Journal articles: 'Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network'

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S.R, Srividhya. "Efficient Secured Multi-Hop Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 0009-SPECIAL ISSUE (September 25, 2019): 806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11/20192636.

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Singh, Omkar, and Vinay Rishiwal. "QoS Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327908666180703143435.

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Background & Objective: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of huge number of tiny senor nodes. WSN collects environmental data and sends to the base station through multi-hop wireless communication. QoS is the salient aspect in wireless sensor networks that satisfies end-to-end QoS requirement on different parameters such as energy, network lifetime, packets delivery ratio and delay. Among them Energy consumption is the most important and challenging factor in WSN, since the senor nodes are made by battery reserved that tends towards life time of sensor networks. Methods: In this work an Improve-Energy Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Hierarchy (I-EAMMH) QoS based routing approach has been proposed and evaluated that reduces energy consumption and delivers data packets within time by selecting optimum cost path among discovered routes which extends network life time. Results and Conclusion: Simulation has been done in MATLAB on varying number of rounds 400- 2000 to checked the performance of proposed approach. I-EAMMH is compared with existing routing protocols namely EAMMH and LEACH and performs better in terms of end-to-end-delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as reduces the energy consumption 13%-19% and prolongs network lifetime 9%- 14%.

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HUANG, GUANGYAN, XIAOWEI LI, JING HE, and XIN LI. "DATA MINING VIA MINIMAL SPANNING TREE CLUSTERING FOR PROLONGING LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 06, no. 02 (June 2007): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622007002538.

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Clustering is applied in wireless sensor networks for increasing energy efficiency. Clustering methods in wireless sensor networks are different from those in traditional data mining systems. This paper proposes a novel clustering algorithm based on Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) and Maximum Energy resource on sensors named MSTME. Also, specified constrains of clustering in wireless sensor networks and several evaluation metrics are given. MSTME performs better than already known clustering methods of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Base Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol (BCDCP) in wireless sensor networks when they are evaluated by these evaluation metrics. Simulation results show MSTME increases energy efficiency and network lifetime compared with LEACH and BCDCP in two-hop and multi-hop networks, respectively.

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Li, Zhu Guo, Bing Wen Wang, and Li Zhu Feng. "EDMC: An Energy-Efficient Distributed Multi-Hop Clustering Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1668.

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The past few years have witnessed increasing focus on the potential applications of wireless sensor networks. Sensors in these networks are expected to be remotely dispersed in large number and to operate autonomously and unattended. Clustering is a widely used technique that can enhance scalability and decrease energy consumption over sensor networks. We present an energy-efficient distributed multi-hop clustering approach for sensor networks, which combined multi-hop transmission with clustering method, aiming to balance the energy dissipation and prolong the whole network lifetime. Simulations showed that the protocol proposed worked nearly 100% more efficient compared with LEACH and HEED.

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Yang, Han Hua. "Adaptive Multi Path Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2532.

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Multi path routing protocol plays important part in the multi hop heterogeneous wireless sensor network. To get better performance, adaptive Wireless Senor Network Multi Path Routing Scheme (AMRH) is proposed, which is made up of three phrases: initial setup, route discovery and establishment, route maintenance. In the first phrase, every node gets the initial route table. In the second phrase, source node will find minimum-cost path among multiple paths. In the third phrase, route maintenance is conducted under adaptive mechanism. Simulation shows that AMRH scheme can prolong sensor network lifetime by 19.5%, increase data delivery ratio by 5.6%.

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Huang, Xiaohu, Dezhi Han, Mingming Cui, Guanghan Lin, and Xinming Yin. "Three-Dimensional Localization Algorithm Based on Improved A* and DV-Hop Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Network." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020448.

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In the traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) localization algorithm based on the Internet of Things (IoT), the distance vector hop (DV-Hop) localization algorithm has the disadvantages of large deviation and low accuracy in three-dimensional (3D) space. Based on the 3DDV-Hop algorithm and combined with the idea of A* algorithm, this paper proposes a wireless sensor network node location algorithm (MA*-3DDV-Hop) that integrates the improved A* algorithm and the 3DDV-Hop algorithm. In MA*-3DDV-Hop, firstly, the hop-count value of nodes is optimized and the error of average distance per hop is corrected. Then, the multi-objective optimization non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted to optimize the coordinates locally. After selection, crossover, mutation, the Pareto optimal solution is obtained, which overcomes the problems of premature convergence and poor convergence of existing algorithms. Moreover, it reduces the error of coordinate calculation and raises the localization accuracy of wireless sensor network nodes. For three different multi-peak random scenes, simulation results show that MA*-3DDV-Hop algorithm has better robustness and higher localization accuracy than the 3DDV-Hop, PSO-3DDV-Hop, GA-3DDV-Hop, and N2-3DDV-Hop.

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Huang, Xiaohu, Dezhi Han, Mingming Cui, Guanghan Lin, and Xinming Yin. "Three-Dimensional Localization Algorithm Based on Improved A and DV-Hop Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Network*." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020448.

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In the traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) localization algorithm based on the Internet of Things (IoT), the distance vector hop (DV-Hop) localization algorithm has the disadvantages of large deviation and low accuracy in three-dimensional (3D) space. Based on the 3DDV-Hop algorithm and combined with the idea of A* algorithm, this paper proposes a wireless sensor network node location algorithm (MA*-3DDV-Hop) that integrates the improved A* algorithm and the 3DDV-Hop algorithm. In MA*-3DDV-Hop, firstly, the hop-count value of nodes is optimized and the error of average distance per hop is corrected. Then, the multi-objective optimization non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted to optimize the coordinates locally. After selection, crossover, mutation, the Pareto optimal solution is obtained, which overcomes the problems of premature convergence and poor convergence of existing algorithms. Moreover, it reduces the error of coordinate calculation and raises the localization accuracy of wireless sensor network nodes. For three different multi-peak random scenes, simulation results show that MA*-3DDV-Hop algorithm has better robustness and higher localization accuracy than the 3DDV-Hop, PSO-3DDV-Hop, GA-3DDV-Hop, and N2-3DDV-Hop.

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Zhou, Xin Lian, and Sheng Chen. "Non-Uniform Cluster-Based Mobile Data Collector Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2173.

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One fundamental task of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to save sensor power, and try to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. Traditional routing protocols are almost based on homogeneous WSNs, all sensors are use single hop or multi-hop to transmit data to base station, which lead to overload sensors next to base station, thus appear energy hole and made WSN outwork. In this paper, we use a new novel mobile collectors mobile strategy method to prolong network lifetime, and reduce hot-spot effect around base station. We propose the routing method can effectively balance the network sensors energy depletion, more save energy and longer whole network lifetime compare to LEACH.

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Tronci, Eleonora Maria, Sakie Nagabuko, Hiroyuki Hieda, and Maria Qing Feng. "Long-Range Low-Power Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring the Vibration Response of Long-Span Bridges." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 3916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103916.

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Recently, vibration-based monitoring technologies have become extremely popular, providing effective tools to assess the health condition and evaluate the structural integrity of civil structures and infrastructures in real-time. In this context, battery-operated wireless sensors allow us to stop using wired sensor networks, providing easy installation processes and low maintenance costs. Nevertheless, wireless transmission of high-rate data such as structural vibration consumes considerable power. Consequently, these wireless networks demand frequent battery replacement, which is problematic for large structures with poor accessibility, such as long-span bridges. This work proposes a low-power multi-hop wireless sensor network suitable for monitoring large-sized civil infrastructures to handle this problem. The proposed network employs low-power wireless devices that act in the sub-GHz band, permitting long-distance data transmission and communication surpassing 1 km. Data collection over vast areas is accomplished via multi-hop communication, in which the sensor data are acquired and re-transmitted by neighboring sensors. The communication and transmission times are synchronized, and time-division communication is executed, which depends on the wireless devices to sleep when the connection is not necessary to consume less power. An experimental field test is performed to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the designed wireless sensor network to collect and capture the acceleration response of the long-span Manhattan Bridge. Thanks to the high-quality monitoring data collected with the developed low-power wireless sensor network, the natural frequencies and mode shapes were robustly recognized. The monitoring tests also showed the benefits of the presented wireless sensor system concerning the installation and measuring operations.

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Qing-Xue Liu, Qing-Xue Liu, Huang-Shui Hu Qing-Xue Liu, Mei-Qin Yao Huang-Shui Hu, and Chu-Hang Wang Mei-Qin Yao. "An Improved Multi-hop LEACH Protocol Based on Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks." 電腦學刊 33, no. 3 (June 2022): 001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992022063303001.

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As an important kind of clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), LEACH and its variants have been demonstrated to efficiently balance the energy consumption, simplify the routing task and extend the network lifetime. Especially, the multi-hop LEACH type protocols have proved to be effective approaches for high energy efficiency, reliability as well as scalability. However, data transmission in hop-by-hop mode increases the energy consumption and end-to-end delay. In this paper, an improved multi-hop LEACH protocol based on fuzzy logic called IMF-LEACH is proposed, which uses a fuzzy logic controller with residual energy, length of data, and distance to BS as fuzzy descriptors to determine the hop count. Moreover, the hop count is used for each CH to find its optimal next-hop intermediate CH with more residual energy and less number of members. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol, and the results show that IMF-LEACH maximizes the network lifetime and outperforms its counterparts consistently.

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Panimozhi, K., and G. Mahadevan. "QoS Framework for a Multi-stack based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2713-2720.

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Wireless sensor nodes consist of a collection of sensor nodes with constrained resources in terms of processing power and battery energy. Wireless sensors networks are used increasingly in many industrial and consumer applications. Sensors detect events and send via multi hop routing to the sink node for processing the event. The routing path is established through proactive or reactive routing protocols. To improve the performance of the Wireless Sensor Networks, multi stack architecture is addressed. But the multi stack architecture has many problems with respect to life time, routing loop and QOS. In this work we propose a solution to address all these three problems of life time, routing loop and QOS in case of multi stack architecture.

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Teekaraman, Yuvaraja, Hariprasath Manoharan, Ramya Kuppusamy, Shabana Urooj, and Fadwa Alrowais. "Energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol for smart vehicle monitoring using intelligent sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 12 (December 2021): 155014772110391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211039134.

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This article focuses on intensifying in-vehicle biological wireless sensor networks for the persistence of monitoring the information on a precise vehicle. The wireless sensor networks will have enormous amount of nodules which are interrelated with each other. Therefore, these wireless sensor networks can be installed on a vehicle not only for monitoring perseverance but also for corroborating security with the support of a Global Positioning System expedient. In addition, the projected work focuses on reliable communiqué which is defined in terms of network reliability with discrepancy in reporting rate at each base station. To validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme, the simulation has been abetted using network simulator (NS2) and the outcomes indicate that when the sensors are installed, a robust system can be obtained with improved data transfer between the base stations. Moreover, a fortified in-vehicular sensor can be fixed in each vehicle with minimized path loss.

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Huang, Liang, Mei Wang, and Jing Wu. "Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 2416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2416.

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Aiming at the deficiency in the hierarchical routing algorithm, an improved routing algorithm of ring based multi-hop clustering (IRBMC) is developed. The main idea of IRBMC is to divide wireless sensor networks field into heterogeneous spacing rings to control the cluster number and build unequal size of clusters in different rings. To ensure the higher energy level nodes having more chance to become cluster head, the improved average residual energy estimation is used to determine the probability of nodes in each ring to be the cluster heads. Simulation results illustrate that IRBMC has a better result in prolonging the lifetime of network with the multi-level energy than the stable election protocol (SEP) for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), and the ring based multi-hop clustering (RBMC) algorithm. The lifetime of IRBMC is 1.14 times of SEP, 1.57 times of LEACH, and 1.6 times of RBMC.

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Cisse, Cheikh Sidy Mouhamed. "Multi-Hop Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network." OALib 07, no. 11 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106955.

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GR, Sakthidharan, and S. Chitra. "Multimedia Transmission in Multi Hop Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 52, no. 13 (August 30, 2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8263-1807.

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Li, Xian Li, Jia Wei Zhang, and Liang Bing Liu. "Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.532.

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Considering the shortage of LEACH protocol, a novel dynamic multi-hop routing protocol named Balance Energy-efficient and Real-time with Reliable communication protocol based on Connected Dominant Set (BERR-CDS) is proposed in this paper. BERR-CDS protocol fully takes account of the energy consumption of an individual node and entire network, a rational transmission path from source node to sink node is searched, aiming at the network topology changes which are caused by the death of cluster head, the invalidation of cluster member nodes and new nodes joining, BERR-CDS designs the corresponding valid mechanism to respond, and it can rapidly adapt to the topology change of network. Simulation results show that BERR-CDS protocol has better performances in term of energy consumption, network lifetime and reliability, it is an ideal routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

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Zhou, Tiancheng, Tong Liu, and Jie Zhang. "Low-power time synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2517, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2517/1/012001.

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Abstract Time synchronization technology is very significant for wireless sensor networks. A typical time synchronization algorithm is applied to the multi-hop topology network, which has the problems of poor time synchronization accuracy, slow convergence speed, and high power consumption. In this paper, a low-power time synchronization algorithm (LPTSA) is proposed. It is based on clustering in a multi-hop environment and adopts a node hierarchy strategy to reduce the synchronous communication overhead. The synchronization error compensation mechanism is adopted to reduce the impact of algorithm synchronization errors. The clustering algorithm divides the whole network into a primary network and a secondary network. By using different time synchronization algorithms in the primary and secondary networks respectively, unnecessary message overhead is reduced. Simulation shows that the algorithm effectively reduces energy consumption and improves synchronization accuracy.

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Wang, Lu, Ming Li, Jiaxun Kou, Kun Yang, and Chunlan Jiang. "Adaptive auction protocol for task assignment in wireless sensor and actuator networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 6 (June 2020): 155014772093275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720932751.

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The development of wireless sensor and actuator network is leading to high complexity networks and subsequently, new challenges in task assignment for effective sensor–actuator coordination. This article proposes an adaptive auction protocol for task assignment in multi-hop wireless actuator networks, considering a scenario where all actuators are immobile and each of them can obtain the target information from sensors. Unlike existing methods that neglect the adaptive auction area required by dynamic networks, the proposed method uses an adaptive factor [Formula: see text] (reflects the adaptive auction area) that is deduced based on the relation between network characteristics and protocol performance. Simulation results show that the adaptive protocol can dynamically change the auction area during the network operation. In addition, comparison with existing methods, such as simple auction protocol, 1 hop simple auction aggregation protocol, and 1 hop simple auction aggregation protocol greedy extension, shows that the adaptive auction protocol can choose the optimal solution at a low communication cost with a high probability, irrespective of the changes in the network.

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Zanjireh, Morteza, and Jaafar Gadban. "Distributed multi-hop routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, no. 4 (2020): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2004617m.

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In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), routing is the process of finding a cost effective route in terms of power consumption. As an evaluation criterion for the WSN performance, network lifetime is directly affected by the routing method. In a wide variety of WSNs, different techniques are used as routing methods, such as shortest distance path. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, optimizing power consumption in WSN nodes, based on the shortest path algorithm. In this approach, the energy level of nodes and their geographical distance from each other contribute to the weight of the connecting path. The proposed algorithm is used as a data dissemination method in WSNs with randomly scattered nodes. We also apply Dijkstra?s shortest path algorithm to the same networks. The results showed that the proposed algorithm increases the network lifetime up to 30 % by preventing nodes with low charge levels from early disconnection.

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Stecklina, Oliver, Peter Langendörfer, and Christian Goltz. "A Lifetime Forecast Scheme for a Distributed Low Duty Cycle Multi-Hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 9, no. 4 (October 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2013100101.

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Wireless sensor nodes become more and more attractive for a broad variety of application scenarios. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be easily deployed and they require by design low maintenance effort. But running installations are still rare, because real world requirements and environmental conditions are even today a big challenge. Especially in multi-hop networks a minimum lifetime of several years cannot be achieved globally. In this paper, the authors present a Distributed Low Duty Cycle (DLDC) based Multi-Hop Routing (MHR) protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks guaranteeing a minimum network lifetime. The authors introduce a forecast scheme to calculate the expected life of a node with a minimal effort. The authors are convinced that by using a forecast scheme the network topology and the used protocols can be easily optimized before deploying the network. The authors evaluated their forecast scheme by measuring real sensor node parameters and simulating an example network in the Castalia simulation framework. The authors demonstrated that by using the proposed scheme an energy consumption forecast with a deviation of less than three per cent can be achieved.

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Han, Weimin, Shijun Li, and Weidong Li. "Wireless Sensor Network Multi-Hop Positioning Algorithm Based on Continuous Regression." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 12, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v12i10.6199.

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The traditional multi-hop positioning algorithm is easily affected by the network anisotropy, thus resulting in unstable positioning performance. The wireless sensor network multi-hop positioning algorithm based on continuous regression is put forwarded in the paper to address this problem. By utilizing the continuous regression model, the mapping relationship between the hop count and Euclidean distance is constructed so as to transform the positioning process model into regression prediction. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the improved algorithm improves the positioning accuracy, and avoids the influence of the network topology anisotropy on the performance of the algorithm. The algorithm requires little expenditure and few parameters so it can be adapted to wireless sensor networks with irregular nodes distribution, and can be of great engineering application value.

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Egas Acosta, Carlos, David Cali, and Cristian Espinosa. "Autoconfiguration with Global Addresses Using IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Multi-hop Networks." Enfoque UTE 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.708.

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Wireless sensor networks continue to attract a lot of attention from academia and industry promoting large-scale deployments in applications related to the Internet of Things (IoT). Unfortunately, a network containing a large number of sensor nodes also leads to difficulty in the configuring process and assignment of identifiers to nodes. Various approaches have been proposed to solve problems of auto-configuration in Wireless sensor networks, however, still, there are some issues remaining related to automatic assign identifiers A cluster-based hierarchical global address allocation scheme is proposed for a wireless sensor network. The proposal uses the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and aims to reduce the latency of the identifier assignments and reduce the network level processes to be performed at the node. The address allocation process assigns each node a unique global address, which allows the node to have end-to-end connectivity without network-level involvement. The scenario of adding new nodes to the network or nodes that leave it is contemplated. Finally, the proposed scheme is evaluated experimentally, verifying the correct operation of the algorithm proposed in the implemented prototype.

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El Assari, Younes, Mounir Arioua, Imad Ez-zazi, and Ahmed El Oualkadi. "Energy Performance of LDPC Scheme in Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network with Two base Stations Model." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp933-941.

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Conservation of the energy is one of the main design issues in wireless sensor networks. The limited battery power of each sensor node is a challenging task in deploying this type of network. The challenge is crucial in reliable wireless network when implementing efficient error correcting scheme with energy consuming routing protocol. In this work, we investigated the energy performance of LDPC code in multi-hop wireless sensor network. We proposed a model of two base stations to prolong the lifetime and build a reliable and energy-efficient network. Through performed MATLAB simulations, we examine the energy effectiveness of multiple base stations model on reliable wireless sensor network performance in different network dimensions.

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Puri, Sanjeev, and S. P. Tripathi. "Adaptive Scalable Cross Layer Framework for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 (2011): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2011.v3.247.

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Sixu, Lu, Wu Muqing, and Zhao Min. "SDFMUCR: Software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 155014772096299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720962996.

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Recently, wireless sensor networks play an important role in our life. Researchers give more and more attention to the design of the routing algorithm. Cluster routing is the most popular routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. However, hotspot problem always exists. Unequal cluster routing is an effective method to solve this problem. In these protocols, nodes closer to base station have the smaller cluster size than other sensor nodes. It will reduce the relay pressure of the node which is near to the base station. The development of the software-defined network optimizes the performance of wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose a software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing protocol. It adopts three methods to make the routing protocol outstanding. First, it uses a novel software-defined network architecture to reduce computation overhead and energy overhead in sensor nodes. Then, the fuzzy logic–based intracluster and intercluster routing is designed to balance energy consumption. Finally, residual energy–based rotating scheme is proposed to reduce most of the control overhead. According to the simulation results, the proposed protocol balances and reduces the energy consumption, extends the lifetime, and reduces the control overhead and latency of the network.

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Çıbuk, Musa. "Reducing Energy Consumption in Single-Hop and Multi-Hop Topologies of Road Lighting Communication Network." Light & Engineering, no. 04-2020 (August 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2020-027.

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This study aims to make the wireless sensor network based on a linear topology required in road lighting energy-efficient using the proposed new methods. Because the physical installation of road lighting systems will result in costliness and time-labour loss, the mentioned scenarios were created and analysed in a simulation design. Two new methods were proposed to organize the lighting system more quickly and to increase the speed performance of sensors that join the network and carrying the luminaire data. This is the proxy-based network connection method and a new time-division method for the nodes’ common channel access. Energy consumption scenarios for lighting systems with 50, 100, 150, and 200 luminaires were analysed comparatively during data exchange using wireless sensor networks. Accordingly, the classical method and the proposed novel method were evaluated for the singleand multi-hop scenarios. In the communication between luminaires, the proposed new method for a single-hop scenario was at least 80 % more efficient than the classical method in terms of total energy consumption. In linear topology lighting systems for the same scenario, if the classical method is compared with the proposed new method for 3-hop structures, 58 % efficiency of total energy consumption is achieved.

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Garg, Anchal, and Gurjinder Kaur. "Fuzzy Logic Based Zone Head Selection Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 24, 2021): 1210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07294.

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Hot-spots are a problem that comes in the cluster-based routing protocol that employs multi-hop communication due to this problem the energy among the sensor nodes is not balanced. The hot-spots issue requires high overhead and is prone to connectivity issues in the sensor network this can be only possible because of unequal clustering. In this method, we have to act on all the nodes of the sensor network for communication. This process consumes high system energy if the numbers of nodes are very high. To offer guaranteed connectivity, decrease high usage and complexity, a fuzzy logic-based zone divisional method has been proposed in this paper. Use fuzzy logic to create clusters and assign nodes to them to decrease the consumption of energy and the age of the network prolongation. The simulation and results section shows the outperformance of the proposed protocol, where the (LEACH) low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, (EAUCF) energy-aware unequal clustering fuzzy,(EAMMH) energy-aware multi-hop multi-path hierarchical, and (TTDFP) two-tier distributed fuzzy logic-based protocol for efficient data aggregation in multi-hop wireless sensor networks algorithms. The proposed algorithm has better results in terms of energy consumption minimization, and prolongation of the network lifetime.

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Liu, Zhou Zhou, and Fu Bao Wang. "Multi-Hop Voice Communication Nodes Based on ZigBee Protocol." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.380.

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To meet the needs of ZigBee protocol on voice communication in wireless sensor network and realize low-cost and low-consumption wireless voice communication in short distance, multi-hop voice communication nodes software based on multimedia voice node plate of wireless RF chip is designed. Thus, multi-node network communication, real-time voice sampling and multi-hop relay transmission are implemented. Also, it features high-quality voice, low fault system, and high reliability. All these make it applied widely in a larger range.

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Cui, Lizhen, Jian Cao, Zhulin An, Yong Yang, and Qianqian Guo. "Research on time synchronization of linear pulse-coupled oscillators model with delay in nearest neighbor wireless multi-hop networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 7 (July 2021): 155014772110363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211036383.

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Time synchronicity works as a popular requirement in wireless sensor networks. Pulse-coupled oscillators similar to firefly flashing and synchronization via discrete pulse coupling are widely used in wireless sensor networks. In this article, we have studied the time synchronization with communication delay in the nearest neighbor network of distributed sensors, based on the pulse-coupled oscillators model of synchronicity achieved by biological systems. First, we present a linear pulse-coupled oscillators model with coupling delay and the model is used to analyze the wireless sensor networks synchronization with communication delay. Second, we mathematically analyze the firing behaviors in the linear pulse-coupled oscillators network using the delayed excitatory coupling and track the synchronization process of the two and multi-oscillators and obtain the synchronization conditions from the regression mapping. Finally, through the proposed model implementation in the wireless sensor networks simulation framework, we demonstrate that the multi-oscillators system can be synchronized from a random starting stage distribution under linear phase responding functions and the nearest neighbor communication. The results show that our approach can achieve clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks with delayed nearest neighbor communication.

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Al-Mejibli, Intisar Shadeed, and Nawaf Rasheed Alharbe. "A multi-hop routing protocol for an energy-efficient in wireless sensor network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 2953. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2953-2961.

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The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been developed to be implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems such as healthcare and military systems. LEACH protocol depends on clustering the employed sensors and electing one cluster head (CH) for each cluster. The CH nodes are changed periodically to evenly distribute the energy load among sensors. Updating the CH node requires electing different CH and re-clustering sensors. This process consumes sensors’ energy due to sending and receiving many broadcast and unicast messages thus reduces the network lifetime, which is regarded as a significant issue in LEACH. This research develops a new approach based on modifying the LEACH protocol to minimize the need of updating the cluster head. The proposal aims to extend the WSN’s lifetime by maintaining the sensor nodes’ energy. The suggested approach has been evaluated and shown remarkable efficiency in comparison with basic LEACH protocol and not-clustered protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and reducing the required sent messages in the network reflected by 15%, and, in addition, reducing the need to reformatting the clusters frequently and saving network resources.

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Chen, Zhansheng, and Hong Shen. "A grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 155014771876596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718765962.

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Due to the limited energy and the non-equivalence of wireless sensor network nodes, it is imperative to reduce and rationally use the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime. Clustering routing algorithm can address the problem efficiently. In this article, a grid-based reliable multi-hop routing approach for wireless sensor networks is proposed. In order to minimize and balance the energy consumption, our proposed protocol, grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol, optimizes the cluster head election process by combining individual ability which consists of node’s residual energy and node’s location, and local cognition which can balance energy consumption among clusters via a consultative mechanism based on cluster head’s lifetime expectancy, while considering data forwarding delay and reliable transmission of data. Simulation results show that grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol has improved stability period as compared to other protocols. Meanwhile, grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol has better performance in energy efficiency, data forwarding delay, and reliable transmission of data.

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Yang WANG. "Improved FTSP Design in Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, no. 8 (April 30, 2013): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue8.7.

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Zhou, Jianhong, Maode Ma, and Fengyong. "Implementation of Low Power Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network." MATEC Web of Conferences 59 (2016): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20165907011.

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Amit Sharma, Amit Sharma. "Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop Routing." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 6, no. 3 (2013): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-0634852.

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Xiao, Wen Hong, and Xiang Dong Cai. "A Novel Wireless Sensor Network Model Based on Complex Network Theory." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1276.

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The key issue of wireless sensor networks is to balance the energy costs of the entire network, to enhance the robustness of the entire sensor network. Sensor networks as a special kind of complex network, in particular, environmental constraints, and more from the traditional complex networks, such as Internet networks, ecological networks, social networks, is to introduce a way of wireless sensor networks way of complex networks theory and analytical method, the key lies in, which is a successful model of complex network theory and analysis methods, more suitable for the application of wireless sensor networks, in order to achieve certain characteristics of some wireless sensor networks to optimize the network. Considering multi-hop transmission of sensor network, this paper has proposed a maximum restriction on the communication radius of each sensor node; in order to improve the efficiency of energy consumption and maintain the sparsely of the entire network, this paper has also added a minimum restriction on the communication radius of each sensor node to the improved model; to balance the energy consumption of the entire network, The simulation results show that proposed improvements to the entire network more robust to random failure and energy costs are more balanced and reasonable. This is more applicable to wireless sensor networks.

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Zhang, Lincong, Xueyi Chen, Kefeng Wei, Wenbo Zhang, and Yongxin Feng. "Energy Consumption Balanced Topology Variable Routing Algorithm for WWSN in Disaster Rescue Scenarios." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 15, no. 07 (April 15, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v15i07.10043.

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In recent years, the Wearable Wireless Sensor Network (WWSN) has become one of the most popular networks used in disaster and emergency scenarios. We propose a routing algorithm named Energy Consumption Balanced Topology Variable (ECB-TV) on the body of users in WWSN. In the ECB-TV algorithm, network topology can be variable according to the change of network state. A multi-hop topology is used in normal situation and the network will switch to single-hop topology at once when an abnormal event happens. We also design a novel multi-hop routing algorithm for multi-hop topology where we select the node with the highest energy balance factor as next hop node. Energy balance factor is innovatively designed by simultaneously taking into account both energy consumption of transmitting and receiving nodes, which can balance the energy consumption of sensor nodes well. The simulation results show that the proposed ECB-TV algorithm has better performance in terms of lifetime in normal situations and delay in abnormal situations.

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N. Krishnaraj. "An overview of NFC Technology for Wireless Communication." December 2022 4, no. 4 (January 4, 2023): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.4.005.

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This article discusses about wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technologies are described. The part of industry and everyday life could be significantly impacted by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes that communicate with one another using wireless technologies. These nodes gather data and send it to the gateway across the Internet, the informal cloud. In a WSN, node-to-node communication may be multi-hop or direct. Every new concept or technology attempts to be integrated into the WSN in order to increase efficiency, improve user experience, and consume less power. Near Field Communications (NFC), a type of wireless networking technology allows to establish simple, secure and interactive communication. iPack is a technology that focuses on integrating NFC into pre-existing systems to create a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that supports NFC. Furthermore, data from a sensor node can be transferred to devices with a single touch by using this method. NFC with WSN is a single hop communication. The NFC interface also offers a safe wireless connection.

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Qiu, Wenying, Sijia He, and Weixi Gu. "Research on the Integration of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on IoT Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2477, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2477/1/012075.

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Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network formed by a group of sensors with wireless transceiver capabilities, connected in a multi-hop autonomous manner. It has several advantages: low traffic, greater stability, longer wireless communication, and higher coverage areas at a lower cost. The incorporation of new NB-IoT technologies in wireless sensor networks, combining the advantages of both and the establishment of NB-IoT-based wireless sensor networks, has a very promising application in defense and military, medical, intelligent transportation, and commercial applications. This study first investigates both WSN and NB-IoT technologies separately and then combines them to investigate the networking structure of NB-IoT and WSN as well as the related technologies based on the fusion. Then the coverage method of the traditional network node redeployment of wireless sensors is described, and many problems such as poor node connectivity and low coverage are caused by the traditional method due to the lack of local search of subgroup nodes. The initialization of the nodes is carried out. The global information exchange is combined with the subgroup to determine the detectable area of the wireless sensor, and the calculus method is used for the irregular area to obtain the optimal network node so that the nodes of the wireless sensor network can be redeployed.

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Jin, Rencheng, Xiaolei Fan, and Ting Sun. "Centralized Multi-Hop Routing Based on Multi-Start Minimum Spanning Forest Algorithm in the Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051775.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely applied in environmental monitoring, target tracking, military, and industrial fields. However, the battery energy of sensor nodes in WSNs is limited, which limits its development. Previous studies have shown that clustering protocols and multi-hop communication are beneficial to reduce nodes energy consumption. The multi-hop protocol based on low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proven to significantly reduce energy dissipation. However, LEACH-based multi-hop protocols generally have the problem of unbalanced energy dissipation and data conflicts. In this paper, we propose a centralized multi-hop routing based on multi-start minimum spanning forest (LEACH-CMF) to optimize LEACH. In order to realize multi-hop communication, we introduced a multi-start minimum spanning tree algorithm to select relay nodes with the minimum relay cost and generate appropriate multi-hop paths. To avoid data collision in multi-hop communication and make nodes including the cluster heads sleep as much as possible in the non-working state, we design a bottom-up continuous time slot allocation method to improve the time division multiple access (TDMA) cycle. We performed simulation in NS2. The simulation results show that the network lifetime is approximately doubled compared to LEACH and centralized low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH-C). The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can effectively balance the energy dissipation of nodes and prolong network lifetime.

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Tang, Gao Ming, La Yuan Li, and Ji Peng Gao. "IR-LEACH: An Improved LEACH Protocol for WSN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.388.

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Wireless sensor is a miniature battery powered device with limited energy; It contains a large number of the wireless router sensors in wireless sensor networks. Once these batteries placed in these sensors and deployed to the environment, we would be very difficult to artificially replace the battery, run out means of wireless sensor networks "death", so the battery energy is very precious. The energy levels of the network, in other words, to extend the life of the wireless sensor networks, has become an important research focus and design challenges. Today, LEACH is the most representative and most influential representation algorithm in the Topology control method field. To improve LEACH algorithm, Our novel IR-LEACH uses a new cluster head percentage of 3.79%; redefine the concept of round; cluster head transmission of data using a multi-hop transmission; TTL data segment is added to the cluster-head data. Simulation results display that IR-LEACH implement the above discussed improvements effectively and efficiently and improves the network lifespan over LEACH.

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B, Sivasankari, Dharavath Champla, Pushpavalli M, and Ahilan A. "Energy Efficient Multi-hop routing scheme using Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 14, no. 3 (March 28, 2023): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.14.3.11.

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A group of small sensors can participate in the wireless network infrastructure and make appropriate transmission and communication sensor networks. There are numerous uses for drones, including military, medical, agricultural, and atmospheric monitoring. The power sources available to nodes in WSNs are restricted. Furthermore, because of this, a diverse method of energy availability is required, primarily for communication over a vast distance, for which Multi-Hop (MH) systems are used. Obtaining the optimum routing path between nodes is still a significant problem, even when multi-hop systems reduce the cost of energy needed by every node along the way. As a result, the number of transmissions must be kept to a minimum to provide effective routing and extend the system's lifetime. To solve the energy problem in WSN, Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm (TBGSA) is proposed, which combines the Taylor series with a Gravitational search algorithm to discover the best hops for multi-hop routing. Initially, the sensor nodes are categorised as groups or clusters and the maximum capable node can access the cluster head the next action is switching between multiple nodes via a multi-hop manner. Initially, the best (CH) Cluster Head is chosen using the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, and then the data is transmitted utilizing multi-hop routing. The comparison result shows out the extension of networks longevity of the proposed method with the existing EBMRS, MOGA, and DMEERP methods. The network lifetime of the proposed method increased by 13.2%, 21.9% and 29.2% better than DMEERP, MOGA, and EBMRS respectively.

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Mahdi Azooz, Salam, Jaber H. Majeed, Raed Khalid Ibrahim, and Adnan Hussein Ali. "Implementation of energy-efficent routing protocol within real time clustering wireless sensor networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 2062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i4.3916.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by huge sensors that are having a limited amount of energy and specifying their behavior. Sensor networks combine distributed sensing, processing, and communication capabilities to create a powerful system. There are issues with the length of sensors connected to the network since features inside the sensors frequently require energy, which is likely to limit WSN performance. In creating WSN application architectures, extending network longevity, scalability, and load balancing are important factors. Using clustering techniques, the challenge of prolonging overall network lifetime and increasing the first dead node duration in the network may be tackled. Clustering is a valuable approach for breaking a network into parts known as clusters and giving solutions for energy consumption concerns including data collection, aggregating, and routing to sink nodes by cluster heads (CHs). In this paper, we suggest optimum clustering in multi-path and multi-hop protocols as a feasible option for reducing energy consumption and extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In compared to the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) clustering method, simulation results show that the new technique, optimal real time clustering (ORTC), is promising in terms of extending network lifetime.

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Zhang, Aiqi, Meiyi Sun, Jiaqi Wang, Zhiyi Li, Yanbo Cheng, and Cheng Wang. "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Multi-Hop State-Aware Routing Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104436.

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With the development of wireless sensor network technology, the routing strategy has important significance in the Internet of Things. An efficient routing strategy is one of the fundamental technologies to ensure the correct and fast transmission of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we study how to combine deep learning technology with routing technology to propose an efficient routing strategy to cope with network topology changes. First, we use the recurrent neural network combined with the deep deterministic policy gradient method to predict the network traffic distribution. Second, the multi-hop node state is considered as the input of a double deep Q network. Therefore, the nodes can make routing decisions according to the current state of the network. Multi-hop state-aware routing strategy based on traffic flow forecasting (MHSA-TFF) is proposed. Simulation results show that the MHSA-TFF can improve transmission delay, average routing length, and energy efficiency.

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Bomgni, Alain Bertrand, Miguel Landry Foko Sindjoung, Alain Bertrand Bomgni, Elie Tagne Fute, Gérard Chalhoub, and Clémentin Tayou Djamegni. "ISCP: An Instantaneous and Secure Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Network Protocols and Algorithms 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i1.12574.

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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an Ad-hoc network populated by small hand-held commodity devices, running on batteries called stations or sensors. These sensors are deployed in an area called a perception zone in order to study one or more phenomena. Generally, the perception zone is an area where access is almost impossible for humans. Given the absence of a previously defined infrastructure,deployed sensors need to organize themselves to ensure not only their connectivity but also effective management of theirresidual energy. This residual energy management is more important since we know that communications over longdistances are always very energy-consuming for sensors, which most often do not have a secondary source of energy. Multi-hop communication is generally used to connect sensors in order to ensure efficient use of their energy. This being the case, multi-hop communication can be established by partitioning the network into clusters. In order to avoid malicious intrusions, all operations involvedmust be done in a secure manner. In this paper, we propose a secure clustering protocolwhich connects all the sensors of the network.

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Ruan and Huang. "A PSO-Based Uneven Dynamic Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081835.

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Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are powered by energy-constrained batteries, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to extend the network lifetime. However, most of the protocols do not well balance the energy consumption of the WSNs. The hotspot problem caused by unbalanced energy consumption in the WSNs reduces the network lifetime. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP). In the PUDCRP protocol, the distribution of the clusters will change dynamically when some nodes fail. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the area where the candidate CH (cluster head) nodes are located. The adaptive clustering method based on node distribution makes the cluster distribution more reasonable, which balances the energy consumption of the network more effectively. In order to improve the energy efficiency of multi-hop transmission between the BS (Base Station) and CH nodes, we also propose a connecting line aided route construction method to determine the most appropriate next hop. Compared with UCCGRA, multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP, CAMP, PSO-ECHS and PSO-SD, PUDCRP prolongs the network lifetime by between 7.36% and 74.21%. The protocol significantly balances the energy consumption of the network and has better scalability for various sizes of network.

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Garg, Anchal, and Gurjinder Kaur. "Zone Head Selection Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/09706.

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Clustering extends energy resources, improves scalability and preserves communication bandwidth of the network. Clustering is either categorized as static and dynamic or as equal and unequal. Hot-spots issue needs a high overhead and is prone to connectivity problems in the wireless sensor network and this can be only possible because of unequal clustering. In this paper a zone divisional method based on fuzzy logic has been proposed. This method uses a fuzzy logic to form clusters and allot nodes to them for the reduction of energy consumption, and extends the age of the sensor network. The simulation and results section shows that the outperformance of the proposed algorithm, where the (EAUCF) energy-aware unequal clustering fuzzy, (LEACH) lowenergy adaptive clustering hierarchy, (EAMMH) energy-aware multi-hop multi-path hierarchical, and (TTDFP) two-tier distributed fuzzy logic-based protocol for efficient data aggregation in multi-hop wireless sensor networks algorithms. The proposed algorithm has better results in terms of energy consumption minimization, load balancing, and prolongation of the network lifetime.

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Wang, Kun, and Lu Gan. "Design and Implementation of Router Based on Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.499.

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This paper design and realize a uplink single hop and multi hop data transmission using the Zigbee technical, and the system can realize the downlink overall and single equipment control network. The Wireless sensor network system is mainly used in data transmission and control. The network is debugged and tested. The final network operation and the test results show that the overall network running in good condition, the design realizes all functions and achieve the desired results.

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Choi, Woo-Yong. "Novel MAC routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks." Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0048.

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Abstract Due to the lack of efficient specified multi-hop routing protocol, IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks have been in limited use for realizing wireless sensor networks where wireless sensors are dispersed in a region and each sensor can transmit its data to one another. We propose a novel MAC routing protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless sensor networks, of which the service areas are extended by appropriately appointed pseudo-access points.

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Acosta., Carlos Egas, Felipe Gil-Castiñeira, Enrique Costa-Montenegro, and Jorge Sá Silva. "Reliable Link Level Routing Algorithm in Pipeline Monitoring Using Implicit Acknowledgements." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030968.

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End-to-end reliability for Wireless Sensor Network communications is usually provided by upper stack layers. Furthermore, most of the studies have been related to star, mesh, and tree topologies. However, they rarely consider the requirements of the multi-hop linear wireless sensor networks, with thousands of nodes, which are universally used for monitoring applications. Therefore, they are characterized by long delays and high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient link level routing algorithm that provides end-to-end reliability into multi-hop wireless sensor networks with a linear structure. The algorithm uses implicit acknowledgement to provide reliability and connectivity with energy efficiency, low latency, and fault tolerance in linear wireless sensor networks. The proposal is validated through tests with real hardware. The energy consumption and the delay are also mathematically modeled and analyzed. The test results show that our algorithm decreases the energy consumption and minimizes the delays when compared with other proposals that also apply the explicit knowledge technique and routing protocols with explicit confirmations, maintaining the same characteristics in terms of reliability and connectivity.

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Yuan, Ruilin. "Positioning of Wireless Sensor Network under Emergency Communication Environment." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190404.

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With the development of microelectromechanical system (MEMS), embedded system, and wireless communication, it is now feasible to implement and deploy wireless sensor network (WSN) in emergency communication environment. However, the positioning accuracy of WSN nodes needs to be further improved. To solve the problem, this paper improves the initial value calculation method of multi-hop positioning algorithms, which are suitable for emergency communication environment, and puts forward a WSN node positioning algorithm that narrows the initial values of Kalman filter. By narrowing the initial value range of Kalman filter, the specially deployed sensors could accurately derive its position from the known positions of anchor nodes. To prevent error accumulation in the network, distributed computing was performed to solve the global nonlinear optimization problem, and calculate the position of the nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the WSN positioning accuracy under emergency communication environment, while greatly saving computing and communication costs. The research further improves the practicability and efficiency of multi-hop positioning algorithms in emergency communication environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network'

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