Journal articles: 'Multi-layered Assembly'

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Snead, Wilton T., Krishna Shrinivas, Danial Babaki, Kevin M. Weeks, and Amy S. Gladfelter. "RNA structure controls assembly of multi-layered paraspeckles." Biophysical Journal 122, no. 3 (February 2023): 67a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.571.

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Hiller, Jonathan, Joni Mici, and Hod Lipson. "Layered assemblers for scalable parallel integration." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 171 (October 2020): 20200543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0543.

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Many complex natural and artificial systems are composed of large numbers of elementary building blocks, such as organisms made of many biological cells or processors made of many electronic transistors. This modular substrate is essential to the evolution of biological and technological complexity, but has been difficult to replicate for mechanical systems. This study seeks to answer if layered assembly can engender exponential gains in the speed and efficacy of block or cell-based manufacturing processes. A key challenge is how to deterministically assemble large numbers of small building blocks in a scalable manner. Here, we describe two new layered assembly principles that allow assembly faster than linear time, integrating n modules in O( n 2/3 ) and O( n 1/3 ) time: one process uses a novel opto-capillary effect to selectively deposit entire layers of building blocks at a time, and a second process jets building block rows in rapid succession. We demonstrate the fabrication of multi-component structures out of up to 20 000 millimetre scale spherical building blocks in 3 h. While these building blocks and structures are still simple, we suggest that scalable layered assembly approaches, combined with a growing repertoire of standardized passive and active building blocks could help bridge the meso-scale assembly gap, and open the door to the fabrication of increasingly complex, adaptive and recyclable systems.

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Liu, Fang Wen, Yun Xing Liang, and Hua Wu Liu. "The Research of Multi-Layer Biaxial Weft Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1910.

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Multi-layered biaxial weft knitted fabrics has excellent mechanical properties and formability. The performances of multi-layered biaxial weft knitted fabrics were compared with multi-axial warp knitted fabrics and plain weave fabrics to highlight the advantages of this novel fibrous assembly. The manufacturing method and applications of the developed novel fabrics were illustrated in details.

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Oh, J. W., H. Na, S. Nahm, Y. Kim, and H. Choi. "Multi-Layered Membrane Electrode Assembly Fabrication by Electro-Spraying." ECS Transactions 58, no. 1 (August 31, 2013): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05801.1075ecst.

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IGNATOV, A. V., and R. M. SUBKHANKULOV. "ADHESIVE ASSEMBLY OF MULTI–LAYERED PRODUCTS WITH VARIABLE SECTION." Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology 339, no. 1 (2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2020-339-1-48-53.

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Allen, Matthew E., James Albon, and Yuval Elani. "Layer-by-layer assembly of multi-layered droplet interface bilayers (multi-DIBs)." Chemical Communications 58, no. 1 (2022): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05155e.

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Li, Mei, Erik Dujardin, and Stephen Mann. "Programmed assembly of multi-layered protein/nanoparticle-carbon nanotube conjugates." Chemical Communications, no. 39 (2005): 4952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b509109h.

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Hwang, Tae-Yeon, Yomin Choi, YoSeb Song, Nu Si A. Eom, Seil Kim, Hong-Baek Cho, Nosang V. Myung, and Yong-Ho Choa. "A noble gas sensor platform: linear dense assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes (LACNTs) in a multi-layered ceramic/metal electrode system (MLES)." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 5 (2018): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03576d.

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Garg, Samridhi, Vinay K. Midha, and Monica Sikka. "Studies on thermal comfort of multi-layered fabric assembly after wetting with sweat and distilled water." Journal of Industrial Textiles 52 (August 2022): 152808372211101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221110105.

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Textiles play a vital role in assuring the thermal stability of the human body. The absorption of perspiration or moisture from a humid environment might result in wet clothing. Protective and sports apparel are often wet when the wearer is involved in high level of activity; thereby affecting the comfort. In order to understand the comfort behaviour of textiles in wet state, most of the researchers used the distilled water or NaCl aqueous solution. However, human sweat is a very complex aqueous mixture of chemicals comprising of salts, lipids, urea, lactic acid, carbohydrates, and minerals. In the present study, the effect of simulated sweat solution on the thermal behaviour of multi-layered fabric assembly is studied and compared with that of distilled water. The multi-layered fabric assembly consists of breathable PU-coated nylon as an outer layer; polyester knitted fabric as an inner layer; and micro-polyester wadding/hollow-polyester wadding/spacer fabric as the middle layer. In addition, the inner layer (next to the skin) is also tested for thermal comfort for both dry and wet states. It is observed that thermal properties of fabrics are drastically affected under wet conditions. The inner layer of fabric wetted with distilled water shows higher thermal conductivity as compared to that wetted with simulated sweat. Among various multi-layered assemblies, the thermal resistance and thermal diffusion of multi-layered assembly having hollow polyester wadding as a middle layer is high as compared to that having spacer fabric in the middle, under both dry and wet conditions.

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Zhao, Xiaolin, Lijie Zhong, Yunfang Li, Shuqiong Xu, Hongjin Fu, Zhaoxin Lu, and Danhui Zhang. "Defect enabled formation of multilayered funnel from isolated graphene nanoring." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 45 (2016): 31323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp06739e.

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Japa, Mattawan, Patchareeporn Panoy, Supanan Anuchai, Sukon Phanichphant, Piyarat Nimmanpipug, Sulawan Kaowphong, Doldet Tantraviwat, and Burapat Inceesungvorn. "Controlled synthesis of barium chromate multi-layered microdiscs and their photocatalytic activity." RSC Advances 6, no. 2 (2016): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23482d.

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BaCrO₄ microdiscs composed of multi-layered microplates were successfully synthesized by a facile oxalate-assisted precipitation method. Based on time-dependent experiments, a dissolution–recrystallization–self-assembly process has been proposed.

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Wang, Daquan, Lingjie Meng, Zhaofu Fei, Chen Hou, Jiangang Long, Leli Zeng, Paul J. Dyson, and Peng Huang. "Multi-layered tumor-targeting photothermal-doxorubicin releasing nanotubes eradicate tumors in vivo with negligible systemic toxicity." Nanoscale 10, no. 18 (2018): 8536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00663f.

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Multi-layered single-walled carbon nanotubes, termed SWNT@BSA@Au-S-PEG-FA@DOX, which integrate photothermal therapy with small molecule drug delivery, were prepared using a facile layer-by-layer assembly process.

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Wu, Guanzhao, Yangxue Liu, Zhen Yang, Tao Jiang, Nandakumar Katakam, Hossein Rouh, Liulei Ma, et al. "Enantioselective assembly of multi-layer 3D chirality." National Science Review 7, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 588–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz203.

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Abstract The first enantioselective assembly of sandwich-shaped organo molecules has been achieved by conducting dual asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura couplings and nine other reactions. This work also presents the first fully C-C anchored multi-layer 3D chirality with optically pure enantiomers. As confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis that this chiral framework is featured by a unique C2-symmetry in which a nearly parallel fashion consisting of three layers: top, middle and bottom aromatic rings. Unlike the documented planar or axial chirality, the present chirality shows its top and bottom layers restrict each other from free rotation, i.e., this multi-layer 3D chirality would not exist if either top or bottom layer is removed. Nearly all multi-layered compounds showed strong luminescence of different colors under UV irradiation, and several randomly selected samples displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. This work is believed to have broad impacts on chemical, medicinal and material sciences including optoelectronic materials in future.

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De Laurentis, Kathryn J., and Constantinos Mavroidis. "Rapid fabrication of a non‐assembly robotic hand with embedded components." Assembly Automation 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01445150410562606.

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The application of rapid prototyping in fabricating a non‐assembly, multi‐articulated robotic hand with inserts is presented in this paper. The development of robotic systems that have all necessary components inserted, with no assembly required, and ready to function when the manufacturing process is complete is quite attractive. Layered manufacturing, in particular stereolithography, can provide a means to do this. Stereolithography produces a solid plastic prototype via a manufacturing procedure where three‐dimensional solid models are constructed layer upon layer by the fusion of material under computer control. An important aspect of the rapid prototype method used in this research is that multi‐jointed systems can be fabricated in one step, without requiring assembly, while maintaining the desired joint mobility. This document presents the design and techniques for part insertion into a non‐assembly, multi‐articulated, dexterous finger prototype built with stereolithography.

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Wang, Xinxin, Yang Wu, Peng Huang, Peng Chen, Zuyong Wang, Xiongwen Xu, Jian Xie, et al. "A multi-layered composite assembly of Bi nanospheres anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for ultrastable sodium storage." Nanoscale 12, no. 46 (2020): 23682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr07230c.

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A 3D multi-layered composite assembly of Bi/carbon composed of 0D Bi nanospheres and 2D N-doped carbon nanosheets has been realized, and such nanocomposite was demonstrated as sodium ion battery anode, showing excellent sodium storage performance.

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Murphy, Connor, Yunqi Cao, Nelson Sepúlveda, and Wei Li. "Quick self-assembly of bio-inspired multi-dimensional well-ordered structures induced by ultrasonic wave energy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): e0246453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246453.

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Bottom-up self-assembly of components, inspired by hierarchically self-regulating aggregation of small subunits observed in nature, provides a strategy for constructing two- or three-dimensional intriguing biomimetic materials via the spontaneous combination of discrete building blocks. Herein, we report the methods of ultrasonic wave energy-assisted, fast, two- and three-dimensional mesoscale well-ordered self-assembly of microfabricated building blocks (100 μm in size). Mechanical vibration energy-driven self-assembly of microplatelets at the water-air interface of inverted water droplets is demonstrated, and the real-time formation process of the patterned structure is dynamically explored. 40 kHz ultrasonic wave is transferred into microplatelets suspended in a water environment to drive the self-assembly of predesigned well-ordered structures. Two-dimensional self-assembly of microplatelets inside the water phase with a large patterned area is achieved. Stable three-dimensional multi-layered self-assembled structures are quickly formed at the air-water interface. These demonstrations aim to open distinctive and effective ways for new two-dimensional surface coating technology with autonomous organization strategy, and three-dimensional complex hierarchical architectures built by the bottom-up method and commonly found in nature (such as nacre, bone or enamel, etc.).

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Pelayo, F., and M. López-Aenlle. "Natural frequencies and damping ratios of multi-layered laminated glass beams using a dynamic effective thickness." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217695479.

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Multi-layered laminated glass panels are those with at least three monolithic glass layers and two viscoelastic interlayers. Multi-layered laminated glass panels are commonly used in floors, roofs and other horizontal glazing accessible to the public where a high level of security is required. Although the glass can be consider as a linear-elastic material, the viscoelastic interlayers determine a non-linear behavior of the laminated structure that must be taken into consideration. In this paper, a dynamic effective thickness is proposed to predict the natural frequencies and damping ratios of multi-layered laminated glass beam-like structures with different boundary conditions and at different temperatures. Furthermore, the presented dynamic effective thickness can be also used to any frequency domain calculations such as displacements and stresses. To validate the proposed model, operational modal analysis was carried out on a multi-layered laminated glass beam to obtain the experimental natural frequencies and damping ratios at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃. Moreover, a finite element model of the beam was also assembly for the sake of comparison. The proposed model predicts the natural frequencies with errors less than 5%, whereas the discrepancies in damping ratios are less than 50%.

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Pandey, Rakesh K., Himani Pandey, and Alpana Nayak. "Electrochemical Charge Transfer Through the Supramolecular Discogen‐DNA Hybrid Multi‐layered Assembly." ChemistrySelect 3, no. 21 (June 2018): 5874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201800625.

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Teshima, Tetsuhiko, Hiroshi Nakashima, Yuko Ueno, Satoshi Sasaki, Calum S. Henderson, and Shingo Tsukada. "Cell Encapsulation and 3D Self-assembly Using Multi-layered Polymeric Thin Films." NTT Technical Review 16, no. 8 (August 2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53829/ntr201808ra1.

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Fonseca, Daniela F. S., João P. F. Carvalho, Verónica Bastos, Helena Oliveira, Catarina Moreirinha, Adelaide Almeida, Armando J. D. Silvestre, Carla Vilela, and Carmen S. R. Freire. "Antibacterial Multi-Layered Nanocellulose-Based Patches Loaded with Dexpanthenol for Wound Healing Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122469.

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Antibacterial multi-layered patches composed of an oxidized bacterial cellulose (OBC) membrane loaded with dexpanthenol (DEX) and coated with several chitosan (CH) and alginate (ALG) layers were fabricated by spin-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Four patches with a distinct number of layers (5, 11, 17, and 21) were prepared. These nanostructured multi-layered patches reveal a thermal stability up to 200 °C, high mechanical performance (Young’s modulus ≥ 4 GPa), and good moisture-uptake capacity (240–250%). Moreover, they inhibited the growth of the skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (3.2–log CFU mL−1 reduction) and were non-cytotoxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The in vitro release profile of DEX was prolonged with the increasing number of layers, and the time-dependent data imply a diffusion/swelling-controlled drug release mechanism. In addition, the in vitro wound healing assay demonstrated a good cell migration capacity, headed to a complete gap closure after 24 h. These results certify the potential of these multi-layered polysaccharides-based patches toward their application in wound healing.

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NAKASHIMA, Hiroshi, Shun-ichi TANAKA, and Hiroshi MAEKAWA. "Experiments and Calculations of 14 MeV Neutron Streaming through Multi-Layered Slit Assembly." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 24, no. 8 (August 1987): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1987.9735856.

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Vu, Ngoc-Hung, Xuan-Tan Pham, Vincent François, and Jean-Christophe Cuillière. "Inverse procedure for mechanical characterization of multi-layered non-rigid composite parts with applications to the assembly process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 17 (July 7, 2019): 6167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219861126.

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In assembly process, non-rigid parts in free-state may have different forms compared to the designed model caused by gravity load and residual stresses. For non-rigid parts made by multi-layered fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, this process becomes much more complex due to the nonlinear behavior of the material. This paper presented an inverse procedure for characterizing large anisotropic deformation behavior of four-layered, carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulphide, non-rigid composite parts. Mechanical responses were measured from the standard three points bending test and the surface displacements of composite plates under flexural loading test. An orthotropic hyperelastic material model was implemented as a UMAT user routine in the Abaqus/Standard to analyze the behavior of flexible fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Error functions were defined by subtracting the experimental data from the numerical mechanical responses. Minimizing the error functions helps to identify the material parameters. These optimal parameters were validated for the case of an eight-layered composite material.

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Zhang, Huacheng, Zhaona Liu, and Hui Fu. "Pillararenes Trimer for Self-Assembly." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040651.

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Pillararenes trimer with particularly designed structural geometry and excellent capacity of recognizing guest molecules is a very efficient and attractive building block for the fabrication of advanced self-assembled materials. Pillararenes trimers could be prepared via both covalent and noncovalent bonds. The classic organic synthesis reactions such as click reaction, palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction, amidation, esterification, and aminolysis are employed to build covalent bonds and integrate three pieces of pillararenes subunits together into the “star-shaped” trimers and linear foldamers. Alternatively, pillararenes trimers could also be assembled in the form of host-guest inclusions and mechanically interlocked molecules via noncovalent interactions, and during those procedures, pillararenes units contribute the cavity for recognizing guest molecules and act as a “wheel” subunit, respectively. By fully utilizing the driving forces such as host-guest interactions, charge transfer, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and C–H…π and π–π stacking interactions, pillararenes trimers-based supramolecular self-assemblies provide a possibility in the construction of multi-dimensional materials such as vesicular and tubular aggregates, layered networks, as well as frameworks. Interestingly, those assembled materials exhibit interesting external stimuli responsiveness to e.g., variable concentrations, changed pH values, different temperature, as well as the addition/removal of competition guests and ions. Thus, they could further be used for diverse applications such as detection, sorption, and separation of significant multi-analytes including metal cations, anions, and amino acids.

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Wei, Zhi-Quan, Xiao-Cheng Dai, Shuo Hou, Yu-Bing Li, Ming-Hui Huang, Tao Li, Shuai Xu, and Fang-Xing Xiao. "Branched polymer-incorporated multi-layered heterostructured photoanode: precisely tuning directional charge transfer toward solar water oxidation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 1 (2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta11579j.

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Two unidirectional electron and hole transfer channels were simultaneously constructed in a multilayered heterostructured photoanode via an efficient layer-by-layer assembly for solar-driven water oxidation.

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IWAMOTO, Mafumi, Arata KOBASHI, and Masayuki NAKAMURA. "802 Sensitivity Analysis of Multi-layered Optical Films for Robust Assembly of Optical Devices." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2005.42 (2005): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2005.42.257.

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Jia, Baoping, and Linda Zou. "Langmuir–Blodgett assembly of sulphonated graphene nanosheets into single- and multi-layered thin films." Chemical Physics Letters 568-569 (May 2013): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.02.073.

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Kim, Jaehyun, Cong Wang, and Jungyul Park. "Multi-Layered Bipolar Ionic Diode Working in Broad Range Ion Concentration." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071311.

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Ion current rectification (ICR) is the ratio of ion current by forward bias to backward bias and is a critical indicator of diode performance. In previous studies, there have been many attempts to improve the performance of this ICR, but there is the intrinsic problem for geometric changes that induce ionic rectification due to fabrication problems. Additionally, the high ICR could be achieved in the narrow salt concentration range only. Here, we propose a multi-layered bipolar ionic diode based on an asymmetric nanochannel network membrane (NCNM), which is realized by soft lithography and self-assembly of homogenous-sized nanoparticles. Owing to the freely changeable geometry based on soft lithography, the ICR performance can be explored according to the variation of microchannel shape. The presented diode with multi-layered configuration shows strong ICR performance, and in a broad range of salt concentrations (0.1 mM~100 mM), steady ICR performance. It is interesting to note that when each anion-selective (AS) and cation-selective (CS) NCNM volume was similar to each optimized volume in a single-layered device, the maximum ICR was obtained. Multi-physics simulation, which reveals greater ionic concentration at the bipolar diode junction under forward bias and less depletion under backward in comparison to the single-layer scenario, supports this tendency as well. Additionally, under different frequencies and salt concentrations, a large-area hysteresis loop emerges, which indicates fascinating potential for electroosmotic pumps, memristors, biosensors, etc.

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Gent, Enno, Dereje H. Taffa, and Michael Wark. "Multi-Layered Mesoporous TiO2 Thin Films: Photoelectrodes with Improved Activity and Stability." Coatings 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100625.

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This work aims at the identification of porous titanium dioxide thin film (photo)electrodes that represent suitable host structures for a subsequent electrodeposition of plasmonic nanoparticles. Sufficient UV absorption and electrical conductivity were assured by adjusting film thickness and TiO 2 crystallinity. Films with up to 10 layers were prepared by an evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and layer-by-layer deposition. Activities were tested towards the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water under UV illumination. Enhanced activities with each additional layer were observed and explained with increased amounts of immobilized TiO 2 and access to more active sites as a combined effect of increased surface area, better crystallinity and improved transport properties. Furthermore, films display good electrochemical and mechanical stability, which was related to the controlled intermediate thermal annealing steps, making these materials a promising candidate for future electrochemical depositions of plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles that has been further demonstrated by incorporation of gold.

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GAVRILA, Ana Mihaela, Tanta Verona IORDACHE, Carmen LAZAU, Traian ROTARIU, Ileana CERNICA, Hermine STROESCU, Mihai STOICA, Corina ORHA, Cornelia Elena BANDAS, and Andrei SARBU. "Biomimetic Sensitive Elements for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Tested on Multi-Layered Sensors." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030273.

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In spite of technological progress, most of the current techniques for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection are time consuming due to laborious sensor preparation. Thereby, the aim of this work was to enlarge the knowledge for preparing sensitive elements for TNT with the aid of molecular imprinting; a known technique used to deliver biomimetic materials. The study first depicts the auto-assembly mechanism of (TNT) with functional diamino-silanes (i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane), via “double” Meisenheimer complexes. This mechanism is being described herein for the first time and applied further to obtain molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films for TNT recognition. For testing the potential application of films as chemical sensor elements, typical rebinding assays of TNT in a liquid state and the rebinding of TNT in a vapor state, using multilayered sensor chips composed of quartz-chromium (Cr)-gold (Au)-titanium oxide (TiO2), were employed. Batch rebinding experiments have shown that thinner films were more efficient on retaining TNT molecules in the first five min, with a specificity of about 1.90. The quartz-Cr-Au-TiO2-MIP capacitive sensors, tested in vapor state, registered short response times (less than 25 s), low sensitivity to humidity and high specificity for TNT.

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Pang, Jiazhen, Pai Zheng, Shufei Li, and Shimin Liu. "A verification-oriented and part-focused assembly monitoring system based on multi-layered digital twin." Journal of Manufacturing Systems 68 (June 2023): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.05.008.

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Sujan, D., T. K. Piaw, and Dereje Engida Woldemichael. "Thermo-Mechanical Stress Analysis in Electronic Packaging with Continuous and Partial Bond Layer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.50.

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Interfacial stress due to thermal mismatch in layered structure has been considered as one of the major causes of mechanical failure in electronic packaging. The mismatch due to the differences in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the materials in multi-layered structure may induce severe stress concentration to the electronic composites namely interfacial delamination and die cracking. Therefore, the studies and evaluation of interfacial stress in electronic packaging become significantly important for optimum design and failure prediction of the electronic devices. The thermal mismatch shear stress for bi-layered assembly can be analyzed by using the mathematical models based on beam theory. In this study, Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation was performed to an electronic package by using ANSYS. The shear stress growth behavior at the interface of the bonded section was studied with the considerations of continuous and partial bond layers in the interfaces. Based on the analysis, it can be observed that the partial bond layer with small center distances can be simplified as a continuous bond layer for bi-layered shearing stress model analysis.

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Lee, Jung-Chuan, and Mostafa Rassaian. "Effective Local Flexural Stiffness of Ball Grid Array Assemblies." Journal of Electronic Packaging 124, no. 3 (July 26, 2002): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1463733.

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Parts on the circuit board serve as reinforcements and produce local stiffness, which influences the deflection of the assembly under vibration. The curvature of the circuit board, combined with material properties, produces stresses that lead to the high-cycle fatigue failure of interconnecting soldering joints. Use of a conventional finite element method (FEM)—referred to as “h-method”—for circuit board analysis is cost prohibitive, as numerous parts, each containing many soldering joints, would need to be analyzed for a typical board. Instead, a direct-stress analysis method—referred to as the multi-domain method (MDM)—can be used to calculate effective local stiffness of ball grid array assemblies. The fast and accurate MDM is based on nested multi-field displacement superposition and is similar in concept to p-type FEM. It is similar to conventional FEM only in its use of the Rayleigh-Ritz methodology. The computational advantages of MDM over conventional FEM for computing thermal stresses caused by thermal coefficient mismatch have been documented previously. In present work, the use of MDM as a direct-stress analysis method to extract the effective local stiffness of ball grid-array assemblies for determining high-cycle fatigue life has been extended. This method simulates a three-point bend test for flexural stiffness calculation. It demonstrates that the force-deflection relationship at the center of the system can be accurately achieved with proper constraints at the ends. The flexural stiffness is then calculated on the basis of beam theory. This calculation produces numerical results for various part-board connections, both with and without underfill. The accuracy of the formulation is examined for layered assembly. The results for long-layered beam theory agree with those based on layered beam theory.

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Pan, Ying, Longxiang Liu, and Hongting Zhao. "Recyclable flame retardant paper made from layer-by-layer assembly of zinc coordinated multi-layered coatings." Cellulose 25, no. 9 (July 7, 2018): 5309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1922-0.

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Vij, Shubha, Heiner Kuhl, Inna S. Kuznetsova, Aleksey Komissarov, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Peter Van Heusden, Siddharth Singh, et al. "Chromosomal-Level Assembly of the Asian Seabass Genome Using Long Sequence Reads and Multi-layered Scaffolding." PLOS Genetics 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2016): e1005954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005954.

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Giordano, Gianmarco, Neus Vilà, Emmanuel Aubert, Jaafar Ghanbaja, and Alain Walcarius. "Multi-layered, vertically-aligned and functionalized mesoporous silica films generated by sequential electrochemically assisted self-assembly." Electrochimica Acta 237 (May 2017): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.220.

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Haley, Kristine L., Jeffrey A. Cloninger, Kayla Cerminara, Randy M. Sterbentz, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, and Joshua O. Island. "Heated Assembly and Transfer of Van der Waals Heterostructures with Common Nail Polish." Nanomanufacturing 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing1010005.

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Recent advances in the manipulation and control of layered, two-dimensional materials has given way to the construction of heterostructures with new functionality and unprecedented electronic properties. In this study, we present a simple technique to assemble and transfer van der Waals heterostructures using common nail polish. Commercially available nail polish acts as a resilient sticky polymer, allowing for the fabrication of complex multi-material stacks without noticeable fatigue. Directly comparing four commercially available brands of nail polish, we find that one stands out in terms of stability and stacking characteristics. Using this method, we fabricate two top-gated devices and report their electrical properties. Our technique reduces the complexity in assembling van der Waals heterostructures based on the proven van der Waals pick up method.

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Vij, Shubha, Heiner Kuhl, Inna S. Kuznetsova, Aleksey Komissarov, Andrey A. Yurchenko, Peter Van Heusden, Siddharth Singh, et al. "Correction: Chromosomal-Level Assembly of the Asian Seabass Genome Using Long Sequence Reads and Multi-layered Scaffolding." PLOS Genetics 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2016): e1006500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006500.

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Lin, C. M., T. C. Lin, H. M. Chu, and Y. L. Chen. "Injection Molding Simulation of 3D Stacked-Chip Assembly Packaging with Different Entrances." Journal of Mechanics 23, no. 1 (March 2007): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100001052.

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AbstractThis paper adopts a three-dimensional (3D) finite element method to simulate the injection molding of organic 3D stacked-chip assemblies. The geometry model of the assembly is simplified to a five-layered structure of stacked-chips with no solder bumps. The injection molding process incorporates 3D stacked-chip packaging and encapsulation techniques, and comprises primarily of multi-layer cavity-filling and reactive-thermosetting curing processes. The current investigation considers the effects of specifying different entrances on the resultant flow fronts, air-traps, and weld-lines. In general, the present results confirm the value of performing numerical simulations of the 3D stacked-chip packaging process to support the injection molding CAE approaches which are commonly applied nowadays to improve the packaging assembly design and to facilitate the rapid set up of mass-production conditions. The simulation results indicate that the best packaging results are obtained when the melt is introduced either at the center of the periphery side of the stacked-chip modulus or at its corner.

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Shire, Douglas, Marcus Gingerich, Patricia Wong, Michael Skvarla, Stuart Cogan, Jinghua Chen, Wei Wang, and Joseph Rizzo. "Micro-Fabrication of Components for a High-Density Sub-Retinal Visual Prosthesis." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100944.

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We present a retrospective of unique micro-fabrication problems and solutions that were encountered through over 10 years of retinal prosthesis product development, first for the Boston Retinal Implant Project initiated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Harvard Medical School’s teaching hospital, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear—and later at the startup company Bionic Eye Technologies, by some of the same personnel. These efforts culminated in the fabrication and assembly of 256+ channel visual prosthesis devices having flexible multi-electrode arrays that were successfully implanted sub-retinally in mini-pig animal models as part of our pre-clinical testing program. We report on the processing of the flexible multi-layered, planar and penetrating high-density electrode arrays, surgical tools for sub-retinal implantation, and other parts such as coil supports that facilitated the implantation of the peri-ocular device components. We begin with an overview of the implantable portion of our visual prosthesis system design, and describe in detail the micro-fabrication methods for creating the parts of our system that were assembled outside of our hermetically-sealed electronics package. We also note the unique surgical challenges that sub-retinal implantation of our micro-fabricated components presented, and how some of those issues were addressed through design, materials selection, and fabrication approaches.

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Pan, Tsung-Yu, and Yi-Hsin Pao. "Deformation in Multilayer Stacked Assemblies." Journal of Electronic Packaging 112, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904337.

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A linear-elastic analytical model has been developed to describe the deformed geometry of a multi-layered stack assembly subject to thermal loading. The model is based on Timoshenko’s bimetal thermostat analysis [1] and consists of a series of first-order polynomial equations. The radius of curvature, bending moment, force, horizontal and vertical displacements can be determined numerically. These quantities match well with finite element analysis. Calculations for silicon power transistor stacks are presented in order to demonstrate the model capability. The results from this analyitcal model have been found to correlate well with experimental measurements when an appropriate secant modulus is used to represent the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of solder.

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Yu, Fei, Xiangming Chen, and Shuai Chen. "Double diaphragm forming simulation for net-shape component using multi-layered biaxial non-crimp fabrics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012129.

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Compared to autoclave-cured prepreg, liquid composite moulding (LCM) is a cost-effective alternative to produce advanced composites, thanks to the less-expensive intermediate materials, lower capital investment and shorter cycle time. A separate preforming step is typically required within the process chain to convert 2D fabric blanks into complex 3D geometries before moulding. Numerical models are therefore important to ensure near net-shape preforms during the design phase, in order to minimise the material wastage related to preforming. In this study, a microscale finite element (FE) model was employed to assist in determining the ply shape of multi-ply biaxial non-crimp fabrics (NCF) to achieve net-shape preforms made by double diaphragm forming (DDF) using a spar-like geometry. The forming deformation of the NCF was predicted by simulations considering the in-plane stiffness of the NCF. The location of wrinkles was indicated by the simulation using membrane elements. By continuously removing the redundant fabric material making contact with the machine bed and tool surface, net-shape preforms were achieved for the target geometry using single and multiple NCF plies respectively. Compared with the original ply shape, the number of wrinkles was reduced for the net-shape case due to the reduction in the bridging force induced by the contact pairing between fabric-diaphragm assembly and the machine bed.

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Agircan, Fikret G., Elmar Schiebel, and Balca R. Mardin. "Separate to operate: control of centrosome positioning and separation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1650 (September 5, 2014): 20130461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0461.

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The centrosome is the main microtubule (MT)-organizing centre of animal cells. It consists of two centrioles and a multi-layered proteinaceous structure that surrounds the centrioles, the so-called pericentriolar material. Centrosomes promote de novo assembly of MTs and thus play important roles in Golgi organization, cell polarity, cell motility and the organization of the mitotic spindle. To execute these functions, centrosomes have to adopt particular cellular positions. Actin and MT networks and the association of the centrosomes to the nuclear envelope define the correct positioning of the centrosomes. Another important feature of centrosomes is the centrosomal linker that connects the two centrosomes. The centrosome linker assembles in late mitosis/G1 simultaneously with centriole disengagement and is dissolved before or at the beginning of mitosis. Linker dissolution is important for mitotic spindle formation, and its cell cycle timing has profound influences on the execution of mitosis and proficiency of chromosome segregation. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of centrosome positioning and separation, and describe their functions and mechanisms in the light of recent findings.

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Galata, Evdokia, Charitomeni M. Veziri, George V. Theodorakopoulos, George Em Romanos, and Evangelia A. Pavlatou. "Composite GO/Ceramic Membranes Prepared via Chemical Attachment: Characterisation and Gas Permeance Properties." Membranes 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121181.

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Graphene oxide (GO) oligo-layered laminates were self-assembled on porous ceramic substrates via their simple dip-coating into aqueous GO dispersions. To augment the stability of the developed composite GO/ceramic membranes and control the morphology and stacking quality of the formed laminate, short-((3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane-GLYMO, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxy silane-APTES), and long-chain (polydopamine-PDA) molecules were involved and examined as interfacial linkers. A comparative study was performed regarding the linker’s capacity to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the ceramic surface and the GO deposit and affect the orientation and assemblage characteristics of the adjacent GO nanosheets that composed the formed oligo-layered laminates. Subsequently, by post-filtrating a GO/H2O suspension through the oligo-layered laminate membranes, the respective multi-layered ones have been developed, whereas ethylenediamine (EDA) was used in the suspension as an efficient molecular linker that strongly bonds and interlocks the GO nanosheets. The definition of the best linker and approach was conducted on macroporous α-alumina disks, due to the use of inexpensive raw materials and the ability to fabricate them in the lab with high reproducibility. To validate the concept at a larger scale, while investigating the effect of the porous substrate as regards its micrometer-scale roughness and surface chemistry, specific chemical modifications that yielded membranes with the best gas permeability/selectivity performance were replicated on a commercial single-channel monolith with a ZrO2 microfiltration layer. XRD, Raman, ATR, FESEM, and XPS analyses were conducted to study the structural, physicochemical, surface, and morphological properties of the GO/ceramic composite membranes, whereas permeance results of several gases at various temperatures and trans-membrane pressures were interpreted to shed light on the pore structural features. Concerning the short-chain linkers, the obtained results ascertain that GLYMO causes denser and more uniform assembly of GO nanosheets within the oligo-layered laminate. PDA had the same beneficial effect, as it is a macromolecule. Overall, this study shows that the development of gas-separating membranes, by just dipping the linker-modified substrate into the GO suspension, is not straightforward. The application of post-filtration contributed significantly to this target and the quality of the superficially deposited, thick GO laminate depended on this of the chemically attached oligo-layered one.

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Stęplewski, Wojciech, Mateusz Mroczkowski, Radoslav Darakchiev, Konrad Futera, and Grażyna Kozioł. "New technologies of multi-layered printed circuit boards, intended of rapid-design electronic modules." Circuit World 41, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-03-2015-0008.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was the use of embedded components technology and innovative concepts of the printed circuit board (PCB) for electronic modules containing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices with a large number of pins (e.g. Virtex 6, FF1156/RF1156 package, 1,156 pins). Design/methodology/approach – In the multi-layered boards, embedded passive components that support FPGA device input/output (I/O), such as blocking capacitors and pull-up resistors, were used. These modules can be used in rapid design of electronic devices. In the study, the MC16T FaradFlex material was used for the inner capacitive layer. The Ohmega-Ply RCM 25 Ω/sq material was used to manufacture pull-up resistors for high-frequency pins. The embedded components have been connected to pins of the FPGA component by using plated-through holes for capacitors and blind vias for resistors. Also, a technique for a board-to-board joining, by using castellated terminations, is described. Findings – The fully functional modules for assembly of the FPGA were manufactured. Achieved resistance of embedded micro resistors, as small as the smallest currently used surface-mount device components (01005), was below required tolerance of 10 per cent. Obtained tolerance of capacitors was less than 3 per cent. Use of embedded components allowed to replace the pull-up resistors and blocking capacitors and shortens the signal path from the I/O of the FPGA. Correct connection to the castellated terminations with a very small pitch was also obtained. This allows in further planned studies to create a full signal distribution system from the FPGA without the use of unreliable plug connectors in aviation and space technology. Originality/value – This study developed and manufactured several innovative concepts of signal distribution from printed circuit boards. The signal distribution solutions were integrated with embedded components, which allowed for significant reduction in the signal path. This study allows us to build the target object that is the module for rapid design of the FPGA device. Usage of a pre-designed module would lessen the time needed to develop a FPGA-based device, as a significant part of the necessary work (mainly designing the signal and power fan-out) will already be done during the module development.

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Sun, Yingjuan, Yuan Lin, Zhaohui Su, and Qian Wang. "One-step assembly of multi-layered structures with orthogonally oriented stripe-like patterns on the surface of a capillary tube." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 35 (2017): 23719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02583a.

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Dwijayanti, Ari, Marko Storch, Guy-Bart Stan, and Geoff S. Baldwin. "A modular RNA interference system for multiplexed gene regulation." Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1301.

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Abstract The rational design and realisation of simple-to-use genetic control elements that are modular, orthogonal and robust is essential to the construction of predictable and reliable biological systems of increasing complexity. To this effect, we introduce modular Artificial RNA interference (mARi), a rational, modular and extensible design framework that enables robust, portable and multiplexed post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. The regulatory function of mARi was characterised in a range of relevant genetic contexts, demonstrating its independence from other genetic control elements and the gene of interest, and providing new insight into the design rules of RNA based regulation in E. coli, while a range of cellular contexts also demonstrated it to be independent of growth-phase and strain type. Importantly, the extensibility and orthogonality of mARi enables the simultaneous post-transcriptional regulation of multi-gene systems as both single-gene cassettes and poly-cistronic operons. To facilitate adoption, mARi was designed to be directly integrated into the modular BASIC DNA assembly framework. We anticipate that mARi-based genetic control within an extensible DNA assembly framework will facilitate metabolic engineering, layered genetic control, and advanced genetic circuit applications.

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Kone, Tenon Charly, Sebastian Ghinet, Raymond Panneton, Zacharie Laly, Christopher Mechefske, and Anant Grewal. "Control and broadening of multiple noise frequencies using an assembly of sub-metamaterials connected by membranes for aircraft noise mitigation." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0663.

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Simultaneously attenuation of multitonal and broadband noise at low frequencies is a challenge for the aerospace, ground transportation and building industries. The technologies proposed in the literature, using layered porous materials with embedded Helmholtz resonators (HR) with a structured neck, exhibited considerable potential when tuned at tonal, multi-tonal or narrow frequency bands. However, the resonance frequencies due to the structured necks of metamaterial are narrow. Our recent investigations have shown that parallel arrangements of several structured metamaterials separated by membranes can broaden the resonance frequencies and increase the number of resonance frequencies to be controlled. This paper presents a parallel assembly of four structured sub-metamaterials separated by membranes. Each of these sub-metamaterials is also a serial assembly of a periodic unit cell (PUC) with a half-neck + cavity + half-neck configuration. The metamaterial is embedded in a layer of glass wool. Coupled fluid-structure numerical calculations in the frequency domain were used to predict the sound absorption coefficient of the metamaterial. The results obtained show a broadening of the absorption peaks and the appearance of additional frequencies due to the membranes.

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Stojanović, Paroški, Samardžić, Radovanović, and Krstić. "Microfluidics-Based Four Fundamental Electronic Circuit Elements Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor and Memristor." Electronics 8, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090960.

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The microfluidics domain has been progressing rapidly recently, particularly considering its useful applications in the field of biomedicine. This paper presents a novel, microfluidics-based design for four fundamental circuit elements in electronics, namely resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor. These widely used passive components were fabricated using a precise and cost-effective xurography technique, which enables the construction of multi-layered structures on foil, with gold used as a conductive material. To complete their assembly, an appropriate fluid was injected into the microfluidic channel of each component: the resistor, inductor, capacitor, and memristor were charged with transformer oil, ferrofluid, NaCl solution, and TiO2 solution, respectively. The electrical performance of these components was determined using an Impedance Analyzer and Keithley 2410 High-Voltage Source Meter instrument and the observed characteristics are promising for a wide range of applications in the field of microfluidic electronics.

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Roy, Saheli, Suneel Kumar Srivastava, Jürgen Pionteck, and Vikas Mittal. "Assembly of layered double hydroxide on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as reinforcing hybrid nanofiller in thermoplastic polyurethane/nitrile butadiene rubber blends." Polymer International 65, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5032.

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Bhattacharyya, Manjit K., Kamal K. Dutta, Pranay Sharma, Rosa M. Gomila, Miquel Barceló-Oliver, and Antonio Frontera. "Structure Guiding Supramolecular Assemblies in Metal-Organic Multi-Component Compounds of Mn(II): Experimental and Theoretical Studies." Crystals 13, no. 5 (May 18, 2023): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050837.

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Two multi-component coordination compounds of Mn(II), viz. [Mn(H2O)6](2-Mepy)2(4-NO2bz)2·2H2O (1) and [Mn(H2O)6][Mn(2,3-PDCH)3]2 (2) (where, 2-Mepy = 2-methylpyridine, 4-NO2bz = 4-nitrobenzoate, 2,3-PDC = 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylate), have been synthesized and characterized using elemental, spectroscopic (FT-IR and electronic), TGA and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Complex 1 is a co-crystal hydrate of Mn(II) involving uncoordinated 2-Mepy, 4-NO2bz and water molecules; while compound 2 is a multi-component molecular complex salt of Mn(II) comprising cationic [Mn(H2O)6]2+ and anionic [Mn(2,3-PDCH)3]−complex moieties. The uncoordinated 2-Mepy and 4-NO2bz moieties of 1 are involved in lone-pair (l.p)-π and C–H⋯π interactions which stabilize the layered assembly of the compound. The crystal structure of compound 2 has been previously reported. However, we have explored the unusual enclathration of complex cationic moieties within the supramolecular host cavities formed by the molecular assembly of complex anionic moieties. The supramolecular assemblies obtained in the crystal structure have been further studied theoretically using DFT calculations, quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) and non-covalent interaction plot (NCI plot) computational tools. Theoretical studies reveal that the combination of π-staking interactions (l.p-π, π-π and C–H···π) have more structure-guiding roles compared to the H-bonds. The large binding energy of π-stacking interactions in 2 is due to the antiparallel orientation of aromatic rings and their coordination to the metal centers, thereby increasing the contribution of the dipole–dipole interactions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-layered Assembly'

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