Academic literature on the topic 'Multi-organisms approach'
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Journal articles on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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McFadden, Mary M., Holly White, Beth Christy, and Candace Douglas. "Battling the Bugs: A Multi-Factorial Approach to Reducing Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms in an Academic Teaching Hospital." American Journal of Infection Control 39, no. 5 (June 2011): E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.04.053.
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Teo, Jason, and Hussein A. Abbass. "Automatic Generation of Controllers for Embodied Legged Organisms: A Pareto Evolutionary Multi-Objective Approach." Evolutionary Computation 12, no. 3 (September 2004): 355–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1063656041774974.
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In this paper, we investigate the use of a self-adaptive Pareto evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) approach for evolving the controllers of virtual embodied organisms. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the trade-off between quality of solutions and computational cost. We show empirically that evolving controllers using the proposed algorithm incurs significantly less computational cost when compared to a self-adaptive weighted sum EMO algorithm, a self-adaptive single-objective evolutionary algorithm (EA) and a hand-tuned Pareto EMO algorithm. The main contribution of the self-adaptive Pareto EMO approach is its ability to produce sufficiently good controllers with different locomotion capabilities in a single run, thereby reducing the evolutionary computational cost and allowing the designer to explore the space of good solutions simultaneously. Our results also show that self-adaptation was found to be highly beneficial in reducing redundancy when compared against the other algorithms. Moreover, it was also shown that genetic diversity was being maintained naturally by virtue of the system's inherent multi-objectivity.
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Américo, Montiel, Pérez Daniel, and Gorny Matthias. "SELECTION OF TARGET SPECIES FOR MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: A MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH USING BENTHIC ORGANISMS." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 18, 2022): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78210.
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The selection of optimal target species to define and manage protected marine areas (MPAs) has generated a great scientific discussion during the past decades. Benthic invertebrates are commonly less considered as important target species, despite their pivotal role in marine ecosystems. To address this issue, we determined target species among benthic marine organisms using a multi-criteria approach. For this purpose, we used a data base from the Katalalixar National Reserve (RNK) in central Patagonia, Chile. The data were obtained through underwater photography and quantitative sampling by means of scuba diving during three expeditions between 2017 and 2019. Based on the total taxonomical inventory from both methods, a SIMPER analysis was used to determine 10 candidate species, and the Landscape Selection Species program was used for the selection of target species. Finally, eight target species were selected. The black snail Tegula atra, the hermit crab Pagurus comptus, the gastropod Crepipatella dilatata, and the polychaete Platynereis australis were selected among errant species. Among sessile species, the encrusting coralline algae Lithothamnium sp., the sea anemone Actinostola chilensis, the parchment worm Chaetopterus variopedatus, and the encrusting ascidia Didemnum sp. were the selected species. Based on our results we expect that these species will be included as target species in future management plans to improve protection of the marine environment of the Katalalixar National Reserve, one of the most pristine areas of the Chilean fjord region.
Keywords: macroinvertebrates, macroalgae, biodiversity, Patagonia.
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Yavuzcan Yıldız, Hijran, and Serap Pulatsü. "Towards zero waste: Sustainable waste management in aquaculture." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.11.
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Increases in aquaculture production due to higher demand for aquatic foods result in an increase in the amount of aquaculture wastewater. This situation highlights the need for the effective treatment of wastewater in sustainable aquaculture. Today, instead of traditional physical and chemical methods in the treatment of wastewater originating from aquaculture, ecosystem-sensitive and by-product-oriented systems have begun to be adopted. The main principle of the zero-waste approach is the recycling of the nutrients in the wastewater to produce another food. In this new innovative approach, the production of other organisms from the different trophic levels using the wastewater of aquaculture in the integrated multi-trophic systems (such as aquaponics) is possible to recycle the nutrients. It has been considered the integrated multi-trophic systems (IMTA) more valuable as these systems can be used both in environment-friendly wastewater treatment and in the conversion of nutrients in wastewater to biomass. The nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater can be utilized to produce two organisms (i.e. fish+mussel) or three organisms (i.e. fish+mussel+seaweed) through IMTA. Aquaculture wastewater can be used to reduce the nutrients in constructed wetlands and plant lagoons representing the reasonable approach for sustainable aquaculture and wastewater treatment. Here, the innovative approach to sustainable aquaculture wastewater treatment was reviewed for the current and innovative technologies. It was emphasized that the need for environment-friendly wastewater treatment Technologies such as aquaponics, enlargement of constructed wetlands, or increase in using the integrated multi-trophic production systems (IMTA) in practice are recommended for sustainable aquaculture.
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Burton, G. Allen, Marc S. Greenberg, Carolyn D. Rowland, Cameron A. Irvine, Daniel R. Lavoie, John A. Brooker, Laurie Moore, Delia F. N. Raymer, and Ruth A. McWilliam. "In situ exposures using caged organisms: a multi-compartment approach to detect aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation." Environmental Pollution 134, no. 1 (March 2005): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.07.008.
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ITMI, MHAMED, and ALAIN CARDON. "AUTONOMY AND CONTROL OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 03, no. 01 (March 2012): 1240002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962312400028.
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We propose a unified approach for systems integration and behavior regulation expressing the autonomy of Systems of Systems. For this, we precise the notion of autonomy as a transposition of the living organisms case and we develop the notion of artificial tendencies and behavioral intentions. We present a multi-agent model allowing the implementation with a new multi-scale control.
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Borges, Dérick Gabriel F., Daniel S. Carvalho, Gilberto C. Bomfim, Pablo Ivan P. Ramos, Jerzy Brzozowski, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Roberto Andrade, and Charbel El-Hani. "On the origin of mitochondria: a multilayer network approach." PeerJ 11 (January 6, 2023): e14571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14571.
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Backgound The endosymbiotic theory is widely accepted to explain the origin of mitochondria from a bacterial ancestor. While ample evidence supports the intimate connection of Alphaproteobacteria to the mitochondrial ancestor, pinpointing its closest relative within sampled Alphaproteobacteria is still an open evolutionary debate. Many different phylogenetic methods and approaches have been used to answer this challenging question, further compounded by the heterogeneity of sampled taxa, varying evolutionary rates of mitochondrial proteins, and the inherent biases in each method, all factors that can produce phylogenetic artifacts. By harnessing the simplicity and interpretability of protein similarity networks, herein we re-evaluated the origin of mitochondria within an enhanced multilayer framework, which is an extension and improvement of a previously developed method. Methods We used a dataset of eight proteins found in mitochondria (N = 6 organisms) and bacteria (N = 80 organisms). The sequences were aligned and resulting identity matrices were combined to generate an eight-layer multiplex network. Each layer corresponded to a protein network, where nodes represented organisms and edges were placed following mutual sequence identity. The Multi-Newman-Girvan algorithm was applied to evaluate community structure, and bifurcation events linked to network partition allowed to trace patterns of divergence between studied taxa. Results In our network-based analysis, we first examined the topology of the 8-layer multiplex when mitochondrial sequences disconnected from the main alphaproteobacterial cluster. The resulting topology lent firm support toward an Alphaproteobacteria-sister placement for mitochondria, reinforcing the hypothesis that mitochondria diverged from the common ancestor of all Alphaproteobacteria. Additionally, we observed that the divergence of Rickettsiales was an early event in the evolutionary history of alphaproteobacterial clades. Conclusion By leveraging complex networks methods to the challenging question of circumscribing mitochondrial origin, we suggest that the entire Alphaproteobacteria clade is the closest relative to mitochondria (Alphaproteobacterial-sister hypothesis), echoing recent findings based on different datasets and methodologies.
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Rodrigues, Marcelo, Birgit Lengerer, Thomas Ostermann, and Peter Ladurner. "Molecular biology approaches in bioadhesion research." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (July 8, 2014): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.112.
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The use of molecular biology tools in the field of bioadhesion is still in its infancy. For new research groups who are considering taking a molecular approach, the techniques presented here are essential to unravelling the sequence of a gene, its expression and its biological function. Here we provide an outline for addressing adhesion-related genes in diverse organisms. We show how to gradually narrow down the number of candidate transcripts that are involved in adhesion by (1) generating a transcriptome and a differentially expressed cDNA list enriched for adhesion-related transcripts, (2) setting up a BLAST search facility, (3) perform an in situ hybridization screen, and (4) functional analyses of selected genes by using RNA interference knock-down. Furthermore, latest developments in genome-editing are presented as new tools to study gene function. By using this iterative multi-technologies approach, the identification, isolation, expression and function of adhesion-related genes can be studied in most organisms. These tools will improve our understanding of the diversity of molecules used for adhesion in different organisms and these findings will help to develop innovative bio-inspired adhesives.
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Wang, Mai, Yinyue Wang, and Shu Wang. "A network pharmacology approach to explore Dahuang on colon cancer." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203066.
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To investigate the mechanism of action of Rhubarb (Dahuang) in the treatment of colon cancer by network pharmacological method. TCMSP database was used to screen the active components and action targets of Rhubarb, Genecards database was used to screen the relevant action targets of colon cancer, Venny 2.1.0 software was used to make the intersection of Rhubarb and colon cancer, and the potential targets of Rhubarb for the treatment of colon cancer were obtained.Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and the STRING database were used to construct the component-target network of Rhubarb active components and colon cancer related targets. The important targets were obtained by analyzing the network, and the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed on them using Metascape database. Sixty active ingredients including EUPATIN, Mutatochrome, Physciondiglucoside, Procyanidin B-5,3’ -o-gallate, rhin were screened from Rhubarb, which could act on 61 colon cancer related targets.Among them, 13 targets, including PTGS2, IL1B and Bax, are important targets, which may be involved in various biological processes such as the response to the regulation of colon cancer nutritional level, the homeostasis of multicellular organisms and the regulation of peptide secretion through the regulation of PI3K and other pathways. Rhubarb can participate in the treatment of colon cancer through multi-target and multi-pathway.
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Araújo, Cristiano V. M., Abdelmourhit Laissaoui, Daniel C. V. R. Silva, Eloisa Ramos-Rodríguez, Enrique González-Ortegón, Evaldo L. G. Espíndola, Francisco Baldó, et al. "Not Only Toxic but Repellent: What Can Organisms’ Responses Tell Us about Contamination and What Are the Ecological Consequences When They Flee from an Environment?" Toxics 8, no. 4 (December 12, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040118.
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The ability of aquatic organisms to sense the surrounding environment chemically and interpret such signals correctly is crucial for their ecological niche and survival. Although it is an oversimplification of the ecological interactions, we could consider that a significant part of the decisions taken by organisms are, to some extent, chemically driven. Accordingly, chemical contamination might interfere in the way organisms behave and interact with the environment. Just as any environmental factor, contamination can make a habitat less attractive or even unsuitable to accommodate life, conditioning to some degree the decision of organisms to stay in, or move from, an ecosystem. If we consider that contamination is not always spatially homogeneous and that many organisms can avoid it, the ability of contaminants to repel organisms should also be of concern. Thus, in this critical review, we have discussed the dual role of contamination: toxicity (disruption of the physiological and behavioral homeostasis) vs. repellency (contamination-driven changes in spatial distribution/habitat selection). The discussion is centered on methodologies (forced exposure against non-forced multi-compartmented exposure systems) and conceptual improvements (individual stress due to the toxic effects caused by a continuous exposure against contamination-driven spatial distribution). Finally, we propose an approach in which Stress and Landscape Ecology could be integrated with each other to improve our understanding of the threat contaminants represent to aquatic ecosystems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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DE, FELICE BEATRICE. "MULTI-LEVEL TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT EMERGING CONTAMINANTS TOWARDS AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL MODEL ORGANISMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/822571.
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In recent years, emerging contaminants have attracted the attention of scientific community because of their occurrence and potential hazard towards natural ecosystems. Among emerging contaminants, three major classes of molecules can be identified: pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), illicit drugs and microplastics (MPs). After anthropic use, these contaminants enter the environment through several routes, such as the sewage systems or direct input, resulting in a widespread contamination of atmosphere, water, soil and biota. Although the presence of these molecules is well-known, there is still a dearth of information regarding their potential negative effects induced towards aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms. The majority of the studies on this topic have focused on the investigation of effects at low levels of the biological hierarchy, while limited attention has been addressed to the higher ones, such as individual, population or community level. Whilst PPCPs toxicity has been investigated for more than two decades, only in recent years ecotoxicologist focused their attention on the presence and the potential effects of illicit drugs and microplastics. Thus, the aim of this project was to investigate the effects induced by the exposure to different illicit drugs and microplastics. As in environment these contaminants could interact with a wide range of organisms, resulting in species-specific differential effects at different levels of biological organization, their effects have been investigated on six different model organisms, representative for freshwaters (Daphnia magna and Xenopus laevis), marine (Mytilus gallopovincialis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Paracentrotus lividus) and soil (Achatina reticulata) ecosystems. To reach the goal of the project, a multi-level approach based on the application of assays at sub-individual (i.e., biochemical biomarkers), tissue (i.e., histological analysis), individual (i.e., mortality, growth rate and/or swimming behavior) and, when possible, population level (i.e., reproduction) was used.
Regarding illicit drugs, different experiments were planned to evaluate the effects induced by the exposure to the two most used and environmentally detected illicit stimulants, cocaine (COC) and methamphetamine (METH), to the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna. Moreover, considering that illicit drugs occur in aquatic ecosystems as complex mixtures, an additional experiment was planned to evaluate independent and combined effects induced by the exposure to cocaine and its main metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), towards the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of COC and METH induced a modulation of the oxidative status, as well as a molecule-specific effect on swimming behavior and reproduction, in D. magna. Similarly, the exposure to COC and BE, both independently and in mixture, induced an alteration of the oxidative status of Mediterranean mussels. These data suggested that illicit drugs might represent a threat for both freshwaters and marine non-target organisms.
Regarding microplastics, the attention was focused on two polymers, polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), having different chemico-physical features and environmental fate. In fact, because of its low density, PS tends to float in the water column, while in contrast high-density PET sinks and accumulates to sediments. For this reason, the administration of PS or PET MPs allowed to investigate the toxicity towards organisms with different feeding strategies and ecological role in ecosystems. The effects of regular PS-MPs were evaluated towards two freshwater organisms, namely the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the amphibian Xenopus laevis, Moreover, considering that in environment irregular shaped MPs are most common than regular ones, three experiment were planned to investigate the effects of irregular shaped PET-MPs towards two marineorganisms, the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinatum and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, and a soil organism, the giant snail Achatina reticulata. The results obtained in these experiments showed that MPs were efficiently ingested by all the tested organisms, but no or limited adverse effects occurred, depending on the considered model organism.
In conclusion, illicit drugs and microplastics can induce different species-specific adverse effects towards aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Moreover, the project pointed out the usefulness of using a multi-level approach to deeply study the toxicity of emerging pollutants. The integration of information coming from sub-individual and higher levels of the biological hierarchy can allow to shed a light on the propagation of the effects and to explore the complexity of contaminant-induced toxicity. Lastly, the use of different model organisms with different life-history traits and ecological role can allow to explore species-specific differences generated by the exposure to contaminants and to assess the risk of a specific class of contaminations towards the whole ecosystem.
Books on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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Zingg, Walter, and Stephan Harbarth. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of device-related infection in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0288.
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Many patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) suffer from health care-associated infections. Age, immunosuppression, neutropenia, or multi-organ failure are preconditions, but health care-associated infections are largely related to the use of medical devices. Breaches of aseptic technique are the most important risk factor. Central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections represent up to 75% of all health care-associated infections in the ICU. Ease of diagnosis and effective prevention strategies make the central line-associated bloodstream infection a model of how to diagnose, treat, and prevent health care-associated infections. Identification of ventilator-associated pneumonia is less straightforward and suffers from inconsistent definitions, making surveillance and benchmarking difficult. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is underestimated in the ICU because clinical signs cannot be assessed in sedated patients. Antibiotic overuse in the ICU selects for multidrug-resistant micro-organisms and thus, broad-spectrum antibiotics must be used to offer empiric treatment of health care-associated infections. Accurate microbiology testing aiming at isolating causative micro-organisms is key to de-escalate antibiotic therapy. Health care-associated infections are preventable, many factors. Successful prevention programmes offer a comprehensive protocol, follow a multidisciplinary approach in preparation, and a multimodal training and education programme in implementation.
Book chapters on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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Ramdwar, Marcus N. A., and Narendra Siew. "Strategic Approaches to Food Security in Developing Countries." In Food Science and Nutrition, 151–75. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5207-9.ch008.
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As the world's population increases, the issue of food security presents a serious challenge. Currently, food security is reliant on a very narrow range of cultivated plant species and is also limited to traditional animal husbandry practices. The use of edible wild plants can be considered to support food security efforts. Such plants have shown to be more resilient compared to traditionally cultivated crops and also have superior nutritional attributes. The issue of protein food security can be addressed through production improvements for local or indigenous chickens, livestock production systems and wildlife to some extent. Food security in developing countries would increasingly become more dependent on widening the biodiversity from which food is selected and utilized and insects, like wild plants, provide another such opportunity. Contemporary reproductive technologies such as lactation induction, embryo transfer and artificial insemination among others can bolster food security efforts in developing countries. Improvements in forage species as well as processing technologies to improve nutritional value of low quality forages can improve overall animal nutrition. Irrespective of the concerns related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs), these sources of food could be beneficial globally. The formation of farmers' groups can be a strategic approach to food security in resource poor developing countries for the purposes of collective action and resource sharing. Sustainable food security requires the integration of several multi-dimensional approaches into a holistic management model to achieve the food security objectives in many developing nations.
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Cubaynes, Sarah, Simon Galas, Myriam Richaud, Ana Sanz Aguilar, Roger Pradel, Giacomo Tavecchia, Fernando Colchero, Sebastien Roques, Richard Shefferson, and Carlo Giovanni Camarda. "Survival analyses." In Demographic Methods across the Tree of Life, 229–44. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838609.003.0013.
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Survival analyses are a key tool for demographers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. This chapter presents the most common methods and illustrates their use for species across the Tree of Life. It discusses the challenges associated with various types of survival data, how to model species with a complex life cycle, and includes the impact of environmental factors and individual heterogeneity. It covers the analysis of ‘known-fate’ data collected in lab conditions, using the Kaplan–Meier estimator and Cox’s proportional hazard regression analysis. Alternatively, survival data collected on free-ranging populations usually involve individuals missing at certain monitoring occasions and unknown time at death. The chapter provides an overview of capture–mark–recapture (CMR) models, from single-state to multi-state and multi-event models, and their use in animal and plant demography to estimate demographic parameters while correcting for imperfect detection of individuals. It discusses various inference frameworks available to implement CMR models using a frequentist or Bayesian approach. Only humans are an exception among free-ranging populations, with the existence of several consequent databases with perfect knowledge of age and cause of death for all individuals. The chapter presents an overview of the most common models used to describe mortality patterns over age and time using human mortality data. Throughout, focus is placed on eight case studies, which involve lab organisms, free-ranging animal populations, plant populations, and human populations. Each example includes data and codes, together with step-by-step guidance to run the survival analysis.
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Lee, Maria. "Multi-level Governance of Genetically Modified Organisms in the European Union: Ambiguity and Hierarchy." In The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms: Comparative Approaches, 101–22. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542482.003.0006.
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Alayande, Kazeem A., Abdulwakeel A. Ajao, and Mariam O. Oyedeji- Amusa. "Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Bacterial Infections." In Therapeutic Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites, 139–60. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050622122010009.
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This study highlights the significance of drug resistance towards difficultiesin the treatment of infectious diseases, the essence of bioactive compounds intherapeutic intervention, and the unique approach employed by bioactive compoundsaway from conventional synthetic drugs. Literature was gathered from different onlinedatabases to retrieve the required information. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is amajor concern that threatens clinical efforts in treating bacterial infections. This hasgrossly reduced clinical success on previously curable infections and/or sometimesresults in a prolonged hospital stay. Antibiotics provide protection and remedy againstinfectious diseases. But the emergence of multi-drug resistance strains has inflicteduntold loss of effectiveness on virtually every conventional antibiotic. Hence, scientificcommunities are propelled into seeking alternative therapies in a bid to mitigate theoverwhelming consequence on public health. Bioactive molecules are importantsources of newly derived therapeutic agents. They have minimal likelihood of inducingunintended immune reactions, reduced level of toxicity; are structurally diverse innature, exhibit broad-spectrum therapeutic effects. Bioactive molecules are commonlypresent in small amounts in plant-based foods; and provide health benefits in additionto the basic nutritional values expected in foods. Several plant-based bioactiveprinciples serve as inhibitors for drug resistance in order to enhance the effectivedelivery of the antibacterial compounds. Meat products are a good source of non-plantbioactive molecules, which are expressed in the form of peptides, vitamins, mineralsand fatty acids. Other important sources include endophytic bacteria, endophytic fungi,probiotic bacteria, actinomycetes and marine organisms. Natural products are relatively safe when compared to their synthetic counterparts. As newly manufactured potentantibiotics become increasingly unavailable and/or unaffordable, bioactive compoundspresent viable alternatives. They are readily available and are derived from inexpensiveraw materials via cheap technology.
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Burgos-Toro, Angie, Martin Dippe, Andres Felipe Vásquez, Eric Pierschel, Ludger Aloisius Wessjohann, and Miguel Fernández-Niño. "Multi-Omics Data Mining: A Novel Tool for BioBrick Design." In Synthetic Genomics - From BioBricks to Synthetic Genomes. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101351.
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Currently, billions of nucleotide and amino acid sequences accumulate in free-access databases as a result of the omics revolution, the improvement in sequencing technologies, and the systematic storage of shotgun sequencing data from a large and diverse number of organisms. In this chapter, multi-omics data mining approaches will be discussed as a novel tool for the identification and characterization of novel DNA sequences encoding elementary parts of complex biological systems (BioBricks) using omics libraries. Multi-omics data mining opens up the possibility to identify novel unknown sequences from free-access databases. It also provides an excellent platform for the identification and design of novel BioBricks by using previously well-characterized biological bricks as scaffolds for homology searching and BioBrick design. In this chapter, the most recent mining approaches will be discussed, and several examples will be presented to highlight its relevance as a novel tool for synthetic biology.
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N. Mohite, Prashant, Kavita Dave, Anna Reed, and André R. Simon. "Lung Transplantation in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." In Cystic Fibrosis - Facts, Management and Advances. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94523.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common indications for lung transplant (LTx) and nearly one-third of the LTx worldwide are performed in people with CF (PwCF). Due to vast developments in diagnostic modalities, antibiotic therapies, and management of associated comorbidities in dedicated and experienced centres, over the past few decades, more PwCF are reaching adulthood than ever before. This has increased the burden on transplant programs particularly in a universal donor shortage scenario. To improve the donor pool a diligent and proactive donor care management, acceptance of marginal organs and utilisation of ex-vivo lung perfusion systems for organ preservation, assessment, and improvement is being advocated widely. LTx is not a readily available therapy and the average waiting time is 18 months in the UK. Therefore, it is essential that PwCF are referred for LTx assessment when their disease is stable, before respiratory deterioration leads to overall deconditioning of the patients. Once listed for LTx, it is crucial to control waiting list mortality by prioritising rapidly deteriorating patients through schemes like the lung allocation score, national urgent and super-urgent waiting lists, and institutional highlighting of deteriorating patients that do not meet other urgent criteria. LTx in PwCF is challenging due to colonisation of the respiratory tract with multi-drug resistant organisms, associated comorbidities such as diabetes, liver disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and CF-specific technical difficulties (adhesions due to prior pneumothoraces or pleurodesis, or bronchial collaterals that increase surgical time). Hilar lymphadenopathy and bronchial collaterals may increase surgical time, organ ischemia time, intra and post-operative bleeding, and blood transfusions. Advances in immunosuppression, prophylactic anti-viral and anti-fungal therapies, early ambulation and rigorous physiotherapy, and meticulous postoperative follow up with spirometry, x-rays, and bronchoscopies to detect rejection at the early stage followed by its efficient treatment have helped to improve post-LTx survival in the CF patients. Constant development in the surgical field with adoption of off-pump transplantation, sternal sparing bilateral thoracotomy approach, and utilisation of mechanical circulatory assist as a bridge to transplant and as a support for primary graft failure strives for better outcomes. However, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, chronic refractory infections, malignancies, and CF associated comorbidities remain major determinants of post-LTx long term survival. Despite this, CF patients are often good candidates for re-do LTx with improving survival outcomes. In this chapter, we are compiling the different aspects of LTx in PwCF emphasising the advances in bridge to transplantation, the surgical approach, management of primary graft failure, and immunosuppression as well as complications post-transplant.
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Mahmudul Hassan, Mohammad. "Scenario of Antibiotic Resistance in Developing Countries." In Antimicrobial Resistance - A One Health Perspective [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94957.
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Antibiotic resistance is an emerging global concern. It is an increasing threat to public health sectors throughout the world. This devastating problem has drawn attention to researchers and stakeholders after a substantial economic loss for decades resulting from the ineffectiveness of antibiotics to cure infectious diseases in humans and animals. The spectrum of antibiotic resistance varies between developed and developing countries due to having variations in treatment approaches. Antibiotic therapy in the developed countries is usually rational and targeted to specific bacteria, whereas in the developing countries, most of the cases, the use of antibiotics is indiscriminate to the disease etiology. In developing countries, many people are not aware of using antimicrobials. They usually get suggestions from drug sellers and quacks who do not have the authorization to prescribe a drug. If registered doctors and veterinarians are asked to prescribe, then dose, course, and withdrawal period might be maintained adequately. Antibiotic resistance transmission mechanisms between agricultural production systems, environment, and humans in developing countries are very complex. Recent research makes a window to find out the global situation of antibiotic use and resistance pattern. The antibiotic resistance scenario in selected developing countries has been summarized in this chapter based on published literature (Table 1). This chapter describes the judicial use of antibiotics and discussed maintaining proper antibiotic dose, course, drug withdrawal period, especially on food-producing animals. The book contains a few recommendations, suggested by the national multi-sectoral surveillance committee to avoid antibiotic resistance organisms in livestock and humans in the developing countries.
Conference papers on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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Pareek, Chandresh. "An Efficient Combinatorial Approach for Beta-Lactam Antibiotics with Novel Adjuvants against Gram-Negative Organisms to Combat Multi-Drug Resistance." In International conference on Applied Research in Engineering, Science and Technology. ACAVENT, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icarest.2018.09.47.
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Pederson, Kaya C., K. David Hyrenbach, Ken Morgan, Gregg Elliott, Peggy Yen, and William J. Sydeman. "Pelagic Predators, Prey and Processes (P4): A Multi-species Approach to the Conservation of Offshore Organisms and Habitats in the California Current System." In California and the World Ocean 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40761(175)49.
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BURYAN, Roman, Ingrida CHEMERYS, and Valeriia CHEMERYS. "EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES OF STUDENTS BY GAS-DISCHARGE VIZUALISATION METHOD." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2018.006.
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Nowadays, there is a need for a systematic ecobiological approach to the human body understood as a selfregulating adaptive system. Considering the multi-level structure of living organisms, a promising method is gas-discharge visualization (GDV), which allows to visualize the distribution of energy flow in biological objects and is considered the most recent approach to understanding the functioning of living organisms and identifying the state of their functional systems under the influence of various environmental factors. The article describes the mechanisms of bioelectric research, analyzes the possibilities of using the gas-discharge visualization method in environmental research. The initial data of the students studied was based on the estimation of the state of the physiological systems of their bodies depending on age and gender. In addition, the influence of socioecological factors on the physiological state of students, in particular the influence of listening to music and smoking, was estimated. It can be concluded that the GDV-visualisation method is promising in environmental studies, in particular in the human ecology, when the influence of a number of factors on the state of the organism is studied.
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Poursina, Mohammad, Kishor Bhalerao, and Kurt Anderson. "Divide-and-Conquer Based Adaptive Coarse Grained Simulation of RNA." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13123.
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Molecular modeling has gained increasing importance in recent years for predicting important structural properties of large biomolecular systems such as RNA which play a critical role in various biological processes. Given the complexity of biopolymers and their interactions within living organisms, efficient and adaptive multi-scale modeling approaches are necessary if one is to reasonably perform computational studies of interest. These studies nominally involve multiple important physical phenomena occurring at different spatial and temporal scales. These systems are typically characterized by large number of degrees of freedom O(103) – O(107). The temporal domains range from sub-femto seconds (O(10−16)) associated with the small high frequency oscillations of individual tightly bonded atoms to milliseconds (O(10−3)) or greater for the larger scale conformational motion. The traditional approach for molecular modeling involved fully atomistic models which results in fully decoupled equations of motion. The problems with this approach are well documented in literature.
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Nguyen, Mary-Anne, Nima Tamaddoni, and Stephen A. Sarles. "Interrogation of Bilayers in a Multi-Droplet Cluster for Membrane-Based Sensing." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-8970.
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The long-term vision of our work is to create a new class of smart material that utilizes networks of active, synthetic cell membranes for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. Having multiple membrane structures is specifically targeted because a higher density of functional membranes is expected to enable amplification and collective utility, similar to how living tissues and organisms utilize networks of highly connected cells to accomplish large tasks. While there are several known methods for assembling droplet-based networks of synthetic lipid bilayers, there has been much less effort to develop methods for electrically characterizing each interface in a multi-bilayer-droplet network. This paper specifically focuses on a strategy for using electrical measurements to independently record transmembrane currents occurring at each bilayer in multi-bilayer networks where the number of bilayers present is equal to or greater than the number of droplets in the system. Using a multichannel patch clamp amplifier, we develop a measurement technique for sequentially assigning sensing electrodes to apply a non-zero voltage or function as virtual ground (V=0). Experimental studies on a three-droplet cluster containing three bilayers confirm the validity of the proposed approach for independently interrogating each membrane, and the results allow extension of the method to networks with 4–7 droplets. Furthermore, alamethicin peptide gating is monitored using the measurement cycle in order to interrogate all interfaces. Due to high total membrane area, highly packed systems can provide an increase in the magnitude of sensing current generated by a stimulus. Such amplification could feasibly be employed in droplet-based hair cell sensing applications in which airflow or vibration acts as the perturbation source, and the proposed approach and challenges for interrogating the transduction response in a multi-membrane hair cell sensor are discussed herein.
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Cullen, John J., and Hugh L. MacIntyre. "The case for using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method in ballast water management system type approval testing." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.010.
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Recently, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) rejected the Serial Dilution Culture-Most Probable Number (SDC-MPN) method for enumerating viable phytoplankton cells in ballast water discharge as an alternate to their prescribed method — the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Protocol. This method distinguishes living from dead organisms using vital stains and motility. Succinctly, the USCG position has been that the ETV Protocol is a reliable and repeatable efficacy test and the SDC-MPN method is not. New evidence and an expanded consideration of published research supports a fundamentally different assessment. A peer-reviewed quantitative evaluation of ETV vital stains for 24 species of phytoplankton has conclusively established that the ETV Protocol, even with observations of motility, is not reliable for all species. In contrast, published results suggest that errors in the method were small for the limited number of locations studied to date. It is possible that the communities tested in these were dominated by species that can be classified accurately using vital stains. Even so, it must be acknowledged that the reliability and accuracy of vital stains is untested for thousands of species of phytoplankton. Introduced in 1951, the SDC-MPN method for phytoplankton is an established approach for use with multi-species communities. As applied to ballast water testing, SDC-MPN is much less vulnerable to methodological uncertainties than has been assumed. Notably, all species of phytoplankton need not be cultured in the conventional sense. Rather, a single viable cell in a dilution tube need grow only enough to be detected — a requirement known to have been met by otherwise uncultured species. Further, delayed restoration of viability after treatment with ultraviolet radiation (UV) is not a problem: organisms repair UV damage quickly or not at all, consistent with the assumptions of the test. Two critical methodological failures could compromise protection of the environment in ballast water testing: living organisms that do not stain or move, and viable organisms that do not grow to detection in the MPN cultures. These can be assessed with complementary measurements, but importantly, the relative protection of each method can be evaluated by comparing counts of living cells from the ETV Protocol with counts of viable cell from SDC-MPN in untreated samples. Available evidence provides no basis for concluding that either method is consistently less protective. However, as applied in ballast water testing, the statistical estimate of MPN is less precise. On this basis, SDC-MPN is worse for a single test. But, counter-intuitively, it is more protective of the environment when five consecutive tests must be passed for type approval, because the likelihood of one false rejection out of five tests is higher and five false passes would be exceedingly rare. Addressing only the science, we conclude that both the ETV Protocol and the SDC-MPN method, though imperfect, are currently appropriate for assessing the efficacy of ballast water management systems in a type-approval testing regime. In closing, we show proof of concept for a rapid assay of viability, benchmarked against SDC-MPN, that could be well suited for routine assessment of treatment system performance.
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Camiz, Alessandro. "Diachronic transformations of urban routes for the theory of attractors." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5639.
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Alessandro Camiz ¹ ¹ Department of Architecture, Girne American University, Cyprus, Association for Historical Dialogue and Research, Home for Cooperation (H4C), 28 Marcou Dracou Street, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1102. E-mail: alessandrocamiz@gau.edu.tr Keywords (3-5): urban tissues, urban morphology, urban routes, theory, history Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology Recent urban morphology studies consider urban tissues as living organisms changing in time (Strappa, Carlotti, Camiz, 2016), following this assumption the theory should examine more analytically what Muratori called ‘medievalisation’ (Muratori, 1959), a term describing some of the transformations of urban routes happened in the middle ages. The paper considers the diachronic deformation of routes, and other multi-scalar occurrences of the attraction phenomena (Charalambous, Geddes, 2015), introducing the notion of attractors and repellers. Archaeological studies already do consider attractors and repellers as a tool to interpret some territorial transformations, following the assumption that “the trajectory that a system follows through time is the result of a continuous dynamic interaction between that system and the multiple 'attractors' in its environment” (Renfrew, Bahn, 2013, p. 184). There are different elements that can act as attractors in an urban environment, such as bridges, city walls, city gates, water systems, markets, special buildings, and it is possible to consider each of these anthropic attractors as equivalent to a morphological attractor at the geographical scale. We can even interpret the ridge-top theory (Caniggia, 1976) as the result of attraction and repellence of geographic features on anthropic routes. The territorial scale analysis is the methodological base of the theory, but the attractors herein considered operate at the urban scale, deviating locally across time from a rectilinear trajectory and defining a specific urban fabric. The research interprets and reads the effects of attractors on urban routes and fabrics as a method for the reconstruction of Nicosia’s medieval city walls, in continuity between the Conzenian approach (Whitehand, 2012) and the Italian School of Urban Morphology (Marzot, 2002). References:, Muratori, S. (1959) Studi per un’operante storia urbana di Venezia (Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Roma). Caniggia, G. (1976) Strutture dello spazio antropico. Studi e note (Uniedit, Firenze). Marzot, N. (2002) ‘The study of urban form in Italy’, Urban Morphology 6.2, 59-73. Whitehand, J.W.R. (2012) ‘Issues in urban morphology’, Urban Morphology 16.1, 55-65. Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. (eds.) (2013) Archaeology: The Key Concepts, (London, Routledge). Charalambous, N., Geddes, I. (2015) ‘Making Spatial Sense of Historical Social Data’, Journal of Space Syntax 6.1, 81-101. Strappa, G., Carlotti, P., Camiz, A. (2016) Urban Morphology and Historical Fabrics. Contemporary design of small towns in Latium (Gangemi, Roma).
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Crivellari, Anna, Alessandro Tugnoli, Costanza Martina, Sarah Bonvicini, and Valerio Cozzani. "Inherently Safer Choices in Early Design of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations: A Multi-Target KPI Approach." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77700.
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As offshore oil & gas activities are currently evolving towards more productive yet complex situations, the availability of efficient safety metrics has become essential in the early stages of offshore oil & gas projects to underline potential major accidents hazards and clearly communicate safety criticalities. Inherent safety has demonstrated to be a widespread concept in offshore risk management strategies, but there are few preliminary studies in the existing literature about systemic indexing to orient the conceptual and basic design stages of the project lifecycle. In the present work, a methodology for the selection of inherently safer solutions was developed as a support tool for decision-making in early design activities of offshore oil & gas installations. The expected inherent safety performance of alternative design options is assessed by means of a comprehensive set of key performance indicators (KPIs) based on the simulation of consequences of offshore accident scenarios and credit factors of the possible loss of containment events from offshore equipment. The proposed KPIs aim to capture the hazard level of single units and to address selectively multiple targets of the potential threats than personnel and process equipment on the installation, such as marine organisms on the sea environment. Moreover, overall aggregated KPIs were introduced as a sound synthetic measure of the inherent safety performance of the offshore system. The method was applied to the assessment of alternative designs of an offshore production facility, particularly characterized by environmental and safety concerns. The results from the case study evidenced the capability of the proposed method in ranking the potential and credible critical units of each alternative configuration and identifying the relative magnitude of targets contributions to the global safety profile of the installation.
Reports on the topic "Multi-organisms approach"
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Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.
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Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.