Academic literature on the topic 'Multi-mode wave energy converter'
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Journal articles on the topic "Multi-mode wave energy converter"
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Neshat, Mehdi, Nataliia Sergiienko, Seyedali Mirjalili, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Giuseppe Piras, and Davide Astiaso Garcia. "Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter Design Optimisation Using an Improved Moth Flame Optimisation Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133737.
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Ocean renewable wave power is one of the more encouraging inexhaustible energy sources, with the potential to be exploited for nearly 337 GW worldwide. However, compared with other sources of renewables, wave energy technologies have not been fully developed, and the produced energy price is not as competitive as that of wind or solar renewable technologies. In order to commercialise ocean wave technologies, a wide range of optimisation methodologies have been proposed in the last decade. However, evaluations and comparisons of the performance of state-of-the-art bio-inspired optimisation algorithms have not been contemplated for wave energy converters’ optimisation. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive investigation, evaluation and comparison of the optimisation of the geometry, tether angles and power take-off (PTO) settings of a wave energy converter (WEC) using bio-inspired swarm-evolutionary optimisation algorithms based on a sample wave regime at a site in the Mediterranean Sea, in the west of Sicily, Italy. An improved version of a recent optimisation algorithm, called the Moth–Flame Optimiser (MFO), is also proposed for this application area. The results demonstrated that the proposed MFO can outperform other optimisation methods in maximising the total power harnessed from a WEC.
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Demonte Gonzalez, Tania, Gordon G. Parker, Enrico Anderlini, and Wayne W. Weaver. "Sliding Mode Control of a Nonlinear Wave Energy Converter Model." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090951.
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The most accurate wave energy converter models for heaving point absorbers include nonlinearities, which increase as resonance is achieved to maximize the energy capture. Over the power production spectrum and within the physical limits of the devices, the efficiency of wave energy converters can be enhanced by employing a control scheme that accounts for these nonlinearities. This paper proposes a sliding mode control for a heaving point absorber that includes the nonlinear effects of the dynamic and static Froude-Krylov forces. The sliding mode controller tracks a reference velocity that matches the phase of the excitation force to ensure higher energy absorption. This control algorithm is tested in regular linear waves and is compared to a complex-conjugate control and a nonlinear variation of the complex-conjugate control. The results show that the sliding mode control successfully tracks the reference and keeps the device displacement bounded while absorbing more energy than the other control strategies. Furthermore, due to the robustness of the control law, it can also accommodate disturbances and uncertainties in the dynamic model of the wave energy converter.
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Elgammal, Adel, and Curtis Boodoo. "Optimal Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Linear Generator for Grid-Connected Wave Energy Conversion." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.2.2362.
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the key goal of this article is on the design and optimum sliding mode control for Grid-Connected direct drive extraction method of ocean wave energy by Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A Linear Permanent Magnet Generator simulates the ocean wave energy extraction system, driven by an Archimedes Wave Swing. Uncontrolled three-phase rectifiers, a three-level buck-boost converter and 3 level neutral point clamped inverter are planned grid integration of Wave Energy Conversion device. The technique monitors the three-level buck-boost converter service cycle linked to the PMLG output terminals and decides the optimum switching sequence of 3 level neutral point clamped inverter to enable the grid relation. Simulations using Matlab/Simulink were carried out to test working of the wave energy converter after the suggested optimal control method was applied under various operating settings. Various simulation test results indicate that the proposed optimum control system is tested in both normal and irregular ocean waves. And it has been shown that the control method of the MOPSO sliding mode is ideal for maximizing energy transfer efficiency. Better voltage management at the DC-link and for achieving greater controllability spectrum was accomplished by the proposed Duty-ratio optimal control system.
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Elgammal, Adel, and Curtis Boodoo. "Optimal Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Linear Generator for Grid-Connected Wave Energy Conversion." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.2.2362.
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the key goal of this article is on the design and optimum sliding mode control for Grid-Connected direct drive extraction method of ocean wave energy by Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A Linear Permanent Magnet Generator simulates the ocean wave energy extraction system, driven by an Archimedes Wave Swing. Uncontrolled three-phase rectifiers, a three-level buck-boost converter and 3 level neutral point clamped inverter are planned grid integration of Wave Energy Conversion device. The technique monitors the three-level buck-boost converter service cycle linked to the PMLG output terminals and decides the optimum switching sequence of 3 level neutral point clamped inverter to enable the grid relation. Simulations using Matlab/Simulink were carried out to test working of the wave energy converter after the suggested optimal control method was applied under various operating settings. Various simulation test results indicate that the proposed optimum control system is tested in both normal and irregular ocean waves. And it has been shown that the control method of the MOPSO sliding mode is ideal for maximizing energy transfer efficiency. Better voltage management at the DC-link and for achieving greater controllability spectrum was accomplished by the proposed Duty-ratio optimal control system.
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Sarkar, Soumyendu, Vineet Gundecha, Alexander Shmakov, Sahand Ghorbanpour, Ashwin Ramesh Babu, Paolo Faraboschi, Mathieu Cocho, Alexandre Pichard, and Jonathan Fievez. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Controller to Maximize Energy Efficiency for Multi-Generator Industrial Wave Energy Converter." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 12135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21473.
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Waves in the oceans are one of the most significant renewable energy sources and are an excellent resource to tackle climate challenges through decarbonizing energy generation. Lowering the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for energy generation from ocean waves is critical for competitiveness with other forms of clean energy like wind and solar. It requires complex controllers to maximize efficiency for state-of-the-art multi-generator industrial Wave Energy Converters (WEC), which optimizes the reactive forces of the generators on multiple legs of WEC. This paper introduces Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning controller (MARL) architectures that can handle these various objectives for LCOE. MARL can help increase energy capture efficiency to boost revenue, reduce structural stress to limit maintenance cost, and adaptively and proactively protect the wave energy converter from catastrophic weather events preserving investments and lowering effective capital cost. These architectures include 2-agent and 3-agent MARL implementing proximal policy optimization (PPO) with various optimizations to help sustain the training convergence in the complex hyperplane without falling off the cliff. Also, the design for trust assures the operation of WEC within a safe zone of mechanical compliance. As a part of this design, reward shaping for multiple objectives of energy capture and penalty for harmful motions minimizes stress and lowers the cost of maintenance. We achieved double-digit gains in energy capture efficiency across the waves of different principal frequencies over the baseline Spring Damper controller with the proposed MARL controllers.
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Xue, Gang, Jian Qin, Zhenquan Zhang, Shuting Huang, and Yanjun Liu. "Experimental Investigation of Mooring Performance and Energy-Harvesting Performance of Eccentric Rotor Wave Energy Converter." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111774.
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To obtain the optimal mooring mode and the best-matching wave condition of an eccentric rotor wave energy converter (ERWEC), a physical model of the ERWEC was developed. Ten mooring modes and eight wave conditions were set up. Several experiments were carried out to analyze the influence of mooring modes and wave conditions on the mooring and energy-harvesting performances of the ERWEC. The results showed that the mooring and energy-harvesting performances changed significantly for the same mooring mode under various regular wave conditions, but the opposite situation was found under irregular wave conditions. The wave-facing direction of the buoy was a critical factor affecting the mooring and energy-harvesting performances, while the number of anchor lines had little effect on them. In addition, a method to evaluate the motion response of the buoy based on the number of effective excitations and a method to evaluate the comprehensive performance based on the cloud chart are proposed. The mooring mode and wave condition combination that obtained the optimal mooring and energy-harvesting performances for the ERWEC was determined. This paper provides a novel perspective on how to balance the efficiency and reliability of wave energy converters.
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Neshat, Mehdi, Nataliia Y. Sergiienko, Erfan Amini, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Bradley Alexander, and Markus Wagner. "A New Bi-Level Optimisation Framework for Optimising a Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter Design: A Case Study for the Marettimo Island, Mediterranean Sea." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 5498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205498.
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To advance commercialisation of ocean wave energy and for the technology to become competitive with other sources of renewable energy, the cost of wave energy harvesting should be significantly reduced. The Mediterranean Sea is a region with a relatively low wave energy potential, but due to the absence of extreme waves, can be considered at the initial stage of the prototype development as a proof of concept. In this study, we focus on the optimisation of a multi-mode wave energy converter inspired by the CETO system to be tested in the west of Sicily, Italy. We develop a computationally efficient spectral-domain model that fully captures the nonlinear dynamics of a wave energy converter (WEC). We consider two different objective functions for the purpose of optimising a WEC: (1) maximise the annual average power output (with no concern for WEC cost), and (2) minimise the levelised cost of energy (LCoE). We develop a new bi-level optimisation framework to simultaneously optimise the WEC geometry, tether angles and power take-off (PTO) parameters. In the upper-level of this bi-level process, all WEC parameters are optimised using a state-of-the-art self-adaptive differential evolution method as a global optimisation technique. At the lower-level, we apply a local downhill search method to optimise the geometry and tether angles settings in two independent steps. We evaluate and compare the performance of the new bi-level optimisation framework with seven well-known evolutionary and swarm optimisation methods using the same computational budget. The simulation results demonstrate that the bi-level method converges faster than other methods to a better configuration in terms of both absorbed power and the levelised cost of energy. The optimisation results confirm that if we focus on minimising the produced energy cost at the given location, the best-found WEC dimension is that of a small WEC with a radius of 5 m and height of 2 m.
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Zhang, Jun, Chenglong Li, Hongzhou He, and Xiaogang Zang. "Optimization of a Multi-pendulum Wave Energy Converter." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010067.
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In order to improve the energy capture efficiency of a multi-pendulum wave energy converter, a mathematical model of the pendulum structure has been built. The final structure parameters of the pendulum have been obtained by using genetic algorithm based on the numerical simulation results of the pendulum structure optimization. The results show that under obtained structure parameters the proposed multi-pendulum device can obtain maximum energy conversion efficiency.
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Stansby, Peter, Efrain Carpintero Moreno, Sam Draycott, and Tim Stallard. "Total wave power absorption by a multi-float wave energy converter and a semi-submersible wind platform with a fast far field model for arrays." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy 8, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40722-021-00216-9.
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AbstractWave energy converters absorb wave power by mechanical damping for conversion into electricity and multi-float systems may have high capture widths. The kinetic energy of the floats causes waves to be radiated, generating radiation damping. The total wave power absorbed is thus due to mechanical and radiation damping. A floating offshore wind turbine platform also responds dynamically and damping plates are generally employed on semi-submersible configurations to reduce motion, generating substantial drag which absorbs additional wave power. Total wave power absorption is analysed here by linear wave diffraction–radiation–drag models for a multi-float wave energy converter and an idealised wind turbine platform, with response and mechanical power in the wave energy case compared with wave basin experiments, including some directional spread wave cases, and accelerations compared in the wind platform case. The total power absorption defined by capture width is input into a far field array model with directional wave spreading. Wave power transmission due a typical wind turbine array is only reduced slightly (less than 5% for a 10 × 10 platform array) but may be reduced significantly by rows of wave energy converters (by up to about 50%).
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Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan, and Harender. "Power Generation Using Mechanical Wave Energy Converter." International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1759-3131.3.1.57.
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Ocean wave energy plays a significant role in meeting the growing demand of electric power. Economic, environmental, and technical advantages of wave energy set it apart from other renewable energy resources. Present study describes a newly proposed Mechanical Wave Energy Converter (MEWC) that is employed to harness heave motion of floating buoy to generate power. Focus is on the conceptual development of the device, illustrating details of component level analysis. Employed methodology has many advantages such as i) simple and easy fabrication; ii) easy to control the operations during rough weather; and iii) low failure rate during normal sea conditions. Experimental investigations carried out on the scaled model of MWEC show better performance and its capability to generate power at higher efficiency in regular wave fields. Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) shows rare failure rates for all components except the floating buoy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multi-mode wave energy converter"
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Jansson, Elisabet. "Multi-buoy Wave Energy Converter : Electrical Power Smoothening from Array Configuration." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-293689.
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This master thesis is done within the Energy Systems Engineering program at Uppsala University and performed for CorPower Ocean. Wave energy converters (WECs) are devices that utilize ocean waves for generation of electricity. The WEC developed by CorPower Ocean is small and intended to be deployed in an array. Placed in an array the different WECs will interact hydrodynamically and the combined power output is altered. The aim of this thesis is to model and investigate how the array configuration affects the electric power output. The goal is to target an optimal array layout for CorPower Ocean WECs, considering both average power and power smoothness in the optimization. In this thesis multiple buoys have been implemented in the time-domain model at CorPower Ocean. The hydrodynamic interactions are computed using an analytical interactions theory together with a recently developed calibration method able of handling WEC bodies of complicated shapes. The array behavior in regular waves is analyzed and it is identified how the beneficial separation distances vary with wave length. It is observed that the best separation distances for high average power does not exactly correspond to the best for minimizing the peak-to-average power. Simulation results show that it is possible to obtain both high average array power as well as increased power smoothening in a regular wave. A genetic algorithm for optimizing the array configuration is designed and tested for two different array patterns. Initial simulations are conducted in realistic multi-directional irregular waves. The power smoothening capacity of the array remains even in these conditions but the exact extent of it is still uncertain. This thesis delivers a WEC array simulation model as well as an initial view on the array characteristics of the phase controlled CorPower Ocean WEC. Additionally, it demonstrates an optimization algorithm taking both average power and power smoothness into account.
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Hann, M. R. "A numerical and experimental study of a multi-cell fabric distensible wave energy converter." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355974/.
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The Fabriconda wave energy converter is a submerged tube lying perpendicular to incoming wave fronts. The tubeconsists of a series of smaller fabric tubes, called cells, joined together longitudinally to form a larger central tube. The cells and central tube are flooded with water. Cross-sectional area changes with pressure due to the cells changing shape. The Fabriconda is therefore distensible, enabling it to extract energy from external waves. Waves induce a series of travelling bulges, and an internal oscillatory flow, in both the central tube and cells. If the speed of these bulges is close to the phase speed of the external wave, energy is progressively transferred to this flow. A power take-off system terminates the tube at the stern. A 1D mathematical model has been developed to predict the power captured by the Fabriconda, based on the application of the conservation of momentum and mass to the flow in both the central tube and cells. An analytical solution of this model has been found using an assumption of harmonic behaviour. A time-stepping finite difference solution was also derived and found to agree with the analytical solution. The results from these models have been compared with measurements. The cross sectional shape of the Fabriconda depends on the ratio between cell and central tube pressure, while the free bulge speed is dependent on the sum of the central tube and cell distensibilities. Both �ndings were supported by measurements. Measurements found that power generally peaked closer to the resonance frequency than predicted and was dependent on initial pressure. The effect of tube length on the frequency dependency of power capture and the presence of secondary peaks led to the conclusion that normal mode effects are significant to the Fabriconda's performance. This work has determined the operating principles of the Fabriconda and demonstrated that it can extract energy from waves. Predictions of full scale performance and commercial viability are not considered.
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Olaya, Sébastien. "Contribution à la modélisation multi-physique et au contrôle optimal d'un générateur houlomoteur : application à un système "deux corps"." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0051/document.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du 12ème appel à projet du Fonds Unique Interministériel (FUI) lancé par l’Etat au premier semestre 2011. Le projet « EM BILBOQUET » a été colabellisé par les pôles de compétitivité Mer Bretagne, Mer PACA et Tenerrdis. Il consiste en la réalisation d’un nouveau système de génération d’électricité issue du mouvement relatif entre deux corps flottants, mus par la houle. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au contrôle optimal à appliquer sur la génératrice via les convertisseurs statiques, afin d’extraire le maximum d’énergie de la houle incidente. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi les équations dynamiques régissant le comportement de la structure dans la houle en adoptant les hypothèses de la théorie potentielle. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé un code de calcul spécifique, basé sur une résolution du problème linéaire de tenue à la mer, par des méthodes dites semi-analytiques. Ce code de calcul permet de déterminer les coefficients hydrodynamiques nécessaires à l’écriture de l’équation dynamique dans le domaine fréquentiel, mais aussi dans le domaine temporel via une modification de la formulation de Cummins. Cette dernière nous permet ainsi, dans un second temps, de formuler le problème de maximisation de l’énergie récupérée comme un problème d’optimisation où la variable à optimiser est le couple résistant de la génératrice. Le problème est résolu en temps réel en adoptant une résolution par algorithme dit à horizon fuyantIn this thesis, we perform a study on a self-reacting point absorber, project FUI 12 “EM BILBOQUET”, in order to optimise energy extraction from incoming waves. Main researches use seabed for providing reference to a floating body, called buoy. However, as it is well-known that ocean energy is greater far away from the shore, sea-depth becomes a constraint. In this thesis a damping plate attached to a spar keel is proposed to allow the floating body to react against it. Energy resulting from the relative motion between the two concentric bodies i.e. the buoy and the spar is harnessed by a rack-and-pinion, which drive a permanent magnet synchronous generator through a gearbox. In the first part of the thesis we have developed a wave-to-wire model i.e. a model of the whole electro-mechanical chain from sea to grid. To this purpose we have developed our own hydrodynamic code, based on linear potential theory and on a semianalytical approach, solving the seakeeping problem. The hydrodynamic coefficients obtained such as added mass, radiation damping, and wave excitation forces are required for solving the dynamic equation based on Cummins formulation. The second part of the thesis focuses on the self-reacting point-absorber optimal control strategy and the Model Predictive Control (MPC) formulation is proposed. Objective function attempting to optimise the power generation is directly formulated as an absorbed power maximisation problem and thus no optimal references, such as buoy and/or spar velocity, are required. However, rather than using the full-order WEC model in the optimisation problem, that can be time-consuming due to its high order, and also because of the linear assumptions, we propose the use of a “phenomenologically" one-body equivalent model derived from the Thévenin’s theorem
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Carpintero, Moreno Efrain. "Wave energy conversion based on multi-mode line absorbing systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/wave-energy-conversion-based-on-multimode-line-absorbing-systems(dc39c038-c89e-4243-be4c-062a6e27be5b).html.
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Wave energy conversion remains a promising technology with substantial renewable resources to be exploited in many parts of the world. However to be commercially attractive more effective conversion is desirable. There is scope for increasing power capture by use of several bodies responding with several modes, some or all of which may undergo resonance for frequencies within a wave climate. This theme is explored here with a floating moored line absorber system where the relative motion generates power by incorporation of a damper to represent the power take off. To be most effective the bodies should be responding in anti-phase requiring spacing between adjacent bodies of half a wavelength. First a converter design including two bodies is investigated experimentally and numerically responding solely in heave. The bodies have drafts to provide resonant frequencies within a wave spectrum, the stern diameter is as large as possible within the inertia regime and the bow diameter is optimised to provide maximum power. Experiments showed this system to be limited since the desirable anti phase heave modes were contaminated with other modes for off resonance response considerably reducing power generation. To stabilise motion in the desired modes another small float was introduced as the bow float rigidly connected by a beam to the mid float with the added benefit of adding forcing due to surge and pitch to some degree (following Prof Peter Stansby’s design). The sizes of the three floats increase from bow to stern, causing the line absorber to align with the wave direction. This system was optimised through experiments varying float spacing, diameter, draft and the hinge point above the mid float about which relative angular motion occurs. These experiments were undertaken at small scale in the wide Manchester University flume at about 1/40th scale. Regular and random (JONSWAP) waves were investigated including directionality and different spectral peakedness factor. Corresponding experiments were undertaken at five time larger scale (about 1/8th) in the wave basin at the COAST laboratory of Plymouth University. These tests were for a flat-based floats; the mechanical damping coefficient for larger scale was within the range for the smaller scale tests after appropriate (Froude) scaling. Tests at Manchester showed that the more rounded base floats (the mid float being hemi spherical) provided improved power capture. Device effectiveness is defined in terms of capture width ratio; that is the average power divided by the wave power per metre divided by the wavelength, defined by the energy period in the case of irregular waves. The experiments showed that capture width ratios were greater than 25% in regular waves and greater than 20% in irregular waves across a broad range of wave periods. With rounded base floats capture width ratios over 20% were achieved for a broad range of wave frequencies up to a maximum greater than 35%. Limited experiments at larger scale showed that increasing the damping coefficient could increase power capture by about 50%. Characterisation by capture width ratio is convenient for determining annual energy yield from scatter diagrams. This was undertaken for six sites of interest for wave energy conversion. It was assumed that the greatest power to weight ratio determines the most economic device; it was found that large devices could produce very large average power, for example average power of 2 MW, but the optimum power/weight ratio occurred at smaller scale, with average power typically 0.3 MW.
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Ghasemi, Negareh. "Improving ultrasound excitation systems using a flexible power supply with adjustable voltage and frequency to drive piezoelectric transducers." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61091/1/Negareh_Ghasemi_Thesis.pdf.
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The ability of a piezoelectric transducer in energy conversion is rapidly expanding in several applications. Some of the industrial applications for which a high power ultrasound transducer can be used are surface cleaning, water treatment, plastic welding and food sterilization. Also, a high power ultrasound transducer plays a great role in biomedical applications such as diagnostic and therapeutic applications. An ultrasound transducer is usually applied to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. In some high power ultrasound system, ultrasound transducers are applied as a transmitter, as a receiver or both. As a transmitter, it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy while a receiver converts mechanical energy to electrical energy as a sensor for control system. Once a piezoelectric transducer is excited by electrical signal, piezoelectric material starts to vibrate and generates ultrasound waves. A portion of the ultrasound waves which passes through the medium will be sensed by the receiver and converted to electrical energy. To drive an ultrasound transducer, an excitation signal should be properly designed otherwise undesired signal (low quality) can deteriorate the performance of the transducer (energy conversion) and increase power consumption in the system. For instance, some portion of generated power may be delivered in unwanted frequency which is not acceptable for some applications especially for biomedical applications.
To achieve better performance of the transducer, along with the quality of the excitation signal, the characteristics of the high power ultrasound transducer should be taken into consideration as well. In this regard, several simulation and experimental tests are carried out in this research to model high power ultrasound transducers and systems. During these experiments, high power ultrasound transducers are excited by several excitation signals with different amplitudes and frequencies, using a network analyser, a signal generator, a high power amplifier and a multilevel converter. Also, to analyse the behaviour of the ultrasound system, the voltage ratio of the system is measured in different tests. The voltage across transmitter is measured as an input voltage then divided by the output voltage which is measured across receiver. The results of the transducer characteristics and the ultrasound system behaviour are discussed in chapter 4 and 5 of this thesis.
Each piezoelectric transducer has several resonance frequencies in which its impedance has lower magnitude as compared to non-resonance frequencies. Among these resonance frequencies, just at one of those frequencies, the magnitude of the impedance is minimum. This resonance frequency is known as the main resonance frequency of the transducer. To attain higher efficiency and deliver more power to the ultrasound system, the transducer is usually excited at the main resonance frequency. Therefore, it is important to find out this frequency and other resonance frequencies. Hereof, a frequency detection method is proposed in this research which is discussed in chapter 2.
An extended electrical model of the ultrasound transducer with multiple resonance frequencies consists of several RLC legs in parallel with a capacitor. Each RLC leg represents one of the resonance frequencies of the ultrasound transducer. At resonance frequency the inductor reactance and capacitor reactance cancel out each other and the resistor of this leg represents power conversion of the system at that frequency. This concept is shown in simulation and test results presented in chapter 4.
To excite a high power ultrasound transducer, a high power signal is required. Multilevel converters are usually applied to generate a high power signal but the drawback of this signal is low quality in comparison with a sinusoidal signal. In some applications like ultrasound, it is extensively important to generate a high quality signal. Several control and modulation techniques are introduced in different papers to control the output voltage of the multilevel converters. One of those techniques is harmonic elimination technique. In this technique, switching angles are chosen in such way to reduce harmonic contents in the output side. It is undeniable that increasing the number of the switching angles results in more harmonic reduction. But to have more switching angles, more output voltage levels are required which increase the number of components and cost of the converter. To improve the quality of the output voltage signal with no more components, a new harmonic elimination technique is proposed in this research. Based on this new technique, more variables (DC voltage levels and switching angles) are chosen to eliminate more low order harmonics compared to conventional harmonic elimination techniques. In conventional harmonic elimination method, DC voltage levels are same and only switching angles are calculated to eliminate harmonics. Therefore, the number of eliminated harmonic is limited by the number of switching cycles. In the proposed modulation technique, the switching angles and the DC voltage levels are calculated off-line to eliminate more harmonics. Therefore, the DC voltage levels are not equal and should be regulated. To achieve this aim, a DC/DC converter is applied to adjust the DC link voltages with several capacitors. The effect of the new harmonic elimination technique on the output quality of several single phase multilevel converters is explained in chapter 3 and 6 of this thesis.
According to the electrical model of high power ultrasound transducer, this device can be modelled as parallel combinations of RLC legs with a main capacitor. The impedance diagram of the transducer in frequency domain shows it has capacitive characteristics in almost all frequencies. Therefore, using a voltage source converter to drive a high power ultrasound transducer can create significant leakage current through the transducer. It happens due to significant voltage stress (dv/dt) across the transducer. To remedy this problem, LC filters are applied in some applications. For some applications such as ultrasound, using a LC filter can deteriorate the performance of the transducer by changing its characteristics and displacing the resonance frequency of the transducer. For such a case a current source converter could be a suitable choice to overcome this problem. In this regard, a current source converter is implemented and applied to excite the high power ultrasound transducer. To control the output current and voltage, a hysteresis control and unipolar modulation are used respectively. The results of this test are explained in chapter 7.
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Tran, Ngan. "The impact of hydrodynamic coupling on the performance of multi-mode wave energy converters." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/135690.
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Recently, research interest has deepened in developing technologies that are capable of generating electricity from renewable sources. Ocean wave energy is one such source, and is gaining attention due to its high energy density and favourable variability properties compared to other sources such as solar and wind. Although many Wave Energy Converter (WEC) prototypes have been proposed over the years, there is still no convergence on the best design. An emerging subset of WEC designs are ‘multi-mode converters’, which are capable of absorbing power from multiple hydrodynamic modes. This allows them to generate more energy from incoming waves compared to most other WECs, which typically use only one Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) for power absorption. However, one of the key challenges in the design and control of multi-mode WECs is the strong coupling between hydrodynamic modes, which can potentially lead to sub-optimal performance. The effect of this coupling on the device performance may also be further exacerbated when nonlinear hydrodynamic effects are considered. This thesis is dedicated to building an understanding of the impact of nonlinear coupling between hydrodynamic modes on the power absorption efficacy of a submerged, multi-mode, point absorber WEC with a flat cylindrical geometry. From this, the project also intends to provide general recommendations regarding the control and design of multi-mode WECs for increased performance. Three specific research questions were investigated: (i) what is the effect of nonlinear hydrodynamic coupling forces, caused by the change in projected surface area with large pitch motions, on the performance of multi-mode WECs, (ii) how should the surge, heave and pitch hydrodynamic modes be tuned to enhance the performance of WECs subjected to nonlinear coupling forces and (iii) what design parameters can be implemented to passively tune the hydrodynamic modes in a nonlinear, under-actuated WEC device. To address these questions, various numerical models were developed and compared, ranging from low fidelity models in the frequency-domain based on linear hydrodynamic models, to a weakly nonlinear hydrodynamic code based on the weak-scatterer approximation. Initially, it was necessary to gain a fundamental understanding of the nonlinear hydrodynamic forces acting on a device forced to undergo large pitch motions and oscillate in multiple hydrodynamic modes simultaneously. To this end, initial investigations assumed a simple WEC system with fully idealised kinematic control, wherein the pitch and surge motions could be explicitly defined. It was found that simultaneous surge and pitch motions changed the radiation forces acting on the WEC, resulting in significant reductions to the maximum power that could be absorbed by the device. Different approaches for adjusting the dynamics and resonance behaviour of the multi-mode WEC through tuning of the hydrodynamic modes were then investigated. Under the effects of nonlinear coupling between hydrodynamic modes, tuning the surge, heave and pitch modes to the same natural frequency was demonstrated to result in significant reductions in power absorbed, especially when the pitch amplitude was high. Recommendations were therefore made to decouple these modes when developing multi-mode WECs in the case where the design does not limit large pitch amplitudes. From the models investigated, this tuning approach also demonstrated a potential for improving the broadband power absorption efficacy of the device in irregular waves. In the final stage of this project, the impact of nonlinear coupling in an under-actuated system was investigated. A sensitivity study was conducted to investigate the effect of adjusting the geometric design of a three-tethered WEC on the resonance behaviour of each hydrodynamic mode. It was concluded that for maximum power absorption, two out of three of the device’s planar rigid body modes should be utilised to harvest energy from incident waves. Furthermore, for this WEC geometry and design, these rigid body modes should contain predominantly surge and heave motions. Subharmonic excitations caused by nonlinear forces arising from the tether arrangement and hydrodynamic interactions were also found to significantly reduce the performance of the device compared to the predictions from linear theory. It was determined that the power absorbed by the device was most sensitive to the arrangement of the tethers, while adjusting parameters related to the mass distribution resulted in little benefit to the overall device performance.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
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Che, Su Shih, and 蘇士哲. "Solar Mobile Multi-Mode Energy Converter." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86868976625781130123.
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碩士高苑科技大學
電子工程研究所
100
Recent mobile solar energy products provide only single power rating output. According to the patent and related literature surveys, the multi-mode energy conversion and dynamical power rating adjustment are needed for better utilization of solar cell energy. The novel solar energy converter was designed to dynamically adjust the output power rating and provide two different voltage output without using the microprocessor in this study. The energy converter consisted of the buck, boost, two-stage power rating regulating and load current detecting circuits by adopting the TI TPS54229, TPS61500 and INA202 IC Chips respectively. The design and manufacturing flow of the energy converter PCB included creating schematic diagram, routing, PCB development & etching, component mounting and soldering, and the PCB size is 62 mm 75 mm. The converter testing was carried out for the stability, startup response time and conversion efficiency by the simulated dynamic voltage curve by power supply and under the various sunny conditions to test the change of the solar energy intensity during the daytime by using high power WLED as the load. The experimental results showed the converter provides the two stable voltage output at the simulated and realistic solar energy input voltage ranged from 7 to 18V and dynamically change the other output power rating once the main loading current is increased. Under the normal sunny days, the average conversion efficiency of this novel converter was higher than 92%, the startup time was less than 25 ms and standard deviation was 0.97% that is less than the maximum error. The multi-mode solar energy converter could utilize the maximum solar energy source, and possess the merits of stability and fast startup without the microprocessor and be miniaturized for the application in the portable devices.
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Lin, Kai-Chun, and 林凱鈞. "A wide load range multi-mode digital buck converter for photovoltaic energy harvesting." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ntt2d7.
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碩士國立交通大學
電子工程學系 電子研究所
103
Photovoltaic energy harvesting is an attractive method of developing battery-free systems, such as wireless sensors, biomedical electronics, and the internet of things (IoT). To sustain normal operation with a limited power budget, low-power digital circuits operating in the near/sub-threshold region are widely used in such applications. Therefore, the design of a low-voltage buck converter which converts the harvested energy to the regulated output is dispensable. In this work, a tri-mode digital buck converter for photovoltaic energy harvesting with a maximum conversion efficiency of 92% is proposed. The input voltage (VIN) is targeted to 0.55−0.65V so as to meet the maximum power point voltages of the photovoltaic cell. The output voltage (VOUT) ranges from 0.35−0.5V, so that near/sub-threshold CMOS digital circuits utilize photovoltaic energy effectively. By integrating pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse-frequency modulation (PFM), and asynchronous mode (AM), together with digital self-tracking zero current detection (ST-ZCD), the tri-mode digital buck converter provides wide output range from 50nW to 10mW, while achieving more than 70% efficiency from 400nW to 10mW. In addition, the proposed digital ST-ZCD automatically tracks the off-time of the power transistor, thus reducing the PFM power budget. Compared with the analog approach, the digital method is more robust under low voltage operation and the quiescent current can be reduced in order to improve the efficiency under low-power applications.
Book chapters on the topic "Multi-mode wave energy converter"
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Sergiienko, Nataliia Y., and Boyin Ding. "Multi-mode wave energy converters." In Modelling and Optimisation of Wave Energy Converters, 169–200. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003198956-5.
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Battisti, B., G. Bracco, and M. Bergmann. "Multi-fidelity modelling of wave energy converter farms." In Trends in Renewable Energies Offshore, 351–57. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360773-40.
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Saha, Satyabrata. "Recognition of Fatigue Failure in Wave Energy Converter Using Statistical Control Chart, Multi-criteria Decision Making Tools and Polynomial Neural Network Model." In Water and Energy Management in India, 259–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66683-5_13.
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Li, Biao, and Hongtao Gao. "Impact Analysis of Geometry Parameters of Buoy on the Pitching Motion Mechanism and Power Response for Multi-section Wave Energy Converter." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 316–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69096-4_44.
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Blanco, Marcos, Jorge Torres, Miguel Santos-Herrán, Luis García-Tabarés, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Nájera, Dionisio Ramírez, and Marcos Lafoz. "Recent Advances in Direct-Drive Power Take-Off (DDPTO) Systems for Wave Energy Converters Based on Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM)." In Ocean Wave Energy Systems, 487–532. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78716-5_17.
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AbstractThis chapter is focused on Power Take-Off (PTO) systems for wave energy converters (WEC), being one of the most important elements since PTOs are responsible to transform the mechanical power captured from the waves into electricity. It presents Direct-Drive PTO (DDPTO) as one of the most reliable solutions to be adapted to some particular types of WEC, such as point absorbers. A discussion about modularity and adaptability, together with intrinsic characteristics of direct-drive PTOs, is also included. Among the different technologies of electric machines that can be used in direct-drive linear PTOs, switched reluctance machines (SRM) are described in further detail. In particular, the Azimuthal Multi-translator SRM is presented as a suitable solution in order to increase power density and reduce costs. Not only the electric machine, but also the associated power electronics are described in detail. The description includes the different configurations and topologies of power converters and the most appropriate control strategies. Finally, a superconducting linear generator solution is described, presenting it as a reliable alternative for the application of direct-drive PTOs. An example of concept and preliminary design is included in order to highlight the main challenges to be faced during this process.
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Zhang, Yifei, Chunmei Xu, Haoying Pei, and Lingbo Li. "Dual-Mode DC/DC Converter for Multi-energy Drive System." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2021, 127–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9905-4_15.
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Arbonès, Dídac Rodríguez, Boyin Ding, Nataliia Y. Sergiienko, and Markus Wagner. "Fast and Effective Multi-objective Optimisation of Submerged Wave Energy Converters." In Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XIV, 675–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45823-6_63.
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Stansby, P. K., and E. Carpintero Moreno. "Taut elastic mooring characteristics for the multi-float M4 wave energy converter." In Developments in Renewable Energies Offshore, 223–27. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003134572-27.
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Liao, Zhijing, Guang Li, and P. K. Stansby. "Linear optimal control on a multi-PTO wave energy converter M4 with performance analysis." In Developments in Renewable Energies Offshore, 238–44. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003134572-29.
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Le, Phuc, Andrew Fischer, Irene Penesis, and Rahman Rahimi. "Aggregating GIS and MCDM to Optimize Wave Energy Converters Location in Tasmania, Australia." In Geospatial Research, 943–66. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9845-1.ch045.
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The aim of this chapter is to develop a framework to guide Wave Energy Converters (WECs) sites using the coastal waters of Tasmania as a case study. This chapter proposes a combined two-stage Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology to determine suitable locations for WECs siting with overlapping and minimal conflicting uses. A methodology combining MCDM and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was developed combining the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Priority rankings for each of the human uses and ocean features were prioritized using AHP and were then applied to TOPSIS analyses. A chain of optimal locations were determined, stretching from the southwest to southeast coast of Tasmania, where presently low densities of human activities overlap with high wave height. The result shows that suitable areas for harnessing WECs may not always be located in the highest wave energy areas.
Conference papers on the topic "Multi-mode wave energy converter"
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Sergiienko, Nataliia Y., Mehdi Neshat, Leandro S. P. da Silva, Brad Alexander, and Markus Wagner. "Design Optimisation of a Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19266.
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Abstract A wave energy converter (WEC) similar to the CETO system developed by Carnegie Clean Energy is considered for design optimisation. This WEC is able to absorb power from heave, surge and pitch motion modes, making the optimisation problem nontrivial. The WEC dynamics is simulated using the spectral-domain model taking into account hydrodynamic forces, viscous drag, and power take-off forces. The design parameters for optimisation include the buoy radius, buoy height, tether inclination angles, and control variables (damping and stiffness). The WEC design is optimised for the wave climate at Albany test site in Western Australia considering unidirectional irregular waves. Two objective functions are considered: (i) maximisation of the annual average power output, and (ii) minimisation of the levelised cost of energy (LCoE) for a given sea site. The LCoE calculation is approximated as a ratio of the produced energy to the significant mass of the system that includes the mass of the buoy and anchor system. Six different heuristic optimisation methods are applied in order to evaluate and compare the performance of the best known evolutionary algorithms, a swarm intelligence technique and a numerical optimisation approach. The results demonstrate that if we are interested in maximising energy production without taking into account the cost of manufacturing such a system, the buoy should be built as large as possible (20 m radius and 30 m height). However, if we want the system that produces cheap energy, then the radius of the buoy should be approximately 11–14 m while the height should be as low as possible. These results coincide with the overall design that Carnegie Clean Energy has selected for its CETO 6 multi-moored unit. However, it should be noted that this study is not informed by them, so this can be seen as an independent validation of the design choices.
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Richardson, Daniel S., and George A. Aggidis. "The Economics of Multi-Axis Point Absorber Wave Energy Converters." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11379.
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This paper examines the economic advantages and disadvantages of multi-axis point absorber wave energy converters in comparison to conventional heave-only point absorbers. A multi-axis point absorber wave energy converter (MA-PAWEC) is classified as a point absorber device that has a power take off (PTO) system extracting energy from more than one mode of motion (e.g. heave and surge). The majority of existing point absorber devices operate in heave mode alone. Therefore the forces exerted along other axes must be resisted by the mooring system, any reciprocal component of which constitutes a wasted opportunity to extract energy. The economics of PAWECs are governed by the available resource, energy generated by the device, capital cost and operational cost. These factors are examined for MA-PAWECs and compared to a generic heave-PAWEC. For a performance comparison, a simple generic body PAWEC is examined under heave mode operation and multi-axis operation in a representative spectrum. The modelling is based on linear potential theory. The potential advantages of MA-PAWECS are identified as greater energy absorption, fewer installed devices for a given capacity, and greater array control. Disadvantages include higher capex, higher maintenance costs and sensitivity to PTO costs. The performance and costs are assigned an estimated economic scaling factor and are applied to a generic heave-PAWEC for an economic comparison of the two devices. This indicates that a multi-axis approach to point absorbers could offer a 21% lower cost of electricity than the incumbent heave-response devices.
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Wahyudie, Addy, Muhammad Abdi Jama, Ali Assi, and Hassan Noura. "Sliding mode control for heaving wave energy converter." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.2013.6662880.
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Le-Ngoc, L., A. I. Gardiner, R. J. Stuart, A. J. Caughley, and J. A. Huckerby. "Progress in the development of a multi-mode self-reacting wave energy converter." In OCEANS 2010 IEEE - Sydney. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanssyd.2010.5603849.
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Saadat, Yalda, Nelson Fernandez, and Reza Ghorbani. "The Wave Energy Converter Based on Helmholtz Mode, Inspired by Nature." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11026.
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The present study examines a new concept of wave energy conversion inspired by geological tidal-bowls (i.e. toilet bowls) and blowholes in nature, capitalizing on the Helmholtz resonance phenomenon. Tidal-bowls are of interest because they concentrate ocean wave energy in a basin while in resonance with incoming waves. Tidal-bowls are formed as sea channels grow landwards into a water basin, which can result in a high pulsating current of water inside the channel in and out of the basin. The resonance of water inside the basin produced by asymmetry of its narrow water channel allows for the capture of Helmholtz mode, which is the most energetic mode of the ocean waves. Thus, the objective of this project is to experimentally investigate the geometry of tidal-bowls in a wave tank including the size of the basin and the channel in order to obtain Helmholtz resonance. The model in the wave tank is scaled using the Froude number. Preliminary experiments were carried out measuring the water surface, demonstrating a strong correlation of the model to the theoretical Helmholtz mode’s model, σH2 = gHB/A0L. Where a basin with maximum water depth, H, and horizontal area, A0, is connected to the sea by a narrow strait of width, B, and the strait length, L. The proposed geometry can be used to harvest wave energy through either pulsating current of the channel using a water-turbine or using an air-turbine on the top of the basin. This study aims to catalyze future works in effective applications of this model towards wave energy conversion device development. Thus, we investigated the effects of the device’s length, and the device’s winglet’s angle at the inlet of the channel on wave amplification inside the basin. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that the flow dampening inside the channel has no effect on basin’s resonance frequency.
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Falnes, Johannes. "Wave-Energy Conversion Avoiding Destructive Wave Interference." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62617.
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Many of the various proposed wave-energy converter (WEC) units are immersed oscillating bodies, which, in the primary conversion stage, collect input power as the product of two oscillating factors, a velocity and wave-induced force. The latter factor is vulnerable to destructive wave interference, unless the extension of each WEC unit is sufficiently small. Two simple, elementary-mathematical, inequalities express two kinds of upper bounds for the wave power that may be absorbed by an oscillating immersed body. The first upper bound, published in the mid 1970s, is well-known, in contrast to the second one, Budal’s upper bound, which was derived a few years later, and which takes the WEC’s hull volume into consideration. Combining the two different upper bounds and considering also a typical wave climate, we may conclude that for a WEC array plant deployed in the North Atlantic, each point-absorber WEC unit volume should typically be about 300 cubic metre, and its primary-converted power take-off (PTO) capacity should be in the range of 50 to 300 kW. These heaving WEC units, being monopole wave radiators, may have a much higher PTO-capacity-to-immersed-hull-wet-surface ratio than any other type of WEC unit, such as those using dipole-mode (e.g. surge- or pitch-mode) radiation. For large-scale utilization of wave energy, arrays of WEC units are required.
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Shi, Hongda, and Shuting Huang. "Hydrodynamic analysis of multi-freedom floater wave energy converter." In OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2016.7485410.
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Yang, Yingchen, Ruben Reyes, Carlos Gonzalez, and Sergio Echevarria. "Development of an Angularly Oscillating Wave Energy Converter." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62359.
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The averaged power density of ocean waves is about 25 times as high as that of solar or winds. Yet, energy harvesting from ocean waves is far less competitive than that from solar and winds nowadays. The primary hurdle is the high installation/maintenance cost associated with wave energy harvesting devices. The present research focuses on the development of a wave energy converter (WEC) that is expected to have negligibly low cost on installation and maintenance. To achieve this goal, a new working mechanism is applied. The enabled WEC is a surface-floating device. It can be loosely anchored to the seabed through single-point slack mooring; that makes the installation as easy as anchoring a boat. The WEC uses wave-enabled angular oscillation to harvest energy. Such angular oscillation directly turns into nearly the same angular oscillation between the rotor and stator of a specially designed electric generator. The whole system is encapsulated in a rigid and watertight buoy — the hull of the WEC, thus the WEC is corrosion free. Furthermore, the only parts that subject to wear in the entire system are a couple of high-endurance bearings, which may make the WEC maintenance free in its designed lifespan (e.g., 5 years). In this paper, we present and discuss the design and testing of our first prototype WEC. Experimental exploration from hydrodynamic perspective was conducted in a wave tank to improve the shape design of the buoy, which plays a critical role on exciting large angular oscillation of the WEC in waves. Numerical simulation from electromagnetic perspective was carried out to guide the design of the electric generator; the resulted generator is capable of working efficiently in slow angular oscillation mode (e.g., at 1 Hz or lower).
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Wahyudie, Addy, Muhammad Abdi Jama, Ali Assi, and Hassan Noura. "Sliding mode and fuzzy logic control for heaving wave energy converter." In 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2013.6760122.
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Zunaed, Mohammad, Md Kaviul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam Sarker, Raquib Hassan Sagar, and Nishat Kabir. "Performance analysis of a multi-stage tidal wave energy converter." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME2019). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0037490.
Full textReports on the topic "Multi-mode wave energy converter"
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Kopf, Steven. WET-NZ Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter Advancement Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1097595.
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Kopf, Steven. New Zealand Multi-Mode Technology Demonstration at the US Navy's Wave Energy Test Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460681.
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