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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-axial forging'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Li, Ting, Kui Zhang, Zhi Wei Du, Jia Wei Yuan, and Xing Gang Li. "Production of Fine-Grained and Weak Texture Structure in an Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr Alloy by Multi-Axial Forging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.120.

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Multi-axial forging was employed to produce simultaneously ultrafine grain size and weak texture in an Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy. The results indicate that the structure of fine grain size and weak texture could be achieved after two cycles of multi-axial forging, which leads to a substantial mechanical properties improvement. The grain refinement mechanism and texture evolution of Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy during multi-axial forging have been investigated.

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2

Jeong, Hyo-Tae, MinSeong Kim, SangChul Kwon, SunTae Kim, Seong Lee, and Shi-Hoon Choi. "Comparison Between Multi-Axial Forging and Multi-Axial Diagonal Forging of AA1100 Using Finite Element Analysis." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2019.57.1.18.

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3

Juhász, Zs, T. Bíró, and J. B. Renkó. "Design and manufacture of closed die multi-axial forging tool." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1246, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1246/1/012009.

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Abstract In the last decades many solutions were developed to achieve multi-axial forging. Outstanding among these is the two-way process that can be implemented on the Maxstrain unit of the Gleeble thermophysical simulator. Although the experiments performed on the Gleeble system were well suited for characterize mechanical models, this system had some serious issues, such as the outflow of material from the forging zone. To solve these problems, a new forming tool was designed, in which the total volume of the workpiece is deformed, and the shanks used for fastening can be omitted.

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4

Qin, Dongyang, Huifang Liu, and Yulong Li. "β Grain Size Inhomogeneity of Large Scale Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr Alloy Bulk after Multi-Cycle and Multi-Axial Forging in α + β Field." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041692.

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In order to fabricate homogeneous large-scale Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) alloy bulk with fine and equiaxial β grain, we performed a series of multi-axial α + β field forging with 62 forging cycles on the large-scale Ti-5553 billet by using 12.5 MN high-speed hydraulic press. The β-annealed microstructure was the starting microstructure of the billet. After the 6th forging cycle, β grain deformed dramatically, and the grain-boundary network developed within the irregular β grain. As the forging cycle increased to 44, the volume fraction of the fine and equiaxial β grain that is less than 20 μm, which is caused by dynamic recrystallization, increased gradually. However, the incomplete dynamic recrystallization region within the original β grain could not be eliminated. As the forging cycle further increased, the volume fraction of the fine and equiaxial β grain did not increase. In contrast, the abnormal grain growth of the β phase occurred during 50th~62nd forging cycle. Here, we attribute the formation of the incomplete dynamic recrystallization region and the abnormal grain growth of the β phase to the high deformation rate of the α + β forging. The refining behavior of β grain and the abnormal coursing β grain, which is found during the multi-cycle multi-axial forging of large-scale Ti-5553 alloy billet, are seldom reported in the isothermal compression of small-scale Ti-5553 alloy specimen. The findings of the paper are instructive for improving the sub-transus forging strategy that is used to fabricate the large-scale homogeneity Ti-5553 alloy billet with fine and equiaxial β grain.

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5

Azimi, Amin, Gbadebo Moses Owolabi, Hamid Fallahdoost, Nikhil Kumar, Horace Whitworth, and Grant Warner. "AA2219 Aluminum Alloy Processed via Multi-Axial Forging in Cryogenic and Ambient Environments." Journal of Materials Science Research 8, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v8n2p1.

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This paper presents the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline AA2219 processed by multi axial forging (MAF) at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The X-ray diffraction pattern and transmission electron microscopy micrographs in the initial microstructure characterization indicate a more effective severe plastic deformation during the cryogenic MAF than the same process conducted at room temperature. MAF at cryogenic temperature results in crystallite size reduction to nanoscales as well as second phase particles breakage to finer particles which are the crucial factors to increasing the mechanical properties of the material. Fractography analysis and tensile tests results show that cryogenic forging does not only increase the mechanical strength and toughness of the alloys significantly, but also improves the ductility of the material in comparison with the conventional forging. In this comparative regard, cryogenic processing provides 44% increase in the tensile strength of the material only after 2 forging cycles when compared to the room temperature process. In addition, further forging process to the next cycles slightly enhances the tensile strength at the expense of ductility due to less ability of the dislocations to accumulate. However, the ductility of the ambient temperature forged samples decreases at a faster rate than that of cryoforged samples.

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6

Bíró, Tamás, Zsombor Juhász, and József Bálint Renkó. "Simulation of CuE Copper Alloy in a Closed-Die Multi-Axial Forging Tool." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2022-01-01.

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Abstract Two-way multi-axial forging was performed on a newly designed closed-die forging tool. The tool was operated on an MTS 810 material testing system. The connected computer recorded force and crosshead displacement as a function of time during operation. The sample material of the four-step forging experiment was CuE copper alloy. The plastic deformation was 0.8 per step, thus the rate of cumulative equivalent plastic strain was 3.2 by the end of the process. The speed of movement of the active tools during the whole test was 2 mm/min. Finite element simulation was performed with QForm3D software to investigate the force conditions of the process. The necessary flow curve was determined by Watts-Ford test. The force-displacement curves of the physical simulation were compared with the results of the finite element modeling.

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7

Wang, Xiao Juan, and Bao Jun Han. "Grain Refinement of Fe-32%Ni Alloy by Multi-Axial Forging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.18.

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The effect of strain on the microstructure evolution of Fe-32%Ni alloy during multi-axial forging at the temperature of 500°C and a strain rate of 210-2 s-1 was investigated by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) observations. The results show that the austenite grains were greatly refined with increasing cumulative strain, and the microstructure evolution during multi-axial forging can be summarized as such a process that deformation bands crossing each other subdivide the original austenite grain into several sub-grains and then these sub-grains are subdivided into more small ones and gradually angled to new independent grains with their boundaries transformed into large angle boundaries in subsequent compression.

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8

Kumar, N., G. M. Owolabi, and R. Jayaganthan. "Al 6082 alloy strengthening through low strain multi-axial forging." Materials Characterization 155 (September 2019): 109761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.06.003.

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9

Han, Bao Jun. "The EBSD Investigation on Microstructure Evolution in Fe-32%Ni Alloy during Multi-Axial Forging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.260.

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The microstructure evolution taking place in Fe-32%Ni alloy during multi-axial forging was investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The samples were compressed with loading direction changed through 90º from pass to pass at temperature of 650°C and a strain rate of 10-1/s. The results show the microstructure evolution is characterized by continuous grain subdivision process, i.e. the multi-axial forging promotes the development of deformation bands in various direction followed by their frequent intersection in grain interiors with changing of strain path, which results in continuous fragmentation of coarse grains into subgrains. Concurrently the misorientations of subgrain boundaries rise gradually with repetitive deformation followed by their progressive transformation into high angle boundaries. The ultra-fine grains are concluded to evolve by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX).

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10

Deng, Zi Yu, Xian Gang Chen, and Jian Zhong Cui. "Study on Texture of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Induced by Multi-Axial Forging." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2254.

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The texture of as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy after multi-axial forging processes was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that, the first cycle induced two groups of texture forming, which had certain angles to the elongated direction and had high strength surface texture in specimen. However, after the second process, dynamic recrystallization occurred and majority of tensile twins developed, which made a small deflection on basal plane, and the orientation of the texture of basal plane changed. It resulted in the texture intensity decrease. The weak texture formed during multi-axial forging process is different from that formed during extrusion, rolling and other processes significantly.This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.

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11

Kim, Min-Seong, Jeong Gyun Kim, Tae Hyun Yoo, You Yeon Jo, Seong Lee, Hyo-Tae Jeong, and Shi-Hoon Choi. "A Study on the Effect of Multi-Axial Forging Type on the Deformation Heterogeneity of AA1100 Using Finite Element Analysis." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 624–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.9.624.

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The effect of 3 forging routes (<bold>Route A</bold> - 1~12 passes by plane forging (PF) and reverse-plane forging (R-PF), <bold>Route B</bold> – 1~6 passes by PF and R-PF, 7~12 passes by diagonal forging (DF) and reversediagonal forging (R-DF), <bold>Route C</bold> – 1~12 passes by DF and R-DF) on maximum load to produce the workpiece, deformation heterogeneity and hydrostatic pressure distribution in AA1100 was theoretically investigated using finite element analysis (FEA). The maximum load per pass required to complete 1 cycle of the SPD process was different depending on the forging routes. Route A was relatively higher than Route B and C. From the results of effective strain, the deformation heterogeneity was predicted at the center, edge, and corner regions of the AA1100 workpiece produced by Route A and B. However, the distribution of effective strain in Route C was relatively more homogeneous than Route A and B. The average hydrostatic pressure, which is closely related to the suppression of crack formation in the workpiece under multi-axial forging, was predicted to be relatively bigger in Route C than Route A and B.

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12

Cherukuri, B., and R. Srinivasan. "Properties of AA6061 Processed by Multi-Axial Compressions/Forging (MAC/F)." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 21, no. 5 (August 2006): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910500471649.

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13

Kapoor, R., A. Sarkar, R. Yogi, S. K. Shekhawat, I. Samajdar, and J. K. Chakravartty. "Softening of Al during multi-axial forging in a channel die." Materials Science and Engineering: A 560 (January 2013): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.09.085.

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14

Han, Baojun, and Zhou Xu. "Grain refinement under multi-axial forging in Fe–32%Ni alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 457, no. 1-2 (June 2008): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.03.067.

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15

Pramono, A., A. Yolanda, and A. A. Alhamidi. "Pre-heating of multi-axial forging (MAF) on aluminum based composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 478 (February 26, 2019): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/478/1/012029.

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16

Tzou, Gow-Yi, Shih-Hsien Lin, Dyi-Cheng Chen, and Un-Chin Chai. "Die stress analysis and improvement of the welding valve fastener in multi-stage forging." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2019-0087.

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This study explores the multi-stage cold forming die of a welding valve fastener using simulation software. It is possible to understand the various stress intensities of the die core bore and the corresponding distributions during each forging stage so as to improve the service life of the die. These stresses include radial stress, axial stress, hoop stress, and maximum principal stress, as well as the different types of stresses that could cause different fractures of the die core. Therefore, it is necessary to use different die design methods to improve the fracture issues for different die cores. For example, shrink fit can be used between the die core and die case. By adjusting the size of the shrink fit, tensile hoop stress can be converted into compressive hoop stress, which can avoid the generation of axial cracking of the die during the forging formation. In addition, drastic changes in axial stress caused by the stress concentration on the die core can yield a transverse crack of the die core. Thus adopting preventative measures by split such a stress concentration into two sections reduces the drastic changes in axial stress on that section.

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17

He, Wen Wu, Jian Sheng Liu, Hui Qin Chen, and Hui Guang Guo. "Simulation and Analysis on Microstructure Evolution of Large Generator Retaining Ring during Multi-Fire Forging." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.176.

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In order to investigate microstructure evolution of Mn18Cr18N retaining ring during the multi-fire forging, a series of constitutive equations for dynamic recrystallization, static recrystallization, meta-dynamic recrystallization and grain growth were developed and implemented into a Deform FE simulator. The single-axial hot upsetting test has been performed to investigate the process of microstructure evolution and to show validity and effectiveness of the developed program. Then based on the modified boundary condition, hot forging process for 300MW retaining ring was put into effect. The results have displayed that the microstructure prediction tool was validated by comparing the simulated grain structure with that of the experiment and it could provide a reference to optimize forging processes in the production of retaining ring.

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18

Han, Xing Hui, and Lin Hua. "Effect of Position between Upper Die and Workpiece on Cold Rotary Forging." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2547.

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Cold rotary forging is an advanced but very complex incremental metal forming technology with multi-factors coupling interactive effects. The position between the upper die and the workpiece has a significant effect on the cold rotary forging process. In the current work, a 3D elastic-plastic dynamic explicit FE model of cold rotary forging of a cylindrical workpiece is developed under the ABAQUS software environment and its validity has been verified experimentally. On the basis of this reliable 3D FE model, the effects of the position between the upper die and the workpiece on the cold rotary forging process have been thoroughly revealed. The results show that with increasing the distance between the pivot point of the upper die and the centre of the workpiece, the deformation of the workpiece becomes more inhomogeneous and the maximum axial forging force and forging moment gradually increase. The results of this research not only provide valuable guidelines for the installation and adjustment of dies in the cold rotary forging process, but also help to better understand the deformation mechanisms of cold rotary forging.

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19

Han, Bao Jun. "Ultra-Fine Grained Fe-32%Ni Alloy Processed by Multi-Axial Forging." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.187.

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The Fe-32%Ni alloy was multi-axially forged at the temperature of 873K and strain rate of 10-2s-1, then the microstructure evolution in Fe-32%Ni alloy during deformation was investigated by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the grain size decreases with strain. The severe plastic deformed microstructure is characterized by the ultra-fine equiaxed grains and high internal stresses. The microstructure evolution mechanism is presented as the following: firstly, the dislocations accumulate as deformation bands in some directions with the progress of deformation; then the cellular structured subgrains are formed by continuous intersecting of deformation bands for the changing of strain path; eventually, the ultra-fine structured grains are formed by the subgrains rotation and the dislocations rearrangement.

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20

Łyszkowski, Radosław, Tomasz Czujko, and Robert A. Varin. "Multi-axial forging of Fe3Al-base intermetallic alloy and its mechanical properties." Journal of Materials Science 52, no. 5 (November 15, 2016): 2902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0584-2.

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21

Pope, Jacob, and Martin Jackson. "FAST-forge of Diffusion Bonded Dissimilar Titanium Alloys: A Novel Hybrid Processing Approach for Next Generation Near-Net Shape Components." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060654.

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Material reductions, weight savings, design optimisation, and a reduction in the environmental impact can be achieved by improving the performance of near-net shape (NNS) titanium alloy components. The method demonstrated in this paper is to use a solid-state approach, which includes diffusion bonding discrete layers of dissimilar titanium alloy powders (CP-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr) using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST), followed by subsequent forging steps. This article demonstrates the hybrid process route, firstly through small-scale uni-axial compression tests and secondly through closed-die forging of dissimilar titanium alloy FAST preforms into an NNS (near-net shape) component. In order to characterise and simulate the underlying forging behaviour of dissimilar alloy combinations, uni-axial compression tests of FAST cylindrical samples provided flow stress behaviour and the effect of differing alloy volume fractions on the resistance to deformation and hot working behaviour. Despite the mismatch in the magnitude of flow stress between alloys, excellent structural bond integrity is maintained throughout. This is also reflected in the comparatively uncontrolled closed-die forging of the NNS demonstrator components. Microstructural analysis across the dissimilar diffusion bond line was undertaken in the components and finite element modelling software reliably predicts the strain distribution and bond line flow behaviour during the multi-step forging process.

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22

Bhowmik, Ayan, Somjeet Biswas, Satyaveer Singh Dhinwal, Apu Sarkar, Ranjit Kumar Ray, Debashish Bhattacharjee, and Satyam Suwas. "Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Interstitial-Free (IF) Steel Processed by Multi-Axial Forging." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.774.

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In this study, severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Ti-bearing interstitial-free steel was carried out by multi-axial forging (MAF) technique. The grain refinement achieved was comparable to that by other SPD techniques. A considerable heterogeneity was observed in the microstructure and texture. Texture of multi-axially forged steels has been evaluated and reported for the first time. The material exhibited a six-fold increase in the yield strength after four cycles of MAF.

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23

Yu, Cheng Hsien, and Jinn Jong Sheu. "Cold Forging Die Design and Process Simulation of a Disk with Inner Ring Gear." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.211.

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Cold forging die design and process simulation were studied in this paper for a disk with center boss and outer ring gear. The complexity of part geometry results in defects of under-filling and folding. The material flow interference in the radial and the axial directions at the corner areas is the main reason of the occurrence of defects. A multi-stage cold forging process was proposed to control the material flow and volume distribution simultaneously. FEM simulations were carried out to evaluate the designs of process and die. The proposed preform and web geometry designs were able to decrease the forging load and control the material flow. The simulation results showed the proposed methods were able to make this forged part without defects.

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24

Kukuryk, Marcin. "Experimental and FEM Analysis of Void Closure in the Hot Cogging Process of Tool Steel." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050538.

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In the present study, a new complex methodology for the analysis the closure of voids and a new forging system were developed and tested. The efficiency of the forging parameters and the effective geometric shapes of anvils to improve void closure were determined. A new cogging process provided a complete closure of an ingot’s axial defects, as confirmed by experimental tests. The evolution behavior of these defects with different sizes was investigated during the hot cogging process by means of the professional plastic forming software Deform-3D. A comprehensive procedure was developed using the finite-element method (FEM) for the three-dimensional cogging process and laboratory experimentation to predict the degree of void closure. The hot multi-pass cogging process was used to eliminate void defects in the forgings so as to obtain sound products. In the compression process, the effects of the reduction ratio and forging ratio, the void size, and the types of anvil were discussed to obtain the effective elimination of a void. For the purpose of the assessment of the effectiveness of the void closure process, the following indices were introduced: the relative void volume evolution ratio, the relative void diameter ratio, and the internal void closure evaluation index. Moreover, the void closure process was assessed on the basis of stress triaxiality, hydrostatic stress, forging ratio, value of local effective strain around the void, and critical reduction ratio. The results of this research were complemented by experiments predicting the formation of fractures in the regions near the void and in the volume of the forging in the course of the cogging process. The comparison between the predicted and the experimental results showed a good agreement.

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25

Lotkov, Aleksandr, Oleg Kashin, Victor Grishkov, Dorzhima Zhapova, Konstantin Krukovskii, Angelina Gusarenko, Natalia Girsova, Dmitrii Bobrov, and Olga Kashina. "Mechanical Properties of the Ti49.8Ni50.2 Alloy after Multi-Axial Forging at 573 K." Metals 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12061043.

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The mechanical properties of Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at %) alloy under tension at room temperature are studied in dependence on the true strain (e = 1.84–9.55) specified during isothermal multi-axial forging (abc-pressing). It was found that the stress at the beginning of the pseudoyield plateau does not depend on the value of the true abc-strain. It was found that after abs-pressing, already at a true strain e = 1.84, the yield stress σy was 900 ± 25 MPa, which is more than twice as high as compared to σy in the initial state of the specimens. With a further increase in the abc-strain, the yield stress continues to increase slightly and reaches 1000 ± 25 MPa at e = 9.55. In this case, the ultimate tensile strength of the samples increases by about 15%. The strain-hardening coefficient ϴ = dσ/dε at the III (linear) stage of the σ(ε) curve has a similar dependence on e. It is shown that after abc-pressing with e from 1.84 to 9.55, the yield stress and ultimate tensile increase linearly with increasing d−1/2 in accordance with the Hall–Petch relation, where d is the average grain–subgrain size.

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26

Han, Baojun, and Zhou Xu. "Microstructural evolution of Fe–32%Ni alloy during large strain multi-axial forging." Materials Science and Engineering: A 447, no. 1-2 (February 2007): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.10.010.

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27

XIA, Xiang-sheng, Ming CHEN, yong-jin LU, Fu-you FAN, Chun-hua ZHU, Jing HUANG, Tian-quan DENG, and Shi-feng ZHU. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of isothermal multi-axial forging formed AZ61 Mg alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 23, no. 11 (November 2013): 3186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(13)62851-4.

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28

Gurao, N. P., P. Kumar, A. Sarkar, H. G. Brokmeier, and Satyam Suwas. "Simulation of Deformation Texture Evolution During Multi Axial Forging of Interstitial Free Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22, no. 4 (September 25, 2012): 1004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0388-8.

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29

Azimi, Amin, Gbadebo Moses Owolabi, Hamid Fallahdoost, Nikhil Kumar, and Grant Warner. "High Strain Rate Behavior of Ultrafine Grained AA2519 Processed via Multi Axial Cryogenic Forging." Metals 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020115.

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The present work deals with studies on the dynamic behavior of ultrafine grained AA2519 alloy synthesized via cryogenic forging (CF) and room temperature forging (RTF) techniques. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar was used to perform high strain rate tests on the processed samples and the microstructures of the samples were characterized before and after impact tests. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps demonstrated a significant grain size refinement from ~740 nm to ~250 nm as a result of cryogenic plastic deformation showing higher dislocation densities and stored strains in the CF sample when compared to the RTF sample. This microstructure modification caused the increase of dynamic flow stress in this alloy. In addition, the aluminum matrix of the CF alloy is more densely populated with fragmented particles than the RTF alloy due to the heavier plastic deformation applied to the cryogenically forged alloy. The results obtained from the stress–strain curve for the RTF sample showed intense thermomechanical instabilities in the RTF sample which led to a severe thermal softening and the subsequent sharp drop in the flow stress. However, no significant decrease was observed in the stress–strain curve of the CF alloys with ultrafine grains which means that thermal softening would probably not be the most effective failure mechanism. Furthermore, higher level of sensitivity of CF alloys to strain rates was observed which is ascribed to transition of rate-controlling plastic deformation mechanisms. In the post-mortem microstructure investigation, deformed and transformed adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) were identified on the RTF alloy when the strain rate is over 4000 s−1 at which it had experienced a significant thermal softening. On the other hand, circular path and aligned split arcs are the various shapes of the deformed ASB seen at no earlier than 4500 s−1 in the CF alloys. This is associated with the crack failure caused by grain boundary sliding.

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30

Hussain, Zahid, Fahad A. Al-Mufadi, Sivasankaran Subbarayan, and Osama M. Irfan. "Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation on nanostructured Nickel 200 alloy using multi-axial forging." Materials Science and Engineering: A 712 (January 2018): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.042.

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31

Kim, Min-Seong, Sang-Chul Kwon, Sun-Tae Kim, Seong Lee, Hyo-Tae Jeong, and Shi-Hoon Choi. "Effect of Forging Type on the Deformation Heterogeneities in Multi-Axial Diagonal Forged AA1100." Metals and Materials International 25, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-00233-8.

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32

Li, Ting, Kui Zhang, Xinggang Li, Zhiwei Du, Yongjun Li, Minglong Ma, and Guoliang Shi. "Dynamic precipitation during multi-axial forging of an Mg–7Gd–5Y–1Nd–0.5Zr alloy." Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 1, no. 1 (March 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2013.02.005.

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33

Montazeri-Pour, M., M. H. Parsa, Ali Khajezade, and H. Mirzadeh. "Multi-Axial Incremental Forging and Shearing as a New Severe Plastic Deformation Processing Technique." Advanced Engineering Materials 17, no. 8 (January 7, 2015): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400467.

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Montazeri-Pour, M., M. H. Parsa, H. R. Jafarian, and S. Taieban. "Microstructural and mechanical properties of AA1100 aluminum processed by multi-axial incremental forging and shearing." Materials Science and Engineering: A 639 (July 2015): 705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.066.

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35

Ramesh, S., H. Shivananda Nayaka, and K. R. Gopi. "Influence of Multi Axial Forging (MAF) on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Ti Alloy." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 11 (2018): 25534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.360.

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Kapoor, Rajeev, Apu Sarkar, Ananta N. Behera, and Saurav Sunil. "Multi-axial forging of Nb-1wt.%Zr: Effect of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties." Materials Science and Engineering: A 772 (January 2020): 138805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138805.

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37

Noda, Masafumi, Mitsuji Hirohashi, and Kunio Funami. "Mechanical Properties and Grain Refinement of Al-Mg Alloy by Multi-axial Alternative Warm Forging." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2003.11 (2003): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2003.11.393.

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38

Saravana Kumar, A., and P. Sasikumar. "Mechanical Properties of Multi Axially Forged Hybrid Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.90.

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This work investigated the influence of multi axial forging (MAF) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6063/Al2O3/Gr hybrid composite. It reveals that the effectiveness of forged composite exhibited better mechanical properties. The AA6063 reinforced with Al2O3 and 1 wt. % graphite (Gr) hybrid composite were fabricated using stir casting technique. The microstructure of the hybrid composite was examined using optical microscope. The mechanical properties in terms of hardness, flexural strength and compression strength were investigated. It was observed that the mechanical properties of multi axially forged hybrid composite exhibited around 15, 7 and 5 times higher than unreinforced alloy, as-casted hybrid composite and as-hardened hybrid composite. These results revealed that the multi axially forged hybrid composite would be well suited for high strength applications.

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39

Nagata, Yasuaki, M. Noda, Hideharu Shimizu, Kunio Funami, and H. Mori. "Improvement of the Fatigue Characteristic of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by Microstructures Control." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.781.

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High-strain conditions as a means of microstructure control have recently been investigated to improve the ductility and enhance the strength of magnesium alloys. The level of superplastic deformation and the fatigue properties of the wrought materials have also been studied. In comparison, only a small number of such reports are available on cast materials. As a part of the search for applications of magnesium alloys, comparisons of structural changes and mechanical properties should be made between wrought and cast materials. In the present study, the grain refinement of cast and extruded materials made from commercially available AZ31 magnesium alloy was conducted using a multi-axial alternative forging method. The relationships between the structural changes and working processes and the relationships between changes in the mechanical properties as well as grain sizes and fatigue properties are discussed. Both the cast and the extruded materials tended to exhibit uniform crystalline structures with an increasing number of working cycles. Dynamic recrystallization was observed during both working and static recrystallization during both reheating and holding. When an equivalent strain of 0.6 was applied, the localized formation of ultra-fine grains of 0.5 μm was observed. The tensile strength and yield stress had maximum values in the initial stage of the multi-axial alternative forging. Although ductility improved with higher numbers of working cycles, the strength decreased. This can be explained by the dynamic and static recrystallization processes and work softening.

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Sajjan, Sudheer S., Mithun V. Kulkarni, S. Ramesh, P. C. Sharath, Rajole Sangamesh, Aravind Kumar, and Rangappa Rajesh. "Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multi Axial Forged LM2 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.297.

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Light metal Al alloys are presently used in aerospace and industrial applications. Hence, in the present study choice of material will be LM2 aluminum alloy and processed by multi-axial forging (MAF) technique at ambient temperature for different number of passes with an equivalent strain of 0.18, 0.36 and 0.54. Microstructural analysis was carried out on unprocessed and processed samples with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As the number of MAF pass increases the average grain size was reduced because of plastic deformation by plane strain condition. Mechanical properties like Vickers hardness (VHN), tensile and compression test were carried out. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was increased after each pass of MAF due to strain hardening effect. After 3 MAF passes the compression strength was reached to maximum of 495 MPa as compared to as received sample 315 MPa and hardness, increased to 81 VHN as compared to 55 VHN for the received samples. The fractography analysis was explained using SEM images. As the number of passes increases dimple size reduces as compared to as received samples and which will be revealing the ductile mode of fracture.

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Lee, Jae Kun, Sang-Chul Kwon, Hyo-Tae Jeong, Sang-Ho Han, and Sung Hyuk Park. "Fabrication of very-high-strength pure copper with fine grain structure through multi-axial diagonal forging." Materials Letters 269 (June 2020): 127663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127663.

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42

Noda, Masafumi, Mitsuji Hirohashi, Kunio Funami, and Yutaka Suwahara. "619 Fabrication Process and Mechanical Properties of Fine Grained Aluminum Alloy by Multi-axial Alternative Forging." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 10.2 (2002): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.10.2.522.

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Mukhtarov, Shamil Kh, and Farid Z. Utyashev. "Superplastic Behavior of ATI 718Plus Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 838-839 (January 2016): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.838-839.557.

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Complex shaped, ultra thin-walled parts can be manufactured using superplastic forming. Hot working temperature for the production of fine-grained billets (d=5-15 μm) out of ATI Allvac 718Plus® superalloy is in the range of 982-1038°C. An ultrafine-grained structure (d=0.3 μm) was produced by multi-axial forging with a gradual decrease of the forging temperature from 950 to 700°C. Superplastic properties of the alloy were carried out in the temperature interval of 700-950°C. It has been revealed that the fine-grained alloy provided superplastic elongations about 300% at 950°C and strain rate of 10-4 s-1. The highest elongation of ultrafine-grained alloy was about 1450% and very low flow stresses were reached at 900°C and strain rate of 3×10-4 s-1. The ultrafine-grained alloy showed superplastic properties also at 700°C (0.62Tm). The microstructure and superplastic properties of the alloys 718 and 718Plus are compared.

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Kusuhara, Hiroaki, Munetoshi Noguchi, Masafumi Noda, Hisashi Mori, and Kunio Funami. "Effect of Fine Grain on Mechanical Properties of A6N01 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.501.

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The good formability and corrosion resistance of 6N01 Al alloy allow it to be utilized in high-speed train systems, and weight reduction of railway vehicles is possible by improving the strength of this alloy. This study examined the effect of the fine-grained structure on the mechanical properties of the alloy formed by a combination of heat treatment and severe plastic deformation such as forging and rolling. The role of the fine-grained structure in determining the plastic formability was also investigated. The 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength of the heat-treated and multi-axial alternative forging (MAF) processed materials were both greater than 300 MPa. Subsequent cold rolling of these alloys increased both the 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength to over 450 MPa with a grain size of less than 1 μm. The fine-grained structure was confirmed to be effective in improving the strength of the 6N01 Al alloy.

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45

Noda, Masafumi, Kunio Funami, and Yutaka Suwahara. "Effects of Constraint and Strain Path on Evolution of Ultrafine Grained Microstructure by Multi-Axial Alternative Forging." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3471.

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For the formation of ultrafine grain in Al alloys, various means have been investigated based on a process of continuous recrystallization using a high-strain technique that employs rigorous plastic working. However, utilization for practical application is difficult for small specimens that require constraining. In this study, the effects were studied of the use of constraining die walls in the multi-axial alternative forging process (MAF) on the formation of ultrafine grains and microstructural homogeneity. This technique has possible for scaling up to a practical scale. Our results showed that tensile strength and yield stress in these fabricated materials were tripled over those of the initial materials when strain was applied. The average grain size after strain application was 0.5 µm. We conclude that a loading technique that uses different applied directions is the key determinant in creating ultrafine grains.

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46

Kapil, Rajat, Amit joshi, R. Jayaganthan, Saurabh Gairola, and Raviraj Verma. "Improvement of fracture toughness of ultra fine grained Al–Li 8090 alloy processed through multi axial forging." Materials Research Express 6, no. 8 (May 21, 2019): 085064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1f9d.

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Ramezani, S. M., A. Zarei-Hanzaki, A. S. Anoushe, H. R. Abedi, P. Minarik, K. Máthis, and K. Horváth Fekete. "A new insight into LPSO transformation during multi-axial forging in Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy." Materials Letters 269 (June 2020): 127625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127625.

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48

Shamsolhodaei, A., A. Zarei-Hanzaki, and M. Moghaddam. "Structural and functional properties of a semi equiatomic NiTi shape memory alloy processed by multi-axial forging." Materials Science and Engineering: A 700 (July 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.011.

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49

Montazeri-Pour, Mehdi, and Mohammad Habibi Parsa. "Constitutive analysis of tensile deformation behavior for AA1100 aluminum subjected to multi-axial incremental forging and shearing." Mechanics of Materials 94 (March 2016): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.11.016.

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TAO, Jian-quan, Yuan-sheng CHENG, Shao-dong HUANG, Fei-fei PENG, Wen-xuan YANG, Mei-qi LU, Zhi-ming ZHANG, and Xin JIN. "Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy prepared by multi-axial forging during partial remelting." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22 (December 2012): s428—s434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(12)61742-7.

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