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1
El-Rashidy, Hoda Hassan. "Ergasilid copepods and grey mullet." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1999. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1555.
Full textAbstract:
The parasitic copepod family Ergasilidae currently comprises 26 genera and more than 180 species, the great majority of which utilises marine, brackish and freshwater fishes as hosts. Thirty-three species of Ergasilidae were obtained from examination of the gills of more than 3000 grey mullet preserved in the collections of the Natural History Museum. These species represent nine current genera of the family Ergasilidae: Acusicola, Dermoergasilus, Diergasilus, Ergasilus, Paraergasilus, Nipergasilus, Paeonodes, Mugilicola and Therodamas. Complete descriptions of twenty-two new species and redescriptions of five existing species are given in the taxonomic part. The cosmopolitan species E. lizae has been erroneously identified by many authors, therefore the type material was redescribed giving new details that have significant taxonomic value and have been overlooked in previous descriptions. Subsequently a group of closely related species, including four new species was recognized and is referred to as the E. lizae-complex. The antenna of Ergasilidae is modified as an attachment organ securing the parasite to its host. The examination and description of antennae of 26 species representing virtually all of the 26 genera included in the family, provided information on the functional morphology and the homology of antennal segments. The results revealed that the antenna of Ergasilidae is 4-segmented plus a curved claw, and that the third endopodal segment was previously overlooked by most authors. The different attachment mechanisms are discussed in relation to the antennal structure in the Ergasilidae. The phylogenetic relationships between the members of Ergasilidae were analysed using cladistic techniques. A character matrix initially comprising 96 characters was constructed from the literature, for most of the species. The results of this analysis suggest that the existing system of four subfamilies is untenable and several of the existing genera are recognized as terminal apomorphies in long lineages, or are paraphyletic. The biogeography of grey mullet hosts and the distribution patterns of the recorded ergasilids were analysed. The host specificity of each recorded species was also examined and it was concluded that many ergasilids exhibit a relatively low level of host specificity, with species tending to occur on a variety of hosts found in particular habitats. The co-evolutionary history of the Ergasilidae and the Mugilidae was examined in an attempt to examine the relative importance of co-evolution and colonization as processes influencing host specificity. A minimum of fifteen colonization events by ergasilids of mugilids as hosts was documented. This suggests that any basic coevolutionary pattern will have been greatly modified by colonization events (shifts in host groups).
2
Sandoval, Emeli. "Morphodynamics of Mullet Key, West-Central Florida." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5570.
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Mullet Key is a right angle barrier island located at the mouth of Tampa Bay, west-central Florida. Based on historical shoreline data from 1873, the Gulf (west)-facing section of the beach has been dynamic illustrating large beach advances and retreats of up to 500 m on a decadal scale, while the south (channel)-facing section of the beach has shown to maintain a stable shoreline. This study focuses on the morphodynamics of the Gulf-facing beach. Since the 1920s, most of the Gulf-facing beach has been accreting except at the southern end near the Tampa Bay main channel. However, over the past 17 years, severe beach erosion has occurred along the northern portion of the island while accretion occurred along the middle portion. The southern end of the island has been maintained through artificial beach nourishments. Analysis of 27 aerial images from 1942 to 2014 revealed that the above large shoreline variations can be explained by the initiation, emergence, landward migrating, shoreline attachment, and post-attachment beach adjustment of the swash-bar complex on the Bunces Pass ebb delta. Two cycles of the swash-bar complex attachments with a period of approximately 30 years were identified from the aerial photos spanning 72 years.
Twenty-eight beach-profiles spanning the 4 km Mullet Key Gulf-facing beach were surveyed 7 times on a bi-monthly basis from March 2014 to February 2015 to quantify the recent rapid changes, and to assess a yearly rate of shoreline change. Beach-profile analyses showed that the 120 m beach at the north-most tip in the immediate vicinity of Bunces Pass has lost a small amount of sediment. The 360 m beach to the south has gained some sediment. The 670 m stretch of beach further south has had significant shoreline retreat at a rate of 10-15 m/year. The 2,400 m section southward has experienced some gain of sediment, while the 370 m nourished beach at the southernmost tip has had slight retreat. This beach change pattern illustrates a diverging longshore sediment transport. Nearshore wave and current conditions were measured during a cold front passage in December 2014 to quantify the hydrodynamic processes that induced the diverging longshore transport. Three wave and current gauges were deployed along the eroding and accreting sections. The hydrodynamic data reveal that the longshore transport divergence is caused by diverging flood tidal flow into Bunces Pass to the north and Tampa Bay channel to the south. Furthermore, the waves in front the eroding beach were higher than the adjacent accreting beach.
3
Babu, Ch Kiran. "Prevalence of myxosporean parasites in mullets of Cochin backwaters." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 2001. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11075/1/Kiran%20Babu.pdf.
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Prevalence of myxosporean parasites in mullets of Cochin backwaters was studied. Out of 110 fishes examined 40 (36,4%) fishes showed infection with myxosporeans. Seven species of myxosporeans, all belonging to the genus Myxobolus were recovered. Their prevalence varied from 1.8% to 16.4% individually. The intensity of infection in fishes ranged from 1 to 100. All the 7 species observed were found to be site/organ specific. No apparent pathological changes were
observed on gross examination. Infection with myxosporean parasites was observed in gill rakers and pharyngeal region of mullets for the first time. Multiple infection was observed in 11 out of 110 (10%) fishes examined, Though heavy infections were observed in some cases, the fishes were apparently healthy.
4
Madhu, K. "Studies on the biotoxicity of the mangrove vegetation on the fingerlings of Liza macrolepis, Tilapia mossambica and Chanos chanos." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11082/1/Madhu%20K..pdf.
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Mangroves are defined as those trees and shrubs growing between
high water of spring tide and the mean sea level where the wave action is feeble (Macnae, 1968). The term mangroves is generally used for both the vegetative colonisation as well as individual species. Singh et. al. (1986) defined mangroves as characteristic littoral plant formations of tropical and subtropical protected coast lines. They are salt tolerant forest ecosystems, of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. The distribution and restriction of mangroves in the sub-tropical regions are influenced by the
pattern of warm water and cold water currents. Soft mud, sand bars and protected topography of the bays, lagoons and estuaries provide shelter from wave action and thereby enhance luxuriant growth of mangrove vegetation. The geographical occurrence of the mangroves are found in the West Africa,
Atlantic U.S.A., Pacific America, East Africa, Australia, Asia and Oceanica, (Krishnamurthy et.al., 1979 and Blatter, 1905).
5
Senturk, Tugce. "Effect Of High Hydrostatic Pressure On Quality Factors And Shelf Life Of Atlantic Mackerel (scomber Scombrus) And Red Mullet (mullus Barbatus)." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613599/index.pdf.
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The ability of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to extend the shelf life of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was assessed in this study. For that purpose, fillets of both atlantic mackerel and red mullet were subjected to pressure treatments at 200, 300, 400 MPa at 5, 10, 15°C for 5 and 15 minutes. The influence of the treatments on Trimethylamine Nitrogen (TMA-N) level, lipid oxidation stability (Thiobarbituric Acid, TBA level) was investigated as well as color changes. The suitable combinations for Atlantic mackerel were determined as 200 MPa, 15°
C for 5 min and 400 MPa, 5°
C for 5 min
and for red mullet 200 MPa, 15°
C for 5 min. In the second stage, the shelf life of fish samples, which were treated with these conditions and stored at 4°
C, were studied by measurement of pH, color, sensorial features (appearance and odor), TMA-N, TBA, Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), Histamine and Total Mesophilic Aerobic Count (TMAC) formations. Based on these analyses, the unpressurised mackerel samples were acceptable up to only 7 days compared to 17 and 19 days after 200 and 400 MPa treatments
respectively. For red mullet samples pressurization at 200 MPa extended the shelf life an additional 3 days (from 1 week to 10 days). HHP treatment in combination with chilled storage can improve the shelf life and quality of fish.
6
Van, Praag Alex. "Ectoparasites of the southern mullet Liza Richardsonii in the Berg Estuary, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6450.
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Includes bibliographical references.The aims of this study were to observe changes in ectoparasite abundance and diversity on fish in relation to salinity gradients in the Berg Estuary. The host species studied was the commercially important, euryhaline southern mullet Liza richardsonii that is superabundant in estuaries of the Western Cape. A total of 210 fishes were sampled by using a single haul with a beach seine net at each of seven localities along a salinity gradient from the mouth to the upper reaches. Seven species of parasite were found. These included five species of Copepoda; a member of the family Caligidae, an Ergasilus species, a Dermoergasilus species, a Brachiella species and an unidentified caudal fin parasite. Two representatives of the Monogenea were found, one from the family Microcotylidae and another that was not identified.
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Westfall, Zachary J. "Morphodynamics of Shell Key and Mullet Key Barrier Islands: Their Origin and Development." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7593.
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Shell Key and Mullet Key are two sandy barrier islands on the West Central Florida coast near the mouth of Tampa Bay. These islands are part of an interconnected barrier-inlet system that includes Pass-a-Grille (PAG) and Bunces Pass. Shell Key is a relatively new island about 40-years of age that formed in between the two inlets of Bunces Pass and PAG. Mullet Key is an island to the south of Shell Key situated between Bunces Pass and the main Tampa Bay channel that has demonstrated large scale upward shoaling events. Using numerical modeling, the wave and tidal conditions at the dual-inlet system were investigated in order to understand the hydrodynamic conditions that drive the morphology change. Historical aerial imagery and historical nautical charts were analyzed to determine the large scale accretionary and erosive changes that happened in the study area from 1873 to 2018. Four historical nautical charts, from 1873, 1928, 1966, and 1996 were digitized to create bathymetry maps of the two islands, their adjacent inlets, and the ebb shoals. These historical bathymetry maps were compared with the bathymetry survey by this study in 2016. The research goal of this thesis is to investigate the mechanism of origin and development of two barrier islands along the coast of West Central Florida through a time series of photos combined with numerical modeling.
Based on aerial photos from 1984 to 2018, the overall shape and orientation of ebb shoals at both Bunces Pass and PAG were analyzed in order to examine the effect that the 30 year swash bar cycle at Bunces Pass has on a connected inlet system. The ebb shoal orientations were compared to see how swash bar initiation would affect the two ebb shoals; most notably Bunces Pass ebb shoal. A bending of the entire Bunces Pass ebb shoal was identified over the 2002-2018 time span corresponding to the development of a large sand feature located here.
Further numerical modeling was conducted at PAG to determine the factors controlling the formation of Shell Key. Before the 1970s, the PAG inlet included two branches, the North PAG Channel and the South PAG Channel. A major dredging event took place at the North PAG Channel in 1966 causing significant widening and deepening of the channel. This dredging event was simulated to quantify the impact to the natural flow pattern. The 1966 dredging project had a significant impact to the overall flow pattern, increasing the ebb jet flow velocity by 0.8 m/s over the dredged area and significantly decreasing flow velocity by -0.4 m/s over a large area where the South PAG Channel was previously located. This artificially induced change of flow pattern resulted in the closure of South PAG Channel and the corresponding development of Shell Key.
8
Zacks, Michelle Honora. "From table to trash| The rise and fall of mullet fishing in southerwest Florida." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3585979.
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This dissertation explores the social history and cultural meanings associated with mullet (Mugil cephalus), a common inshore fish, in southwest Florida from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. Centuries of harvesting, trading, and eating mullet allowed diverse populations of people to adapt to a challenging environment, generating a commonweal that connected common folk—harvesters and consumers—to the state’s inshore waters. Systems of production and social relations based on the low-cost fish contributed to place-based notions of identity and collective allegiance to inshore waterways dedicated to provision rather than proceeds. As Americanization of the region progressed, conflicts widened between environmentally situated modes of life in the region and imperial abstractions of the terrain designed to render its inhabitants—human and otherwise—into resources capable of fueling capitalist growth. During the twentieth century, mullet widely came to be considered a “trash” fish, of little value as a food and expendable as a commodity. This downward shift in social status corresponded with the rising economic and political stature of Florida’s seascapes as sites of leisure production. Promoted through conservation rhetoric, a successful 1994 citizens’ ballot initiative banned statewide use of gill nets, the primary mullet-harvesting gear, a move that confirmed the success of instrumentalist logic that correlated social worth with capitalist potential.
Analysis of the history and symbolic significance of mullet production and consumption provides insight into the power relations that shape the ecological, economic, and political structure of waterways as social domains. This dissertation argues that the classification of mullet and the people associated with it as species of American “trash” grew out of longstanding efforts by federal and state officials to integrate Florida into the cultural boundaries of the nation, which eventually placed an accessible, food-producing seascape outside the rubric of the public good. Mullet-dependent people's defense of the species as a commodity, alongside their opposition to the commoditization of the seascape as a playground, offers valuable critiques of the social injustices and class bias that infuse contemporary rhetoric and practices regarding sustainability and conservation.
9
MUNTONI, MANUEL. "A multidisciplinary approach for puzzling over fish connectivity in the Mediterranean Sea: The role of early life history stages of red mullet (Mullus barbatus)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266564.
Full textAbstract:
Integrating connectivity patterns into marine ecosystem management is a fundamental step, specially for stock subjected to the combined impacts of human activities (overfishing, habitat degradation, etc.) and climate changes. Thus, management of marine resources must incorporates the spatial scales over which the populations are connected. Notwithstanding, studying these dynamics remains a crucial and hard task and the predictions of the temporal and spatial patterns of these mechanisms are still particularly challenging. This thesis aims to puzzle over the red mullet Mullus barbatus population connectivity in the Western Mediterranean Sea, by implementing a multidisciplinary approach. Otolith sclerochronology, larval dispersal modelling and genetic techniques were gathered in this study. More particularly, this research project focused on early life history stages of red mullet and their role in the characterization of connectivity dynamics. The results show that M. barbatus larval dispersal distances can reach a range of 200 km. The differences in early life traits (i.e. PLD, spawning and settlement dates) observed between various areas of the Western Mediterranean Sea suggest a certain level of larval patchiness, likely due to the occurrence of different spawning pulses during the reproductive period. The dispersal of individuals across distant areas, even not significant in demographic terms, is accountable for the maintenance of the genetic flow among different demes. Fluctuations in the level of exchange among different areas, due to the variability of the source-sink dynamics, could have major implications in the population connectivity patterns. These findings highlight the reliability of combining several approaches and represent a benchmark for the definition of a proper resource management, with considerable engagements in effectively assuring the beneficial effects of the existent and future conservation strategies.
10
Ghadirnejad, H. "Population dynamics of grey mullet species (Liza aurata and L. saliens) in the Southern Caspian Sea." Thesis, Swansea University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637046.
Full textAbstract:
An introduction is given to the Caspian Sea, grey mullet species, and the grey mullet fishing method in the southern Caspian Sea, together with an introduction to the quantitative assessment in the fishery. 11,614 specimens of the grey mullets Liza aurata and L. saliens were collected from the catches being obtained at 91 sample sites along the Iranian side of the Caspian Sea in the fishing seasons 1993-94 and 1994-95. The specimens were identified by a rapid identification method. Basic biometrical measurements were recorded from the whole sample and a further set of measurements from a subsample of 1301. Scales and otoliths for age determination were collected. The age of all specimens was determined by scales, and an improved method for removing the otoliths was developed. The growth and morality of L. aurata and L. saliens were estimated by several methods. Biomass and maximum sustainable yield for both species were estimated by using different methods. Removed stomach contents were examined and food items identified and counted. Frequency of occurrence (F%) and numerical percentage (N%) methods for quantifying food items in the stomachs were employed. Ovary maturation and fecundity of L. aurata and L. saliens were investigated and compared with the results of other studies. Finally recommendations have been made to help the Iranian fishing managers exploit the grey mullet species in the Caspian Sea whilst conserving the present biomass.
11
Burgess, Peter John. "Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 (Ciliophora) : transmission and immune response in the mullet Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2632.
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A standardised procedure was established for the laboratory maintenance of C.irritans in thick-lipped mullet. Nine isolates of C.irritans were obtained of which eight were successfully established for up to 48 weeks. Studies on individual life cycle stages with regards to longevity, viability, and susceptibility to a chemotherapeutic agent, revealed the difficulties in eradicating the cysts. Transmission of the parasite both to and from the host correlated with darkness. High infection levels resulted in the death of host fish within five days following exposure to theronts. An acquired protective immune response developed in host mullet within 14 days after exposure to sub-lethal infection. The degree of immunity appeared to relate to infection dose, and was not fully protective in all fish. Protection persisted for six months after infection and appeared specific to C.irritans. Specific antibodies to trophont antigen were identified in mullet serum but not epithelial mucus following either natural exposure to theronts or intraperitoneal immunisation with trophont antigens. Serum from intraperitoneally immunised fish caused theront immobilisation and agglutination in vitro; however no evidence was found for a protective role for specific antibody. Major polypeptides were identified and characterised by molecular weight for both trophont and theront stages using SDS-PAGE. Significant homology in major polypeptide profiles was found between C.irritans and I.multifiliis, in respect to trophonts and particularly theronts. Murine monoclonal antibodies raised to trophonts identified two polypeptide components of molecular weights 20-21kDa and 68-69kDa, the latter being homologous with host immunoglobulin heavy chain. These results are discussed in relation to future management and control strategies for cryptocaryosis in warmwater mariculture systems and aquaria.
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Bichy, John Brooke. "A Life History Assessment on the Reproduction and Growth of Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus, in North Carolina." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04012004-095956/.
Full textAbstract:
The striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, has supported a commercial fishery in North Carolina since the 1800s and today ranks in the top ten of commercially valuable fin- fisheries in the state worth over a million dollars annually. The species is a direct link between lower and higher trophic levels and thus serves an important role in the food web. Despite striped mullet?s biological and economic importance, basic life history data from North Carolina are limited and the stock status is unknown. Objectives of this study were to describe striped mullet growth, reproductive seasonality, size and age at maturity, and fecundity. Monthly samples of striped mullet were collected using both fishery independent and dependent sampling strategies throughout North Carolina. Sagittae otoliths were removed and sectioned for age and growth analyses. Gonads were fixed and histologically prepared for maturity indices and fecundity estimation. Length was highly variable within age classes. Regional growth differences within North Carolina were found as fish collected from the southern sampling regions were smaller at age and lived longer than fish from the northern regions. Growth models suggest growth rates in North Carolina were greater than other areas in the species? range. Based on the presence of recently post-spawned fish and gonadal development, striped mullet spawn between late September and December. The collection of a hydrated female less than 1 km from an inlet, coupled with the presence of post-ovulatory follicles from fish sampled within the estuary, provided evidence for near-shore spawning. Males matured at a smaller length (L50) than females, 283 mm and 324 mm fork length, respectively. Fecundity correlated well with fork length (r2=0.88) and body weight (r2=0.91), and ranged from 1193 to 2535 eggs per gram of eviscerated body weight. This study provides the first life history assessment of striped mullet reproduction and growth from North Carolina and shows differences in growth, maturity, spawning location, reproductive seasonality, and fecundity compared to other areas in the species? range.
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Aryee, Alberta Naa Ayeley. "Extraction, partial purification and characterization of the lipase fraction from the viscera of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97895.
Full textAbstract:
Lipase was partially purified from the viscera of grey mullet ( Mugil cephalus) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, simultaneous desalting, and concentration via ultrafiltration and then affinity chromatography on EAH-Sepharose 4B. The partially purified extract was characterized using p-nitrophenyl palmitate (rho-NPP) as substrate. Grey mullet lipase was active within the pH range of 7-10, with an optimum pH of 8.0, and was stable from pH 4-10. The enzyme was active within the temperature range of 20°C and 60°C, and exhibited an optimum for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP at 50°C. The enzyme was stable between 10-50°C, beyond which it lost activity progressively. At 50°C there was ca. 50% residual activity after 60 min incubation. However at 60°C, there was 22%, 20% and 0% remaining activity after 10, 30 and 60 min incubation respectively. Based on the temperature activity data, the activation energy for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP was calculated as 1.94 kcal/mol (8.15 kJ/mol).The rho-nitrophenyl esters of medium to long chain fatty acid (C10-C16) served as good substrates with the order of ease of hydrolysis as; rho-NP-palmitate > rho-NP-myristate > rho-NP-caprate > rho-NP-caproate > rho-NP-butyrate > rho-NP-acetate. The Km' and Vmax for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP were 0.22 mM and 20 mumol min-1 mg-1 , respectively. The hydrolytic activity of the lipase was enhanced by Mg2+, Mn2+, NaN3, and EDTA, but strongly inhibited by Hg2+, and Cu2+. PMSF (1 mM), Ca2+ (1 mM and 10 mM) had no effect on grey mullet lipase activity. Lower concentrations (25-10% v/v) of water-miscible organic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, iso-propanol, and methanol) had negligible effect on the activity of the lipase while higher concentrations (>50% v/v) completely inhibited the enzyme. The grey mullet lipase was remarkably stable in water-immiscible organic solvents (benzene, toluene, hexane, heptane, and isooctane). The water-immiscible solvents also activated the enzyme with hexane giving the most activation. Lower concentrations of trihydroxylated bile salts (sodium taurocholate, and sodium cholate) were more potent activators than the dihydroxylated bile salt (sodium deoxycholate). Sodium dodecyl sulfate at 1 mM, and Tween 80RTM at 1% had 6% and 12% stimulatory effect on the activity of the enzyme respectively, while 1% and 0.5% Triton RTM X-100 caused 67% and 40% inhibition, respectively.
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Wood, Bradbury Patrick. "The immune response of the grey mullet, Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826), to Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825), (Digenea)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2237.
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The ability of thick-lipped grey mullet to mount both humoral and cellular immune responses to Cryptocotyle lingua has been demonstrated here for the first time. Of the 3 procedures for immunisation investigated, namely exposure to live cercariae, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of whole killed cercariae and ip injection of a cercarial sonicate, the former gave the highest primary antibody titres with a peak response at 4 weeks post infection. Peak titres occurred at 5 and 7 weeks after immunisation by ip injection of sonicated cercariae and whole killed cercariae respectively. An enhanced secondary antibody response was observed following challenge by ip injection of sonicated cercariae. Cercariacidal activity, apparently involving complement, was detected in normal serum and enhanced in immune serum. However, the mechanism for complement activation remains uncertain. Parasite antigens were identified following separation by SOS-PAGE and immunoblotting using mullet and rabbit antisera. Mullet failed to respond to certain parasite proteins recognised by rabbit antiserum and in situ immunogold-silver staining demonstrated that mullet. immunised by exposure to live cercariae, were unable to recognise the metacercarial cyst wall. Migration and polarisation of pronephric leucocytes in vitro was enhanced following immunisation but cellular adherence to encysted and unencysted parasites was not observed. In vitro studies further demonstrated a possible role for fish serum in stimulating metacercarial encystment. The intensity of melanisation of the host capsule in metacercarial infections was increased in fish held in total darkness and with increased temperature. The rate of development of the metacercarial tegument and cyst wall and the associated host response was similarly affected by temperature and initial development was inhibited by prior immunisation via ip injection of sonicated cercariae. There was however, no evidence of protection against cercarial infection following such immunisation. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms of immunity, metacercarial survival strategies and control of metazoan infections in fish.
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Choi, Wai Ming. "Culturing grass carp and grey mullet using food waste incorporated with traditional Chinese medicine, Baker's yeast and enzymes." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/12.
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The present study focused on using food wastes and feed supplements, e.g. enzymes (bromelain and papain), baker’s yeast and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) for rearing freshwater fish (grass carp and grey mullet) in Hong Kong. Different types of food wastes, e.g. meats, bones, cereals, fruits and vegetables were collected from local hotels, mixed in different ratios and processed into feed pellets for feeding trials. The cereal dominant food waste feed (FW A) was more suitable for grass carp and grey mullet, with the best growth performance (e.g. feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR)) and higher protein digestibility (in grass carp), compared to FW B and FW C which contained higher proportions of meat products. The NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) activities in blood and plasma protein levels were decreased in the grass carp, cultured with food waste feeds without any supplements, compared to the commercial feed, Jinfeng®, 613 formulation (Control). Upgrading FW A by the addition of 1% and 2% mixtures of bromelain and papain significantly increased the feed protein solubility and subsequent to growth (SGR and relative weight gain (RWG)) and feed utilization (e.g. apparent net protein utilization (ANPU), protein efficiency ratio (PER)) in both fish species. The protein and feed utilizations by grass carp were also promoted by the yeast supplements with the optimal dose of 2.5% yeast (S. cerevisiae) added to FW A upgraded by enzymes. This showed that yeast could further enhance nutrient utilization contained in feeds after addition of bromelain and papain. The in vitro study on the grass carp’s plasma treated with TCM extracts also showed that TCM extracts could stimulate plasma bactericidal activity (on Aeromonas hydrophila), possibly through enhancing plasma complement activity. The formulation with Radix scutellaria, Rhizoma coptidis, Herba andrographis and Radix sophorae flavescentis in the ratio of 1:1:2:3 was more effective in enhancing plasma bactericidal activity than single TCM extracts. Besides, R. coptidis and R. scutellaria possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity (in vitro) on fish pathogens (such as A. hydrophila, Lactococcus garvieae and Vibrio cholerae) among the 17 tested TCMs. In addition, TCMs were less likely for developing drug resistant pathogens than antibiotics. Grass carp immunity (NBT activity in blood, plasma bactericidal activity and total immunoglobulin level) was boosted by the addition of TCM formulation and baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae). The disease resistance to pathogen (A. hydrophila) was also enhanced, with significantly lower mortalities observed in groups feeding with TCM (1 and 2% for 21 to 28 days) and baker’s yeast (2.5 and 5% for 28-56 days). The uses of yeast and TCMs led to positive effects on growth, immunity and disease resistance to pathogens in fish, but the effects (grass carp) were less effectual when both were supplemented in feed. The combined use of both supplements may impair the effects of TCM formulation or yeast in the modulation of gut mircoflora, and upset the balance of beneficial microbial communities. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using feed supplements (TCM and baker’s yeast) to enhance fish immunity and enzymes upgraded food waste feeds for rearing fish, for the development of a more sustainable aquaculture in Hong Kong.
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Bangcaya, Josette Pesayco. "IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR expression as molecular markers for egg quality in mullet and grouper." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16003/1/Josette_Bangcaya_Thesis.pdf.
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Common measures of egg quality have been survival to specific developmental stages, higher hatching rate of fertilized eggs and final production of fry. Determinants of egg quality are variable among and between teleost species and no common unified criteria have been established. Maternally inherited genes influence egg quality and early embryo development is partially programmed by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Among the genes, the insulin family is important for growth functions and the presence of their transcripts in the ovary, oocytes and embryos implies their involvement during the reproductive process and their relevance to egg quality. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has three components, the ligands IGF-I and II, the IGFBPs (insulin-like growth factor binding proteins) and the IGF receptors that mediate biological activity of the ligands. Vitellogenin (Vtg) is the major source of nutrients for the developing embryo and elevated levels in female fish plasma signals gonadal development preceding spawning. In oviparous fish where the developing embryo is dependent on the stored food in the yolk, vitellogenin levels in the egg could indicate its capability to support embryonic growth.
This study aimed to develop molecular tools, specifically probes for IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR, for the evaluation of fish egg quality. These probes would be used to determine expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR during egg development to assess their potential as molecular indicators for egg quality. In addition, this study also aimed to establish an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantifying Vtg in fish eggs and determine if differences in Vtg levels could be linked to fertilization and hatching success.
Through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) putative complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) fragments of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR were cloned and sequenced from mullet (Mugil cephalus) and grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The relative expression ratio of the three genes in the eggs of mullet and grouper were assayed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and calculated using the Pfaffl method (Pfaffl, 2001). Levels of vitellogenin in different batches of mullet eggs were quantified by ELISA.
Spawned eggs of grouper were grouped into low (<60%) or high (>60%) fertilization rate (FR) and the fertilized eggs that were incubated until hatching were grouped into medium (>90%) or high (>90%) hatching rate (HR). Samples were categorized into sinking eggs, late embryo and hatched larvae. Relative expression ratio of IGF-II was significantly high (P<0.01) compared to IGF-I and IGF-IR in all samples examined. All three genes were strongly expressed in sinking eggs compared to either late embryo or hatched larvae. However, there was no significant interaction effect between the genes and the samples analyzed. Mullet samples all came from a high FR and high HR group and were categorized into sinking, multicell stage, blastula, gastrula, late embryo and hatched larvae. There was a significant interaction effect (P<0.01) between gene and stage, showing that genes are differentially expressed during embryonic development. IGF-II was strongly expressed relative to the other genes in all stages examined and was highest during the gastrula stage.
Vtg levels were examined in mullet oocytes and egg samples that were grouped into 4; oocytes from females that subsequently spawned, had fertilized eggs which hatched (Group A); oocytes from females that did not spawn, therefore no fertilization and no hatching (Group B); eggs that were stripped, artificially fertilized but no hatching (Group C); and eggs that were spawned, assumed to be fertilized but did not hatch (Group D). Group A showed a trend of higher Vtg levels than the other three but this result was not statistically significant.
17
Bangcaya, Josette Pesayco. "IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR expression as molecular markers for egg quality in mullet and grouper." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16003/.
Full textAbstract:
Common measures of egg quality have been survival to specific developmental stages, higher hatching rate of fertilized eggs and final production of fry. Determinants of egg quality are variable among and between teleost species and no common unified criteria have been established. Maternally inherited genes influence egg quality and early embryo development is partially programmed by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Among the genes, the insulin family is important for growth functions and the presence of their transcripts in the ovary, oocytes and embryos implies their involvement during the reproductive process and their relevance to egg quality. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has three components, the ligands IGF-I and II, the IGFBPs (insulin-like growth factor binding proteins) and the IGF receptors that mediate biological activity of the ligands. Vitellogenin (Vtg) is the major source of nutrients for the developing embryo and elevated levels in female fish plasma signals gonadal development preceding spawning. In oviparous fish where the developing embryo is dependent on the stored food in the yolk, vitellogenin levels in the egg could indicate its capability to support embryonic growth. This study aimed to develop molecular tools, specifically probes for IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR, for the evaluation of fish egg quality. These probes would be used to determine expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR during egg development to assess their potential as molecular indicators for egg quality. In addition, this study also aimed to establish an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantifying Vtg in fish eggs and determine if differences in Vtg levels could be linked to fertilization and hatching success. Through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) putative complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) fragments of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR were cloned and sequenced from mullet (Mugil cephalus) and grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The relative expression ratio of the three genes in the eggs of mullet and grouper were assayed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and calculated using the Pfaffl method (Pfaffl, 2001). Levels of vitellogenin in different batches of mullet eggs were quantified by ELISA. Spawned eggs of grouper were grouped into low (<60%) or high (>60%) fertilization rate (FR) and the fertilized eggs that were incubated until hatching were grouped into medium (>90%) or high (>90%) hatching rate (HR). Samples were categorized into sinking eggs, late embryo and hatched larvae. Relative expression ratio of IGF-II was significantly high (P<0.01) compared to IGF-I and IGF-IR in all samples examined. All three genes were strongly expressed in sinking eggs compared to either late embryo or hatched larvae. However, there was no significant interaction effect between the genes and the samples analyzed. Mullet samples all came from a high FR and high HR group and were categorized into sinking, multicell stage, blastula, gastrula, late embryo and hatched larvae. There was a significant interaction effect (P<0.01) between gene and stage, showing that genes are differentially expressed during embryonic development. IGF-II was strongly expressed relative to the other genes in all stages examined and was highest during the gastrula stage. Vtg levels were examined in mullet oocytes and egg samples that were grouped into 4; oocytes from females that subsequently spawned, had fertilized eggs which hatched (Group A); oocytes from females that did not spawn, therefore no fertilization and no hatching (Group B); eggs that were stripped, artificially fertilized but no hatching (Group C); and eggs that were spawned, assumed to be fertilized but did not hatch (Group D). Group A showed a trend of higher Vtg levels than the other three but this result was not statistically significant.
18
Huang, Pin-Han, and 黃品涵. "Reproductive physiology in Large scale mullet, Chelon macroplepis." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dds4kn.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產養殖研究所
102
Large scale mullet (Chelon Macrolepis) is an important economical aquaculture species in south of Taiwan. The fish can’t spawn in farmed and the reproductive physiology was still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study were to investigate the reproductive physiology in large scale mullet, including the reproductive cycle, the mechanism of sex steroids and the characteristics in maturation, and apply to the artificial reproduction. The highest gonadosomatic index (GSI %) at 11.8 % and 2.4 % on January in female and male fish, respectively. The highest level concentration of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in female fish were 313.73 pg/ml and 1466.85 pg/ml on December and January, respectively. In male fish, the highest level concentration of T and E2 were 418.08 pg/ml and 519.2 pg/ml on February and January, respectively. Ovaries development was divided into previtellogenic stage from July to October with primary oocytes of diameter in 100 μm; vitellogenic stage is between November and December with oocytes of diameter up to 350-450 μm; maturation stage is around January to February and with full growth oocyte of diameter at 550-600 μm; post-spawning stage form March to June. Testis development was divided into spermatogonial proliferation stage (from July to September); early maturation stage (October); mid maturation stage (November); late maturation stage (December); functional maturation stage (from January to February); post-spawning stage (form March to June). The farmed large scale mullet were spawning from January to February with a single spawning pattern and group-synchronous ovary filled full growth oocytes in diameter of 550-600μm. The spermiation could stimulated by catfish pituitary homogenates (CPH) with dopamine receptor antagonists, haloperiodol (9.4mg/kg wt.). The best conditions of salinity for motility of sperm were between 17.5 and 21 ppt. The relative potency to induce GVBD in vitro was 20βS> DHP> 17OHP> C20> S、P4、C20,21、E2、T、cortisol、cortisone、dexamethasone. Both DHP and 20βS had stimulatory effects on the final oocyte maturation (FOM) after acute treatment for 1 min. 20βS had a higher potency than DHP in the inducing in vitro FOM. 20βS might be a maturation inducing steroid (MIS) in large scale mullet. According to the responsiveness to hormone, the development of the FOM could be classified into the following three stage ; (1) hormone insensitive stage, in which oocyte do not respond to hormone (gonadotropin or MIS); (2) MIS sensitive stage, in which FOM can be induced by exogenous MIS alone ; (3) Spontaneous stage, in which oocyte can undergo in vitro maturation even without any hormone treatment. CPH (0.01 piece/ml) could inducing FOM in vitro, but not in HCG (10 IU/ml). E2 (0.01 μg/g wt.) administration or endogenous E2 reduced could inhibit FOM in vivo, in contrast, higher dosage of E2 (0.05 μg/g wt.) could increase ovulation. E2 might be involved in FOM and ovulation. Both LHRH-A and HCG treatments could not induce GVBD. However, CPH could induce GVBD with low ratio of ovulation; only CPH with MIS had the best effect in ovulation. In conclusion, farmed large scale mullet were spawning from January to February with full-growth oocyte of diameter in 550-600μm, and could induce GVBD and ovulation by CPH with 17OHP (1 piece/fish+ 0.5 mg/kg wt.) treatment. Spermiation could induced by CPH with haloperidol (0.5 piece/100g wt. + 9.4 mg/kg wt.) treatment.
19
Joseph, Elizabeth. "Studies on the histological and biochemical changes during spermatogenesis in Mugil cephalus Linnaeus." Thesis, 1987. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6521/1/TH_13.pdf.
Full text
20
Palanisamy, K. "Studies on the digestive enzymes of the cultivable grey mullet Liza parsia (Hamilton Buchanan 1822)." Thesis, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6659/1/TH_23.pdf.
Full text
21
Ravi, N. "Studies on lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in Mugil cephalus and Liza parsia." Thesis, 1986. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11119/1/Ravi%20N..pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Realising the importance of applying genetic
principles in aquaculture programme in our country and
the long term needs for preserving the natural genetic
resources/ fish genetics has been identified as a priority
field for research and development.
Genetic studies using isozymes have made a substantial contribution towards efforts at preserving genetic
resources of fish. Ihey allow identification and description of the population genetic structure of species interest. Ihey thus provide the basis for development of appropriate sampling and preservation procedures for particular species.
22
Sukumaran, Sandhya. "Cryodiluents and morphological changes in the spermatozoa of fish Liza parsia (Hamilton- Buchanan)." Thesis, 2001. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11127/1/Sandhya%20Sukumaran.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
An attempt has been made to get an insight into cryoinjuries that occur during the process o f cryopreservation and to identify the best cryodiluent for the milt of Liza parsia, one of the euryhaline fishes of immense culture potential. The morphological changes or damages caused by the cryodiluent at various stages of sperm preservation in liquid nitrogen at -196°C were studied at ultrastructural level by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). V2E+DMSO diluent accorded maximum protection to the spermatozoa and inflicted least damages, retaining maximum post-thaw motility.Hence, V2E+DMS0 appear to be the best cryodiluent for the milt of Liza parsia. The present findings need further confirmation with actual fertility trials.
23
Lin, Jia-Ming, and 林嘉銘. "FATTY ACID COMPOSITION，LIPOXYGENASE AND AROMA OF MULLET ROE." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01790412907685137732.
Full text
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Lin, Jia Ming, and 林嘉銘. "Fatty acid composition, lipoxygenase and aroma of mullet roe." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59952666702090899286.
Full text
25
Shen, Hsuan-Yu, and 沈宣妤. "Studies of molecular markers of the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83359980184270426931.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
97
The gery mullet, Mugil cephalus, is an important cultured fish species in Taiwan. The value of the grey mullet can divided into four parts : body, ovary, seminal vesicle,and stomach. The ovaries are the most valuable part. RAPD markers were adopted to select the traits of high GSI of the grey mullet and would expect to be applied in molecule breeding a new generation to ensure the high yields of the ovaries. The selected RAPD markers wered screened from 571 gery mullet DNA samples. We find the RAPD primer of [A] p001G470 with a DNA fragment at 470 bp, [B] p017G430 with a DNA fragment at 430 bp,[F] p043G512 with a DNA fragment at 512 bp, [O] p075G204 with a DNA fragment at 204 bp, [S] p087G442 with a DNA fragment at 442 bp,[T] p087G762 with a DNA fragment at 762 bp,and [Y] p102G374 with a DNA fragment at 374 bp.This seven RAPD fragments and the nested PCR result can prove the alleles existed in the genome of mullet and their GSI were more than 17%.
26
Hwang, Pin-Hao, and 黃品皓. "Species Identification and Stability of Lipid Oxidation for Mullet Roe." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16687887407997537726.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
103
Mugilidae species include 6 genus 12 species currently, among them Mugil cephalus (MCe) is importantly economic species. Recently, the capture of the MCe was decreased, leading to the price of processed mullet roe was increased. Due to the appearance of Mugilidae fishes is similar, the species are not easy to distinguish. Besides, other Mugilidae species are cheaper than MCe, the mullet roe might be replaced by these species. On the other hand, compared to mullet roe, the oil fish roe showed similar quality in taste and flavor but with cheaper price, the mullet roe had been replaced by oil fish roe for serving and vending in recent year. After cooking and slicing, it’s hard to distinguish these two roe by its appearance. Since there had been reported that the puffer fish roe was adulterated into mullet roe and caused food poisoning, the method of identification to test the adulteration of fish roe should be estabilished. The mullet roe contained various nutrients, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) which is beneficial for humans. Since mullet roe were treated with high temperature before tasteing, n-3 PUFA were degraded into lipid oxidation products and effect human body health. Therefore, the stability of n-3 PUFA in mullet roe during processing period should be evaluated. In this study, polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing were used to establish RFLP map of 8 common Mugilidae species in Taiwan and applied for the examination of market roe adulteration. The developed PCR-RFLP method can rapidly applied to identify the species of Mugilidae fishes and adulteration of commercial mullet roe with no adulteration found in 10 examined samples. Meanwhile, the lipid stability of mullet roe after different processing method (treating for 1, 5, and 10 min at 50oC or 100 oC) were also evaluated in this study. After treating for 10 min at 100 oC, the index of the oxidation level was increased, and PUFA were more stable compared to monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The lipid extracted from processed mullet roe showed damaged effect to Caco-2 cell and lead cell apoptosis. In summary, the developed PCR-RFLP method in this study could be applied for distinguishing Mugilidae fishes and fraudulent substitution of commercial mullet roe. Besides, after heating treatment, the oxidation level mullet roe were increased, with decrease of MUFA content. The lipid extracted from processed mullet roe also showed damage to Caco-2 cell. Therefore, long period of high temperature treatment should be avoided when processing mullet roe.
27
Yu, Hsiao-Fen, and 余小芬. "Research on Culture of Fishing Grey Mullet at Zihguan Township." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48791326126694443733.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺南大學
台灣文化研究所
95
The research is mainly on the culture of fishing grey mullets at Zihguan Township along the seaside. The cultural connotation contains fishermen’s viewpoints, fishing technology, fishing system and religious custom. It also carries on investigations and discussions about the respondence and adjustment when Tao Wu（fishing grey mullets） culture faced output reduction of grey mullets. There are findings as following. 1. Fishermen''s viewpoints: For fishermen, grey mullets stand for the importance of economy, instability of catches, and evasive myth. These characteristics cause the fishermen to regard grey mullets with a great fondness. 2. Fishing technology and system on Tao Wu: Fishing technology is divided into surrounding net and purse seine in the research area. These fishing gears make big catches and high prices at auctions. Therefore, people develop a unique sale. For example, the time of auction is not fixed but according to fish boats entering the port. Fishing committee makes stipulation “the grey mullet consignee” in order to avoid auctioning risks. Both of these examples show notable differences from other fishery. 3. Religious custom and taboo on Tao Wu: Grey mullets'' characteristics strengthen fishermen’s motivation and demand for seeking help from religious; therefore, religious rites praying for abundant harvest and safety penetrate the entire fishing work. In the fishing period, fishermen have to carry out complicated custom and obey the taboo. They do everything by the gods’ instructions. This becomes grey mullet fishery’s biggest characteristic. 4. The impact and adjustment from output reduction of grey mullets: In the late 80s, due to the bad weather, bad oceanographic condition and the interception catches from mainland China’s fishermen, the quantity of grey mullets migrating to Taiwan declined sharply. Under this impact, purse seine boats in the research area stopped fishing grey mullets, so that Tao Wo fishing boats and their production reduced suddenly at Leliao fishing port. The reduction of grey mullets also causes the original fishery system to operate with difficulty. Zihguan fishing committee and fish boat team can not but adjust their management system and operation to face the impact of grey mullets'' underproduction.
28
Kelley, Christopher D. "The environmental control of oocyte development in the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10342.
Full text
29
Mohapatra, B. C. "Effect of "Nuvan" on some biochemical and physiological parameters of Liza parsia (Hamilton and Buchanan)." Thesis, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11093/1/Mohapatra%20B.Chandra.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Pesticides are synthetic chemicals widely used for protecting crops from pests. Though their short-term benefits are undeniable they are considered as hazardous because of their interference with the environment. Pesticides wherever applied, ultimately find their way into water bodies affecting aquatic fauna especially the fish.
30
Muthukaruppan, S. "Biochemical aspects of ovarian maturation in Liza parsia (Hamilton-Buchanan)." Thesis, 1987. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11095/1/Muthukaruppan%20S..pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Aquaculture is the dynamic pursuit of production of
organisms from water - a process analogous to agriculture
where animals and plants are cultivated from land. The
field o f aquaculture is an emerging bioindustry based upon
the culture and husbandry of all useful aquatic organisms.
it is a significant departure from the traditional "search
and capture" fisheries and may increasingly displace the
hunting and catching of wild stock. Of late there has been
a global upsurge for aquaculture. Increasing world population, the decision by various nations to produce more fish
by developing unutilised or partially utilised water
resources and depletion of natural stock due to excessive
exploitation have been some of the reasons for the need to
produce more fish through aquaculture.
31
Cheng, Man-chun, and 鄭滿俊. "The study of the Bioeconomics analysis Of Grey mullet in Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35hr8q.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
95
Abstract This study is based on the theory of biology and economy to establish the open access model, dynamic optimization model and static optimization of fishery mathematical models, to discuss the problem of fishery management. To be aimed at getting the equilibrium of resource stock and effort, research data are mainly analyzed by comparative statues. In so doing, the amount of grey mullet, collect and analyze the estimation of exogenous variable. Then, we can use Mathematica program to calculate the equilibrium value resource stock and the effort, and do the sensitivity analysis by standing on the change of estimation of exogenous variable. The result of analysis is as follow: These three fishery mathematical models’ resource stock and effort are consistency. In another view of CPUE, it is not obvious of the economic effect of open access model. We must strengthen the management in policy of fishing for grey mullet, to let the fisherman earn the highest economic benefits. Keyword: open access model static optimization model. dynamic optimization model.
32
Liu, Kang-Fu, and 劉康甫. "The effects of maturation inducing in large scale mullet, Chelon macrolepis." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m46334.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產養殖研究所
103
The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of hormone (LHRH-A, HCG, catfish pituitary extract, CPH), steroids (E2, 17OHP) and drugs (Dopamine receptor antagonists, Lorazepam, Dexamethasone) on the endocrine system and maturation of large scale mullet for application to fish reproduction. The results indicated that seabream GnRH, GnRHR2 were involved in FOM in the fish. LHRH-A did not effect the FOM might be related to low LHβ and FSHβ mRNA expression in pituitary. HCG treatments could not induce FOM, since it could not induce MIS production. CPH could stimulate spermiation, induce FOM but not effect in ovulation unless with 17OHP. E2 administration seems could inhibit FOM in the fish. Dopamine receptor antagonists (haloperidol, pimozide) involved in FOM indicated that dopamine were associated with reproduction regulation. Basic on Haloperidol and Lorazepam treatments could elevate the egg quality, induce FOM and ovulation; Dexamethasone induced LHR and mPRα as a result of inducing ovulation; it demonstrated that Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal were involved in the reproduction in the fish. E2 were stimulated vitellogenin synthesis in liver and vitellogenesis in oocyte with HCG. HCG combined with E2 could elevate the egg quality; it might be due to the promotion of LHβ, LHR, and mPRα mRNA expression by E2. Increasing temperature change (5-10 C) could improve the ovulation and spawning. Dietary omega3 highly unsaturated fatty acids have the effect in ovulation. Base on the results in the study, the application of reproduction in the large scale mullet were fish with oocyte diameter 550-600 μm pretreatment with HCG and E2 followed by treated CPH+17OHP+Haloperidol, and with increasing temperature change (5-10 C) during treatments. Male fish were inducing spermiation by CPH treatment.
33
LEE, MIE-YING, and 李美楹. "Weather Index-Based Insurance: A Case Study of Flathead Grey Mullet." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pb8nv6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
金融與合作經營學系
105
The extreme weather events, especially typhoon and extreme low temperature, often lead to devastated losses in aquaculture productions in Taiwan. For example, Typhoon Morakot in 2009 brought tremendous rainfall in southern Taiwan and caused catastrophic losses of NT$4.1 billion in aquaculture production, while the low temperatures in 2016 was responsible for the severe damages of NT$3.2 billion. Thus, it is an urging issue to help aquaculture producers in finding an effective method of risk management against extreme weather losses. Mullet is a kind of fish species with high economic value. Usually, it takes 3 years to cultivating mullet and therefore, mullet producers have to face higher risks during cultivating period. In this research, we proposed a weather index-based insurance for mullet producers to manage their production risk. Specifically, we took Tainan city as our research sample and examined the relationship between mullet production risk and various weather index. Finally, we used Monte Carlo Simulation to simply compute pure premium rate for the proposed contract.
34
Xu, Xiu Hua, and 許秀華. "Purification and characterization of lipoxygenase from grey mullet (mugil cephalus) gill." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23783146229052356521.
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35
Li, Xin Mei, and 李欣玫. "Effects of sarcoplasmic proteins of grey mullet (mugil cephalus) on gelation." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31213397611851454636.
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36
Lan, Shih Chieh, and 藍士杰. "Studies on the sex differentiated and its control in grey mullet." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02011895763034410210.
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37
Chang, Hung-Cheng, and 張泓正. "Studies on Processing and quality determination of Liquid Smoked Grey mullet." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53124466002852825657.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
食品科學系
94
The cultured grey mullet was used as materials to prepare liquid smoked product. Studies were focus on the quality and physicochemical properties of smoked mullet products, and expect to add the value of grey mullet products. It was found, the grey mullet muscle could lack elastic protein and collagen cause flaky tissue and breakup after processing. The other test was proposed to employ the addition of 5%gelatin, 5%minced meat, 5%gelatin and 5%minced meat, combine with vacuum injection to develop liquid smoked product which had batter texture and the quality. After salted and smoked, compare with different salt addition, salt method and dried time, it found the water activity among 0.7~0.8 and mo moisture content among 50%~60% of the products, they are conformed to IMF. The pH value is applied with Sodium Nitrite addition and salt concentration. The residues concentration of the sodium nitrite in the products will be loss during the processing. One reason to explain is the raw materials which react with sodium nitrite were very restrictedly, another reason was caused by processing loss. The quantity of phenols in fish meat decreased by drying time, In addition to the residues concentration of NaCl at every sample was range among 1%~2%. In color studies, “a” value is high with sodium nitrite concentration. The “b” value was increased with drying time and maybe caused by Maillard reaction. The pH value, VBN, TBA value only increased slightly, total plant counts increase with storage time. However, still in the acceptable safe range during storaged at 4°C 5weeks. In modification texture test it was found to add 5% gelatin and 5% minced meat to enhanced the product texture appreciably and effectively. From appearance, muscle tissue, and texture profile analysis (TPA). It is not only effect the physicochemical properties of product but also have still more stable, than add the gelatin or minced meat individual. From sensory evaluation it was found the products which used brine have good point from appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptance. In modification texture test, the samples which added 5% gelatin and 5% minced meat have high points. Furthermore, the best processing of liquid smoked grey mullet was added 5% gelatin and 5% minced meat to brine curing and then combine smoking process.
38
Hsu, Shih-Chun, and 許詩淳. "Consumers’ Cognition, Purchasing Behavior and Willingness-To-Pay for Mullet Roe." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s92zm3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
106
Mullet roe is a traditional food in Taiwan and generates high economic value every year. As catch yields decrease, more research is conducted towards mullet culturing, but less goes towards consumers’ preference. Some research found that adding a little Estradiol to mullet feed could increase female mullet proportion from 15% to 95% in the 19th century. This technique is not often promoted for it is not compliant with the Veterinary Drugs Control Act, and yet feed production factories and fishermen have produced and used it for many years without consumer knowledge. Taiwan’s Fisheries Agency recently announced that estrogen is not allowed in mullet feed and promotes natural mullet culturing. However, research on consumers’ preferences is still absent. Therefore, this research investigates Taiwanese consumers’ cognition, consumption behaviors, and their willingness-to-pay for mullet roe. A choice experiment is employed and the choice data is analyzed with a mixed logit model, a random parameter model, and a latent class model, respectively. The results reveal that Taiwanese consumers’ preferences on mullet roe are heterogeneous and consumers place the highest value on the attribute of certification and inspection, followed by the attribute of wild, and ultimately on low-salt. According to statistical results, more than 70 percent of Taiwanese consumers are willing to pay higher for mullet roe which is estrogen-free. Therefore, Taiwanese consumers are inferred to put more emphasis on safety than flavor. To provide safer mullet roe, the traceability system of mullet roe should be established as soon as possible. Furthermore, this research suggests the same for other processed fishery products in Taiwan.
39
Vijayakumar, S. "Studies on biochemical genetics of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus." Thesis, 1992. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6722/1/TH_36.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The exploitation of fish resources has recently become a serious
commercial venture throughout the world. All fish resources being of natural
origin the reasons for fluctuations in their abundance can also be natural.
However, a single factor that appears to have caused wide fluctuations in
their catch s t a t i s t i c s may be the effect of man's uncontrolled or unscientific
exploitation of these fish resources contributed by species of commercial
importance. The 1989 annual marine fish production of India reached about
2.2 million. The marine fish resources of India are mainly composed of pelagic
and demersal types.
40
Viswanath, Kiron. "Nutritional requirements of the fry of gold-spot mullet Liza parsia (Hamilton)." Thesis, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6742/1/Binder1.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The food generating systems on the planet earth are the
lone source of energy for sustenance of the human race. With the
exploitation of terrestrial sources near maximum, man has turned
his attention to the food resources of the.aquatic environment.
The potential of the world oceans to feed man has been portrayed
in poetic terms since the dawn of time, with irnpressive promises
including reports of huge krill sources in Antartic waters and
offshore fishery stocks.
41
Gopalakrishnan, A. "Studies on some aspects of the reproductive physiology of the female Grey mullet Mugil cephalus L." Thesis, 1991. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6744/1/Binder1.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In the development of aquaculture, finfishes have been given prime
importance, and among cultivable finfishes, mullets forrn one of the most
important groups which can be cultured in different ecosystems such as
coastal seawater, estuaries, lagoons, brackishwater bodies and even in
freshwater. The grey mullet, Mugil cephalus is one of the fastest growing
and highly delicious table fish which is extremely tolerant to wide ranges
of salinity and temperature and which occupies the lowest position in the
food chain. This species is widely distributed and very popular worldwide
as a cultivable fish. Historically, the fishery of rrlullets was described
in the records of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
42
Jadav, Bhaskar Laxman. "Studies on the effect of steroid hormones on the growth and biochemical composition of the mullet Liza parsia (Hamilton)." Thesis, 1991. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6747/1/Binder2.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The constant efforts to develop low cost feeds of higher
efficiency has stimulated continued search for more suitable
combinations of known nutrients and for new additives which
wiil increase the feed efficiencv. rate of growtn and reduce
the period of rearing. In this context the use of some
chemicals and biological substances have come to light, which
when added to the diets promote faster grztwth and increase
the food conversion efficiencv.
43
Chuang, Kuo Hung, and 莊國宏. "Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Quality of Dried-Salted Mullet Roe." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17310036383570347020.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
食品營養學系
82
The dried salted mullet roe from cultured source browned during storage faster than that from wild source. The study was to investigate the effects of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality and storage stability of mullet roe product. Samples were packed in an aluminum laminated pouch or nylon laminated pouch filled with N2 and 0, 20 or 50 % O2 respectively, and exposed to 1,000 lux fluorescent light at 5℃ for 8 weeks. The samples in oxygen filled packages showed that L-value reduced and △E-value increased, unsaturated fatty acids reduced, conjugated diene, triene and carbonyl oxidative products increased comparing with the ones in nitrogen filled packages. More severe browning and lipid oxidation were found in the samples with oxygen than without oxygen. It was also observed that light accelerated browning and lipid oxidation in the study. Oxygen could inhibit the reduction of TMAO and reduce the amount of amino compounds, but it caused serious lipid oxidation to produce a large amount of carbonyl compounds, so enhanced browning. Carbonyl compounds might play an important role on the browning reaction in mullet roe. Therefore, the more serious lipid oxidation, the more serious browning in mullet roe occured. Oxygen reduced the contents of carotenoids, so caused discoloration of mullet roe. From the data of physical and chemical analyses and also sensory evaluation, it was revealed that L value, △E and carbonyl value could be used as indicators for the quality of mullet roe. The trends of color and the degree of lipid oxidation of wild mullet roe were similar to those of cultured mullet roe. The pH values of wild mullet roe were lower than cultured mullet roe. The conclusion of this study suggested that mullet roe could be packaged in an aluminum laminated pouch with nitrogen filled to maintain its quality.
44
Lee, Jian-Lin, and 李建霖. "Identification and Immunogenicity of Lactococccus garvieae in Grey Mullet, Mugil cephalus L." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49064098316207754948.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
獸醫學系
93
Streptococcosis was an important bacterial disease in cultured grey mullet ( Mugil cephalus L. ) and caused serious economic losses. From 1997 to 2004, fifty-one cases of diseased grey mullet with Gram-positive streptococcus-like organisms were collected from cultured farms in central Taiwan. Those cases were diagnosed by clinical pathological, histopathological, microbiological and molecular examinations. All diseased fish had congestion and hemorrhage on the body surface, and showed exophthalmia with or without conjunctival hemorrhage and corneal opacity. The main pathological changes were the presence of ascites, polyserositis and meningitis. The bacterial isolates obtained from the diseased fish, were Gram-positive streptococcus-like bacteria, catalase negative, oxidase negative but grew in 0-5％ NaCl broth. All the isolates grew over a wide temperature ranges ( 4-40℃). Expected 750bp PCR amplicons obtained by using a set of universal primers targeting for the 16S rDNA of Gram positive cocci from the isolates were determined and deposited in the GenBank. The results showed Lactococccus garvieae 90％ ( 45/51 ), Streptococcus agalactiae 5％ ( 3/51 ) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5％ ( 3/51 ), respectively. Epidemiologically, L. garvieae was a major bacterial pathogen in cultured grey mullet, occurred highly from May to September in Taiwan. Extracellular product profiles of L. garvieae of field strains, L. garvieae, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. iniae of standard strains were analyzed by protein electrophoresis. The results showed L. garvieae from field strains were similar to the standard strains and major molecular weight were about 56, 51 and 45.5 kDa, but they showed very different from S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. iniae. The vaccines were prepared by using formalin- killed whole cells, whole cells adding extracellular products, and lysis of L. garvieae, and evaluated the efficacy in grey mullet. Fish were vaccinated single and booster by intraperitoneal ( i.p. ) injection with 107 and 109 colony-forming units ( CFU ) /fish, respectively. Fish immunized with single dose of whole cells 107 CFU were challenged by a dose of 106 and 108 CFU/fish and had a RPS ( relative percent survival; RPS ) of 67 and 0％, respectively. Fish with single and booster immunization with 109 CFU of the three trial vaccines, were respectively challenged with 106, 108 and 109 CFU/fish and had a RPS between 84-100％. IP immunization of both whole cells adding extracellular products and lysis showed two times of the RPS values higher than the whole cells group. In addition, the immunogenicity of the extracellular protein was identified by Western blots method.
45
Lin, Yu-Hsuan, and 林郁軒. "Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from grey mullet. (Mugil cephalus L.)." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83441731183352121333.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
生物科技學系碩士班
101
The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS)-producing lactic acid bacteria from the intestine of grey mullet. A total of 194 acid-producing bacteria were isolated and four isolated cultures showed inhibitory activities against at least one indicator strain. Strains Enterococcus faecium B3-8 and Ent. thailandicus B3-22 showed the greatest inhibitory activities against Listeria monocytogenes and were therefore further characterized. However, the BLISs from B3-8 and B3-22 showed different characteristics regarding heat sensitivity and antibacterial spectra and were therefore considered as two different inhibitory substances. Besides, it was also found that BLIS from strain B3-22 had a significant inhibitory ability against Lactococcus garvieae strains. The biocontrol ability of strain B3-22 against the Lactococcus garvieae and the potential cell wall-degrading ability of its bacteriocin were therefore further evaluated. The results suggested that the growth of Lactococcus garvieae can be effectively inhibited using either the living culture or the partial purified bacteriocin substance of strain B3-22. The results also indicated that BLIS from strain B3-22 has cell wall-degrading ability against L. garvieae, and can work synergistically with lysozyme. The findings obtained in this study suggest that Ent. thailandicus B3-22 has obvious potential for practical application as a biopreservative in the aquaculture, due to its excellent inhibitory activity against L. garvieae.
46
Kuo, Chia-Chang, and 郭家暢. "Effects of suspended sediments on survivability of the river mullet (Mugil cephalus)." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29941820230630289036.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生命科學系所
104
The cause of fish mass mortality in Taiwan remains dispute. From July 18 to 25, 2013, suspended sediment (SS) concentration of downstream Keelung River increased from 0.05 g/L to 1.94 g/L. Meanwhile, a massive river mullet (Mugil cephalus) die-off event occurred. The media and government attributed the cause of the die-off event to high SS according to the phenomenon that fish gills were severely clogged with fine sediments. Information of SS effects on fishes is not well documented. There is no study on river mullets. The tolerance of fishes to stimulus varies largely among species, so we decide to use kaolin as sediments to examine the effects of SS on river mullets. The mechanisms of effects were investigated by four measurements: quantities of accumulated sediment on the gills, morphology of lamellae, lesions of lamellae, and inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). We performed 14 trials using a total of 84 fishes. SS concentrations in this experiment ranged from 0 to 79.3 g/L with 13 specific concentrations. The results of linear regression revealed that the 120 hour maximum non-mortality concentration of SS was 11.1 g/L. The 24, 72 and 120 hour LC50 were approximately 129, 56 and 49 g/L, respectively. The highest mortality was 83%, recorded at a concentration of 79.3 g/L. The body lengths between dead and live fishes were similar, which implies that the body length does not influence tolerance of SS. We didn’t observe any kind of pathological changes on the lamellae. However, in the highest concentration groups, the inter-lamellar cell mass was reduced which may imply the impaired osmoregulation. Unfortunately, the number of sample is so limited that we can’t investigate it any further. We confirmed that the sediments actually clogged in the gill filaments, but the rate of accumulation was speed up after the death of individual fish. In summary, the river mullet’s tolerance concentration to SS was 5.7 times higher than the observed SS peak concentration where the die-off event occurred, which suggests that the high SS was not the main cause of the river mullet die-off event on July 25, 2013, and the quantity of accumulated sediment on the gills of dead fish is not a proper indicator for determining the cause of fish death.
47
Chiou, Min-Heng, and 邱敏恒. "The Characteristics of Lipoxygenase in Diseased Cultured grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) Gill." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75596684990571449789.
Full text
48
Lai, Yueh-Cheng, and 賴躍程. "Studies on the antioxidative activities of protein hydrolysates derived from mullet roe." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56075821074775644443.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
100
To hydrolyse the mullet roe with proteases that was to explore the antioxidative activities of protein hydrolysates of mullet roe. In this study, DPPH radical scavenging abilities, hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities, and DNA protective effects were evaluated. The yield of lyophilized powder with bromelain hydrolysis was 5.39% , 6.43% of the papaya enzyme hydrolysis , and 6.50 % of the associated enzymes (bromelain and papaya enzyme) hydrolysis , respectively. About the hydrolysis degree of the mullet roe, the highest content of amino group (peptide) was 896 ppm by the associated enzymes (bromelain and papaya enzyme) hydrolysis in nine hours, then the bromelain hydrolysis in 11 hours was 885 ppm, followed by papaya enzyme hydrolysis in 9 hours was 855 ppm. In DPPH radical scavenging abilities aspects, papaya enzyme hydrolysis groups were better than the bromelain hydrolysis groups, and the associated enzymes hydrolysis groups were better than the single enzyme hydrolysis groups. There was an increasing trend of their antioxidant effects with increasing the concentration of protein hydrolysates. The best DPPH radical scavenging ability was about 80% that the associated enzymes hydrolysis group of 3~5 mg / ml. About the hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities aspects , there were not many differences between bromelain hydrolysis and papaya enzyme hydrolysis,and the associated enzymes hydrolysis groups were better than the single enzyme hydrolysis groups. The hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities with different doses (0.5 mg / ml ~~ 5 mg / ml) of protein hydrolysates , that there was an increasing trend of their antioxidant effects with increasing concentration of protein hydrolysates. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability was 40% with 5 mg/ml of protein hydrolysates. In DNA protective effects aspects, the results showed that the protein hydrolyzate of mullet roe to protect DNA from oxidative damage of free radical. Studies on the hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities of the FPLC fractions. HPLC was used to evaluate the molecular mass distributions of protein hydrolysates.
49
Huang, Yu-Ren, and 黃郁仁. "Study on age and growth of mullet (Mugil cephalus) using biological characteristics." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q3bhp3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
107
This study collected spawning Mugil cephalus (grey mullet) from surrounding waters in the northeastern Taiwan, conducted species identification, age structure analysis and age growth analysis, and provided a reference for fishery management. In order to solve the problem of time-consuming preparation of otoliths, this study collected the biological characteristics of fish and the external morphology of otoliths, and then used the Random Forest algorithm to establish a model for estimating age and evaluating the feasibility of its application. In this study, a total of 380 mullet samples were collected in the northeastern Taiwan from 2014 to 2019 at every winter fishing season (from mid-December to mid-January), with 218 otolith aged. The rapid screening results showed that all specimens belonged to NWP1 among the 3 cryptic species in the Northwest Pacific. The general fishery biological data showed that the body length of female and male fish was 44-67 cm and 40-57.5 cm, and the body weight range was 610-3200 g and 697-2034 g, respectively. Using the fork length and the body weight to calculate their relationship, the results showed no significant difference between sexes. Therefore, length-weight relationship of both sex was pooled and is WE = 2.27 × 10-2 × LF 2.7923. The fish age was estimated by otolith slices. The oldest fish in all sample was 10 years old (n=2, 0.9%), and the youngest on age was 2 years old (n=28, 12.8%). The age composition peaked at age 3 (n=70, 32%), and the age frequency is concentrated in 2-5 years old (n=189, 86.7%). In order to enlarge age dataset, method of back-calculation of fish length at each year from otolith radius were applied, and all 821 data points were used to calculate another VBGE growth equation. Also, the index (φ') for the growth parameter by sex was further calculated. The results are female：Lt = 54.7 × [1-e -0.532 (t+0.2) ], φ’= 3.20, male：Lt = 50.1 × [1- e -0.566 (t+0.2) ], φ’=3.15, and a significant difference was found between sex. The characteristic variables used in the establishment of the Random Forest model are otolith weight, body length, fork length, fish weight, and sex from the fish, and the dependent variable is age. The results of the random forest model establishment show that the Out of bag error (OOB, out of bag error) is 58.17%. The important predictor variable is otolith weight. There is no significant difference in the VBGE between otolith ageing and random forest model ageing. A comprehensive comparison between the two methods and their feasibility were discussed for future potential development of the application.
50
Ya-Huei, Jian, and 簡雅蕙. "Genetic analysis of grey mullet(Mugil cephalus) by microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA sequence." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06910597607701273328.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
95
Abstract Grey mullet, Mugil cephalus is an important commercial species cultured in Taiwan. Due to their valuable ovary product cultured grey mullet can make more profits than other fish species. There are five grey mullet strains found in Taiwan. The superior quality of the ovary product was obtained in some strains and the poor ovary maturation will impede in this industry. However, it has been difficult to distinguish from their ovary size and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Therefore, the microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine those different strains. In this study, Ten polymorphic microstatellites were used in this study. The DNA markers were applied to evaluate the genetic structure of different strains. The microsatellite markers were used to test 14 individuals from two places. The numbers of alleles were from 4~15, respectively. High levels of allelic and genetic diversity were observed in Mcs 6 loci. The polymorphic microsatellites are useful in monitoring genetic diversity of cultured grey mullets. Mitochondrial DNA was used to distinguish the grey mullet fry obtained from the different regions in Taiwan. Specific amplification primers for 12S-rDNA and cytochrome b were designed and used to characterize the species origin. In addition to differentiating grey mullet from Liza carinata, this method is also sensitive to distinguish grey mullet fry from different region.