Journal articles: 'Multi Active Bridge'

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Marcinek, Adrián, and Marek Pástor. "Initial Analysis of Multi Active Bridge Converter." Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aei-2023-0007.

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Abstract This paper introduces a design of a modular multiport converter, employing active bridges. The design incorporates a modular structure, and the paper begins by conducting steady state analyses to evaluate the converter’s characteristics. Subsequently, a RMS current equation, average current equation and power distribution equation are derived. From these equations is derived equation for delay of specific port. Lastly, a multi active bridge described in this way is verified by simulation.

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Li, Zheng Ying, Peng Peng Dang, and De Jian Mu. "MR Damper Semiactive Control for Bridge under Multi-Support Seismic Excitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1402.

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For vibration control of long-span arch bridges under multi-support seismic excitation, this paper presents schemes of control to seismic responses of arch bridges with Magneto-Rheological dampers(MRD). In the semi-active control system of arch bridge-MRD, Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG)-based Sign function control algorithm is used to command MRD，and traveling wave effects on the responses of structure are considered. The Nimu arch bridge is used as a simulation example to verify the proposed control scheme. Numerical results show that traveling wave effects have no unfavorable influence on the control to response of arch bridge.

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Shi, Li Ping, Zheng Da Wang, and Ya Jing Hu. "Study of Cascade Seven-Level Parallel Active Filter." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6038.

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Multi-level inverter can output high voltage directly and can be connected without transformer, so it is applied more and more widely in high power situation. This paper presents a cascade H bridge seven-level parallel active power filter. This paper analyzes the principle of cascade H bridge multi-level inverter, designs a cascade H bridge seven-level SAPF based on CPS-SPWM, and the principle and the effect are simulated. The simulation results show that this system can compensate load harmonic current.

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Cheng, Yao, Pengqi Wang, and Qiang Xu. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Impact of Active Ground Fissures on Damage to Urban Overpasses." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13126925.

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Urban overpasses, being long-span linear projects, are inevitably affected by ground fissure activities. This study focused on the three-span continuous overpass, and used the MIDAS GTS NX finite element simulation software to establish the model of an urban overpass crossing active ground fissures with different straddling ground fissure positions and hanging wall settlements. This study analyzed the deformation and stress characteristics of soil and bridges induced by ground fissures under different working conditions. The results demonstrate that the soil’s displacement response is mainly concentrated near the ground fissures, and the displacement changes decrease with increasing ground fissures. Ground fissure activities redistribute the stress inside the beam and pier, resulting in the tilting of the pier. When the fissure activity is small, the use of multi-span beams to straddle the ground fissures can effectively reduce the influence of ground fissure activities on bridge deformation. However, when the fissure activity is significant, the bridge may be damaged, and excessive deformation of the bridge and piers may not meet code requirements. In such cases, the multi-span beam structure type should be changed to adapt to the ground fissure activity. The research results provide significant reference value for urban traffic planning and overpass design.

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Tsang, Kai‐Ming, and Wai‐Lok Chan. "Multi‐level multi‐output single‐phase active rectifier using cascaded H‐bridge converter." IET Power Electronics 7, no. 4 (April 2014): 784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0242.

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Vermulst, Bas J. D., Jorge L. Duarte, Elena A. Lomonova, and Korneel G. E. Wijnands. "Scalable multi‐port active‐bridge converters: modelling and optimised control." IET Power Electronics 10, no. 1 (January 2017): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0191.

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Tarraf, Rebecca, David Frey, Sylvain Leirens, Sebastien Carcouet, Xavier Maynard, and Yves Lembeye. "Modeling and Control of a Hybrid-Fed Triple-Active Bridge Converter." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 16, 2023): 6007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166007.

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In general, the structures of Multi-Active Bridge (MAB) converters that can be found in the literature are usually based on voltage converters. However, in some cases, it could be interesting to have a current-fed input due to load characteristics or operation constraints. This leads to a hybrid MAB structure mixing both current-fed and voltage-fed bridges. In this paper, a new hybrid-fed, fully coupled Triple-Active Bridge (TAB) converter topology with two voltage-fed ports and one current-fed port is studied, modelled and controlled. In the first place, a generalized average model (GAM) is developed for this system. After that, a reduced-order model is elaborated in order to simplify the behavioral study and control of this coupled system. A control strategy was also proposed in this paper, based on the developed mathematical model. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to validate this study.

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Lin, Min, Xiang Wei Zhang, and Si Yuan Chen. "Stochastic Responses of Vehicle-Bridge Coupling System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 2312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2312.

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In this paper,we want to obtain the research of virtual vehicle-birdge coupling system, a vehicle-bridge coupling model was established based on the multi-point Pseudo Excitation Method model, and then the simulation result was gained by ANSYS. First,a detailed multi-body dynamic model of the vehicle was established by using ADAMS/VIEW software package; secondly, a stochastic controller was designed for active suspension system and worked out by means of Matlab/Simulink, the proposed control algorithm was integrated with the multi-body dynamic vehicle model and the coupling system simulations could be performed repeatedly until a satisfactory controller was achieved, the system was compared with a conventional passive one. Simulation results showed that the proposed active suspension considerably improved both the ride and handling performance of the vehicle.

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Wei, Shusheng, and Wusong Wen. "High-Frequency Oscillation of the Active-Bridge-Transformer-Based DC/DC Converter." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093311.

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The dual-active-bridge converter (DAB) has attracted tremendous attention in recent years. However, its EMI issues, especially the high-frequency oscillation (HFO) induced by the dv/dt and parasitic elements of the transformer, are significant challenges. The multi-active-bridge converter (MAB) based on the multi-winding transformer also faces similar problems, which are even more complicated. This article investigates the HFO of active-bridge-transformer-based DC/DC converters including DAB and MAB. Firstly, the general HFO model is studied using the analysis of the AC equivalent circuit considering the asymmetrical parameters. Ignoring the AC resistance in the circuit, the high-order model of the voltage oscillation could be reduced to a second-order system. Based on the simplified model, the oscillation voltage generated by an active bridge is analyzed in the time domain. Then, a universal active voltage-oscillation-suppression method-selected harmonic-elimination phase-shift (SHE PS) modulation method is proposed. The impacts of the system parameters on the method are also revealed. The experimental results show the excellent performance of the proposed active suppression method, with voltage spike amplitude (VSA) reductions of 92.1% and 77.8% for the DAB and MAB prototypes, respectively.

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Fenwick, Axel J., David C. Lin, and Bertrand C. W. Tanner. "Myosin cross-bridge kinetics slow at longer muscle lengths during isometric contractions in intact soleus from mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1950 (May 12, 2021): 20202895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2895.

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Muscle contraction results from force-generating cross-bridge interactions between myosin and actin. Cross-bridge cycling kinetics underlie fundamental contractile properties, such as active force production and energy utilization. Factors that influence cross-bridge kinetics at the molecular level propagate through the sarcomeres, cells and tissue to modulate whole-muscle function. Conversely, movement and changes in the muscle length can influence cross-bridge kinetics on the molecular level. Reduced, single-molecule and single-fibre experiments have shown that increasing the strain on cross-bridges may slow their cycling rate and prolong their attachment duration. However, whether these strain-dependent cycling mechanisms persist in the intact muscle tissue, which encompasses more complex organization and passive elements, remains unclear. To investigate this multi-scale relationship, we adapted traditional step-stretch protocols for use with mouse soleus muscle during isometric tetanic contractions, enabling novel estimates of length-dependent cross-bridge kinetics in the intact skeletal muscle. Compared to rates at the optimal muscle length ( L o ), we found that cross-bridge detachment rates increased by approximately 20% at 90% of L o (shorter) and decreased by approximately 20% at 110% of L o (longer). These data indicate that cross-bridge kinetics vary with whole-muscle length during intact, isometric contraction, which could intrinsically modulate force generation and energetics, and suggests a multi-scale feedback pathway between whole-muscle function and cross-bridge activity.

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11

Teng, Fei, Dezheng Kong, Zixuan Cui, Yuan Qin, Zhenghang Hao, Na Rong, and Zhuo Chen. "DCSST Multi-Modular Equalization Scheme Based on Distributed Control." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 8125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238125.

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As an important part of the DC micro-grid, DC solid-state transformers (DCSST) usually use a dual-loop control that combines the input equalization and output voltage loop. This strategy fails to ensure output equalization when the parameters of each dual active bridge (DAB) converter module are inconsistent, thus reducing the operational efficiency of the DCSST. To solve the above problems, a DCSST-balancing control strategy based on loop current suppression is presented. By fixing the phase-shifting angle within the bridge and adjusting the phase-shifting angle between bridges, the circulation current of each DAB converter module is reduced. Based on the double-loop control of the DAB, five controllers are nested outside each DAB submodule to achieve distributed control of the DCSST. The proposed control strategy can reduce the system circulation current with different circuit parameters of the submodules, ensure the balance of input voltage and output current of each submodule, and increase the robustness of the system. The simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method.

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12

Xie, Xu, and T. Y. Yang. "Performance Evaluation of Chinese High-Speed Railway Bridges Under Seismic Loads." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 05 (May 2020): 2050066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420500662.

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The multi-span simply supported (MSSS) box girder bridge is the most used structural form for the high-speed railway (HSR) in China. In structural design, it is required that the MSSS bridge system has high stiffness and low deflection under the operation loads. With the expansion of the HSR network to regions that are seismically active, the seismic performance of MSSS bridges in these regions is an issue of great concern. In this study, the performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology originally developed to quantify the seismic performance of buildings and bridges has been adopted to quantify the seismic performance of the HSR MSSS bridges in China. Typically, a four-span MSSS bridge used in China’s Sichuan–Yunnan HSR lines has been extensively assessed by the PBEE approach. This study is the first of its kind to systematically identify and quantify the damage states, repair actions, repair costs and travel delay losses for China’s HSR MSSS bridge system. The results reveal that the financial loss from the MSSS bridge system is highly dependent on the anchorage capacity of the fixed bearings. Overall, the costs of travel delay outweigh those for structural repair. Most of the financial loss can be attributed to the functional loss of the track-slab components and bearings of the HSR MSSS bridge system.

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13

Fraytag, Jeferson, André Luís Kirsten, and Marcelo Lobo Heldwein. "IMPACTS OF THE MULTI-VARIABLES MODULATION ON TRANSFORMER AND SOFT-SWITCHING OF A DUAL-ACTIVE-BRIDGE." Eletrônica de Potência 25, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2020.3.0016.

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14

El-Khoury, Omar, Chung Kim, Abdollah Shafieezadeh, Jee Eun Hur, and Gwang Hee Heo. "Mitigation of the seismic response of multi-span bridges using MR dampers: Experimental study of a new SMC-based controller." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316633540.

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Pounding between adjacent structures has been a concern in multi-span bridges in recent earthquakes. In this paper, a pounding mitigation strategy using magnetorheological dampers is proposed, and its performance is tested for a three-span bridge using a series of shake-table experiments. A new semi-active control algorithm called SMC-OPC is developed that is based on a clipped sliding mode control (SMC) with sliding surfaces designed using an optimal polynomial control (OPC) approach. The control design uses a stochastically linearized model of the nonlinear bridge with passive components of the magnetorheological dampers embedded to achieve a more representative system characterization. Optimal weighting matrices for the optimal polynomial control are found through a genetic algorithm. The proposed method along with uncontrolled, passive-off, and passive-on cases are tested on shake-tables for several scaled near-field Kobe ground motion records. Although no pounding is observed in all control cases for small earthquakes, significant pounding occurs in the uncontrolled and passive-off systems under large earthquakes. For these ground motions, the performance of the semi-active controller converges to that of the passive-on case but with noticeably reduced power consumption. The study shows that the use of magnetorheological dampers between adjacent spans is very effective in mitigating critical bridge responses especially under large earthquakes. In addition, the proposed SMC-OPC semi-active control strategy enables achieving balance among multiple performance objectives with significantly reduced power consumption as compared to passive-on case.

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Wright, Iain A., Neil J. Findlay, Sasikumar Arumugam, Anto R. Inigo, Alexander L. Kanibolotsky, Pawel Zassowski, Wojciech Domagala, and Peter J. Skabara. "Fused H-shaped tetrathiafulvalene–oligothiophenes as charge transport materials for OFETs and OPVs." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 15 (2014): 2674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32571g.

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Yılmaz, Mehmet F., and Barlas Ö. Çağlayan. "Seismic assessment of a multi-span steel railway bridge in Turkey based on nonlinear time history." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-231-2018.

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Abstract. Many research studies have shown that bridges are vulnerable to earthquakes, graphically confirmed by incidents such as the San Fernando (1971 USA), Northridge (1994 USA), Great Hanshin (1995 Japan), and Chi-Chi (1999 Taiwan) earthquakes, amongst many others. The studies show that fragility curves are useful tools for bridge seismic risk assessments, which can be generated empirically or analytically. Empirical fragility curves can be generated where damage reports from past earthquakes are available, but otherwise, analytical fragility curves can be generated from structural seismic response analysis. Earthquake damage data in Turkey are very limited, hence this study employed an analytical method to generate fragility curves for the Alasehir bridge. The Alasehir bridge is part of the Manisa–Uşak–Dumlupınar–Afyon railway line, which is very important for human and freight transportation, and since most of the country is seismically active, it is essential to assess the bridge's vulnerability. The bridge consists of six 30 m truss spans with a total span 189 m supported by 2 abutments and 5 truss piers, 12.5, 19, 26, 33, and 40 m. Sap2000 software was used to model the Alasehir bridge, which was refined using field measurements, and the effect of 60 selected real earthquake data analyzed using the refined model, considering material and geometry nonlinearity. Thus, the seismic behavior of Alasehir railway bridge was determined and truss pier reaction and displacements were used to determine its seismic performance. Different intensity measures were compared for efficiency, practicality, and sufficiency and their component and system fragility curves derived.

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Ning, Jing. "Model Reduction and Seismic Active Control of an Multi-Spanned Highway Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1986.

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The Eigen mode reduction method and active control and passive base isolation strategies are exerted on one continuous isolated prestressed concrete bridge. The goal of this study is to check the applicability of the eigen mode reduction method and LQR control law on the isolated continuous or rigid-connection type bridge, to find a more effective control strategy when nonlinearity is introduced. A spaced frame finite-element model is developed by a MATLAB program coded by the author, its validity is checked through comparisons with a sap2000 model. In this program, the nonlinearities of 3 different columns and 5 isolators are considered with their bilinear force-deformation relationship. the factors such as the control devices, sensors, and the corresponding noises and time delay are all considered in the model. Eigen mode reduction method was applied to set up the controllers. The seismic response measurements and regulated outputs are adjusted to optimize control effects.

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Gibbs, I. A., and D. S. Kimmel. "Active current balance between parallel thyristors in multi-bridge AC-DC rectifiers." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 16, no. 4 (2001): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/60.969472.

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Lei, Tao, Cenying Wu, and Xiaofei Liu. "Multi-Objective Optimization Control for the Aerospace Dual-Active Bridge Power Converter." Energies 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2018): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11051168.

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Granata, Samuele, Marco Di Benedetto, Cristina Terlizzi, Riccardo Leuzzi, Stefano Bifaretti, and Pericle Zanchetta. "Power Electronics Converters for the Internet of Energy: A Review." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072604.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-port power electronics converters used for application in AC, DC, or hybrid distribution systems in an Internet of Energy scenario. In particular, multi-port solid-state transformer (SST) topologies have been addressed and classified according to their isolation capabilities and their conversion stages configurations. Non-conventional configurations have been considered. A comparison of the most relevant features and design specifications between popular topologies has been provided through a comprehensive and effective table. Potential benefits of SSTs in distribution applications have been highlighted even with reference to a network active nodes usage. This review also highlights standards and technical regulations in force for connecting SSTs to the electrical distribution system. Finally, two case studies of multi-port topologies have been presented and discussed. The first one is an isolated multi-port bidirectional dual active bridge DC-DC converter useful in fast-charging applications. The second case of study deals with a three-port AC-AC multi-level power converter in H-Bridge configuration able to replicate a network active node and capable of routing and controlling energy under different operating conditions.

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Yan, Gui Yun, and Zheng Zhang. "Predictive Control of a Cable-Stayed Bridge under Multiple-Support Excitations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.268.

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This paper presents a predictive control strategy for seismic protection of a benchmark cable-stayed bridge with consideration of multiple-support excitations. In this active control strategy, a multi-step predictive model is built to estimate the seismic dynamics of cable-stayed bridge and the effects of some complicated factors such as time-varying, model mismatching, disturbances and uncertainty of controlled system, are taken into account by the prediction error feedback in the multi-step predictive model. The prediction error is that the actual system output is compared to the model prediction at each time step. Numerical simulation is carried out for analyzing the seismic responses of the controlled cable-stayed bridge and the results show that the developed predictive control strategy can reduce the seismic response of benchmark cable-stayed bridge efficiently.

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Sun, Meng-Jia, Hai-Jing Nie, Jian-Nian Yao, and Yu-Wu Zhong. "Bis-triarylamine with a cyclometalated diosmium bridge: A multi-stage redox-active system." Chinese Chemical Letters 26, no. 6 (June 2015): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2015.03.032.

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Gu, Yu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Bingyang Wang, Zhangwen Jia, and Anshou Li. "Research on a Wide-Output Resonant Converter with Multi-Mode Switching." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186754.

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In this article, a resonant converter based on a series-parallel self-adjusting rectifier structure is proposed. By changing the driving signal of the switch, the converter has four working modes: full-bridge structure frequency modulation control, full-bridge structure phase-shift control, half-bridge structure frequency modulation control and half-bridge structure phase-shift control. The newly proposed resonant converter retains the soft switching characteristics of the LLC resonant converter and the mode switching can be completed only through software control without adding additional switches. Different modes correspond to different gain ranges. By changing the control strategy of the modes, the newly proposed converter can meet the design requirements of wide output. Finally, an experimental prototype with an input voltage of 25 V and an output voltage of 9 V to 35 V is built. The experimental results prove the correctness of the wide output characteristics of the converter proposed in the article and, in the four operating modes, it can realize zero-voltage turn-on of the active switch on the primary side and zero-current turn-off of the rectifier diode on the secondary side, which preserves the high efficiency of the resonant converter.

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Snehalika, Snehalika, Ranjeeta Patel, Amruta Abhishek, Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi, and Ranjan Keshari Pati. "A new GaN-based converter design for electric vehicle charging system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2024): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i3.pp1594-1608.

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The research work proposes a gallium nitride (GaN) based isolated bidirectional DC-DC (IBDC)-triple active bridge (TAB) based multi-port converter (MPC) for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The proposed GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC incorporates one input port (Port 1) and two output ports (Port 2 and Port 3) for charging, implying the use of fewer components compared to a conventional dual active bridge (DAB) charging system. The output ports can be operated individually in single active bridge (SAB), Dual active bridge (DAB), and TAB modes. A 12 kW GaN IBDC-TAB based MPC converter is designed for simulation study using LTspice XVII software. In the TAB mode of operation, output Port 2 designated for Level-1 (L-1) charging produces 1.5 kW, and output Port 3 designated for Level-2 (L-2) charging produces 10.6 kW. The maximum efficiency of 98.87% is obtained in simulation for the MPC converter in TAB mode. For experimental validation, a 0.91 kW prototype is presented with Port 1, Port 2, and Port 3 voltages as 230 V, 120 V, and 200 V respectively with the considered switching frequency of 100 kHz. The single-phase-shift control strategy is implemented for controlling the transmitted power in the proposed GaN IBDC-TAB converter.

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Koohi, Peyman, Alan J. Watson, Jon C. Clare, Thiago Batista Soeiro, and Patrick W. Wheeler. "A Survey on Multi-Active Bridge DC-DC Converters: Power Flow Decoupling Techniques, Applications, and Challenges." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 5927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165927.

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Multi-port DC-DC converters are a promising solution for a wide range of applications involving multiple DC sources, storage elements, and loads. Multi-active bridge (MAB) converters have attracted the interest of researchers over the past two decades due to their potential advantages such as high power density, high transfer ratio, and galvanic isolation, for example, compared to other solutions. However, the coupled power flow nature of MAB converters makes their control implementation difficult, and due to the multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) structure of their control systems, a decoupling control strategy must be designed. Various control and topology-level strategies are proposed to mitigate the coupling effect. This paper discusses the operating principles, applications, methods for analyzing power flow, advanced modulation techniques, and small signal modelling of the MAB converter. Having explained the origin of cross-coupling, the existing power flow decoupling methods are reviewed, categorized, and compared in terms of effectiveness and implementation complexity.

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Santoro, Danilo, Iñigo Kortabarria, Andrea Toscani, Carlo Concari, Paolo Cova, and Nicola Delmonte. "PV Modules Interfacing Isolated Triple Active Bridge for Nanogrid Applications." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102854.

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DC nanogrid architectures with Photovoltaic (PV) modules are expected to grow significantly in the next decades. Therefore, the integration of multi-port power converters and high-frequency isolation links are of increasing interest. The Triple Active Bridge (TAB) topology shows interesting advantages in terms of isolation, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) over wide load and input voltage ranges and high frequency operation capability. Thus, controlling PV modules is not an easy task due to the complexity and control stability of the system. In fact, the TAB power transfer function has many degrees of freedom, and the relationship between any of two ports is always dependent on the third one. In this paper we analyze the interfacing of photovoltaic arrays to the TAB with different solar conditions. A simple but effective control solution is proposed, which can be implemented through general purpose microcontrollers. The TAB is applied to an islanded DC nanogrid, which can be useful and readily implemented in locations where the utility grid is not available or reliable, and applications where isolation is required as for example More Electric Aircraft (MEA). Different conditions have been simulated and the control loops are proved for a reliable bus voltage control on the load side and a good maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

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Guo, Yanfeng, Yongliang Zhang, Xiaozhong Li, and Hongqiang Lu. "Research on the Layout of Jacks for Multi-T Girder Bridge in Active Underpinning." Journal of Engineering Studies 10, no. 05 (October 1, 2018): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1224.2018.00466.

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Tsang, K. M., W. L. Chan, and Xin Tang. "Multi-level Shunt Active Power Filter Using Modular Cascade H-bridge and Delay Firing." Electric Power Components and Systems 41, no. 6 (April 2013): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2013.763307.

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Lo, Kuo-Yuan, Kuo-Hsiang Liu, Li-Xin Chen, Ching-Yu Chen, Chang-Heng Shih, and Jyun-Ting Lin. "Multi-Mode Control of a Bidirectional Converter for Battery Energy Storage System." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 8114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218114.

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In this paper, a bidirectional converter with multi-mode control strategies is proposed for a battery energy storage system (BESS). This proposed converter, which is composed of a half-bridge-type dual-active-bridge (HBDAB) converter and an H-bridge inverter, is able to operate the BESS with different power conditions and achieve the DC–AC function for lower input DC voltage applications. For the HBDAB converter, the variable-frequency control (VFC) and phase-shift control (PSC) are both adopted to achieve zero-voltage switching over a wider power range and the battery module balance control capability for BESS, respectively. In addition, the interleaved configuration is used to reduce the current ripple and increase the overall current rating. For the H-bridge inverter, the unipolar control mode (UCM) and totem-pole control mode (TPCM) are adopted to manage the real and reactive current control under different AC grid conditions. The UCM offers a reduction in current ripple for real and reactive power control. The TPCM is able to eliminate switching losses and achieve higher conversion efficiency for pure real power control. Considering applications for battery energy storage systems, the principle of operation and voltage gain analysis are described. Finally, computer simulations and hardware experimental results from a prototype system are presented to verify the performance of the proposed converter with the different control strategies.

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Gregor, Raul, Julio Pacher, Alejandro Espinoza, Alfredo Renault, Leonardo Comparatore, and Magno Ayala. "Harmonics Compensation by Using a Multi-Modular H-Bridge-Based Multilevel Converter." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154698.

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This paper presents an active power filter based on a seven-level cascade H-bridge where the main contribution is a control strategy that combines model-based predictive control, the voltage vectors of the converter output levels, the phase shift PWM technique, and suboptimal DC-link voltage control. The proposed scheme greatly simplified the overall control system, making it well suited to compensate the current harmonics distortion at the grid side, generated by nonlinear loads connected to the point of common coupling. In addition, the proposed method achieved a balancing of the capacitor voltages of the seven-level cascade H-bridge converter by using the minimum DC-link voltage sensors. This feature significantly reduced the control system complexity and provided a low computational burden. Experimental results confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed controller.

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Hamzah, Mustafa Kareem, and Farzad Hejazi. "Numerical Performance of Energy Dissipation Slotted Plate for Bridge Unseating Prevention." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012071.

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Abstract Recently, the bridge unseating prevention devices are widely used in active seismic zones. These devices are stiffness dependant, velocity dependant and energy dissipation devices. The energy dissipation devices are designed to overcome the energy that transfers from bridge substructure to superstructure. However, the current devices are not controlled to function with different ground motion intensities and should be replaced after yielding. Therefore, this research introduced a slotted plate energy dissipation device with three parts, each part function in known deformation range. The slotted plate behavior has been evaluated numerically by finite element method. Displacement control and load control analysis has been done, and then the effect of steel grade is studied to predict the suitable steel properties for designing the plate. Moreover, the slotted plate behavior is applied in 3D bridge seismic analysis to assess the multi-level performance and the ability to overcome the seismic effect on the bridge in longitudinal direction. The results approved the capability of the plate to dissipate energy in multi-stage of deformation. The lower steel grade is suitable for low to moderate earthquake zone and the high grade can be used in severe ground motion areas. Furthermore, the bridge longitudinal behavior has enhanced with different steel grades of the slotted plate.

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Tandekar, Jitendra, Amit Ojha, and Shailendra Jain. "Five-Level Cascaded H-Bridge MLC-Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Active Harmonics Mitigation in Distributed Network." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 02 (November 12, 2018): 1950035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661950035x.

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This paper presents an investigation on mitigation of current harmonics, using Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Converter (CHB-MLC)-based Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF). Development and analysis of SAPF for harmonic compensation in distribution network for power quality improvement has been discussed. In the proposed work, transformer-less CHB MLC is used which reduces weight and cost of the system. Moreover, a novel controller based on average power method is adopted for generation of compensation active filter current. In order to generate switching signals, multi-carrier Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) — Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) schemes are used. The proposed CHB-MLC SAPF reduces the source current THD below 5%. The results are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and demonstrate the effective mitigation of current harmonics with APOD-PWM schemes. Opal-RT OP4500 real-time digital simulator is used to validate the proposed scheme under different steady state and transient conditions.

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Shi, Xiaolong, Jianguo Zhu, Dylan Lu, and Li Li. "Multi-Functional Model Predictive Control with Mutual Influence Elimination for Three-Phase AC/DC Converters in Energy Conversion." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2019): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091616.

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Conventional model predictive control (MPC)-based direct power control of the three-phase full-bridge AC/DC converter usually suffers from the parametric coupling between active and reactive powers. A reference change of either the active or reactive power will influence the other, deteriorating the dynamic-state performance. In addition, the steady-state performance affected by one-step-delay arising from computation and communication processes in the digital implementation should be improved in consideration of switching frequency reduction. In combination with the proposed novel mutual influence elimination constraint, this paper proposes the multi-functional MPC for three-phase full-bridge AC/DC converters to improve both the steady and dynamic performances simultaneously. It has various advantages such as one-step-delay compensation, power ripple reduction, and switching frequency reduction for steady-state performance as well as mutual influence elimination for dynamic capability. The simulation and experimental results are obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Ramu, Velishala, P. Satish Kumar, and G. N. Sreenivas. "Distributed Generation Integration to Grid using Multi-Level CHB Inverter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i2.pp312-321.

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Environmental conditions, electrical modeling and developments in industries led to new power generation epoch where fat section of power required for load section is fed through extensive induction of distributed resources generally known as distributed generation [DG]. Distributed generation reduces the risk of environmental pollution and distance criterion posed from conventional power generation. This paper presents grid integration scheme of distributed generation using five-level cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) inverter. Reference currents used to produce pulses for switches in CHB are generated using a simple control strategy. Performance of the system was evaluated when only active power is fed from distributed generation to grid and also when both active and reactive powers were fed to grid from distributed generation. Proposed system was developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and results are presented.

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Mondragón, Claudia M. Cortés, José M. Jara Guerrero, Bertha A. Olmos Navarrete, and Guillermo Martínez Ruiz. "Fragility Curves of RC Bridges in México." Applied Mechanics and Materials 906 (April 29, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-r57m3u.

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Large earthquakes have epicenters on the Pacific Coast of Mexico and many of them are responsible of damages in reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. The Pacific Coast is a highly active seismic zone where most of the strong earthquakes in the country occur. In this region, there are new and old RC bridges subjected to ground motions from interplate and intraplate seismic sources. This study evaluates the seismic vulnerability of ten RC bridges, with typical geometry in Mexico, and two existing bridges located close to the Pacific Coast of Mexico. The group of ten bridges includes two span lengths (20 and 40 m), two pier heights (6 and 10 m) and two substructure types (single and multi-colum piers). The bridges were designed according to the regulation codes used in practice in Mexico, and their seismic capacity (C) was evaluated with pushover analysis. The seismic demand (D) was determined using a group of more than one hundred seismic records from interplate and intraplate seismic sources. The random ratio C/D was used to assess the fragility curves of the bridges using four earthquake return periods. The results showed that the two existing bridges have similar trend of behavior and the fragility curves of the bridge models can predict the expected behavior of multi-column or single-column existing bridges.

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Lee, Gi-Young, Chul-Min Kim, Jungho Han, and Jong-Soo Kim. "A Control Strategy for Suppressing Zero-Crossing Current of Single-Phase Half-Bridge Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Three-Level Inverter." Electronics 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2024): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193929.

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Multi-level inverters have characteristics suitable for high-voltage and high-power applications through various topology configurations. These reduce harmonic distortion and improve the quality of the output waveform by generating a multi-level output voltage waveform. In particular, an active neutral-point-clamped topology is one of the multi-level inverters advantageous for high-power and medium-voltage applications. It has the advantage of controlling the output waveform more precisely by actively clamping the neutral point using an active switch and diode. However, it has a problem, which is that an unwanted zero-crossing current may occur if an inaccurate switching signal is applied at the time when the polarity of the output voltage changes. In this paper, a control strategy to suppress the zero-crossing current of a single-phase half-bridge three-level active neutral-point-clamped inverter is proposed. The operating principle of a single-phase half-bridge three-level active neutral-point-clamped inverter is identified through an operation mode analysis. In addition, how the switching signal is reflected in an actual digital signal processor is analyzed to determine the situation in which the zero-crossing current occurs. Through this, a control strategy capable of suppressing zero-crossing current is designed. The proposed method prevents a zero-crossing current by appropriately modifying the update timing of reference voltages at the point where the polarity of the output changes. The validity of the proposed method is verified through simulation and experiments. Based on the proposed method, the total harmonic distortion of the output current is significantly reduced from 12.15% to 4.59% in a full-load situation.

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Martín, Juan Carlos, Carmen Orden-Cruz, and Slimane Zergane. "Islamic Finance and Halal Tourism: An Unexplored Bridge for Smart Specialization." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145736.

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Since the 1960s, Halal industry and Islamic Finance have grown in parallel without implementing adequate synergies. Halal tourism is a fast-growing sector of Halal industry, and the connection with Islamic Finance has hardly been researched. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether Islamic Finance can play an active role in developing Halal Tourism. This topic has not been empirically researched in the literature. The methodology is based on a fuzzy hybrid multi-criteria method that satisfactorily handles the imprecise nature associated with the information provided by Likert scales. Our results show how culture has a direct moderating effect on the degree of agreement that respondents have over the active role that IF can play, finding that English respondents agree more than Spanish and Arabs respondents. Similarly, our results also show that the knowledge of the Halal concept makes respondents agree more with the active role of Islamic finance. This study provides insights to the main stakeholders, and it can be strategically used to foster adequate synergy between Islamic Finance and the development of Halal tourist products as a way to specialize in a more sustainable tourism.

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Higa, Hayato, and Jun-ichi Itoh. "Development of Flying Capacitor Dual Active Bridge Converter using Multi-mode Operation depending on Output Power." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 137, no. 10 (2017): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.137.760.

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Fraytag, Jeferson, André Luís Kirsten, and Marcelo Lobo Heldwein. "Impact analysis of a multi‐variables modulation on the transformer of the dual‐active‐bridge converter." IET Power Electronics 13, no. 5 (April 2020): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2019.0963.

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Szelka, Janusz, and Zbigniew Wrona. "Determinant factors of using data and knowledge in bridge engineering." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926207012.

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Complexity and heterogeneity of information and decision processes in bridge construction necessitates the use of heterogeneous and complex information resources. However, for data collection and processing in this area, transactional database systems are mainly employed. They allow only the processing of detailed precise data as well as static ones. Other categories of data used in this area, including, for instance, fuzzy, temporal or active data, make it necessary to use additional specialized database systems. A similar remark can be made in relation to the various categories of acquired and processed knowledge in bridge construction projects (e.g. complete or incomplete knowledge in the reasoning process). Numerous independent and autonomous software applications used for this purpose do not offer comprehensive support for complex and multi-stage problems. It appears then that rational IT solutions in this area should be sought within the integrated systems of intelligent databases, supplemented with data fuzzing mechanisms and active data support, and, additionally, enabling the exchange of data with heuristic reasoning systems, in particular with expert systems that use the rule-based organization of knowledge, cooperating with case-based reasoning systems.

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Fernandez-Hernandez, Alejandro, Fernando Gonzalez-Hernando, Asier Garcia-Bediaga, Irma Villar, and Gonzalo Abad. "Design Space Analysis of the Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for More Electric Aircraft." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 9503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249503.

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In the literature, different DC/DC power electronic converters (PECs) have been found to interconnect high-voltage DC and low-voltage DC grids in the electric power distribution networks of aircraft. In this scenario, the dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter has been shown to be one of the most promising topologies. The main disadvantages of this PEC are the large output capacitance required to satisfy more electric aircraft (MEA) requirements and the high conduction losses produced in low-voltage power devices of (LV). Therefore, this paper proposes analytical models to determine the voltage ripple and root-mean-square (RMS) current in DC bus capacitors of DABs considering different modulation strategies. Moreover, an analysis of the design space in an MEA case study is performed to evaluate the influence of the design variables in power losses of power devices and peak-to-peak voltage ripple in DC bus capacitors. These models are useful for the design stage of this PEC, as well as to enable multi-objective optimization procedures by reducing the computational cost of these methodologies. Furthermore, the exploration of the switching frequency and limit of the modulation angle aid in reducing the resulting volume of the low-voltage DC capacitor.

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Van Wonderen, Jessica H., Vasily S. Oganesyan, Nicholas J. Watmough, David J. Richardson, Andrew J. Thomson, and Myles R. Cheesman. "Unexpected weak magnetic exchange coupling between haem and non-haem iron in the catalytic site of nitric oxide reductase (NorBC) from Paracoccus denitrificans1." Biochemical Journal 451, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20121406.

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Bacterial NOR (nitric oxide reductase) is a major source of the powerful greenhouse gas N2O. NorBC from Paracoccus denitrificans is a heterodimeric multi-haem transmembrane complex. The active site, in NorB, comprises high-spin haem b3 in close proximity with non-haem iron, FeB. In oxidized NorBC, the active site is EPR-silent owing to exchange coupling between FeIII haem b3 and FeBIII (both S=5/2). On the basis of resonance Raman studies [Moënne-Loccoz, Richter, Huang, Wasser, Ghiladi, Karlin and de Vries (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 9344–9345], it has been assumed that the coupling is mediated by an oxo-bridge and subsequent studies have been interpreted on the basis of this model. In the present study we report a VFVT (variable-field variable-temperature) MCD (magnetic circular dichroism) study that determines an isotropic value of J=−1.7 cm−1 for the coupling. This is two orders of magnitude smaller than that encountered for oxo-bridged diferric systems, thus ruling out this configuration. Instead, it is proposed that weak coupling is mediated by a conserved glutamate residue.

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Lasri, Othmane, Pier Francesco Giordano, Maria Pina Limongelli, and Mattia Previtali. "Remote monitoring of a concrete bridge using PSInSAR." ce/papers 6, no. 5 (September 2023): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2189.

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AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) can support decision makers in structural integrity management by providing information about occurrence of damage and its evolution in time. Recently, due to new Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) missions, remote sensing through active satellites provides a promising methodology capable of monitoring infrastructure assets. This paper investigates the use of Multi‐Temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (MT‐InSAR) processing to monitor the structural health of bridges. The full interferometry processing chain is applied using Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar data and a combination of open‐source routines from the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) and Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS). Displacement time‐histories are derived from single look complex products by employing the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSInSAR) technique. The PS‐InSAR technique is applied to study the behavior of a concrete bridge located over the Oglio river in Isola Dovarese, Italy, on which also GNSS receivers are installed. The GNSS data are then used to validate the PS‐InSAR measurements. The effects on PS‐InSAR results of the number of SAR images used as well of the target structure are investigated.

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Kontos, E., G. Tsolaridis, R. Teodorescu, and P. Bauer. "Full-bridge MMC DC fault ride-through and STATCOM operation in multi-terminal HVDC grids." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0070.

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Abstract This paper investigates a control structure to enhance the DC fault ride-through capability of a full-bridge modular multilevel converter (MMC) station, while ensuring a stable controlled operation as a STATCOM during DC faults without the need for fault isolation. Taking advantage of the switching states of a full-bridge submodule, a DC current controller is proposed, which provides the DC voltage reference for the modulation when a DC fault is detected. By changing the outer controllers strategy from DC voltage or active power control to converter energy control during a fault, the decoupling of the converter operation from the DC side dynamics is realized. In this paper, the focus is on the control methodology at all times of operation and the evaluation of the STATCOM control during a fault. To this end, extensive simulations were performed on a three-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) grid in radial configuration and a pole-to-pole DC fault case was investigated. The results showed that the AC voltage and current were controlled within limits at all times, while the full-bridge MMC was able to provide reactive power support to the AC grid. Moreover, using the proposed control methodology, the transients at the operation transition points between STATCOM and inverter/rectifier operation were minimized and the stations were able to safely ride through the fault.

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Saleh, Kamel, and Omar Mahmoud. "Asymmetrical four-wire cascaded h-bridge multi-level inverter based shunt active power filter supplied by a photovoltaic source." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1673-1686.

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<span>This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.</span>

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Chiumeo, Riccardo, Diego Raggini, Alessandro Veroni, and Alessio Clerici. "Comparative Analysis of PI and ADRC Control through CHIL Real Time Simulations of a DC-DC DAB into a Multi-Terminal MVDC/LVDC Distribution Network." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 7631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207631.

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This article presents a deep theoretical analysis of the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) regulator for the control of first-order systems, directly compared to a “traditional” Proportional Integral (PI) regulator. To complete the theoretical study, ADRC and PI are implemented into the model of a single-phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter to regulate the voltage of a Direct Current (DC) network. Facing different types of disturbances and DC network parameters variations, strengths and weaknesses of the two controllers are highlighted. ADRC and PI controls are discretized and implemented in Control Hardware In the Loop (CHIL) simulations of a single-phase DAB converter to regulate the voltage of a node of multi-terminal and multi-level DC network. By changing the DAB connection points along the MVDC network, the controlled system is stressed with different disturbances, extending the result of single-terminal network software simulations.

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Shanmugam, Yuvaraja, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Roobaea Alroobaea, and Abdulkareem Afandi. "Driving towards Sustainability: Wireless Charging of Low-Speed Vehicles with PDM-Based Active Bridge Rectifiers." Sustainability 16, no. 9 (May 1, 2024): 3810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093810.

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The surge in demand for eco-friendly transportation and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure necessitates innovative solutions. This study proposed a novel approach to charging slow-moving vehicles, prioritizing efficiency and minimizing output pulsation. Central to the research is the development of a receiver-side power-regulated constant charging system, focusing on power regulation and maintaining consistent charging parameters. This system integrates a receiver-side pulse density-modulated active bridge rectifier, dynamically adjusting driving pulse density to regulate delivered power. Additionally, a receiver-side reconfigurable compensation network ensures constant current and voltage delivery to the charging device, eliminating the need for an additional D.C.-D.C. converter. A 3.3 kW charging structure employing a multi-leg inverter topology and energizing four ground-side transmitter pads exemplifies the proposed approach. The vertical air gap of charging pads is 150 mm, and the system achieves a maximal efficiency of 93.4%. This innovative strategy holds significant promise for advancing sustainable transportation infrastructure and meeting the evolving demands of the EV market.

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Nyawako, Donald S., and Paul Reynolds. "Comparative studies of global and targeted control of walkway bridge resonant frequencies." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 9 (August 30, 2016): 1670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316667323.

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In this paper, three controllers are investigated for active vibration control of a pedestrian walkway structure. They comprise direct velocity feedback, observer-based and independent modal space controllers that are implemented in single-input single-output (SISO), multi-SISO and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configurations. The objective of the SISO controller schemes is to compare vibration mitigation performances arising from global control versus selective control of structural resonant frequencies in a given frequency bandwidth. The objectives set out for the multi-SISO and MIMO controllers are to realize global control within the same frequency bandwidth considered in the SISO studies. A novel aspect of these latter studies is the independent control of selected resonant frequencies at different locations on the structure with the aim of imposing global control. Vibration mitigation performances are evaluated using frequency response function measurements and uncontrolled and controlled responses to a synthesized walking excitation force. In the SISO studies, selective control of specific resonant frequencies has a slight degradation in the global vibration mitigation performance, although it reflects better performance around the target frequencies. For the multi-SISO and MIMO controller studies, the selective control of the two lowest and dominant frequencies of the structure at two different locations still offers comparative vibration mitigation performances with the controllers considered as global in the sense that they target both structural frequencies at both locations. Attenuations of between 10 and 35 dB are achieved.

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Wu, Fengjiang, Kaixuan Wang, and Jianyong Su. "TAB Series-Resonant DC-DC Converter and Multi-Phase-Shift Based Global Optimization Modulation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 6783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136783.

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In this paper, a triple-active-bridge resonant dc-dc converter with the ability of topology-level power decoupling is proposed. The power coupling between the two dc ports is eliminated by adding a resonant capacitor to the common port. The operation principle and the steady-state power characteristics are analyzed. On this basis, a multi-phase-shift-based global optimization modulation is proposed to minimize the RMS values of the transformer currents in the entire power and voltage range, thus increasing the global efficiency. An experimental prototype is built to verify the correctness and availability of the proposed power decoupling topology and optimized modulation.

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Iqbal, Mohammad Tauquir, Ali I. Maswood, Hossein Dehghani Tafti, Mohd Tariq, and Zhong Bingchen. "Explicit discrete modelling of bidirectional dual active bridge dc–dc converter using multi‐time scale mixed system model." IET Power Electronics 13, no. 18 (December 2020): 4252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2020.0293.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi Active Bridge'

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