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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-accuracy spatial data'
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1
Belussi, Alberto, and Sara Migliorini. "A framework for integrating multi-accuracy spatial data in geographical applications." GeoInformatica 16, no. 3 (October 20, 2011): 523–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10707-011-0140-9.
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Jeong, Weonil. "Multi-level Load Shedding Scheme to Increase Spatial Data Stream Query Accuracy." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 8370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2015.16.12.8370.
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Järv, Olle, Henrikki Tenkanen, and Tuuli Toivonen. "Enhancing spatial accuracy of mobile phone data using multi-temporal dasymetric interpolation." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 31, no. 8 (February 7, 2017): 1630–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2017.1287369.
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Shimizu, Katsuto, Tetsuji Ota, Nobuya Mizoue, and Hideki Saito. "Comparison of Multi-Temporal PlanetScope Data with Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 Data for Estimating Airborne LiDAR Derived Canopy Height in Temperate Forests." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111876.
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Developing accurate methods for estimating forest structures is essential for efficient forest management. The high spatial and temporal resolution data acquired by CubeSat satellites have desirable characteristics for mapping large-scale forest structural attributes. However, most studies have used a median composite or single image for analyses. The multi-temporal use of CubeSat data may improve prediction accuracy. This study evaluates the capabilities of PlanetScope CubeSat data to estimate canopy height derived from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) by comparing estimates using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data. Random forest (RF) models using a single composite, multi-seasonal composites, and time-series data were investigated at different spatial resolutions of 3, 10, 20, and 30 m. The highest prediction accuracy was obtained by the PlanetScope multi-seasonal composites at 3 m (relative root mean squared error: 51.3%) and Sentinel-2 multi-seasonal composites at the other spatial resolutions (40.5%, 35.2%, and 34.2% for 10, 20, and 30 m, respectively). The results show that RF models using multi-seasonal composites are 1.4% more accurate than those using harmonic metrics from time-series data in the median. PlanetScope is recommended for canopy height mapping at finer spatial resolutions. However, the unique characteristics of PlanetScope data in a spatial and temporal context should be further investigated for operational forest monitoring.
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Tu, Jinsheng, Haohan Wei, Rui Zhang, Lei Yang, Jichao Lv, Xiaoming Li, Shihai Nie, Peng Li, Yanxia Wang, and Nan Li. "GNSS-IR Snow Depth Retrieval from Multi-GNSS and Multi-Frequency Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214311.
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Global navigation satellite system interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) represents an extra method to detect snow depth for climate research and water cycle managing. However, using a single frequency of GNSS-IR for snow depth retrieval is often found to be challenging when attempting to achieve a high spatial and temporal sensitivity. To evaluate both the capability of the GNSS-IR snow depth retrieved by the multi-GNSS system and multi-frequency from signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data, the accuracy of snow depth retrieval by different frequency signals from the multi-GNSS system is analyzed, and a joint retrieval is carried out by combining the multi-GNSS system retrieval results. The SNR data of the global positioning system (GPS), global orbit navigation satellite system (GLONASS), Galileo satellite navigation system (Galileo), and BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) from the P387 station of the U.S. Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) are analyzed. A Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP) spectrum analysis is used to compare the difference in reflector height between the snow-free and snow surfaces in order to retrieve the snow depth, which is compared with the PBO snow depth. First, the different frequency retrieval results of the multi-GNSS system are analyzed. Then, the retrieval accuracy of the different GNSS systems is analyzed through multi-frequency mean fusion. Finally, the joint retrieval accuracy of the multi-GNSS system is analyzed through mean fusion. The experimental shows that the retrieval results of different frequencies of the multi-GNSS system have a strong correlation with the PBO snow depth, and that the accuracy is better than 10 cm. The multi-frequency mean fusion of different GNSS systems can effectively improve the retrieval accuracy, which is better than 7 cm. The joint retrieval accuracy of the multi-GNSS system is further improved, with a correlation coefficient (R) between the retrieval snow depth and the PBO snow depth of 0.99, and the accuracy is better than 3 cm. Therefore, using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency data to retrieve the snow depth has a good accuracy and feasibility.
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Rignot, Eric, and Mark R. Drinkwater. "Winter Sea-ice mapping from multi-parameter synthetic-aperture radar data." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003774.
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AbstractThe limitations of current and immediate future single-frequency, single-polarization, space-borne SARs for winter sea-ice mapping are quantitatively examined, and improvements are suggested by combining frequencies and polarizations. Ice-type maps are generated using multi-channel, air-borne SAR observations of winter sea ice in the Beaufort Sea to identify six ice conditions: (1) multi-year sea ice; (2) compressed first-year ice; (3) first-year rubble and ridges; (4) first-year rough ice; (5) first-year smooth ice; and (6) first-year thin ice. At a single polarization, C- (λ = 5.6 cm) and L- (λ = 24 cm) band frequencies yield a classification accuracy of 67 and 71%, because C-band confuses multi-year ice and compressed, rough, thick first-year ice surrounding multi-year ice floes, and L-band confuses multi-year ice and deformed first-year ice. Combining C- and L-band improves classification accuracy by 20%. Adding a second polarization at one frequency only improves classification accuracy by 10–14% and separates thin ice and calm open water. Under similar winter-ice conditions, ERS-1 (Cvv) and Radarsat (CHH) would overestimate the multi-year ice fraction by 15% but correctly map the spatial variability of ice thickness; J-ERS-1 (LHH) would perform poorly;and J-ERS-1 combined with ERS-1 or Radarsat would yield reliable estimates of the old, thick, first-year and thin-ice fractions, and of the spatial distribution of ridges. With two polarizations, future single-frequency space-borne SARs could improve our current capability to discriminate thinner ice types.
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Rignot, Eric, and Mark R. Drinkwater. "Winter Sea-ice mapping from multi-parameter synthetic-aperture radar data." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003774.
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AbstractThe limitations of current and immediate future single-frequency, single-polarization, space-borne SARs for winter sea-ice mapping are quantitatively examined, and improvements are suggested by combining frequencies and polarizations. Ice-type maps are generated using multi-channel, air-borne SAR observations of winter sea ice in the Beaufort Sea to identify six ice conditions: (1) multi-year sea ice; (2) compressed first-year ice; (3) first-year rubble and ridges; (4) first-year rough ice; (5) first-year smooth ice; and (6) first-year thin ice. At a single polarization, C- (λ = 5.6 cm) and L- (λ = 24 cm) band frequencies yield a classification accuracy of 67 and 71%, because C-band confuses multi-year ice and compressed, rough, thick first-year ice surrounding multi-year ice floes, and L-band confuses multi-year ice and deformed first-year ice. Combining C- and L-band improves classification accuracy by 20%. Adding a second polarization at one frequency only improves classification accuracy by 10–14% and separates thin ice and calm open water. Under similar winter-ice conditions, ERS-1 (Cvv) and Radarsat (CHH) would overestimate the multi-year ice fraction by 15% but correctly map the spatial variability of ice thickness; J-ERS-1 (LHH) would perform poorly;and J-ERS-1 combined with ERS-1 or Radarsat would yield reliable estimates of the old, thick, first-year and thin-ice fractions, and of the spatial distribution of ridges. With two polarizations, future single-frequency space-borne SARs could improve our current capability to discriminate thinner ice types.
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Yao, Zhiying, Yuanyuan Zhao, Hengbin Wang, Hongdong Li, Xinqun Yuan, Tianwei Ren, Le Yu, Zhe Liu, Xiaodong Zhang, and Shaoming Li. "Comparison and Assessment of Data Sources with Different Spatial and Temporal Resolution for Efficiency Orchard Mapping: Case Studies in Five Grape-Growing Regions." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030655.
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As one of the most important agricultural production types in the world, orchards have high economic, ecological, and cultural value, so the accurate and timely mapping of orchards is highly demanded for many applications. Selecting a remote-sensing (RS) data source is a critical step in efficient orchard mapping, and it is hard to have a RS image with both rich temporal and spatial information. A trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution must be made. Taking grape-growing regions as an example, we tested imagery at different spatial and temporal resolutions as classification inputs (including from Worldview-2, Landsat-8, and Sentinel-2) and compared and assessed their orchard-mapping performance using the same classifier of random forest. Our results showed that the overall accuracies improved from 0.6 to 0.8 as the spatial resolution of the input images increased from 58.86 m to 0.46 m (simulated from Worldview-2 imagery). The overall accuracy improved from 0.7 to 0.86 when the number of images used for classification was increased from 2 to 20 (Landsat-8) or approximately 60 (Sentinel-2) in one year. The marginal benefit of increasing the level of details (LoD) of temporal features on accuracy is higher than that of spatial features, indicating that the classification ability of temporal information is higher than that of spatial information. The highest accuracy of using a very high-resolution (VHR) image can be exceeded only by using four to five medium-resolution multi-temporal images, or even two to three growing season images with the same classifier. Combining the spatial and temporal features from multi-source data can improve the overall accuracies by 5% to 7% compared to using only temporal features. It can also compensate for the accuracy loss caused by missing data or low-quality images in single-source input. Although selecting multi-source data can obtain the best accuracy, selecting single-source data can improve computational efficiency and at the same time obtain an acceptable accuracy. This study provides practical guidance on selecting data at various spatial and temporal resolutions for the efficient mapping of other types of annual crops or orchards.
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Carl, Gudrun, Sam Levin, and Ingolf Kühn. "spind: an R Package to Account for Spatial Autocorrelation in the Analysis of Lattice Data." Biodiversity Data Journal 6 (February 28, 2018): e20760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.6.e20760.
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spind is an R package aiming to provide a useful toolkit to account for spatial dependence in the analysis of lattice data. Grid-based data sets in spatial modelling often exhibit spatial dependence, i.e. values sampled at nearby locations are more similar than those sampled further apart. spind methods, described here, take this kind of two-dimensional dependence into account and are sensitive to its variation across different spatial scales. Methods presented to account for spatial autocorrelation are based on the two fundamentally different approaches of generalised estimating equations as well as wavelet-revised methods. Both methods are extensions to generalised linear models. spind also provides functions for multi-model inference and scaling by wavelet multiresolution regression. Since model evaluation is essential for assessing prediction accuracy in species distribution modelling, spind additionally supplies users with spatial accuracy measures, i.e. measures that are sensitive to the spatial arrangement of the predictions.
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Kozoderov, V. V., and V. D. Egorov. "Pattern recognition of forest canopy using the airborne hyperspectral data and multi-bands high spatial resolution satellite sensor worldview-2 data. A results comparison and accuracy estimation." Исследования Земли из Космоса, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019689-102.
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Pattern recognition of forest surface from remote sensing data: using the airborne hyperspectral data and using multi-bands high spatial resolution satellite sensor WorldView‑2 data are investigated. The early proposed method and standard QDA method for calculations were used. A comparison of calculations results were conducted. A recognition calculation accuracy range for airborne and satellite remote sensing data for three forest surface fragments for different created data bases for recognition system has been assessed. Some opportunities of automatic data preparing of created system were displayed. Some special features of pattern recognition of forest surfaces from hyperspectral airborne data and from multi-bands high spatial resolution satellite data were discussed.
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Lu, Zhi Gang, Jian Ya Gong, and Xing Quan Liu. "Prediction Analysis of Pit Deformation Based on Spatial Data Mining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 2357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2357.
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Pit excavation was easy to cause the deformation of the supporting structure and surrounding soil, and brought serious harm to the surrounding buildings and urban underground pipelines. How to carry on a comprehensive analysis of inter-linked pit monitoring points, and improve the overall prediction accuracy was the urgent problem needed to be solved in scientific predictions of pit deformation. In order to establish the multi-variable gray theory GM(1,N) first-order linear dynamic model, using pit mutual influential settlement deformation monitoring data, and the correlation degree analysis, it filtered out the parent sequence WY09 point as the object to be analyzed, and the remaining points were as the systematic analysis of influencing factors, and WY09 point settlement predictions was calculated. According to the comparison analysis of the prediction results and engineering measured results, GM(1,N) model overall prediction accuracy was higher than GM(2,1) model, and prediction results were almost consistent with the measured results, so good effects was produced.
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Yan, Jiahe, Honghui Li, Yanhui Bai, and Yingli Lin. "Spatial—Temporal Traffic Flow Data Restoration and Prediction Method Based on the Tensor Decomposition." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 9220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199220.
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As an important part of urban big data, traffic flow data play a critical role in traffic management and emergency response. Traffic flow data contain multi-mode characteristics, which need to be deeply mined. To make full use of multi-mode characteristics, we use a 3-order tensor to represent the traffic flow data, considering “temporal-spatial-periodic” characteristics. To recover the missing data of traffic flow, we propose the Missing Data Completion Algorithm Based on Residual Value Tensor Decomposition (MDCA-RVTD), which combines linear regression, univariate spline, and CP decomposition. Then, we predict the future traffic flow data by using the proposed Traffic Flow Prediction Algorithm Based on Data Completion Strategy (TFPA-DCS). The experimental results show that recovering the missing data is helpful in improving the prediction accuracy. Additionally, the prediction accuracy of the proposed Algorithm is better than gray model and traditional tensor CP decomposition method.
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Gong, Yali, Huan Xie, Yanmin Jin, and Xiaohua Tong. "Assessing Multi-Temporal Global Urban Land-Cover Products Using Spatio-Temporal Stratified Sampling." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080451.
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In recent years, the availability of multi-temporal global land-cover datasets has meant that they have become a key data source for evaluating land cover in many applications. Due to the high data volume of the multi-temporal land-cover datasets, probability sampling is an efficient method for validating multi-temporal global urban land-cover maps. However, the current accuracy assessment methods often work for a single-epoch dataset, and they are not suitable for multi-temporal data products. Limitations such as repeated sampling and inappropriate sample allocation can lead to inaccurate evaluation results. In this study, we propose the use of spatio-temporal stratified sampling to assess thematic mappings with respect to the temporal changes and spatial clustering. The total number of samples in the two stages, i.e., map and pixel, was obtained by using a probability sampling model. Since the proportion of the area labeled as no change is large while that of the area labeled as change is small, an optimization algorithm for determining the sample sizes of the different strata is proposed by minimizing the sum of variance of the user’s accuracy, producer’s accuracy, and proportion of area for all strata. The experimental results show that the allocation of sample size by the proposed method results in the smallest bias in the estimated accuracy, compared with the conventional sample allocation, i.e., equal allocation and proportional allocation. The proposed method was applied to multi-temporal global urban land-cover maps from 2000 to 2010, with a time interval of 5 years. Due to the spatial aggregation characteristics, the local pivotal method (LPM) is adopted to realize spatially balanced sampling, leading to more representative samples for each stratum in the spatial domain. The main contribution of our research is the proposed spatio-temporal sampling approach and the accuracy assessment conducted for the multi-temporal global urban land-cover product.
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Jayababu, Y., G. P. S. Varma, and A. Govardhan. "Mining Spatial Association Rules to Automatic Grouping of Spatial Data Objects Using Multiple Kernel-Based Probabilistic Clustering." Journal of Intelligent Systems 26, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2016-0044.
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AbstractWith the extensive application of spatial databases to various fields ranging from remote sensing to geographical information systems, computer cartography, environmental assessment, and planning, discovery of interesting and hidden knowledge in the spatial databases is a considerable chore for classifying and using the spatial data and knowledge bases. The literature presents different spatial data mining methods to mine knowledge from spatial databases. In this paper, spatial association rules are mined to automatic grouping of spatial data objects using a candidate generation process with three constraint measures, such as support, confidence, and lift. Then, the proposed multiple kernel-based probabilistic clustering is applied to the associate vector to further group the spatial data objects. Here, membership probability based on probabilistic distance is used with multiple kernels, where exponential and tangential kernel functions are utilized. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed with three data sets of three different geometry types using the number of rules and clustering accuracy. From the experimentation, the results proved that the proposed multi-kernel probabilistic clustering algorithm achieved better accuracy as compared with the existing probabilistic clustering.
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Kumar, U., C. Milesi, R. R. Nemani, and S. Basu. "Multi-sensor multi-resolution image fusion for improved vegetation and urban area classification." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W4 (June 26, 2015): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w4-51-2015.
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In this paper, we perform multi-sensor multi-resolution data fusion of Landsat-5 TM bands (at 30 m spatial resolution) and multispectral bands of World View-2 (WV-2 at 2 m spatial resolution) through linear spectral unmixing model. The advantages of fusing Landsat and WV-2 data are two fold: first, spatial resolution of the Landsat bands increases to WV-2 resolution. Second, integration of data from two sensors allows two additional SWIR bands from Landsat data to the fused product which have advantages such as improved atmospheric transparency and material identification, for example, urban features, construction materials, moisture contents of soil and vegetation, etc. In 150 separate experiments, WV-2 data were clustered in to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 spectral classes and data fusion were performed with 3x3, 5x5, 7x7, 9x9 and 11x11 kernel sizes for each Landsat band. The optimal fused bands were selected based on Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, RMSE (root mean square error) and ERGAS index and were subsequently used for vegetation, urban area and dark objects (deep water, shadows) classification using Random Forest classifier for a test site near Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California, USA. Accuracy assessment of the classified images through error matrix before and after fusion showed that the overall accuracy and Kappa for fused data classification (93.74%, 0.91) was much higher than Landsat data classification (72.71%, 0.70) and WV-2 data classification (74.99%, 0.71). This approach increased the spatial resolution of Landsat data to WV-2 spatial resolution while retaining the original Landsat spectral bands with significant improvement in classification.
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Cole, B., J. L. Awange, and A. Saleem. "Environmental spatial data within dense tree cover: exploiting multi-frequency GNSS signals to improve positional accuracy." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17, no. 5 (January 27, 2020): 2697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02634-y.
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Nepoklonov, Vicktor, Mayya Maximova, and Ivan Sukharev-Krylov. "Monitoring of spatial data coordinate basis integrity using coordinate transformations." E3S Web of Conferences 310 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131003009.
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The modern spatial data coordinate basis (SDCB) is built taking into account the variety of existing and used today geodetic networks, models of physical fields of the Earth, cartographic models, as well as coordinate systems (СS). One of the requirements for SDCB from the standpoint of system analysis is the requirement of integrity, which presupposes the unity of the determination of coordinates, that is, the consistency of the results of determining the coordinates of the same points in different CSs. The article is devoted to the monitoring of the accuracy characteristics of the available software for coordinate transformations in terms of single-stage and multi-stage transitions between ellipsoidal coordinates of different systems.
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Zhang, Jia, Xiulian Wang, Xiaotong Zhang, Xiaofei Bai, and Qiang Chen. "Construction of multi-scale grid for massive land survey data." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020603018.
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In the face of ever-growing and complex massive multi-source spatiotemporal data, the traditional vector data model is increasingly difficult to meet the needs of efficient data organization, management, calculation and analysis. Based on the simple and widely used geographic grid data organization model, this paper designs a technical method to convert vector data into multi-scale grid data, establishes a unified, standardized and seamless land spatial grid data model, and analyses the area accuracy of multi-scale grid data. Practice shows that the model can better meet the needs of multi-scale geospatial information integration and analysis, and it is easy to carry out distributed data processing, which provides technical support for the efficient organization, fusion and analysis of spatiotemporal data.
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Chen, Zhenting, Junfeng Wang, Dongyang Gao, Bing Xu, Wenjie Yu, and Min Yang. "Dynamic Spatial Fusion of Cloud Vertical Phase from CALIPSO and CloudSat Satellite Data." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.87.1.61.
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Cloud phase is a core parameter of inversion of cloud characteristics. The accuracy of cloud phase affects the results of cloud optical and microphysical characteristics. In this study, we obtain the cloud vertical phase (CVP ) products of CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites, then we put forward a dynamic spatial fusion algorithm for the fusion of the two products. A series of spatial optimal CVP fusion rules are presented for dual-source data, and we realize CVP fusion using these rules. We took Typhoon Lupit in the Pacific Ocean as an experimental object. The results show that the total cloud pixel amount increased by 124.09% and 10.54%, respectively, compared to those of CALIPSO and CloudSat. The recognition of different CVP is 7.97% and 1.37%. The results show that this method can improve the accuracy of multi-source CVP inversion effectively, and provide new ways for the synergy of multi-sensor satellites.
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Feng, Quanlong, Jianyu Yang, Yiming Liu, Cong Ou, Dehai Zhu, Bowen Niu, Jiantao Liu, and Baoguo Li. "Multi-Temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing for Vegetable Mapping Using an Attention-Based Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101668.
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Vegetable mapping from remote sensing imagery is important for precision agricultural activities such as automated pesticide spraying. Multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data has the merits of both very high spatial resolution and useful phenological information, which shows great potential for accurate vegetable classification, especially under complex and fragmented agricultural landscapes. In this study, an attention-based recurrent convolutional neural network (ARCNN) has been proposed for accurate vegetable mapping from multi-temporal UAV red-green-blue (RGB) imagery. The proposed model firstly utilizes a multi-scale deformable CNN to learn and extract rich spatial features from UAV data. Afterwards, the extracted features are fed into an attention-based recurrent neural network (RNN), from which the sequential dependency between multi-temporal features could be established. Finally, the aggregated spatial-temporal features are used to predict the vegetable category. Experimental results show that the proposed ARCNN yields a high performance with an overall accuracy of 92.80%. When compared with mono-temporal classification, the incorporation of multi-temporal UAV imagery could significantly boost the accuracy by 24.49% on average, which justifies the hypothesis that the low spectral resolution of RGB imagery could be compensated by the inclusion of multi-temporal observations. In addition, the attention-based RNN in this study outperforms other feature fusion methods such as feature-stacking. The deformable convolution operation also yields higher classification accuracy than that of a standard convolution unit. Results demonstrate that the ARCNN could provide an effective way for extracting and aggregating discriminative spatial-temporal features for vegetable mapping from multi-temporal UAV RGB imagery.
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Xu, Lijuan, Xiao Ding, Dawei Zhao, Alex X. Liu, and Zhen Zhang. "A Three-Dimensional ResNet and Transformer-Based Approach to Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Temporal–Spatial Data." Entropy 25, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020180.
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Anomaly detection in multivariate time series is an important problem with applications in several domains. However, the key limitation of the approaches that have been proposed so far lies in the lack of a highly parallel model that can fuse temporal and spatial features. In this paper, we propose TDRT, a three-dimensional ResNet and transformer-based anomaly detection method. TDRT can automatically learn the multi-dimensional features of temporal–spatial data to improve the accuracy of anomaly detection. Using the TDRT method, we were able to obtain temporal–spatial correlations from multi-dimensional industrial control temporal–spatial data and quickly mine long-term dependencies. We compared the performance of five state-of-the-art algorithms on three datasets (SWaT, WADI, and BATADAL). TDRT achieves an average anomaly detection F1 score higher than 0.98 and a recall of 0.98, significantly outperforming five state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods.
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Zhu, Xiao, Yuanyuan Wang, Sina Montazeri, and Nan Ge. "A Review of Ten-Year Advances of Multi-Baseline SAR Interferometry Using TerraSAR-X Data." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091374.
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Since its launch in 2007, TerraSAR-X has continuously provided spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of our planet with unprecedented spatial resolution, geodetic, and geometric accuracy. This has brought life to the once inscrutable SAR images, which deterred many researchers. Thanks to merits like higher spatial resolution and more precise orbit control, we are now able to indicate individual buildings, even individual floors, to pinpoint targets within centimeter accuracy. As a result, multi-baseline SAR interferometric (InSAR) techniques are flourishing, from point target-based algorithms, to coherent stacking techniques, to absolute positioning of the former techniques. This article reviews the recent advances of multi-baseline InSAR techniques using TerraSAR-X images. Particular focus was put on our own development of persistent scatterer interferometry, SAR tomography, robust estimation in distributed scatterer interferometry and absolute positioning using geodetic InSAR. Furthermore, by introducing the applications associated with these techniques, such as 3D reconstruction and deformation monitoring, this article is also intended to give guidance to wider audiences who would like to resort to SAR data and related techniques for their applications.
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Pena, J. A., T. Yumin, H. Liu, B. Zhao, J. A. Garcia, and J. Pinto. "REMOTE SENSING DATA FUSION TO DETECT ILLICIT CROPS AND UNAUTHORIZED AIRSTRIPS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1363-2018.
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Remote sensing data fusion has been playing a more and more important role in crop planting area monitoring, especially for crop area information acquisition. Multi-temporal data and multi-spectral time series are two major aspects for improving crop identification accuracy. Remote sensing fusion provides high quality multi-spectral and panchromatic images in terms of spectral and spatial information, respectively. In this paper, we take one step further and prove the application of remote sensing data fusion in detecting illicit crop through LSMM, GOBIA, and MCE analyzing of strategic information. This methodology emerges as a complementary and effective strategy to control and eradicate illicit crops.
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Wang, Tong, Xin Xu, Hongxia Pan, Xuefang Chang, Taotao Yuan, Xu Zhang, and Hongzhao Xu. "Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Depth-Wise Separable Convolutions with Multi-Sensor Data Weighted Fusion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 7640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157640.
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Given the problems of low accuracy and complex process steps currently faced by the field of fault diagnosis, a fault diagnosis method based on multi-sensor data weighted fusion (MSDWF) combined with depth-wise separable convolutions (DWSC) is proposed. The method takes into account the temporal and spatial information contained in multi-sensor data and can realize end-to-end bearing fault diagnosis. MSDWF is committed to comprehensively characterizing the state information of bearings, and the weighted operation of the multi-sensor data is to establish the interactive information to tap into the inline relationship in the data; DWSC equipped with residual connection is used to realize the decoupling of the channel and spatial correlation of the data. In order to verify the proposed method, the data obtained by a different number of sensors with weighted and unweighted states are used as the input of DWSC, respectively, for comparison, and finally, the effectiveness of MSDWF is verified. Through the comparison between different fault diagnosis methods, the method based on MSDWF and DWSC shows better stability and higher accuracy. Finally, when facing different experimental datasets, the method has similar performance, which shows the stability of the method on different datasets.
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Wang, Mingchang, Mingjie Li, Fengyan Wang, and Xue Ji. "Exploring the Optimal Feature Combination of Tree Species Classification by Fusing Multi-Feature and Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data in Changbai Mountain." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071058.
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Tree species classification is crucial for forest resource investigation and management. Remote sensing images can provide monitoring information on the spatial distribution of tree species and multi-feature fusion can improve the classification accuracy of tree species. However, different features will play their own unique role. Therefore, considering various related factors about the growth of tree species such as spectrum information, texture structure, vegetation phenology, and topography environment, we fused multi-feature and multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data, which combines spectral features with three other types of features. We combined different feature-combinations with the random forest method to classify Changbai Mountain tree species. Results indicate that topographic features participate in tree species classification with higher accuracy and more efficiency than phenological features and texture features, and the elevation factor possesses the highest importance through the Mean Decrease in Gini (MDG) method. Finally, we estimated the area of the target tree species and analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics by overlay analysis of the Classification 3 result and topographic features (elevation, slope, and aspect). Our findings emphasize that topographic factors have a great influence on the distribution of forest resources and provide the basis for forest resource investigation.
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Tu, Bing, Yu Zhu, Chengle Zhou, Siyuan Chen, and Antonio Plaza. "Optimized Spatial Gradient Transfer for Hyperspectral-LiDAR Data Classification." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081814.
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The classification accuracy of ground objects is improved due to the combined use of the same scene data collected by different sensors. We propose to fuse the spatial planar distribution and spectral information of the hyperspectral images (HSIs) with the spatial 3D information of the objects captured by light detection and ranging (LiDAR). In this paper, we use the optimized spatial gradient transfer method for data fusion, which can effectively solve the strong heterogeneity of heterogeneous data fusion. The entropy rate superpixel segmentation algorithm over-segments HSI and LiDAR to extract local spatial and elevation information, and a Gaussian density-based regularization strategy normalizes the local spatial and elevation information. Then, the spatial gradient transfer model and l1-total variation minimization are introduced to realize the fusion of local multi-attribute features of different sources, and fully exploit the complementary information of different features for the description of ground objects. Finally, the fused local spatial features are reconstructed into a guided image, and the guided filtering acts on each dimension of the original HSI, so that the output maintains the complete spectral information and detailed changes of the spatial fusion features. It is worth mentioning that we have carried out two versions of expansion on the basis of the proposed method to improve the joint utilization of multi-source data. Experimental results on two real datasets indicated that the fused features of the proposed method have a better effect on ground object classification than the mainstream stacking or cascade fusion methods.
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Yi, Zhiwei, Li Jia, and Qiting Chen. "Crop Classification Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data in the Shiyang River Basin of China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244052.
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Timely and accurate crop classification is of enormous significance for agriculture management. The Shiyang River Basin, an inland river basin, is one of the most prominent water resource shortage regions with intensive agriculture activities in northwestern China. However, a free crop map with high spatial resolution is not available in the Shiyang River Basin. The European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Sentinel-2 has multi-spectral bands ranging in the visible-red edge-near infrared-shortwave infrared (VIS-RE-NIR-SWIR) spectrum. Understanding the impact of spectral-temporal information on crop classification is helpful for users to select optimized spectral bands combinations and temporal window in crop mapping when using Sentinel-2 data. In this study, multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data acquired in the growing season in 2019 were applied to the random forest algorithm to generate the crop classification map at 10 m spatial resolution for the Shiyang River Basin. Four experiments with different combinations of feature sets were carried out to explore which Sentinel-2 information was more effective for higher crop classification accuracy. The results showed that the augment of multi-spectral and multi-temporal information of Sentinel-2 improved the accuracy of crop classification remarkably, and the improvement was firmly related to strategies of feature selections. Compared with other bands, red-edge band 1 (RE-1) and shortwave-infrared band 1 (SWIR-1) of Sentinel-2 showed a higher competence in crop classification. The combined application of images in the early, middle and late crop growth stage is significant for achieving optimal performance. A relatively accurate classification (overall accuracy = 0.94) was obtained by utilizing the pivotal spectral bands and dates of image. In addition, a crop map with a satisfied accuracy (overall accuracy > 0.9) could be generated as early as late July. This study gave an inspiration in selecting targeted spectral bands and period of images for acquiring more accurate and timelier crop map. The proposed method could be transferred to other arid areas with similar agriculture structure and crop phenology.
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Maidaneh Abdi, I., A. Le Guilcher, and A.-M. Olteanu-Raimond. "A REGRESSION MODEL OF SPATIAL ACCURACY PREDICTION FOR OPENSTREETMAP BUILDINGS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2020 (August 3, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2020-39-2020.
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Abstract. Data quality assessment of OpenStreetMap (OSM) data can be carried out by comparing them with a reference spatial data (e.g authoritative data). However, in case of a lack of reference data, the spatial accuracy is unknown. The aim of this work is therefore to propose a framework to infer relative spatial accuracy of OSM data by using machine learning methods. Our approach is based on the hypothesis that there is a relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic quality measures. Thus, starting from a multi-criteria data matching, the process seeks to establish a statistical relationship between measures of extrinsic quality of OSM (i.e. obtained by comparison with reference spatial data) and the measures of intrinsic quality of OSM (i.e. OSM features themselves) in order to estimate extrinsic quality on an unevaluated OSM dataset. The approach was applied on OSM buildings. On our dataset, the resulting regression model predicts the values on the extrinsic quality indicators with 30% less variance than an uninformed predictor.
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Zhou, Qiming, and Jianfeng Li. "Geo-Spatial Analysis in Hydrology." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070435.
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With the increasing demand for accurate and reliable hydrological information, geo-spatial analysis plays a more and more important role in hydrological studies. The development of the geo-spatial technique advances our understanding of the complex and spatially heterogeneous hydrological systems. Meanwhile, how to efficiently and effectively process and analyze multi-source geo-spatial data has become more challenging in the fields of hydrology. In this editorial, we first review the development and application of geo-spatial analysis in three major topics in hydrological studies, namely the scaling issue, extraction of basin characteristics, and hydrological modelling. We hence introduce the articles of the Special Issue. These studies present the latest results of geo-spatial analysis in different topics in hydrology, and improve geo-spatial analytic methods for better accuracy and reliability.
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Wang, Zhenhua, Lizhi Xu, Qing Ji, Wei Song, and Lingqun Wang. "A Multi-Level Non-Uniform Spatial Sampling Method for Accuracy Assessment of Remote Sensing Image Classification Results." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165568.
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Accuracy assessment of classification results has important significance for the application of remote sensing images, which can be achieved by sampling methods. However, the existing sampling methods either ignore spatial correlation or do not consider spatial heterogeneity. Here, we proposed a multi-level non-uniform spatial sampling method (MNSS) for the accuracy assessment of classification results. Taking the remote sensing image of Kobo Askov, Texas, USA, as an example, the classification result of this image was obtained by Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. In the proposed MNSS, the studied spatial region was zoned from high to low resolution based on the features of spatial correlation. Then, the sampling rate of each zone was deduced from the low to high resolution based on the spatial heterogeneity. Finally, the positions of sample points were allocated in each zone, and the classification results of the sample points were obtained. We also used other sampling methods, including a random sampling method (SRS), stratified sampling method (SS), and spatial sampling of the gray level co-occurrence matrix method (GLCM), to obtain the classification results of the sample points (2-m resolution). Five categories of ground objects in the same region were used as the ground truth data. We than calculated the overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, producer accuracy, and user accuracy to estimate the accuracy of the classification results. The results showed that MNSS was the strictest inspection method as shown by the minimum value of accuracy. Moreover, MNSS overcame the shortcoming of SRS, which did not consider the spatial correlation of sample points, and overcame the shortcomings of SS and GLCM, which had redundant information between sample points. This paper proposes a novel sampling method for the accuracy assessment of classification results of remote sensing images.
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Liu, Xin, Junhui Wu, Yiyun Man, Xibao Xu, and Jifeng Guo. "Multi-objective recognition based on deep learning." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 8 (July 6, 2020): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2020-0061.
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Purpose With the continuous development of aerospace technology, space exploration missions have been increasing year by year, and higher requirements have been placed on the upper level rocket. The purpose of this paper is to improve the ability to identify and detect potential targets for upper level rocket. Design/methodology/approach Aiming at the upper-level recognition of space satellites and core components, this paper proposes a deep learning-based spatial multi-target recognition method, which can simultaneously recognize space satellites and core components. First, the implementation framework of spatial multi-target recognition is given. Second, by comparing and analyzing convolutional neural networks, a convolutional neural network model based on YOLOv3 is designed. Finally, seven satellite scale models are constructed based on systems tool kit (STK) and Solidworks. Multi targets, such as nozzle, star sensor, solar,etc., are selected as the recognition objects. Findings By labeling, training and testing the image data set, the accuracy of the proposed method for spatial multi-target recognition is 90.17%, which is improved compared with the recognition accuracy and rate based on the YOLOv1 model, thereby effectively verifying the correctness of the proposed method. Research limitations/implications This paper only recognizes space multi-targets under ideal simulation conditions, but has not fully considered the space multi-target recognition under the more complex space lighting environment, nutation, precession, roll and other motion laws. In the later period, training and detection can be performed by simulating more realistic space lighting environment images or multi-target images taken by upper-level rocket to further verify the feasibility of multi-target recognition algorithms in complex space environments. Practical implications The research in this paper validates that the deep learning-based algorithm to recognize multiple targets in the space environment is feasible in terms of accuracy and rate. Originality/value The paper helps to set up an image data set containing six satellite models in STK and one digital satellite model that simulates spatial illumination changes and spins in Solidworks, and use the characteristics of spatial targets (such as rectangles, circles and lines) to provide prior values to the network convolutional layer.
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Wang, Chuan, Shijie Liu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Xiaowei Lan. "Time Synchronization and Space Registration of Roadside LiDAR and Camera." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030537.
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The sensing system consisting of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and a camera provides complementary information about the surrounding environment. To take full advantage of multi-source data provided by different sensors, an accurate fusion of multi-source sensor information is needed. Time synchronization and space registration are the key technologies that affect the fusion accuracy of multi-source sensors. Due to the difference in data acquisition frequency and deviation in startup time between LiDAR and the camera, asynchronous data acquisition between LiDAR and camera is easy to occur, which has a significant influence on subsequent data fusion. Therefore, a time synchronization method of multi-source sensors based on frequency self-matching is developed in this paper. Without changing the sensor frequency, the sensor data are processed to obtain the same number of data frames and set the same ID number, so that the LiDAR and camera data correspond one by one. Finally, data frames are merged into new data packets to realize time synchronization between LiDAR and camera. Based on time synchronization, to achieve spatial synchronization, a nonlinear optimization algorithm of joint calibration parameters is used, which can effectively reduce the reprojection error in the process of sensor spatial registration. The accuracy of the proposed time synchronization method is 99.86% and the space registration accuracy is 99.79%, which is better than the calibration method of the Matlab calibration toolbox.
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Li, B., L. Han, and L. Li. "A SPATIOTEMPORAL FUSION NETWORK TO MULTI SOURCE HETEROGENEOUS DATA FOR LANDSLIDE RECOGNITION." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-3/W1-2022 (October 27, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-3-w1-2022-77-2022.
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Abstract. In recent years, the frequency of landslide disasters has been increasing year by year due to the extension of human activities to the natural environment. Fast and detailed landslide surveys are important for landslide disaster prediction and management. There are many driving factors for landslide formation, and most of the current deep learning-based landslide identification methods use optical remote sensing images in a short period or a few types of fused data for prediction. Therefore the upper limit of accuracy they can achieve is low. This paper proposes a landslide identification network model based on the spatio-temporal fusion of heterogeneous data from multiple sources. The model takes observations such as time-series optical remote sensing images, DEM, geological formations, and meteorological data as inputs. To address the problems of non-uniform data forms and redundancy caused by time-series data, we design the temporal phase fusion module of coupled CNN-LSTM to fuse the temporal features of multi-source data based on the extraction of their spatial features. Subsequently, we design the spatial feature fusion module based on DCNN-DBN to realize the deep expression of temporal phase and spatial features of landslides and improve the recognition efficiency and accuracy of the network. Through experimental verification, the AUC value of our proposed model is 0.8976, the F1 score is 0.8352, and the MIoU is 0.8624. The evaluation results reflect that the model can provide support for large-scale landslide disaster investigation.
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Shi, Shuo, Sifu Bi, Wei Gong, Biwu Chen, Bowen Chen, Xingtao Tang, Fangfang Qu, and Shalei Song. "Land Cover Classification with Multispectral LiDAR Based on Multi-Scale Spatial and Spectral Feature Selection." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204118.
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The distribution of land cover has an important impact on climate, environment, and public policy planning. The Optech Titan multispectral LiDAR system provides new opportunities and challenges for land cover classification, but the better application of spectral and spatial information of multispectral LiDAR data is a problem to be solved. Therefore, we propose a land cover classification method based on multi-scale spatial and spectral feature selection. The public data set of Tobermory Port collected by the Optech Titan multispectral airborne laser scanner was used as research data, and the data was manually divided into eight categories. The method flow is divided into four steps: neighborhood point selection, spatial–spectral feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. First, the K-nearest neighborhood is used to select the neighborhood points for the multispectral LiDAR point cloud data. Additionally, the spatial and spectral features under the multi-scale neighborhood (K = 20, 50, 100, 150) are extracted. The Equalizer Optimization algorithm is used to perform feature selection on multi-scale neighborhood spatial–spectral features, and a feature subset is obtained. Finally, the feature subset is input into the support vector machine (SVM) classifier for training. Using only small training samples (about 0.5% of the total data) to train the SVM classifier, 91.99% overall accuracy (OA), 93.41% average accuracy (AA) and 0.89 kappa coefficient were obtained in study area. Compared with the original information’s classification result, the OA, AA and kappa coefficient increased by 15.66%, 8.7% and 0.19, respectively. The results show that the constructed spatial–spectral features and the application of the Equalizer Optimization algorithm for feature selection are effective in land cover classification with Titan multispectral LiDAR point data.
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Tang, Rui, Fangling Pu, Rui Yang, Zhaozhuo Xu, and Xin Xu. "Multi-Domain Fusion Graph Network for Semi-Supervised PolSAR Image Classification." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010160.
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The expensive acquisition of labeled data limits the practical use of supervised learning on polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image analysis. Semi-supervised learning has attracted considerable attention as it can utilize few labeled data and very many unlabeled data. The scattering response of PolSAR data is strongly spatial distribution dependent, which provides rich information about land-cover properties. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning method named multi-domain fusion graph network (MDFGN) to explore the multi-domain fused features including spatial domain and feature domain. Three major factors strengthen the proposed method for PolSAR image analysis. Firstly, we propose a novel sample selection criterion to select reliable unlabeled data for training set expansion. Multi-domain fusion graph is proposed to improve the feature diversity by extending the sample selection from the feature domain to the spatial-feature fusion domain. In this way, the selecting accuracy is improved. By few labeled data, very many accurate unlabeled data are obtained. Secondly, multi-model triplet encoder is proposed to achieve superior feature extraction. Equipped with triplet loss, limited training samples are fully utilized. For expanding training samples with different patch sizes, multiple models are obtained for the fused classification result acquisition. Thirdly, multi-level fusion strategy is proposed to apply different image patch sizes for different expanded training data and obtain the fused classification result. The experiments are conducted on Radarsat-2 and AIRSAR images. With few labeled samples (about 0.003–0.007%), the overall accuracy of the proposed method ranges between 94.78% and 99.24%, which demonstrates the proposed method’s robustness and excellence.
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Chen, Biyan, and Zhizhao Liu. "Assessing the performance of troposphere tomographic modeling using multi-source water vapor data during Hong Kong's rainy season from May to October 2013." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 10 (October 28, 2016): 5249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5249-2016.
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Abstract. Acquiring accurate atmospheric water vapor spatial information remains one of the most challenging tasks in meteorology. The tomographic technique is a powerful tool for modeling atmospheric water vapor and monitoring the water vapor spatial and temporal distribution/variation information. This paper presents a study on the monitoring of water vapor variations using tomographic techniques based on multi-source water vapor data, including GPS (Global Positioning System), radiosonde, WVR (water vapor radiometer), NWP (numerical weather prediction), AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sun photometer and synoptic station measurements. An extensive investigation has been carried out using multi-source data collected from May to October 2013 in Hong Kong. With the use of radiosonde observed profiles, five different vertical a priori information schemes were designed and examined. Analysis results revealed that the best vertical constraint is to employ the average radiosonde profiles over the 3 days prior to the tomographic time and that the assimilation of multi-source data can increase the tomography modeling accuracy. Based on the best vertical a priori information scheme, comparisons of slant wet delay (SWD) measurements between GPS data and multi-observational tomography showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of their differences is 10.85 mm. Multi-observational tomography achieved an accuracy of 7.13 mm km−1 when compared with radiosonde wet refractivity observations. The vertical layer tomographic modeling accuracy was also assessed using radiosonde water vapor profiles. An accuracy of 11.44 mm km−1 at the lowest layer (0–0.4 km) and an RMSE of 3.30 mm km−1 at the uppermost layer (7.5–8.5 km) were yielded. At last, a test of the tomographic modeling in a torrential storm occurring on 21–22 May 2013 in Hong Kong demonstrated that the tomographic modeling is very robust, even during severe precipitation conditions.
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Shao, Jianli, Xin Liu, and Wenqing He. "Kernel Based Data-Adaptive Support Vector Machines for Multi-Class Classification." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090936.
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Imbalanced data exist in many classification problems. The classification of imbalanced data has remarkable challenges in machine learning. The support vector machine (SVM) and its variants are popularly used in machine learning among different classifiers thanks to their flexibility and interpretability. However, the performance of SVMs is impacted when the data are imbalanced, which is a typical data structure in the multi-category classification problem. In this paper, we employ the data-adaptive SVM with scaled kernel functions to classify instances for a multi-class population. We propose a multi-class data-dependent kernel function for the SVM by considering class imbalance and the spatial association among instances so that the classification accuracy is enhanced. Simulation studies demonstrate the superb performance of the proposed method, and a real multi-class prostate cancer image dataset is employed as an illustration. Not only does the proposed method outperform the competitor methods in terms of the commonly used accuracy measures such as the F-score and G-means, but also successfully detects more than 60% of instances from the rare class in the real data, while the competitors can only detect less than 20% of the rare class instances. The proposed method will benefit other scientific research fields, such as multiple region boundary detection.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Gianinetto, and M. Scaioni. "Automatic registration of multi-source medium resolution satellite data." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (September 19, 2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-23-2014.
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Multi-temporal and multi-source images gathered from satellite platforms are nowadays a fundamental source of information in several domains. One of the main challenges in the fusion of different data sets consists in the registration issue, i.e., the integration into the same framework of images collected with different spatial resolution and acquisition geometry. This paper presents a novel methodology to accomplish this task on the basis of a method that stands out from existing approaches. The whole data (time series) set is simultaneously co-registered with a two-dimensional multiple Least Squares adjustment with different geometric transformations implemented. Some tests were carried out with different geometric transformation models (including similarity, affine, and polynomial) and variable matching thresholds. They showed a sub-pixel precision after the computation of multiple adjustment. The use of multi-image corresponding points allowed the improvement of the registration accuracy and reliability of a time series made up of data imaged with different sensors.
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Chen, Guokun, Zicheng Liu, Qingke Wen, Rui Tan, Yiwen Wang, Jingjing Zhao, and Junxin Feng. "Identification of Rubber Plantations in Southwestern China Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data and Phenology Windows." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051228.
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The continuous transformation from biodiverse natural forests and mixed-use farms into monoculture rubber plantations may lead to a series of hazards, such as natural forest habitats fragmentation, biodiversity loss, as well as drought and water shortage. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution of rubber plantations is crucial to regional ecological security and a sustainable economy. However, the spectral characteristics of rubber tree is easily mixed with other vegetation such as natural forests, tea plantations, orchards and shrubs, which brings difficulty and uncertainty to regional scale identification. In this paper, we proposed a classification method combines multi-source phenology characteristics and random forest algorithm. On the basis of optimization of input samples and features, phenological spectrum, brightness, greenness, wetness, fractional vegetation cover, topography and other features of rubber were extracted. Five classification schemes were constructed for comparison, and the one with the highest classification accuracy was used to identify the spatial pattern of rubber plantations in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020 in Xishuangbanna. The results show that: (1) the identification results are in consistent with field survey and rubber plantations area generally shows a first increasing and then decreasing trend; (2) the Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient of the proposed method are 90.0% and 0.86, respectively, with a Producer’s Accuracy (PA) and User’s Accuracy (UA) of 95.2% and 88.8%, respectively; (3) cross-validation was employed to analyze the accuracy evaluation indexes of the identification results: both PA and UA of the rubber plantations stay stable over 85%, with the minimum fluctuation and best stability of UA value. The OA value and Kappa coefficient were stable in the range of 0.88–0.90 and 0.84–0.86, respectively. The method proposed provides reliable results on spatial distribution of rubber, and is potentially transferable to other mountainous areas as a robust approach for rapid monitoring of rubber plantations.
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Jiang, Liyuan, Yong Ma, Fu Chen, Jianbo Liu, Wutao Yao, and Erping Shang. "Automatic High-Accuracy Sea Ice Mapping in the Arctic Using MODIS Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040550.
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The sea ice cover is changing rapidly in polar regions, and sea ice products with high temporal and spatial resolution are of great importance in studying global climate change and navigation. In this paper, an ice map generation model based on Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance bands is constructed to obtain sea ice data with a high temporal and spatial resolution. By constructing a training sample library and using a multi-feature fusion machine learning algorithm for model classification, the high-accuracy recognition of ice and cloud regions is achieved. The first product provided by this algorithm is a near real-time single-scene sea ice presence map. Compared with the photo-interpreted ground truth, the verification shows that the algorithm can obtain a higher recognition accuracy for ice, clouds, and water, and the accuracy exceeds 98%. The second product is a daily and weekly clear sky map, which provides synthetic ice presence maps for one day or seven consecutive days. A filtering method based on cloud motion is used to make the product more accurate. The third product is a weekly fusion of clear sky optical images. In a comparison with the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) sea ice concentration products performed in August 2019 and September 2020, these composite images showed spatial consistency over time, suggesting that they can be used in many scientific and practical applications in the future.
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Norton, Cynthia L., Kyle Hartfield, Chandra D. Holifield Collins, Willem J. D. van Leeuwen, and Loretta J. Metz. "Multi-Temporal LiDAR and Hyperspectral Data Fusion for Classification of Semi-Arid Woody Cover Species." Remote Sensing 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122896.
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Mapping the spatial distribution of woody vegetation is important for monitoring, managing, and studying woody encroachment in grasslands. However, in semi-arid regions, remotely sensed discrimination of tree species is difficult primarily due to the tree similarities, small and sparse canopy cover, but may also be due to overlapping woody canopies as well as seasonal leaf retention (deciduous versus evergreen) characteristics. Similar studies in different biomes have achieved low accuracies using coarse spatial resolution image data. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of multi-temporal, airborne hyperspectral imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) derived data for tree species classification in a semi-arid desert region. This study produces highly accurate classifications by combining multi-temporal fine spatial resolution hyperspectral and LiDAR data (~1 m) through a reproducible scripting and machine learning approach that can be applied to larger areas and similar datasets. Combining multi-temporal vegetation indices and canopy height models led to an overall accuracy of 95.28% and kappa of 94.17%. Five woody species were discriminated resulting in producer accuracies ranging from 86.12% to 98.38%. The influence of fusing spectral and structural information in a random forest classifier for tree identification is evident. Additionally, a multi-temporal dataset slightly increases classification accuracies over a single data collection. Our results show a promising methodology for tree species classification in a semi-arid region using multi-temporal hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing data.
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Wang, Y., X. Huang, and M. Gao. "3D MODEL OF BUILDING BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA FUSION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-3/W2-2022 (October 27, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-3-w2-2022-73-2022.
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Abstract. The process of building a digital city is the construction of a three-dimensional city model. The construction of 3 d data model is the process of multi-source spatial information collection and fusion. The current means of spatial information collection are mainly divided into three-dimensional laser technology and UAV photogrammetry technology. The three-dimensional laser technology is mainly based on ground laser, which has high acquisition accuracy for the bottom part of the building, but it is insufficient for the information collection at the top of the building. UAV photogrammetry has a large area and high efficiency spatial information collection method. At the same time, a large three-dimensional city model of the building can also be constructed. However, due to practical problems such as flight height and ground occlusion, the model constructed by UAV photogrammetry has a perfect top and poor bottom quality. The two methods are combined to build a more perfect point cloud model. Aiming at the above problems, a three-dimensional modeling method of buildings under multi-source data fusion is proposed. Firstly, the point cloud data and image data obtained by 3D laser scanner and UAV are preprocessed, and the two data forms are transformed into high-precision point cloud data. Then two sets of point cloud data are fused to generate the whole point cloud data. Finally, based on the patch generated by the whole point cloud, the point cloud model is reverse modeled. Get the corresponding building entity model, in order to get a more perfect 3D city model.
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Ya’nan, Zhou, Luo Jiancheng, Feng Li, and Zhou Xiaocheng. "DCN-Based Spatial Features for Improving Parcel-Based Crop Classification Using High-Resolution Optical Images and Multi-Temporal SAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131619.
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Spatial features retrieved from satellite data play an important role for improving crop classification. In this study, we proposed a deep-learning-based time-series analysis method to extract and organize spatial features to improve parcel-based crop classification using high-resolution optical images and multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Central to this method is the use of multiple deep convolutional networks (DCNs) to extract spatial features and to use the long short-term memory (LSTM) network to organize spatial features. First, a precise farmland parcel map was delineated from optical images. Second, hundreds of spatial features were retrieved using multiple DCNs from preprocessed SAR images and overlaid onto the parcel map to construct multivariate time-series of crop growth for parcels. Third, LSTM-based network structures for organizing these time-series features were constructed to produce a final parcel-based classification map. The method was applied to a dataset of high-resolution ZY-3 optical images and multi-temporal Sentinel-1A SAR data to classify crop types in the Hunan Province of China. The classification results, showing an improvement of greater than 5.0% in overall accuracy relative to methods without spatial features, demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in extracting and organizing spatial features for improving parcel-based crop classification.
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Bayat, Nasrin, Diane D. Davey, Melanie Coathup, and Joon-Hyuk Park. "White Blood Cell Classification Using Multi-Attention Data Augmentation and Regularization." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040122.
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Accurate and robust human immune system assessment through white blood cell evaluation require computer-aided tools with pathologist-level accuracy. This work presents a multi-attention leukocytes subtype classification method by leveraging fine-grained and spatial locality attributes of white blood cell. The proposed framework comprises three main components: texture-aware/attention map generation blocks, attention regularization, and attention-based data augmentation. The developed framework is applicable to general CNN-based architectures and enhances decision making by paying specific attention to the discriminative regions of a white blood cell. The performance of the proposed method/model was evaluated through an extensive set of experiments and validation. The obtained results demonstrate the superior performance of the model achieving 99.69 % accuracy compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. The proposed model is a good alternative and complementary to existing computer diagnosis tools to assist pathologists in evaluating white blood cells from blood smear images.
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Wang, Dong, Jiahong Liu, Weiwei Shao, Chao Mei, Xin Su, and Hao Wang. "Comparison of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble for Precipitation Downscaling Results and Observational Data: The Case of Hanjiang River Basin." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070867.
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Evaluating global climate model (GCM) outputs is essential for accurately simulating future hydrological cycles using hydrological models. The GCM multi-model ensemble (MME) precipitation simulations of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6, respectively) were spatially and temporally downscaled according to a multi-site statistical downscaling method for the Hanjiang River Basin (HRB), China. Downscaled precipitation accuracy was assessed using data collected from 14 meteorological stations in the HRB. The spatial performances, temporal performances, and seasonal variations of the downscaled CMIP5-MME and CMIP6-MME were evaluated and compared with observed data from 1970–2005. We found that the multi-site downscaling method accurately downscaled the CMIP5-MME and CMIP6-MME precipitation simulations. The downscaled precipitation of CMIP5-MME and CMIP6-MME captured the spatial pattern, temporal pattern, and seasonal variations; however, precipitation was slightly overestimated in the western and central HRB and precipitation was underestimated in the eastern HRB. The precipitation simulation ability of the downscaled CMIP6-MME relative to the downscaled CMIP5-MME improved because of reduced biases. The downscaled CMIP6-MME better simulated precipitation for most stations compared to the downscaled CMIP5-MME in all seasons except for summer. Both the downscaled CMIP5-MME and CMIP6-MME exhibit poor performance in simulating rainy days in the HRB.
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Ma, Jingzhen, Qun Sun, Zhao Zhou, Bowei Wen, and Shaomei Li. "A Multi-Scale Residential Areas Matching Method Considering Spatial Neighborhood Features." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11060331.
Full textAbstract:
Residential areas is one of the basic geographical elements on the map and an important content of the map representation. Multi-scale residential areas matching refers to the process of identifying and associating entities with the same name in different data sources, which can be widely used in map compilation, data fusion, change detection and update. A matching method considering spatial neighborhood features is proposed to solve the complex matching problem of multi-scale residential areas. The method uses Delaunay triangulation to divide complex matching entities in different scales into closed domains through spatial neighborhood clusters, which can obtain many-to-many matching candidate feature sets. At the same time, the geometric features and topological features of the residential areas are fully considered, and the Relief-F algorithm is used to determine the weight values of different similarity features. Then the similarity and spatial neighborhood similarity of the polygon residential areas are calculated, after which the final matching results are obtained. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate, recall rate and F value of the matching method are all above 90%, which has a high matching accuracy. It can identify a variety of matching relationships and overcome the influence of certain positional deviations on matching results. The proposed method can not only take account of the spatial neighborhood characteristics of residential areas, but also identify complex matching relationships in multi-scale residential areas accurately with a good matching effect.
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Li, Kai, Jinju Shao, and Dong Guo. "A Multi-Feature Search Window Method for Road Boundary Detection Based on LIDAR Data." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071551.
Full textAbstract:
In order to improve the accuracy of structured road boundary detection and solve the problem of the poor robustness of single feature boundary extraction, this paper proposes a multi-feature road boundary detection algorithm based on HDL-32E LIDAR. According to the road environment and sensor information, the former scenic cloud data is extracted, and the primary and secondary search windows are set according to the road geometric features and the point cloud spatial distribution features. In the search process, we propose the concept of the largest and smallest cluster points set and a two-way search method. Finally, the quadratic curve model is used to fit the road boundary. In the actual road test in the campus road, the accuracy of the linear boundary detection is 97.54%, the accuracy of the curve boundary detection is 92.56%, and the average detection period is 41.8 ms. In addition, the algorithm is still robust in a typical complex road environment.
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Yang, Funing, Guoliang Liu, Liping Huang, and Cheng Siong Chin. "Tensor Decomposition for Spatial—Temporal Traffic Flow Prediction with Sparse Data." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216046.
Full textAbstract:
Urban transport traffic surveillance is of great importance for public traffic control and personal travel path planning. Effective and efficient traffic flow prediction is helpful to optimize these real applications. The main challenge of traffic flow prediction is the data sparsity problem, meaning that traffic flow on some roads or of certain periods cannot be monitored. This paper presents a transport traffic prediction method that leverages the spatial and temporal correlation of transportation traffic to tackle this problem. We first propose to model the traffic flow using a fourth-order tensor, which incorporates the location, the time of day, the day of the week, and the week of the month. Based on the constructed traffic flow tensor, we either propose a model to estimate the correlation in each dimension of the tensor. Furthermore, we utilize the gradient descent strategy to design a traffic flow prediction algorithm that is capable of tackling the data sparsity problem from the spatial and temporal perspectives of the traffic pattern. To validate the proposed traffic prediction method, case studies using real-work datasets are constructed, and the results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of our proposed method outperforms the baselines. The accuracy decreases the least with the percentage of missing data increasing, including the situation of data being missing on neighboring roads in one or continuous multi-days. This certifies that the proposed prediction method can be utilized for sparse data-based transportation traffic surveillance.
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Yang, Liu, Hanxin Chen, Yao Ke, Lang Huang, Qi Wang, Yuzhuo Miao, and Li Zeng. "A novel time–frequency–space method with parallel factor theory for big data analysis in condition monitoring of complex system." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 172988142091694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420916948.
Full textAbstract:
The spatial information of the signal is neglected by the conventional frequency/time decompositions such as the fast Fourier transformation, principal component analysis, and independent component analysis. Framing of the data being as a three-way array indexed by channel, frequency, and time allows the application of parallel factor analysis, which is known as a unique multi-way decomposition. The parallel factor analysis was used to decompose the wavelet transformed ongoing diagnostic channel–frequency–time signal and each atom is trilinearly decomposed into spatial, spectral, and temporal signature. The time–frequency–space characteristics of the single-source fault signal was extracted from the multi-source dynamic feature recognition of mechanical nonlinear multi-failure mode and the corresponding relationship between the nonlinear variable, multi-fault mode, and multi-source fault features in time, frequency, and space was obtained. In this article, a new method for the multi-fault condition monitoring of slurry pump based on parallel factor analysis and continuous wavelet transform was developed to meet the requirements of automatic monitoring and fault diagnosis of industrial process production lines. The multi-scale parallel factorization theory was studied and a three-dimensional time–frequency–space model reconstruction algorithm for multi-source feature factors that improves the accuracy of mechanical fault detection and intelligent levels was proposed.
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Lin, Zhixian, Renhai Zhong, Xingguo Xiong, Changqiang Guo, Jinfan Xu, Yue Zhu, Jialu Xu, et al. "Large-Scale Rice Mapping Using Multi-Task Spatiotemporal Deep Learning and Sentinel-1 SAR Time Series." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030699.
Full textAbstract:
Timely and accurate cropland information at large spatial scales can improve crop management and support the government in decision making. Mapping the spatial extent and distribution of crops on a large spatial scale is challenging work due to the spatial variability. A multi-task spatiotemporal deep learning model, named LSTM-MTL, was developed in this study for large-scale rice mapping by utilizing time-series Sentinel-1 SAR data. The model showed a reasonable rice classification accuracy in the major rice production areas of the U.S. (OA = 98.3%, F1 score = 0.804), even when it only utilized SAR data. The model learned region-specific and common features simultaneously, and yielded a significant improved performance compared with RF and AtBiLSTM in both global and local training scenarios. We found that the LSTM-MTL model achieved a regional F1 score up to 10% higher than both global and local baseline models. The results demonstrated that the consideration of spatial variability via LSTM-MTL approach yielded an improved crop classification performance at a large spatial scale. We analyzed the input-output relationship through gradient backpropagation and found that low VH value in the early period and high VH value in the latter period were critical for rice classification. The results of in-season analysis showed that the model was able to yield a high accuracy (F1 score = 0.746) two months before rice maturity. The integration between multi-task learning and multi-temporal deep learning approach provides a promising approach for crop mapping at large spatial scales.