymerization initiators of ketocoumarin derivatives." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 177, no. 1 (January 2006): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.05.006.

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8

Cui, Hai-Bo, Yan Li, Zhao-Pei Liu, Hong Yang, and Qi-Huang Gong. "Controlling aspect ratios of suspended nanorods fabricated by multi-photon polymerization." Applied Physics A 105, no. 4 (August 19, 2011): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6539-1.

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9

Lee, W., S. A. Pruzinsky, and P. V. Braun. "Multi-Photon Polymerization of Waveguide Structures Within Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Advanced Materials 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2002): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020219)14:4<271::aid-adma271>3.0.co;2-y.

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10

Parkatzidis, Kostas, Maria Chatzinikolaidou, Eleftherios Koufakis, Maria Kaliva, Maria Farsari, and Maria Vamvakaki. "Multi-photon polymerization of bio-inspired, thymol-functionalized hybrid materials with biocompatible and antimicrobial activity." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 25 (2020): 4078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00281j.

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11

Vizsnyiczai, Gaszton, Lóránd Kelemen, and Pál Ormos. "Holographic multi-focus 3D two-photon polymerization with real-time calculated holograms." Optics Express 22, no. 20 (September 25, 2014): 24217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.024217.

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12

Obata, Kotaro, Jürgen Koch, Ulf Hinze, and Boris N. Chichkov. "Multi-focus two-photon polymerization technique based on individually controlled phase modulation." Optics Express 18, no. 16 (July 29, 2010): 17193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.017193.

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13

Yan, Yun-Xing, Xu-Tang Tao, Yuan-Hong Sun, Chuan-Kui Wang, Gui-Bao Xu, Jia-Xiang Yang, Yan Ren, et al. "Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of novel multi-branched two-photon polymerization initiators." Journal of Materials Chemistry 14, no. 20 (2004): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b403777d.

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14

Shao, Yuchen, Yuan'an Zhao, Hao Ma, Cheng Li, Dawei Li, and Jianda Shao. "Refining multi-photon polymerization feature size by optimizing solvent content in SU-8 photoresist." Optical Materials 112 (February 2021): 110800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.110800.

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15

Shao, Yuchen, Yuan'an Zhao, Hao Ma, Cheng Li, Dawei Li, and Jianda Shao. "Refining multi-photon polymerization feature size by optimizing solvent content in SU-8 photoresist." Optical Materials 112 (February 2021): 110800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.110800.

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16

Galanopoulos, Stratos, Nikoleta Chatzidai, Vasileia Melissinaki, Alexandros Selimis, Charalampos Schizas, Maria Farsari, and Dimitris Karalekas. "Design, Fabrication and Computational Characterization of a 3D Micro-Valve Built by Multi-Photon Polymerization." Micromachines 5, no. 3 (August 6, 2014): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi5030505.

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17

Franklin, Daniel, Yun-Han Lee, Ziqian He, Debashis Chanda, and Shin-Tson Wu. "44-3: Large Area Multi-Layer Liquid Crystal Phase Modulators Enabled by Two-Photon Polymerization." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 49, no. 1 (May 2018): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.12417.

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18

Panusa, Giulia, Ye Pu, Jieping Wang, Christophe Moser, and Demetri Psaltis. "Fabrication of Sub-Micron Polymer Waveguides through Two-Photon Polymerization in Polydimethylsiloxane." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112485.

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Flexible ultra-compact low-loss optical waveguides play a vital role in the development of soft photonics. The search for suitable materials and innovative fabrication techniques to achieve low loss long polymer optical waveguides and interconnects has proven to be challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of submicron optical waveguides in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using divinylbenzene (DVB) as the photopolymerizable monomer through two-photon polymerization (2PP). We show that the commercial oxime ester photoinitiator Irgacure OXE02 is suitable for triggering the DVB photopolymerization, resulting in a stable and controllable fabrication process for the fabrication of defect-free, 5-cm long waveguides. We further explore a multi-track fabrication strategy to enlarge the waveguide core size up to ~3 μm for better light confinement and reduced cross-talk. In these waveguides, we measured a refractive index contrast on the order of 0.005 and a transmission loss of 0.1 dB/cm at 710 nm wavelength.

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19

Basu, Swarna, and Paul J. Campagnola. "3-D Nano and Microscale Regional Control of Bioactivity Through Multi-photon Excited Crosslinking and Polymerization." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, S02 (August 2004): 1430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604882242.

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20

Mikhaylov, Andrey, Stefan Reich, Margarita Zakharova, Vitor Vlnieska, Roman Laptev, Anton Plech, and Danays Kunka. "Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors based on 2D refractive lens arrays and super-resolution multi-contrast X-ray imaging." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520002830.

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Different approaches of 2D lens arrays as Shack–Hartmann sensors for hard X-rays are compared. For the first time, a combination of Shack–Hartmann sensors for hard X-rays (SHSX) with a super-resolution imaging approach to perform multi-contrast imaging is demonstrated. A diamond lens is employed as a well known test object. The interleaving approach has great potential to overcome the 2D lens array limitation given by the two-photon polymerization lithography. Finally, the radiation damage induced by continuous exposure of an SHSX prototype with a white beam was studied showing a good performance of several hours. The shape modification and influence in the final image quality are presented.

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21

Skliutas, Edvinas, Migle Lebedevaite, Elmina Kabouraki, Tommaso Baldacchini, Jolita Ostrauskaite, Maria Vamvakaki, Maria Farsari, Saulius Juodkazis, and Mangirdas Malinauskas. "Polymerization mechanisms initiated by spatio-temporally confined light." Nanophotonics 10, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 1211–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0551.

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Abstract Ultrafast laser 3D lithography based on non-linear light–matter interactions, widely known as multi-photon lithography (MPL), offers unrivaled precision rapid prototyping and flexible additive manufacturing options. 3D printing equipment based on MPL is already commercially available, yet there is still no comprehensive understanding of factors determining spatial resolution, accuracy, fabrication throughput, repeatability, and standardized metrology methods for the accurate characterization of the produced 3D objects and their functionalities. The photoexcitation mechanisms, spatial-control or photo-modified volumes, and the variety of processable materials are topics actively investigated. The complexity of the research field is underlined by a limited understanding and fragmented knowledge of light-excitation and material response. Research to date has only provided case-specific findings on photoexcitation, chemical modification, and material characterization of the experimental data. In this review, we aim to provide a consistent and comprehensive summary of the existing literature on photopolymerization mechanisms under highly confined spatial and temporal conditions, where, besides the excitation and cross-linking, parameters such as diffusion, temperature accumulation, and the finite amount of monomer molecules start to become of critical importance. Key parameters such as photoexcitation, polymerization kinetics, and the properties of the additively manufactured materials at the nanoscale in 3D are examined, whereas, the perspectives for future research and as well as emerging applications are outlined.

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22

Shao, Yuchen, Yuan'an Zhao, Hao Ma, Meiling Chen, Yafei Lian, and Jianda Shao. "An easy method to improve efficiency of multi-photon polymerization: Introducing solvents with nonlinear optical absorption into photoresist." Optics & Laser Technology 151 (July 2022): 108008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108008.

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23

Scheiner, Brett, Mark J. Schmitt, Derek Schmidt, Lynne Goodwin, and Frederic J. Marshall. "Two-photon polymerization printed lattices as support structures in multi-shell ICF targets: Platform development and initial assessment." Physics of Plasmas 27, no. 12 (December 2020): 122702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0027820.

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24

Li, Chi, Changrui Liao, Jia Wang, Zongsong Gan, and Yiping Wang. "Femtosecond Laser Microprinting of a Polymer Optical Fiber Interferometer for High-Sensitivity Temperature Measurement." Polymers 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111192.

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Femtosecond laser induced multi-photon polymerization technique can be applied to fabricate an ultracompact polymer optical fiber interferometer which was embedded in a section of hollow core fiber. The production of the photoresin, used in this work, is described. Such a device has been used for temperature measurement, due to its excellent thermal properties. Transmission spectrum, structural morphology, and temperature response of the polymer optical fiber interferometer are experimentally investigated. A high wavelength sensitivity of 6.5 nm/°C is achieved over a temperature range from 25 °C to 30 °C. The proposed polymer optical fiber interferometer exhibits high temperature sensitivity, excellent mechanical strength, and ultra-high integration. More complex fiber-integrated polymer function micro/nano structures produced by this technique may result in more applications in optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensors.

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25

Kurth, Daniel, Simon Ristok, Sopie Rühle, Alexander Verl, and Harald Giessen. "Multi-axis two photon polymerization machine and software concept for the manufacturing of aspheric lenses on non-planar substrates." Procedia CIRP 118 (2023): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2023.06.117.

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26

Itoh, Noriaki, Chihiro Itoh, and Jun'ichi Kanasaki. "Comparison of Electronic-Excitation-Induced Structural Modification of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials with that of Semiconductor Surfaces." Nano 11, no. 06 (June 2016): 1630001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292016300012.

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Modification by electronic excitation of semiconductor surfaces and carbon-related quasi-two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials, namely graphene, carbon nanotubes is reviewed. Defect creation in these materials takes place not by low-intensity photoirradiation, but by laser or electron irradiation. The defect creation processes are different from ordinary photochemical processes in molecules or in some solids like alkali halides, which can be modified by a localized exciton. It is pointed out that there are common features in defect creation by electronic excitation in semiconductor surfaces and carbon-related quasi-2D nanomaterials: the yield-intensity relation shows strong superlinearity for laser irradiation near the bandgap energies and linearity or weak superlinearity for higher energy electron or photon irradiation. These results are explained in terms of multi-hole localization, in which bonds are weakened more strongly and more energy is available upon recombination with trapped electrons in comparison with excitons. The multi-hole localized state is considered to be realized by the creation of dense excitons or by cascade excitation for laser irradiation and by multiple excitations or multiple exciton generation by single impacts for electron irradiation. The review includes also polymerization of C[Formula: see text] films by electronic excitation, which is induced by low-intensity photoirradiation as well as by laser or electron irradiation. The experimental observation that laser or electron irradiation polymerize C[Formula: see text] films differently from low-intensity photoirradiation is explained in terms of multi-hole localization similar to the defect formation mechanism. Although fragmentation of C[Formula: see text] is due to electronic excitation of the molecule, it is included in the review because its yield is strongly superlinear for laser irradiation near bandgap energies and weakly superlinear for high-energy electron or photon irradiation as for other cases.

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27

Razzaq, Muhammad Yasar, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Gregory Mertz, David Ruch, Daniel F. Schmidt, and Stephan Westermann. "4D Printing of Multicomponent Shape-Memory Polymer Formulations." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157880.

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Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, as a next-generation additive manufacturing method, enables printed objects to further change their shapes, functionalities, or properties upon exposure to external stimuli. The 4D printing of programmable and deformable materials such as thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers (trSMPs), which possess the ability to change shape by exposure to heat, has attracted particular interest in recent years. Three-dimensional objects based on SMPs have been proposed for various potential applications in different fields, including soft robotics, smart actuators, biomedical and electronics. To enable the manufacturing of complex multifunctional 3D objects, SMPs are often coupled with other functional polymers or fillers during or before the 3D printing process. This review highlights the 4D printing of state-of-the-art multi-component SMP formulations. Commonly used 4D printing technologies such as material extrusion techniques including fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct ink writing (DIW), as well as vat photopolymerization techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and multi-photon polymerization (MPP), are discussed. Different multicomponent SMP systems, their actuation methods, and potential applications of the 3D printed objects are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and prospects for 4D printing technology are summarized.

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28

Danilevičius, P., A. Žukauskas, G. Bičkauskaitė, V. Purlys, M. Rutkauskas, T. Gertus, D. Paipulas, J. Matukaitė, D. Baltriukienė, and M. Malinauskas. "Laser-Micro/Nanofabricated 3D Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 48, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-011-0013-x.

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Laser-Micro/Nanofabricated 3D Polymers for Tissue Engineering ApplicationsA multi-photon polymerization system has been designed based on a pulsed irradiation light source (diode-pumped solid state femtosecond laser Yb:KGW, 300 fs, 1030 nm, 1-200 kHz) in combination with large working area and high precision linear motor driven stages (100×100×50 mm3). The system is intended for high resolution and throughput 3D micro- and nanofabrication and enables manufacturing the polymeric templates up to 1 cm2areas with sub-micrometer resolution. These can be used for producing 3D artificial polymeric scaffolds to be applied for growing cells, specifically, in the tissue engineering. The bio-compatibility of different acrylate, hybrid organic-inorganic and biodegradable polymeric materials is evaluated experimentallyin vitro. Variously sized and shaped polymeric scaffolds of biocompatible photopolymers with intricate 3D geometry were successfully fabricated. Proliferation tests for adult rabbit myogenic stem cells have shown the applicability of artificial scaffolds in biomedicine practice.

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29

Tao, Yufeng, Liansheng Lin, Xudong Ren, Xuejiao Wang, Xia Cao, Heng Gu, Yunxia Ye, Yunpeng Ren, and Zhiming Zhang. "Four-Dimensional Micro/Nanorobots via Laser Photochemical Synthesis towards the Molecular Scale." Micromachines 14, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14091656.

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Miniaturized four-dimensional (4D) micro/nanorobots denote a forerunning technique associated with interdisciplinary applications, such as in embeddable labs-on-chip, metamaterials, tissue engineering, cell manipulation, and tiny robotics. With emerging smart interactive materials, static micro/nanoscale architectures have upgraded to the fourth dimension, evincing time-dependent shape/property mutation. Molecular-level 4D robotics promises complex sensing, self-adaption, transformation, and responsiveness to stimuli for highly valued functionalities. To precisely control 4D behaviors, current-laser-induced photochemical additive manufacturing, such as digital light projection, stereolithography, and two-photon polymerization, is pursuing high-freeform shape-reconfigurable capacities and high-resolution spatiotemporal programming strategies, which challenge multi-field sciences while offering new opportunities. Herein, this review summarizes the recent development of micro/nano 4D laser photochemical manufacturing, incorporating active materials and shape-programming strategies to provide an envisioning of these miniaturized 4D micro/nanorobots. A comparison with other chemical/physical fabricated micro/nanorobots further explains the advantages and potential usage of laser-synthesized micro/nanorobots.

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30

Stankevičius, Evaldas, Mangirdas Malinauskas, and Gediminas Račiukaitis. "Fabrication of Scaffolds and Micro-Lenses Array in a Negative Photopolymer SZ2080 by Multi-Photon Polymerization and Four-Femtosecond-Beam Interference." Physics Procedia 12 (2011): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.109.

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31

Demirbay, Barış, and Şaziye Uğur. "Experimental Investigation of Morphological and Electrical Characteristics of PS/MWCNT Nanocomposite Films." Materials Science Forum 915 (March 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.915.104.

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Electrical characteristics and morphology of nanocomposite films composed of two different polystyrene (PS) latexes impregnated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the range between 0 wt% and 20 wt% were assessed by considering photon transmission (UV-Vis) technique and electrical conductivity measurements. Emulsion polymerization technique was employed both to synthesize very fine PS particles dispersed in water and to tailor the sizes of the PS particles as 382 nm and 560 nm, respectively. PS/MWCNT nanocomposite films were obtained from the liquid form on glass substrates via drop-casting method and all they dried at 40 QUOTE C. Each dried sample was then annealed at varying temperatures between 100 QUOTE C and 250 QUOTE C for 10 min. The surface conductivity QUOTE of each annealed film at 250 QUOTE C was measured and was found to increase dramatically above a certain mass fraction of MWCNT content, QUOTE . Each set of PS/MWCNT nanocomposite film had a similar electrical percolation threshold of QUOTE =1.5 wt% as the MWCNT content and critical exponents of QUOTE were found to be 2.64 and 1.19 for 382 nm and 560 nm PS latex systems, respectively.

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32

Maibohm, Christian, Alberto Saldana-Lopez, Oscar F. Silvestre, and Jana B. Nieder. "3D Polymer Structures for the Identification of Optimal Dimensions for Cellular Growth for 3D Lung Alveolar Models." Engineering Proceedings 4, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micromachines2021-09596.

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Organ-on-chips and scaffolds for tissue engineering are vital assay tools for pre-clinical testing and prediction of human response to drugs and toxins, while providing an ethically sound alternative to animal testing and a low-cost alternative to expensive clinical studies. An important success criterion for these models is the ability to have structural parameters for optimized performance. In this study we show how the two-photon polymerization fabrication method can be used to create 3D test platforms made for analyzing optimal scaffold parameters for cell growth. We design and fabricate a 3D grid structure, designed as a set of wall structures with niches of various dimensions for probing the optimal niche for cell attachment. The 3D grid structures are fabricated from bio-compatible polymer SZ2080 and subsequently seeded with A549 lung epithelia cells. The seeded structures are incubated and imaged with multi-color spectral confocal microscopy at several time points, to determine the volume of cell material present in the different niches of the grid structure. Spectral imaging with linear unmixing is used to separate the auto-fluorescence contribution from the scaffold from the fluorescence of the cells and use it to determine the volume of cell material present in the different sections of the grid structure. The variation in structural parameters influences the incubated A549 cells’ distribution and morphology. In future, this kind of differentiated 3D growth platform could be applied for optimized culture growth, cell differentiation and advanced cell therapies.

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33

Remuzzi, Andrea, Barbara Bonandrini, Matteo Tironi, Lorena Longaretti, Marina Figliuzzi, Sara Conti, Tommaso Zandrini, Roberto Osellame, Giulio Cerullo, and Manuela Teresa Raimondi. "Effect of the 3D Artificial Nichoid on the Morphology and Mechanobiological Response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured In Vitro." Cells 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9081873.

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Stem cell fate and behavior are affected by the bidirectional communication of cells and their local microenvironment (the stem cell niche), which includes biochemical cues, as well as physical and mechanical factors. Stem cells are normally cultured in conventional two-dimensional monolayer, with a mechanical environment very different from the physiological one. Here, we compare culture of rat mesenchymal stem cells on flat culture supports and in the “Nichoid”, an innovative three-dimensional substrate micro-engineered to recapitulate the architecture of the physiological niche in vitro. Two versions of the culture substrates Nichoid (single-layered or “2D Nichoid” and multi-layered or “3D Nichoid”) were fabricated via two-photon laser polymerization in a biocompatible hybrid organic-inorganic photoresist (SZ2080). Mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from rat bone marrow, were seeded on flat substrates and on 2D and 3D Nichoid substrates and maintained in culture up to 2 weeks. During cell culture, we evaluated cell morphology, proliferation, cell motility and the expression of a panel of 89 mesenchymal stem cells’ specific genes, as well as intracellular structures organization. Our results show that mesenchymal stem cells adhered and grew in the 3D Nichoid with a comparable proliferation rate as compared to flat substrates. After seeding on flat substrates, cells displayed large and spread nucleus and cytoplasm, while cells cultured in the 3D Nichoid were spatially organized in three dimensions, with smaller and spherical nuclei. Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of genes related to stemness and to mesenchymal stem cells’ features in Nichoid-cultured cells, as compared to flat substrates. The observed changes in cytoskeletal organization of cells cultured on 3D Nichoids were also responsible for a different localization of the mechanotransducer transcription factor YAP, with an increase of the cytoplasmic retention in cells cultured in the 3D Nichoid. This difference could be explained by alterations in the import of transcription factors inside the nucleus due to the observed decrease of mean nuclear pore diameter, by transmission electron microscopy. Our data show that 3D distribution of cell volume has a profound effect on mesenchymal stem cells structure and on their mechanobiological response, and highlight the potential use of the 3D Nichoid substrate to strengthen the potential effects of MSC in vitro and in vivo.

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Sadat Arabjafari, Maliheh, Farzaneh Bayat, Kazem Jamshidi-Ghaleh, Ali Reza Amani-Ghadim, Ali Fatemi, and Milad Rasouli. "(Digital Presentation) Synthesis of Multisize Layered Silica Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 32 (July 7, 2022): 2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01322509mtgabs.

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Today, human beings have found an increasing need for energy. The ever-increasing effort to shrink information systems at higher speeds has led to the common idea that photons are used as carriers of information instead of electrons. Photonic crystals have a structure whose dielectric constants and refractive indices change alternately in one, two, or three dimensions, which are called one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional photon crystals. Periodicity in the refractive index of the crystal structure causes a photonic bandgap that includes a range of frequencies in which light with a frequency of this range is not allowed to pass the crystal structure and is reflected or absorbed. In this work, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres of different sizes were first synthesized using the suspension polymerization method. Concentrations of used materials including initializer, monomer, reaction temperature, reaction time, and rotation speed play important roles in determining the final diameter of PMMA microspheres. Then, the vertical deposition method is used for the growth of multi-layered opals of different sizes, one on top of another. On the other hand, inverse opals have porous and organized structures that are made using opals as the template. The method used in this study to make multisize layered inverse opal made of silica is as follows: 1- Fabrication of a uniform layer of polymer microspheres on a glass substrate with a specified size as a colloidal crystal template 2- Infiltration of void space between the microspheres of the opal template 3- Creating the next layer with different size on the first layer 4- Reinjection of the silica precursor. 5- Repeating the coating layer and injection of the precursor. 6- Finally, selective removal of the opal template by calcination or etching with an organic solvent to create the porous structure of the multisize layered Silica inverse opal photonic crystals. The silica precursor contains a mixture of ethanol, TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate, and hydrochloric acid. The results show that the fabricated inverse opals are organized, crack-free, and uniform. It is possible to make the desired number of layers by changing the concentration of the PMMA microspheres' colloidal suspension. By changing the characteristics of photonic crystals, such as their constituent materials and refractive indices, lattice constants, and the number of layers, it is possible to control their photonic properties which are beneficial for different applications.

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35

Maurel, Alexis, Ana Cristina Martinez, Sylvie Grugeon, Stephane Panier, Loic Dupont, Michel Armand, Roberto Russo, et al. "(Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation) 3D Printing of Batteries: Fiction or Reality?" ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023214mtgabs.

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Motivated by the request to build shape-conformable flexible, wearable and customizable batteries while maximizing the energy storage and electrochemical performances, additive manufacturing (AM) appears as a revolutionary discipline. Battery components such as electrodes, separator, electrolyte, current collectors and casing can be tailored with any shape, allowing the direct incorporation of batteries and all electronics within the final three-dimensional object. AM also paves the way toward the implementation of complex 3D electrode architectures that could enhance significantly the power battery performances. Transitioning from conventional 2D to complex 3D lithium-ion battery (LIB) architectures will increase the electrochemically active surface area, enhance the Li+ diffusion paths, thus leading to improved specific capacity and power performance [1]. Our recent modeling studies [2] involving the simulation of a classical Ragone plot illustrated that a gyroid 3D battery architecture has +158% performance at a high current density of 6C, in comparison to planar geometry. In this presentation, an overview of current trends in energy storage 3D printing will be discussed [3-11]. A summary of our recent works on lithium-ion battery 3D printing via Thermoplastic Material Extrusion / Fused Deposition Modeling will be presented [12-16]. The development of printable composite filaments (Graphite-, LiFePO4-, Li2TP-, PEO/LiTFSI-, SiO2-, Ag/Cu-based) corresponding to each part of a LIB (electrodes, electrolyte, separator, current collectors), and the importance of introducing a plasticizer (polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether average Mn 500 for polylactic acid) as an additive to enhance the printability will be addressed. Printing of the complete LIB in a single step using multi-material printing options, and the implementation of a solvent-free protocol [14] will also be discussed. Second part of this presentation will be dedicated to AM of batteries by means of Vat Photopolymerization (VPP) processes, including stereolithography, digital light processing and two-photon polymerization (offering a greater resolution down to 0.1μm), to print high resolution battery components [10]. Composite resins formulation approaches based on the introduction of solid battery particles or precursor salts will be introduced [17, 18]. Finally, an overview of our ongoing project dedicated to AM of sodium-ion batteries from resources available on the Moon and Mars will be presented. Due to its relative abundance in the Lunar regolith, the development of a composite photocurable resin loaded with TiO2 negative electrode material and conductive additives, to feed a VPP printer, will be discussed [18]. [1] Long et al., Three-dimensional battery architectures, Chemical Reviews 104(10) (2004) 4463-4492. [2] Maurel et al., Considering lithium-ion battery 3D-printing via thermoplastic material extrusion and polymer powder bed fusion, Additive Manufacturing (2020) 101651. [3] Maurel et al., Overview on Lithium-Ion Battery 3D-Printing By Means of Material Extrusion, ECS Transactions 98(13) (2020) 3-21. [4] Ragones et al., Towards smart free form-factor 3D printable batteries, Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2(7) (2018) 1542-1549. [5] Reyes et al., Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complete Lithium Ion Battery with Fused Filament Fabrication, ACS Applied Energy Materials 1(10) (2018) 5268-5279. [6] Yee et al., Hydrogel-Based Additive Manufacturing of Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Advanced Materials Technologies 6(2) (2021). [7] Saccone et al., Understanding and mitigating mechanical degradation in lithium–sulfur batteries: additive manufacturing of Li2S composites and nanomechanical particle compressions, Journal of Materials Research (2021). [8] Tagliaferri et al., Direct ink writing of energy materials, Materials Advances 2(2) (2021) 25. [9] Sun et al., 3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion Microbattery Architectures, Advanced Materials 25(33) (2013) 4539-4543. [10] Maurel et al., Toward High Resolution 3D Printing of Shape-Conformable Batteries via Vat Photopolymerization: Review and Perspective, IEEE Access 9 (2021) 140654-140666. [11] Seol et al., All-Printed In-Plane Supercapacitors by Sequential Additive Manufacturing Process, Acs Applied Energy Materials 3(5) (2020) 4965-4973. [12] Maurel et al., Highly Loaded Graphite-Polylactic Acid Composite-Based Filaments for Lithium-Ion Battery Three-Dimensional Printing, Chemistry of Materials 30(21) (2018) 7484-7493. [13] Maurel et al., Three-Dimensional Printing of a LiFePO4/Graphite Battery Cell via Fused Deposition Modeling, Scientific Reports 9(1) (2019) 18031. [14] Maurel et al., Environmentally Friendly Lithium-Terephthalate/Polylactic Acid Composite Filament Formulation for Lithium-Ion Battery 3D-Printing via Fused Deposition Modeling, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 10(3) (2021) 037004. [15] Maurel et al., Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-LiTFSI Solid Polymer Electrolyte Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling Three-Dimensional Printing, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 167(7) (2020). [16] Maurel et al., Ag-Coated Cu/Polylactic Acid Composite Filament for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Battery Current Collector Three-Dimensional Printing via Thermoplastic Material Extrusion, Frontiers in Energy Research 9(70) (2021). [17] Martinez et al., Additive Manufacturing of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 battery electrode material via vat photopolymerization precursor approach, (submitted). [18] Maurel et al., Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Sodium-Ion Battery TiO2 Negative Electrodes from Lunar In-Situ Resources, (submitted).

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36

Wu, Xingyu, Mehdi Belqat, Benjamin Leuschel, Guillaume Noirbent, Frédéric Dumur, Karine Mougin, and Arnaud Spangenberg. "Investigation of two-photon polymerized microstructures using fluorescence lifetime measurements." Polymer Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01728d.

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A fluorescent molecular rotor is exploited as a viscosity probe to reveal heterogeneity in multi-material microstructures made by two-photon polymerization. These results open the door to probe the 4D character of active 3D microstructures.

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Zhang, Qianyi, Antoine Boniface, Virendra K. Parashar, Martin A. M. Gijs, and Christophe Moser. "Multi-photon polymerization using upconversion nanoparticles for tunable feature-size printing." Nanophotonics, January 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0598.

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Abstract The recent development of light-based 3D printing technologies has marked a turning point in additive manufacturing. Through photopolymerization, liquid resins can be solidified into complex objects. Usually, the polymerization is triggered by exciting a photoinitiator with ultraviolet (UV) or blue light. In two-photon printing (TPP), the excitation is done through the non-linear absorption of two photons; it enables printing 100-nm voxels but requires expensive femtosecond lasers which strongly limit their broad dissemination. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have recently been proposed as an alternative to TPP for photopolymerization but using continuous-wave lasers. UCNPs convert near-infrared (NIR) into visible/UV light to initiate the polymerization locally as in TPP. Here we provide a study of this multi-photon mechanism and demonstrate how the non-linearity impacts the printing process. In particular, we report on the possibility of fine-tuning the size of the printed voxel by adjusting the NIR excitation intensity. Using gelatin-based hydrogel, we are able to vary the transverse voxel size from 1.3 to 2.8 μm and the axial size from 7.7 to 59 μm by adjusting the NIR power without changing the degree of polymerization. This work opens up new opportunities to construct 3D structures with micrometer feature size by direct laser writing with continuous wave inexpensive light sources.

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Lee, Yun-Han, Daniel Franklin, Fangwang Gou, Guigeng Liu, Fenglin Peng, Debashis Chanda, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Two-photon polymerization enabled multi-layer liquid crystal phase modulator." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (November 24, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16596-8.

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39

Xiong, Wei, Yunshen Zhou, Xiangnan He, Yang Gao, Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, Tommaso Baldacchini, and Yongfeng Lu. "Three-dimensional sub-wavelength fabrication by integration of additive and subtractive femtosecond-laser direct writing." MRS Proceedings 1499 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.443.

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ABSTRACTAdditive nanofabrication by two-photon polymerization (TPP) has recently drawn increased attention due to its sub-100 nm resolution and truly three-dimensional (3D) structuring capability. However, besides additive processes, subtractive process is also demanded for many 3D fabrications. Method possessing both additive and subtractive fabrication capabilities was rarely reported. In this study, we developed a complementary 3D micro/nano-fabrication process by integrating both additive two-photon polymerization (TPP) and subtractive multi-photon ablation (MPA) into a single platform of femtosecond-laser direct writing process. Functional device structures were successfully fabricated including: polymer fiber Bragg gratings containing periodic holes of 500-nm diameter and 3D micro-fluidic systems containing arrays of channels of 1-µm diameter. The integration of TPP and MPA processes enhances the nanofabrication efficiency and enables the fabrication of complex 3D micro/nano-structures that are impractical to produce by either TPP or MPA alone, which is promising for a wide range of applications including integrated optics, metamaterials, MEMS, and micro-fluidics.

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Ogor, Florie, Thomas Le Deun, Emma Van Elslande, Azeddine Tellal, Akos Banyasz, Manuel Flury, and Kevin Heggarty. "Modelling and simulation of a massively parallelised multi‐photon polymerization 3D microfabrication process." physica status solidi (a), October 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300486.

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While additive manufacturing based on multi photon polymerization is currently considered to be a very promising technique for the fabrication of 3D micro and nano structures, long fabrication times are a major limitation of this approach. Parallelization of the fabrication process is an important technique to overcome this issue. The fabrication process is parallelized by imaging a 1920x1080 pixel Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) into an ultra‐sensitive Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation (TTA) resist. However, proximity effects between close pixels generate uncontrolled polymerization and make the controlled fabrication of 3D structures difficult. This work models light propagation and chemical interactions in our system to predict fabricated structures with a view to precompensating plot data and improving 3D resolution by performing optical and chemical proximity correction. Our simple model gives reasonable predictions of fabricated structures helping us fabricate fully 3D structures in parallel.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Singh, Gaganpreet, Deepak Mishra, Janakarajan Ramkumar, and Subramanian Anantha Ramakrishna. "Large area fabrication of single micron features using two-photon polymerization with sub-nanosecond laser." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, March 10, 2022, 095440542210777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054221077781.

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Single micrometer-sized features were fabricated on ARN-4340 photoresist using a 3D additive technique of two-photon polymerization (TPP). An economic TPP setup capable of producing a large area was developed in the lab using a sub-nanosecond laser. The Photo-initiator (2, 4 Diethyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one) with a large two-photon absorption cross-section was used to enhance the polymerization. It was theoretically determined that the dimensions of the polymerized features depend on the concentration of the photo-initiator. A novel image-based focusing technique was developed to achieve uniform microsized features on a large area. In the proposed TPP setup, the developed focusing technique was used to determine the area over the sample, which can be polymerized in one go. To demonstrate the capability of the developed setup, microstructures of about 1 µm width were fabricated over an area of 4 cm2. Further, the fabricated sample was used to develop a master mold of Polydimethylsiloxane, which can be used for a soft-lithography replication process. Also, the melt flow technique was explored to reduce the roughness in the fabricated structure. The multi-photon polymerization process using the sub-nanosecond laser is shown to be cost-effective and robust for large area microstructure fabrication.

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Geng, Qiang, Dien Wang, Pengfei Chen, and Shih-Chi Chen. "Ultrafast multi-focus 3-D nano-fabrication based on two-photon polymerization." Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (May 16, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10249-2.

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43

Wdowiak, Emilia, Michał Ziemczonok, Juan Martinez-Carranza, and Arkadiusz Kuś. "Phase-assisted multi-material two-photon polymerization for extended refractive index range." Additive Manufacturing, June 2023, 103666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103666.

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44

Samsonas, Danielius, Edvinas Skliutas, Arūnas Čiburys, Lukas Kontenis, Darius Gailevičius, Jonas Berzinš, Donatas Narbutis, et al. "3D nanopolymerization and damage threshold dependence on laser wavelength and pulse duration." Nanophotonics, January 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0629.

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Abstract The dependence of the polymerization and optical damage thresholds in multi-photon polymerization (MPP) lithography was studied using a broadly-tunable laser system with group delay dispersion (GDD) control. The order of non-linearity and the light–matter interaction mechanisms were investigated using the resolution bridges method for non-photosensitized SZ2080TM and photosensitized SZ2080TM + IRG369 prepolymers. Energy deposition, voxel dimension growth, and the size of the dynamic fabrication window (DFW) were measured in the 700–1300 nm wavelength range at three different pulse durations measured at the sample – 100, 200 and 300 fs. Polymerization was observed at all wavelengths and pulse durations without significant differences in the achieved minimal spatial dimension ( < 300 $< 300$ nm). This was achieved despite the broad range of excitation wavelengths used which spanned two- and three-photon absorption bands, and the differences in the absorption spectra of the prepolymers. The lateral and longitudinal voxel growth dynamics revealed an abrupt change in the power dependence of polymerization and a significant variation of the DFW – from 1 at 1250 nm to 29 at 700 nm. This result can be interpreted as a consequence of a change in the instantaneous refractive index and a lowering of the polymerization but not the damage threshold. The optimization of energy delivery to the material by a wavelength-tunable laser source with pulse duration control was experimentally validated. These findings are uncovering the complexity of polymerization mechanisms and are useful in further development of MPP technology.

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Maibohm, Christian, Oscar F. Silvestre, Jérôme Borme, Maina Sinou, Kevin Heggarty, and Jana B. Nieder. "Multi-beam two-photon polymerization for fast large area 3D periodic structure fabrication for bioapplications." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (May 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64955-9.

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46

Xu, Borui, Wei Wei, Ping Tang, Jingzhu Shao, Xiangyu Zhao, Bo Chen, Shengxiang Dong, and Chongzhao Wu. "A Multi‐foci Sparse‐Aperture Metalens." Advanced Science, March 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202309648.

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AbstractMulti‐foci lenses are essential components for optical communications, virtual reality display and microscopy, yet the bulkiness of conventional counterparts has significantly hindered their widespread applications. Benefiting from the unprecedented capability of metasurfaces in light modulation, metalenses are able to provide multi‐foci functionality with a more compact footprint. However, achieving imaging quality comparable to that of corresponding single‐foci metalenses at each focal point poses a challenge for existing multi‐foci metalenses. Here, a polarization‐independent all‐dielectric multi‐foci metalens is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by spatially integrating single‐foci optical sparse‐aperture sub‐metalenses. Such design enables the metalens to generate multiple focal points, while maintaining the ability to capture target information comparable to that of a single‐foci metalens. The proposed multi‐foci metalens is composed of square‐nanohole units array fabricated by two‐photon polymerization. The focusing characteristic and imaging capability are demonstrated upon the illumination of an unpolarized light beam. This work finds a novel route toward multi‐foci metalenses and may open a new avenue for dealing with the trade‐off between multi‐foci functionality and high‐quality imaging performance.

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Zhao, Xiang-Yu, yuanyuan zhao, Hai-Chao Luo, and Xuan-Ming Duan. "Tunable reﬂection coating to reduce exposure power threshold for interference-assisted two-photon polymerization lithography." Applied Physics Express, August 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/acf273.

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Abstract We proposed a strategy to significantly reduce the exposure power threshold for two-photon lithography on tunable reﬂection coating substrates. The focused light spot at the photoresist-reflective interface is modulated into a multi-layered distribution, which has an enhanced optical field compared to the incident light. The interference of incident and reflected light at the interface enhance the local light field by 1.6-3.4 times, equivalent to reducing the incident exposure power. The tailored multilayer nanowires fabricated by a single scan and the exposure power modulation mechanism proposed in this study would be of profound importance in the fields of semiconductor electronic devices.

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Wang, Xinger, Xuhao Fan, Yuncheng Liu, Ke Xu, Yining Zhou, Zexu Zhang, Fayu Chen, et al. "3D Nanolithography via Holographic Multi‐Focus Metalens." Laser & Photonics Reviews, June 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202400181.

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Abstract3D nanolithography based on two‐photon polymerization (TPP) allows for the high‐precision fabrication of nearly arbitrary 3D micro/nanostructures, finding extensive applications in areas such as micro‐optics, micro‐mechanics, and biomedicine. However, the large size, complexity of optical systems, and high costs have significantly constrained the widespread adoption of 3D nanolithography technology in both scientific research and industry. In this study, a metasurface is introduced, for the first time, into 3D nanolithography resulting in the construction of a miniaturized and simplified TPP system that achieved efficient multi‐focus parallel processing with high uniformity. A microlens array is fabricated, showcasing the system's application capacity to generate an array of devices with high consistency and quality. It is believed that the utilization of metasurface devices will provide a novel TPP operating platform, enabling richer and more flexible printing functionalities while maintaining system miniaturization and low cost.

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STANKEVIČIUS, Evaldas, Mangirdas MALINAUSKAS, Mindaugas GEDVILAS, Bogdan VOISIAT, and Gediminas RAČIUKAITIS. "Fabrication of Periodic Micro-Structures by Multi-Photon Polymerization Using the Femtosecond Laser and Four-Beam Interference." Materials Science 17, no. 3 (September 16, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.3.587.

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Zhang, Yuzhao, Haibo Yu, Xiaojie Zhang, Jianchen Zheng, Jingang Wang, Hongji Guo, Ye Qiu, Xiaoduo Wang, Lianqing Liu, and Wen Jung Li. "A Novel Multifunctional Material for Constructing 3D Multi‐Response Structures Using Programmable Two‐Photon Laser Fabrication." Advanced Functional Materials, March 10, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313922.

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AbstractTwo‐photon polymerization direct laser writing (TPP‐DLW) technology has gained much popularity due to its precision and flexibility in creating intricate 3D micro/nano‐scale devices and machines. While TPP‐DLW enables complex 3D micro/nano patterning, developing multifunctional materials tailored for this process remains a challenge, limiting sophisticated micro/nano device performance. This work addresses key barriers by introducing a novel multifunctional network polymer with specifically designed for TPP‐DLW. The material integrates tailored functional groups allowing submicron 3D spatial arrangement under laser control. Remarkably, it demonstrates tunable pH response, programmed fluorescence, and dynamic reconfiguration upon optical illumination. By leveraging TPP‐DLW's programmability, reconfigurable encrypted microstructures are achieved, representing a new precision multifunctional material printing paradigm beyond single property systems. The synthesized material with its responsive properties, combined with digital fabrication control, fills critical gaps in developing smart, adaptive micro/nano systems. Potential applications requiring exquisite 3D control and multi‐tasking, such as biomedical sensors, micromachines and optics could see transformative advancement. Fundamentally, this integrated materials‐processing approach broadens micro/nano manufacturing design space and functional versatility.

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