Journal articles: 'Multi-hop routing protocol'

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Yin, Min, Quan Yu, and Yao Tang. "Military multi-hop routing protocol." Journal of Electronics (China) 23, no. 3 (May 2006): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-005-0190-y.

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Chen, Zhansheng, and Hong Shen. "A grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 155014771876596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718765962.

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Due to the limited energy and the non-equivalence of wireless sensor network nodes, it is imperative to reduce and rationally use the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime. Clustering routing algorithm can address the problem efficiently. In this article, a grid-based reliable multi-hop routing approach for wireless sensor networks is proposed. In order to minimize and balance the energy consumption, our proposed protocol, grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol, optimizes the cluster head election process by combining individual ability which consists of node’s residual energy and node’s location, and local cognition which can balance energy consumption among clusters via a consultative mechanism based on cluster head’s lifetime expectancy, while considering data forwarding delay and reliable transmission of data. Simulation results show that grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol has improved stability period as compared to other protocols. Meanwhile, grid-based reliable multi-hop routing protocol has better performance in energy efficiency, data forwarding delay, and reliable transmission of data.

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Peng, Ya Li, Peng Yu, and Hong Yin. "The Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol of Bus Mobility Vehicle Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2072.

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As an important part of the urban vehicle network, Bus Mobility Vehicle Network provides supports for a wide range of urban-vehicle communication network due to cyclical movement feature. However, the high-speed mobility brings great challenges to Bus Vehicle Network routing protocols. The paper aims Bus Mobility Vehicle Network with the characteristics of cyclical movement, and put forward to Single & Multi hop Routing (SMHR) routing protocol program. Link Survival Mode will be established in Single-hop to select encounter nodes as forwarding candidate set. Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming Delay Probability Model will be established in Multi-hop using the historical data of bus cyclical movement. The two model ensure the submitted data reliable in single-hop, and probability of successfully submitted to the target vehicle through multi-hop data within a limited delay. According to the simulation test, SMHR protocol has a higher successful rate of data transmission and lower submitted delays.

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Guo, Xin, and Fei Qi Deng. "An Uniform Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3608.

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The purpose of routing protocol is to achieve efficient data collection by making use of the limited resource in wireless sensor networks, which prolongs the lifetime of networks. Energy efficiency of the single hop or multi-hop communication mode is researched taking the uneven energy consumption caused by solely single hop or multi-hop mode into account. A hybrid communication mode in which nodes alternate between single hop and multi-hop mode with certain time proposed based on even cluster protocol. The simulation result verifies that hybrid mode provides the better energy efficiency as well as evener energy dissipation.

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Ateya, Abdelhamied A., Ammar Muthanna, Irina Gudkova, Yuliya Gaidamaka, and Abeer D. Algarni. "Latency and energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for unmanned aerial vehicle networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 8 (August 2019): 155014771986639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719866392.

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Unmanned aerial vehicle is one of the main announced use cases of 5G/IMT2020, which is expected to have various applications in many fields. These devices have limited capabilities in terms of energy and processing. Due to the complex structure of unmanned aerial vehicle networks and the high mobility constraints, design of efficient routing protocol, for supporting such network, is a challenge. Thus, efficient routing of data among unmanned aerial vehicles between source and destination is an important issue in designing unmanned aerial vehicle networks. Proactive routing protocols are one of the main categories of routing protocols developed for mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. Optimized link state routing protocol is one of the most common proactive routing protocols that has been modified to support unmanned aerial vehicle networks, considering high mobility feature of the network. In this work, we propose a latency and energy-efficient proactive routing protocol for dense unmanned aerial vehicle networks, with high-density devices, based on optimized link state routing protocol algorithm, referred to as multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol is topology aware and can be used for low-latency and high-mobility applications. The proposed multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol routing algorithm considers all modified versions of optimized link state routing protocol and introduces a novel method for selecting multipoint relay nodes that considers the traffic load on the communication channel and the load on each unmanned aerial vehicle node. Moreover, the proposed algorithm considers the communication link stability and the energy constraints. The system is simulated over a reliable environment for various scenarios, and it is compared to the original optimized link state routing protocol and its modified versions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency, energy, and reliability.

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Al-mahdi, Hassan, and Yasser Fouad. "Design and analysis of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks in Heterogeneous Environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp341-351.

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Multi-hop routing protocol in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRMANETs) is a critical issue. Furthermore, the routing metric used in multi-hop CRMANETs should reflect the bands availability, the links quality, the PU activities and quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs. For the best of our knowledge, many of researchers investigated the performance of the different routing protocols in a homogeneous environment only. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cognitive radio routing protocol (HCR) operates in heterogeneous environment (i.e. the route from source to destination utilize the licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands). The proposed routing protocol is carefully developed to make a tradeoff between the channel diversity of the routing path along with the CRMANETs throughput. Using simulations, we discuss the performance of the proposed HCR routing protocol and compare it with the AODV routing protocol using a discrete-event simulation which we developed using JAVA platform.

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Peng, Ya Li, Hong Yin, and Peng Yu. "The Research of Bus VANET Protocol on Signal Attenuation and Delay Probability of Multi-Hop Forwarding." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1841.

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Aims to the routing protocol of Bus Vehicle Network with the characteristics of cyclical movement, we put forward to the Signal-Single & Multi hop Routing (SSMHR) routing protocol, which can solve the problem of the signal attenuation on urban environment and uncertain next hop forwarding on multi-hop. Link Survival Mode considering the signal attenuation will be established in Single-hop to select encounter nodes as forwarding candidate set. Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming Delay Probability Model will be established in Multi-hop using the historical data of bus cyclical movement. The two models ensure the submitted data reliable in single-hop, and probability of successfully submitted to the target vehicle through multi-hop within a limited delay. According to the simulation test, SSMHR protocol has a higher successful rate of data transmission and lower submitted delays.

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Tahir, Sabeen, Ghadah Abdullah Aldabbagh, Sheikh Tahir Bakhsh, and Abass Md Said. "Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing Protocol for Bluetooth Networks." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 20 (April 27, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.6.

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Bluetooth is a widespread wireless technology standard for limited wireless networks that permits Bluetooth devices to create a one-hop (piconet) or multi-hop (scatternet) network. During data transmission, a large number of links passing through a single master or bridge device may create congestion problems in a Bluetooth network. Therefore, routing in a multi-hop dynamic Bluetooth network, where a number of routing masters and routing bridges exist, sometimes create technical problems in a scatternet. Mobility and failure of routing devices disconnects the routing links and link reconstruction process consumes more resources that eventually decrease the performance. In this paper, Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing protocol for Bluetooth networks” (HCSRR) is proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient technique for scatternet congestion avoidance and route maintenance. The proposed protocol is implemented and compared with most relevant protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the HCSRR outperforms the existing protocols.

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Jin, Rencheng, Xiaolei Fan, and Ting Sun. "Centralized Multi-Hop Routing Based on Multi-Start Minimum Spanning Forest Algorithm in the Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051775.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely applied in environmental monitoring, target tracking, military, and industrial fields. However, the battery energy of sensor nodes in WSNs is limited, which limits its development. Previous studies have shown that clustering protocols and multi-hop communication are beneficial to reduce nodes energy consumption. The multi-hop protocol based on low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proven to significantly reduce energy dissipation. However, LEACH-based multi-hop protocols generally have the problem of unbalanced energy dissipation and data conflicts. In this paper, we propose a centralized multi-hop routing based on multi-start minimum spanning forest (LEACH-CMF) to optimize LEACH. In order to realize multi-hop communication, we introduced a multi-start minimum spanning tree algorithm to select relay nodes with the minimum relay cost and generate appropriate multi-hop paths. To avoid data collision in multi-hop communication and make nodes including the cluster heads sleep as much as possible in the non-working state, we design a bottom-up continuous time slot allocation method to improve the time division multiple access (TDMA) cycle. We performed simulation in NS2. The simulation results show that the network lifetime is approximately doubled compared to LEACH and centralized low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH-C). The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can effectively balance the energy dissipation of nodes and prolong network lifetime.

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Cengiz, Korhan, and Tamer Dag. "Energy Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNs." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 2622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2784542.

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Al-Shehri, Salman, and Pavel Loskot. "Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040049.

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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have been primarily designed to enhance tactical communications in a battlefield. They provide dynamic connectivity without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Their multi-hop capabilities can improve radio coverage significantly. The nature of tactical MANET operations requires more specialized routing protocols compared to the ones which are used in commercial MANET. Routing decisions in MANETs are usually conditioned on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. In order to improve routing decisions for use in highly dynamic tactical MANETs, this paper proposes to combine two different metrics to achieve reliable multicast in multi-hop ad hoc networks. The resulting protocol combining received signal strength (RSS) with SINR to make routing decisions is referred to as Link Quality Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LQA-AODV) routing. The proposed routing protocol can quickly adapt to dynamic changes in network topology and link quality variations often encountered in tactical field operations. Using computer simulations, the performance of proposed protocol is shown to outperform other widely used reactive routing protocols assuming several performance metrics.

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Sixu, Lu, Wu Muqing, and Zhao Min. "SDFMUCR: Software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 155014772096299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720962996.

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Recently, wireless sensor networks play an important role in our life. Researchers give more and more attention to the design of the routing algorithm. Cluster routing is the most popular routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. However, hotspot problem always exists. Unequal cluster routing is an effective method to solve this problem. In these protocols, nodes closer to base station have the smaller cluster size than other sensor nodes. It will reduce the relay pressure of the node which is near to the base station. The development of the software-defined network optimizes the performance of wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose a software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing protocol. It adopts three methods to make the routing protocol outstanding. First, it uses a novel software-defined network architecture to reduce computation overhead and energy overhead in sensor nodes. Then, the fuzzy logic–based intracluster and intercluster routing is designed to balance energy consumption. Finally, residual energy–based rotating scheme is proposed to reduce most of the control overhead. According to the simulation results, the proposed protocol balances and reduces the energy consumption, extends the lifetime, and reduces the control overhead and latency of the network.

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Jibreel, Fuseini, Emmanuel Tuyishimire, and Mohammed Ibrahim Daabo. "An Enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Information 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13040166.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to provide essential services for various applications such as surveillance, data gathering, and data transmission from hazardous environments to safer destinations. This has been enhanced by the energy-efficient routing protocols that are mostly designed for such purposes. Gateway-based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing protocol (MGEAR) is one of the homogenous routing schemes that was recently designed to more efficiently reduce the energy consumption of distant nodes. However, it has been found that the protocol has a high energy consumption rate, lower stability period, and poorer data transmission to the Base station (BS) when it was deployed for a longer period of time. In this paper, an enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-based Energy-Aware multi-hop routing protocol (HMGEAR) is proposed. The proposed routing scheme is based on the introduction of heterogeneous nodes in the existing scheme, selection of the head based on the residual energy, introduction of multi-hop communication strategy in all the regions of the network, and implementation of energy hole elimination technique. All these strategies are aiming at reducing energy consumption and extend the life of the network. Results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms two existing ones in terms of stability period, throughputs, residual energy, and the lifetime of the network.

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Ruan and Huang. "A PSO-Based Uneven Dynamic Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081835.

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Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are powered by energy-constrained batteries, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to extend the network lifetime. However, most of the protocols do not well balance the energy consumption of the WSNs. The hotspot problem caused by unbalanced energy consumption in the WSNs reduces the network lifetime. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP). In the PUDCRP protocol, the distribution of the clusters will change dynamically when some nodes fail. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the area where the candidate CH (cluster head) nodes are located. The adaptive clustering method based on node distribution makes the cluster distribution more reasonable, which balances the energy consumption of the network more effectively. In order to improve the energy efficiency of multi-hop transmission between the BS (Base Station) and CH nodes, we also propose a connecting line aided route construction method to determine the most appropriate next hop. Compared with UCCGRA, multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP, CAMP, PSO-ECHS and PSO-SD, PUDCRP prolongs the network lifetime by between 7.36% and 74.21%. The protocol significantly balances the energy consumption of the network and has better scalability for various sizes of network.

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Deeptha, R. "Survey on Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Multihop Wireless Networks." Webology 18, Special Issue 04 (September 30, 2021): 752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si04/web18162.

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Routing is portrayed as one of the most important prevailing challenges in research with reference to multi-hop networks in a wireless environment. Opportunistic routing (OR) protocol is an emerging area related to research, due to the improvement in communication reliability, compared to the traditional routing models. The major perception related to OR is to determine a group of neighboring node candidates, named as a candidate set using the advantages of broadcast capability of the wireless medium thereby to collaboratively transmit data packets towards the destination using the coordination of the forwarded candidate set. The design and performance of OR protocols over multi-hop wireless networks mainly depend on the processes of forwarding selection of candidates and assignment of priorities. Therefore, the researchers have designed and developed several different algorithms for those OR processes. In this paper, following a short outline on traditional routing and OR protocols, metrics involved in the design of existing OR protocols, classification of OR based protocols, and hurdles in the design of OR protocols over multi-hop wireless networks are examined. More precisely, the OR protocols are divided into two categories, based on the forwarding candidate set selection and forwarding candidate coordination methods. Furthermore, the most significant challenges of OR protocol design, such as prioritization of forwarding candidates, utilizing the cross-layer approach for candidate coordination, and achieving the quality of service also investigated.

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Li, Xian Li, Jia Wei Zhang, and Liang Bing Liu. "Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.532.

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Considering the shortage of LEACH protocol, a novel dynamic multi-hop routing protocol named Balance Energy-efficient and Real-time with Reliable communication protocol based on Connected Dominant Set (BERR-CDS) is proposed in this paper. BERR-CDS protocol fully takes account of the energy consumption of an individual node and entire network, a rational transmission path from source node to sink node is searched, aiming at the network topology changes which are caused by the death of cluster head, the invalidation of cluster member nodes and new nodes joining, BERR-CDS designs the corresponding valid mechanism to respond, and it can rapidly adapt to the topology change of network. Simulation results show that BERR-CDS protocol has better performances in term of energy consumption, network lifetime and reliability, it is an ideal routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

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Kim, Beom-Su, Babar Shah, Feras Al-Obediat, Sana Ullah, Kyong Kim, and Ki-Il Kim. "An Enhanced Mobility and Temperature Aware Routing Protocol through Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method in Wireless Body Area Networks." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112245.

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In wireless body area networks, temperature-aware routing plays an important role in preventing damage of surrounding body tissues caused by the temperature rise of the nodes. However, existing temperature-aware routing protocols tend to choose the next hop according to the temperature metric without considering transmission delay and data loss caused by human posture. To address this problem, multiple research efforts exploit different metrics such as temperature, hop count and link quality. Because their approaches are fundamentally based on simple computation through weighted factor for each metric, it is rarely feasible to obtain reasonable weight value through experiments. To solve this problem, we propose an enhanced mobility and temperature-aware routing protocol based on the multi-criteria decision making method. The proposed protocol adopts the analytical hierarchy process and simple additive weighting method to assign suitable weight factors and choose the next hop while considering multiple routing criteria. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed protocol can efficiently improve transmission delay and data loss better than existing protocols by preventing the temperature rise on the node.

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Jambhulkar, Nayan S., Dr Shailesh Kumar, and Dr Krushnadeo T. Belerao. "Design o f Wireless Ad Hoc System u sing Adaptive Multi Hop Link State Optimal Routing Protocol." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a9653.1211221.

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Now a days for the radio network communication multi-hop routing is used. This multi-hop routing technique covers larger coverage area. Therefore to reach at specific location data is transferred in form of packets from one node to other node. But for the transmission of radio signals over the large distance, large number of transreceivers are required and these transreceivers requires large power to operate. As a result, multi-hop routing can saves energy over separate routing. Therefore it is necessity to design a cost effective multi-hop routing technique for successful transmission of ratio packet data. In this paper a hop by hop adaptive link state optional routing (HALO) is explained. It is the first packet transmitting solution with hop by hop and link state routing, which reduces the cost of transporting data across a packet switch network[3]. The triple model is designed for multi hop packet routing. In this work each node of network iteratively and separately improves the small part of traffic bound. This algorithm finds the shortest path of specific location for every iteration and it is calculated by the marginal cost of the various links of network. The marginal link cost is used to calculate the shortest path between the node and the destination location. This marginal link cost is gathered from link state updates. The various networks changes are automatically identified by the adaptive method which is used in this paper. Due to this the exchange between the packets on wrong node is reduced over the overhead traffic. To validate these theoretical results the experimental evaluations and mathematical calculations are also reported in this work. Net beans java is the programmed use in this proposed project.

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Misbahuddin, Misbahuddin, Anak Agung Putri Ratna, and Riri Fitri Sari. "Dynamic Multi-hop Routing Protocol Based on Fuzzy-Firefly Algorithm for Data Similarity Aware Node Clustering in WSNs." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 13, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2018.1.3088.

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In multi-hop routing, cluster heads close to the base station functionaries as intermediate nodes for father cluster heads to relay the data packet from regular nodes to base station. The cluster heads that act as relays will experience energy depletion quicker that causes hot spot problem. This paper proposes a dynamic multihop routing algorithm named Data Similarity Aware for Dynamic Multi-hop Routing Protocol (DSA-DMRP) to improve the network lifetime, and satisfy the requirement of multi-hop routing protocol for the dynamic node clustering that consider the data similarity of adjacent nodes. The DSA-DMRP uses fuzzy aggregation technique to measure their data similarity degree in order to partition the network into unequal size clusters. In this mechanism, each node can recognize and note its similar neighbor nodes. Next, K-hop Clustering Algorithm (KHOPCA) that is modified by adding a priority factor that considers residual energy and distance to the base station is used to select cluster heads and create the best routes for intra-cluster and inter-cluster transmission. The DSA-DMRP was compared against the KHOPCA to justify the performance. Simulation results show that, the DSA DMRP can improve the network lifetime longer than the KHOPCA and can satisfy the requirement of the dynamic multi-hop routing protocol.

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Roy, Moumita, Chandreyee Chowdhury, and Nauman Aslam. "Designing Transmission Strategies for Enhancing Communications in Medical IoT Using Markov Decision Process." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124450.

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The introduction of medical Internet of Things (IoT) for biomedical applications has brought about the era of proactive healthcare. Such advanced medical supervision lies on the foundation of a network of energy-constrained wearable or implantable sensors (or things). These miniaturized battery-powered biosensor nodes are placed in, on, or around the human body to measure vital signals to be reported to the sink. This network configuration deployed on a human body is known as the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Strategies are required to restrict energy expenditure of the nodes without degrading performance of WBAN to make medical IoT a green (energy-efficient) and effective paradigm. Direct communication from a node to sink in WBAN may often lead to rapid energy depletion of nodes as well as growing thermal effects on the human body. Hence, multi-hop communication from sources to sink in WBAN is often preferred instead of direct communication with high transmission power. Existing research focuses on designing multi-hop protocols addressing the issues in WBAN routing. However, the ideal conditions for multi-hop routing in preference to single-hop direct delivery is rarely investigated. Accordingly, in this paper an optimal transmission policy for WBAN is developed using Markov Decision Process (MDP) subject to various input conditions such as battery level, event occurrence, packet transmission rate and link quality. Thereafter, a multi-hop routing protocol is designed where routing decisions are made following a pre-computed strategy. The algorithm is simulated, and performance is compared with existing multi-hop protocol for WBAN to demonstrate the viability of the proposed scheme.

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Qu, Yating, Guoqiang Zheng, Honghai Wu, Baofeng Ji, and Huahong Ma. "An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transmission in Wireless Body Area Networks." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194238.

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Wireless body area networks will inevitably bring tremendous convenience to human society in future development, and also enable people to benefit from ubiquitous technological services. However, one of the reasons hindering development is the limited energy of the network nodes. Therefore, the energy consumption in the selection of the next hop must be minimized in multi-hop routing. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an energy efficient routing protocol for reliable data transmission in a wireless body area network. The protocol takes multiple parameters of the network node into account, such as residual energy, transmission efficiency, available bandwidth, and the number of hops to the sink. We construct the maximum benefit function to select the next hop node by normalizing the node parameters, and dynamically select the node with the largest function value as the next hop node. Based on the above work, the proposed method can achieve efficient multi-hop routing transmission of data and improve the reliability of network data transmission. Compared with the priority-based energy-efficient routing algorithm (PERA) and modified new-attempt routing protocol (NEW-ATTEMPT), the simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol uses the maximum benefit function to select the next hop node dynamically, which not only improves the reliability of data transmission, but also significantly improves the energy utilization efficiency of the node and prolongs the network lifetime.

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Ma, Zhi Yan, Guang You Yang, Jing Jing Zhou, and Xiong Gan. "Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network for Industrial Application." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.732.

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An energy-efficient wireless sensor routing protocol (Energy-efficient clustering hierarchy routing protocol, EECH) for industrial field is proposed based on LEACH protocol according to the energy inefficiency of existing routing protocols and the characteristics of industrial field applications. The EECH protocol takes full advantages of the node clustering and time slot distribution in LEACH and implements the functions such as clustering, multi hop time slot distribution, node sleeping and data gathering. The cluster heads can be evenly distributed in the area with the geography location information of the wireless nodes, so that the optimal data gathering path can be established. Meanwhile, the EECH protocol can reduce the conflict in data receiving/transmitting and the energy consumption of the nodes, and extend the network lifetime through the multi hop time slot distribution and node sleep mechanism. The simulation results have shown that the death time of the first node in EECH protocol is extended double time than that of LEACH protocol. When most of the nodes dies, the amount of received data of the base station node is more than twice as much as the LEACH protocol, which has verified the energy efficiency characteristic of the EECH protocol.

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Thasneem, M., and A. Gour. "MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS CROSS-LAYER ROUTING PROTOCOL." Advances in Mathematics: Scientific Journal 9, no. 7 (August 11, 2020): 5151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37418/amsj.9.7.82.

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Bonifácio, Tatiana G., Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni, and Dennis Brandão. "SMAC multi-hop mesh routing protocol using IEEE 802.15.4." Computers & Electrical Engineering 38, no. 3 (May 2012): 492–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.09.005.

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Abdelhaq, Maha, Raed Alsaqour, Mada Alaskar, Fayza Alotaibi, Rawan Almutlaq, Bushra Alghamdi, Bayan Alhammad, Malak Sehaibani, and Donia Moyna. "The resistance of routing protocols against DDOS attack in MANET." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 4844. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4844-4852.

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A Mobil Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless multi-hop network with various mobile, self-organized and wireless infrastructure nodes. MANET characteristics such as openness restricted resources and decentralization impact node efficiency and made them easy to be affected by various security attacks, especially Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The goal of this research is to implement a simulation model called DDoS Attack Simulation Model (DDoSM) in Network Simulator 2(NS-2) and to examine the effect of DDoS Attack on various routing protocol types in MANET namely: Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol. The introduced model uses the NS-2 simulator to apply DDoS on the three chosen routing protocols. In terms of throughput and end-to-end latency under the consequences of the attack, the performance of three routings protocols was analyzed.

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Butt, Suhail, Kamalrulnizam Bakar, Nadeem Javaid, Niayesh Gharaei, Farruh Ishmanov, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Mehmood, and Muhammad Mujahid. "Exploiting Layered Multi-Path Routing Protocols to Avoid Void Hole Regions for Reliable Data Delivery and Efficient Energy Management for IoT-Enabled Underwater WSNs." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030510.

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The key concerns to enhance the lifetime of IoT-enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) are energy-efficiency and reliable data delivery under constrained resource. Traditional transmission approaches increase the communication overhead, which results in congestion and affect the reliable data delivery. Currently, many routing protocols have been proposed for UWSNs to ensure reliable data delivery and to conserve the node’s battery with minimum communication overhead (by avoiding void holes in the network). In this paper, adaptive energy-efficient routing protocols are proposed to tackle the aforementioned problems using the Shortest Path First (SPF) with least number of active nodes strategy. These novel protocols have been developed by integrating the prominent features of Forward Layered Multi-path Power Control One (FLMPC-One) routing protocol, which uses 2-hop neighbor information, Forward Layered Multi-path Power Control Two (FLMPC-Two) routing protocol, which uses 3-hop neighbor information and ’Dijkstra’ algorithm (for shortest path selection). Different Packet Sizes (PSs) with different Data Rates (DRs) are also taken into consideration to check the dynamicity of the proposed protocols. The achieved outcomes clearly validate the proposed protocols, namely: Shortest Path First using 3-hop neighbors information (SPF-Three) and Breadth First Search with Shortest Path First using 3-hop neighbors information (BFS-SPF-Three). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in terms of minimum Energy Consumption (EC) and Required Packet Error Rate (RPER) with a minimum number of active nodes at the cost of affordable delay.

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Dhage, Manisha R., and Srikanth Vemuru. "A Effective Cross Layer Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i2.pp664-671.

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In today’s scenario to solve the real world problem heterogeneous wireless sensor is necessary. It consists of different sensor with different sensing capability and different energy level. Routing is important task in HWSN from energy dissipation point of view. In HWSN many routing protocols were proposed but many protocols are for single hop communication between cluster head and sink. Here we have designed multi-hop routing protocol for HWSN, which will be energy efficient and also solve the problem of hot spot using unequal clustering. To make this protocol more energy efficient cross layer information exchange approach is used. Using cross layer communication this protocol will get residual energy, quality of link and neighboring nodes information and this information is used in cluster head selection. Moreover there is no need to do broadcast of residual energy for every round because of RDA (regular data acquisition) nodes. We can predict the energy consumption of node, which will conserve the energy using Energy Efficient Fuzzy Based Cross Layer Protocol (EEFCLP). This proposed protocol can achieve longer sensor lifetime and more energy efficiency.

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Alansari, Zainab, Mohammed Siddique, and Mohammed Waleed Ashour. "FCERP: A Novel WSNs Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2022.01.002.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are set of sensor nodes to monitor and detect transmitted data to the sink. WSNs face significant challenges in terms of node energy availability, which may impact network sustainability. As a result, developing protocols and algorithms that make the best use of limited resources, particularly energy resources, is critical issues for designing WSNs. Routing algorithms, for example, are unique algorithms as they have a direct and effective relationship with lifetime of network and energy. The available routing protocols employ single-hop data transmission to the sink and clustering per round. In this paper, a Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) that lower the WSNs energy consuming and increase the lifetime of network is proposed. FCERP introduces a new cluster-based fuzzy routing protocol capable of utilizing clustering and multiple hop routing features concurrently using a threshold limit. A novel aspect of this research is that it avoids clustering per round while considering using fixed threshold and adapts multi-hop routing by predicting the best intermediary node for clustering and the sink. Some Fuzzy factors such as residual energy, neighbors amount, and distance to sink considered when deciding which intermediary node to use.

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Sakib, Aan Nazmus, Micheal Drieberg, Sohail Sarang, Azrina Abd Aziz, Nguyen Thi Thu Hang, and Goran M. Stojanović. "Energy-Aware QoS MAC Protocol Based on Prioritized-Data and Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072598.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received considerable interest in recent years. These sensor nodes can gather information from the surrounding environment and transmit it to a designated location. Each sensor node in WSN typically has a battery with a limited capacity. Due to their large number and because of various environmental challenges, it is sometimes hard to replace this finite battery. As a result, energy-efficient communication is seen as a critical aspect in extending the lifespan of a sensor node. On the other hand, some applications that require large coverage and generate various sorts of data packets require multi-hop routing and quality of service (QoS) features. Therefore, in order to avoid network failure, these applications need an energy-efficient QoS MAC protocol that can support multiple levels of data packet priority and multi-hop routing features while focusing on energy conservation. An energy-aware QoS MAC protocol based on Prioritized Data and Multi-hop routing (EQPD-MAC) is proposed in this article. The EQPD-MAC protocol offers a simple yet effective cross-layer communication method. It provides timely delivery of multi-priority packets, uses an adaptive active time to limit idle listening, and integrates a robust routing protocol. Finally, the EQPD-MAC protocol’s performance was evaluated and compared to three other well-known QoS MAC protocols. The simulation findings show that the proposed protocol significantly decreases sensor node energy consumption by up to 30.3%, per-bit energy consumption by up to 29.6%, sink node energy consumption by up to 27.4% and increases throughput by up to 23.3%.

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Hamza, Ekhlas K., and Heba H. Alhayani. "Energy Consumption Analyzing in Single hop Transmission and Multi-hop Transmission for using Wireless Sensor Networks." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.10.009.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging in various application like military, area monitoring, health monitoring, industry monitoring and many more. The challenges of the successful WSN application are the energy consumption problem. since the small, portable batteries integrated into the sensor chips cannot be re-charged easily from an economical point of view. This work focusses on prolonging the network lifetime of WSNs by reducing and balancing energy consumption during routing process from hop number point of view. In this paper, performance simulation was done between two types of protocols LEACH that uses single hop path and MODLEACH that uses multi hop path by using Intel Care i3 CPU (2.13GHz) laptop with MATLAB (R2014a). The simulation results showed how the multi-hop protocol was more energy efficient than single hop protocol.

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Nguyen Minh, Quy, Ban Nguyen Tien, and Quy Vu Khanh. "Improved Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 11 (June 7, 2022): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i11.29433.

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In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a potential technology to enhance the ability and availability of wireless networks. WMN consists of wireless mesh routers and terminals connected by wireless multi-hop communication. Besides, in WMN, each wireless node owns many interfaces, and each interface operates on many channels. However, effectively using multiple orthogonal channels and multiple interfaces to increase the performance of WMN and decrease the radio link transmission interference is of significant challenge. In this paper, we consider routing issues in WMN. Then, we proposed an on-demand routing protocol, adaptive multi-channel multi-interface operation, improved from the AODV protocol. This protocol is capable of effectively managing communication in the WMN and limited effects of co-channel interference. The simulation results on NS2 show that our proposed protocol improves throughput, delay and packet delivery rate compared to existing traditional protocols.

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Saini, Trilok Kumar, and Subhash C. Sharma. "Context aware Routing to Assist Routing Decisions for Quality Improvement in Multi Hop Ad hoc Networks." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16067.

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The context information is an intriguing aspect of decision making. The context-awareness can be useful in the ad hoc networks in which nodes are mobile, and the conditions are dynamic. In ad hoc networks, routing protocols are intended to discover the route over multi-hop wireless links under varying conditions. The context-awareness can assist the routing protocols in determining the appropriate path. This paper investigates into choosing the appropriate route by applying the context information and presents the approach to improve the decision making and the quality of the route. We consider nodes, connecting links, and different layers as the context. The paper introduces the scalability and flexibility in the set of parameters that govern the eminence of the node inter-connection that, in turn, influences the overall quality of the route. We propose the context-aware dynamic routing protocol (CADR) and present the approach, algorithm, and analysis. We simulate the protocol by taking the flexible combination of the context attributes and the values, also compares the performance with AODV. The simulation results show that the protocol chooses the appropriate route as per the considered attributes and weight, and provide the enhanced performance

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Qing-Xue Liu, Qing-Xue Liu, Huang-Shui Hu Qing-Xue Liu, Mei-Qin Yao Huang-Shui Hu, and Chu-Hang Wang Mei-Qin Yao. "An Improved Multi-hop LEACH Protocol Based on Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks." 電腦學刊 33, no. 3 (June 2022): 001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992022063303001.

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As an important kind of clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), LEACH and its variants have been demonstrated to efficiently balance the energy consumption, simplify the routing task and extend the network lifetime. Especially, the multi-hop LEACH type protocols have proved to be effective approaches for high energy efficiency, reliability as well as scalability. However, data transmission in hop-by-hop mode increases the energy consumption and end-to-end delay. In this paper, an improved multi-hop LEACH protocol based on fuzzy logic called IMF-LEACH is proposed, which uses a fuzzy logic controller with residual energy, length of data, and distance to BS as fuzzy descriptors to determine the hop count. Moreover, the hop count is used for each CH to find its optimal next-hop intermediate CH with more residual energy and less number of members. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol, and the results show that IMF-LEACH maximizes the network lifetime and outperforms its counterparts consistently.

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Zhang, Kai, and Min Jin. "Research on Routing Protocol for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.146.

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Aimed at the application characteristics of the large-scale WSN, a new clustering routing protocol LEACH_CHMST is proposed in this paper. The multi-hop strategy for cluster-heads communication has been introduced instead of the one-hop strategy in LEACH, and a minimum spanning tree of cluster-head is established, in which the routes from all cluster-heads to sink are found.

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Zhang, Hui. "A WSN Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol Using Cellular Virtual Grid in IoT Environment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 9, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886687.

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By dividing the grid and clustering multi-hop algorithm, the lifetime of WSN can be prolonged effectively, and the reliability of the system can be improved. In order to prolong network lifetime and balance network energy consumption, a WSN clustering multi-hop routing protocol for electric vehicles using cellular virtual grid is proposed. The routing mechanism divides cells into regular hexagons. In the cluster head selection stage, the node angle ratio, distance ratio, and throughput optimization threshold function are introduced to select cluster heads independently. In data transmission, single hop in cluster and mixed hop between clusters are used to optimize the path and reduce energy consumption when transmitting data among cluster head nodes. In the routing protocol, the path cost from the intermediate node to the target node is calculated according to the distance and residual energy. The simulation results show that the protocol has obvious advantages in reducing network energy consumption compared with several traditional algorithms when the running time reaches 1200 s and the network coverage is high.

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Aidil Saputra Kirsan, Udin Harun Al Rasyid, Iwan Syarif, and Dian Neipa Purnamasari. "Energy Efficiency Optimization for Intermediate Node Selection Using MhSA-LEACH: Multi-hop Simulated Annealing in Wireless Sensor Network." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 8, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v8i1.459.

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Energy usage on nodes is still a hot topic among researchers on wireless sensor networks. This is due to the increasing technological development increasing information requirements and caused the occurrence of information exchange continuously without stopping and impact the decline of lifetime nodes. It takes more effort to manually change the energy source on nodes in the wireless sensor network. The solution to such problems is to use routing protocols such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). The LEACH protocol works by grouping nodes and selecting the Cluster Head (CH) in charge of delivering data to the Base Station (BS). One of the disadvantage LEACH protocols, when nodes are far from the CH, will require a lot of energy for sending data to CH. One way to reduce the energy consumption of each node-far is to use multi-hop communication. In this research, we propose a multi-hop simulated annealing (MhSA-LEACH) with an algorithm developed from the LEACH protocol based on intra-cluster multi-hop communication. The selection of intermediate nodes in multi-hop protocol is done using Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm on Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Therefore, the multi-hop nodes are selected based on the shortest distance and can only be skipped once by utilizing the probability theory, resulting in a more optimal node path. The proposed algorithm has been compared to the conventional LEACH protocol and the Multi-Hop Advance Heterogeneity-aware Energy Efficient (MAHEE) clustering algorithm using OMNeT++. The test results show the optimization of MhSA-LEACH on the number of packets received by BS or CH and the number of dead or alive nodes from LEACH and MAHEE protocols.

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Yang, Han Hua. "Adaptive Multi Path Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2532.

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Multi path routing protocol plays important part in the multi hop heterogeneous wireless sensor network. To get better performance, adaptive Wireless Senor Network Multi Path Routing Scheme (AMRH) is proposed, which is made up of three phrases: initial setup, route discovery and establishment, route maintenance. In the first phrase, every node gets the initial route table. In the second phrase, source node will find minimum-cost path among multiple paths. In the third phrase, route maintenance is conducted under adaptive mechanism. Simulation shows that AMRH scheme can prolong sensor network lifetime by 19.5%, increase data delivery ratio by 5.6%.

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Liu, Yang, Qiong Wu, Ting Zhao, Yong Tie, Fengshan Bai, and Minglu Jin. "An Improved Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 4579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204579.

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Cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols play an essential role in decreasing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proposed as an application-specific protocol architecture for WSNs. However, without considering the distribution of the cluster heads (CHs) in the rotation basis, the LEACH protocol will increase the energy consumption of the network. To improve the energy efficiency of the WSN, we propose a novel modified routing protocol in this paper. The newly proposed improved energy-efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) protocol considers the residual node energy and the average energy of the networks. To achieve satisfactory performance in terms of reducing the sensor energy consumption, the proposed IEE-LEACH accounts for the numbers of the optimal CHs and prohibits the nodes that are closer to the base station (BS) to join in the cluster formation. Furthermore, the proposed IEE-LEACH uses a new threshold for electing CHs among the sensor nodes, and employs single hop, multi-hop, and hybrid communications to further improve the energy efficiency of the networks. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with some existing routing protocols, the proposed protocol substantially reduces the energy consumption of WSNs.

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Nguyen, Nhat-Tien, Thien T. T. Le, Huy-Hung Nguyen, and Miroslav Voznak. "Energy-Efficient Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in a UWSN." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020627.

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Underwater wireless sensor networks are currently seeing broad research in various applications for human benefits. Large numbers of sensor nodes are being deployed in rivers and oceans to monitor the underwater environment. In the paper, we propose an energy-efficient clustering multi-hop routing protocol (EECMR) which can balance the energy consumption of these nodes and increase their network lifetime. The network area is divided into layers with regard to the depth level. The data sensed by the nodes are transmitted to a sink via a multi-hop routing path. The cluster head is selected according to the depth of the node and its residual energy. To transmit data from the node to the sink, the cluster head aggregates the data packet of all cluster members and then forwards them to the upper layer of the sink node. The simulation results show that EECMR is effective in terms of network lifetime and the nodes’ energy consumption.

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Lee, Junman, Kumin Cho, Changho Yun, and Chung G. Kang. "Probabilistic Directional Routing Protocol in Multi-Hop Maritime Communication Networks." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 40, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.40.5.857.

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Guirguis, Arsany, Mohammed Karmoose, Karim Habak, Mustafa El-Nainay, and Moustafa Youssef. "Cooperation-based multi-hop routing protocol for cognitive radio networks." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 110 (May 2018): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.03.005.

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Vajdi, Shadi V., Allaa R. Hilal, Sabbeer Ahmed Abeer, and Otman A. Basir. "Multi-hop Interference-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Procedia Computer Science 10 (2012): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2012.06.126.

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Mamidala, Sruthi, T. Sravanthi, Ramesh Dadi, E. Kumaraswamy, and G. Sunil. "A Multi-hop Network Congestion Management Routing Protocol for WNETS." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 981 (December 5, 2020): 022058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/981/2/022058.

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Naeimi, Soroush, Chee Onn Chow, and Hiroshi Ishii. "Directional multi-hop clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 14, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2013.056419.

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Akbar, Mariam, Nadeem Javaid, Muhammad Imran, Areeba Rao, Muhammad Shahzad Younis, and Iftikhar Azim Niaz. "A multi-hop angular routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 12, no. 9 (September 2016): 155014771666294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716662945.

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Huang, Jianhua, Danwei Ruan, Yadong Hong, Ziming Zhao, and Hong Zheng. "IMHRP: Improved Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 910 (October 2017): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/910/1/012054.

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Chang, Sang-woo, and Sang-sun Lee. "A Routing Protocol for Urban Vehicular Multi-hop Data Delivery." Chinese Journal of Electronics 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cje.2016.03.023.

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Ejaz, Waleed, Kamran Manzoor, Hyung Joo Kim, Byung Tae Jang, Gwang-Ja Jin, and Hyung Seok Kim. "Two-state routing protocol for maritime multi-hop wireless networks." Computers & Electrical Engineering 39, no. 6 (August 2013): 1854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2013.03.011.

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Vamsi Krishna, M. Naga, N. Sai Harsha, K. V. D. Kiran, and Gandharba Swain. "Optimization of Energy Aware Path Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1268-1277.

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Strength conservation is one of the biggest challenges to the successful WSNs since the tiny very limited resource nodes such as energy, memory space| as well as communication and computation capabilities. the sensors are unattended Implemented and battery recharge is almost impossible. So many investigations have be done in redirecting energy efficient algorithms or protocols for WSNs. Our reasons behinds the study of number is based on the following three aspects. Initially of all First, we see That immediate transmittal is employed under small scale while multi-hop network transmittal network is employed under mass. All of us want to find the Which factors influence the transmittal manner. Second, it is Commonly That multi-hop agree transmitting more energy efficient than Usually transmitting When the average solitary source to destination distance is large. Yet ,}how to look for the optimal hop number in order That the overall energy consumption is nominal is not well tackled. Third, the hot location phenomenon the networking lifetime influences directly. After that all of us recommend to Optimization of energy aware routing path (OEAPR) algorithm, Which incorporate the overall routing mechanism With hop-based direction-finding nature During process in WSNs.

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Li, Zuo Peng, Jing Zhang, and Tian Chi Zhang. "Concentration Aware Routing Protocol in Molecular Communication Nanonetworks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5024–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5024.

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A molecular communication nanonetwork is a new distributed computer network which operates at nanoscale. The simplicity of single nanomachine and the new communication paradigm all pose challenges for the development of communication protocols in nanonetworks. In this paper, a new architecture of molecular communication nanonetworks is first provided and then on this basis, a concentration aware (CA) routing protocol in nanonetworks is proposed, which utilizes the concentration gradient of diffused molecules to establish the path of data relay in multi-hop nanonetworks. The experimental results show that the CA routing protocol is viable for molecular communication nanonetworks and has an excellent performance about the network load.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-hop routing protocol'

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