Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mulga'
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Kingston, Mark B. "Riparian and Upslope Influences on the Regional Avifauna of the Semi-Arid Mulga Lands of South West Queensland." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367637.
Full textThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Australian Environmental Studies
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Davies, Muriel. "Mulga (Acacia Aneura F. Muell. Ex Benth.) death adjacent to haul roads in the north-eastern Goldfields, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1876.
Full textCowley, Robyn Anne. "The effect of changing water distribution from linear to point source on vegetation and soil following piping of an artesian bore in a semi-arid mulga paddock /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16636.pdf.
Full textGriepentrog, Martin Raddatz Klaus Meyer Katharina E. "Mulva /." Mainz : von Zabern, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016661015&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textKokko, T. (Tiia). "”Mulla meni varmaan pointti ohi nyt kokonaan?”:mulla-konstruktion semanttista tarkastelua." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201904091446.
Full textValle, Carla Maria Krieger de. "S?mula vinculante." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4078.
Full textA proposta do presente trabalho ? analisar, atrav?s de pesquisa doutrin?ria, o instituto da s?mula vinculante. Comp?e-se de seis cap?tulos, entre estes a Introdu??o. O cap?tulo primeiro aponta as bases cient?ficas para o ideal de uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia, contribuindo para tal a capacidade do ser humano de sentir e interpretar fatos e leis que guardam estreita rela??o com dados biogr?ficos do int?rprete. A base constitucional tamb?m foi devidamente analisada porquanto uma das vertentes da igualdade material ? a realiza??o da isonomia na aplica??o das normas. O cap?tulo segundo trata da natureza jur?dica do precedente judicial e aborda a fun??o criativa ou apenas declarativa dos precedentes. Neste cap?tulo ? feita uma an?lise da evolu??o hist?rica da uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia demonstrando que o ideal de tornar a jurisprud?ncia um s? corpo vem desde o Brasil imperial. Faz parte do cap?tulo terceiro a classifica??o dos precedentes judiciais em rela??o a sua obrigatoriedade. Os fatores que determinam o grau de persuas?o tamb?m foram abordados assim como os fundamentos para o efeito vinculativo. O cap?tulo quarto contemplou o estudo da organiza??o judici?ria inglesa e americana e a aplica??o dos precedentes nesse sistema jur?dico. A s?mula ordin?ria, uniformiza??o de jurisprud?ncia e s?mula impeditiva de recursos comp?s a an?lise feita no cap?tulo quinto. Seguiu-se no cap?tulo sexto pesquisa sobre os precedentes obrigat?rios no direito brasileiro, entre os quais a s?mula vinculante e tudo que com o instituto se relaciona. Importante ressaltar a pesquisa sobre a possibilidade de reclama??o em caso de descumprimento haja vista a necess?ria exist?ncia de instituto que objetive coibir a desobedi?ncia ? s?mula vinculante.
Marzagão, Newton Coca Bastos. "A multa (astreintes) na tutela específica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-12022014-110131/.
Full textBased on the principle of nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest and restrained by the total inefficacy of the available procedural tools, our Courts have been granting to the party affected by an obligation of specific performance only the pecuniary equivalent of the defaulted service provision. Such scenario started to be challenged upon the perception that the indemnity path would not always fully repair the damages suffered and in view of the awareness that the use of an indirect coercive means for the previously undertaken obligation to be fulfilled would not qualify as offense to the individual freedom (among many other factors). In response to the doctrine\'s claims, the lawmaker made a number of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure, overturning the paradigm: the specific relief was given the primacy that had been unduly given to the indemnity substitute. This paper examines the main procedural tool used to obtain the specific relief in court: the daily fines. This paper analyzes the historical precedents of the specific relief and the coercive means in the Roman and Portuguese system and in Brazilian law, as well as the institutions similar to the Brazilian coercive fine in the French and Anglo-Saxon laws. Based on such historical review and considering the institutions in comparative law, the study defines the nature, function and coverage of the daily fines. It further addresses controversial issues revolving around the applicability of the coercive fine: possibility of accumulation with other types of coercion / sanctions, periodicity and initial value, term a quo and ad quem, existence or not of limitation for the final amount, arising from law or principle, possibility of changing its value and the issue of creditor\'s enrichment without cause. Finally, this paper addresses the execution of the coercive fine. The aim is to show that, in spite of the fact that there is not a detailed ruling and that several doctrine and jurisprudence controversies arise from it, the daily fines are the most effective tool to obtain the specific relief in court - a trend in contemporaneous civil procedure.
Andrade, Eduardo de. "A multa qualificada na legislação tributária federal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-16092016-115553/.
Full textO objetivo este trabalho foi o estudo da multa qualificada prevista na legislação tributária federal bem como as hipóteses para sua aplicação. O primeiro capítulo aborda as sanções. É feito um estudo histórico da evolução das penas no direito penal, ao que se segue uma abordagem sobre o conceito de pena e de suas finalidades, também numa exposição pautada por ilustrações históricas. Posteriormente, são abordadas as sanções civis, ressaltando-se as diferenças entre elas e as sanções penais. Ao final, são estudadas as sanções administrativas, havendo estudo do conceito de sanção administrativa, e espécies tipicamente aplicadas. No segundo capítulo é feito um estudo das sanções tributárias com ênfase naquelas aplicadas no direito tributário federal. Analisam-se, então, a sanção executiva, a sanção por mora no adimplemento, bem como as que penalizam condutas típicas do direito tributário, como a inadimplência na prestação da obrigação tributária principal e as circunstâncias que agravam esta situação (multa agravada). No terceiro capítulo é preliminarmente feita uma introdução ao conceito de ilícito, sendo feita sucinta abordagem dos ilícitos civis, penais, administrativos e tributários. Passa-se, então a cuidar-se do elemento subjetivo da infração tributária qualificada, com ênfase no estudo do dolo, procurando-se apresentar as diferenças entre esta figura, a simulação e a fraude. É feito, ainda, um estudo comparativo do dolo penal e do dolo civil. As circunstâncias qualificativas da infração qualificada são apreciadas no quarto capítulo. A simulação é estudada sob o prisma do direito civil e tributário. Ao tratar da fraude, é feito estudo da fraude penal e da fraude civil, bem como de suas espécies mais conhecidas, incluindo-se a fraude à lei, abordando-se no transcorrer do texto os conceitos de elisão e evasão, o conceito de negócio jurídico indireto, abuso de direito, abuso de forma, abuso de personalidade jurídica e como tais institutos concorrem na configuração da infração qualificada por fraude na legislação tributária federal. No quinto capítulo é analisada a multa qualificada na sua configuração quantitativa e nas peculiaridades que marcam a relação jurídica obrigacional que esta penalidade revela, apresentando-se uma visão integrada da norma jurídica que a contém.
Piñeyrúa, Pilar. "Aproximación semio-discursiva a la murga uruguaya." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 2002. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/2810.
Full textFil: Piñeyrúa, Pilar. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.
Koca, Feray. "Urban Growth And Conservation Problematic In Mugla, Karabaglar." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604706/index.pdf.
Full textin addition, develops proposals for sustainability of the traditional pattern of Karabaglar.
Toussi, Seyyed Khalil Alaghebandi Hosseini. "Ethical and political thought in Mulla Sadra's philosophy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445439.
Full textMenini, Jefferson Santos. "Multa diária: técnica processual para efetivação da tutela específica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7524.
Full textThe present study investigates the technique of the civil procedural code concerning the accomplishment of the specific judicial sentence, which aims at solving the crises of unfulfilment in the obligations of doing, not-doing and delivering, through the influence of the debtor in the fulfilment of these obligations: the daily fine. What motivates this study is the perplexity that arises from the exaggerated figures imposed by the sentences using that mandatory measure, especially towards those not part in the process, but as third parties responsible for the fulfilment of the sentence. The analysis of this topic is based on different procedures: (i) analysis of the historical evolution of that technique with special emphasis on the latest procedural and legislative modifications; (ii) examination concerning the existence or non-existence of a similar mechanism in foreign law systems; (iii) identification of the nature and attributes of the specific judicial sentence; (iv) consideration about the guiding parameters for the fulfilment of the sentence; (v) observation of the main characteristics of that sentence, such as its determining elements, the persons subject to it, its mandatory quality and the beneficiaries of the credit generated by its incidence. Furthermore, the study comprises due to its close relation to the theme the innovation in the procedural civil code that broadens the field of incidence of the mandatory technique by instituting a sanction aiming at the spontaneous fulfilment of an obligation of paying a specific amount based on a sentence. The data analysed confirm that the daily money sanction represents an adequate and necessary technique for the fulfilment of the result-aimed judicial civil procedure, mainly at the accomplishment of the specific sentence. However, its use must be based on the principle of proportionality so as to prevent the plaintiff from obtaining illicit profit and to allow access to a fair system of judicature. Although not given much attention by doctrine and jurisprudence alike, the incidence of the daily fine towards the third party stands as nonapplicable, since it lacks legal basis. Nevertheless, the authority of the judicial sanction is plainly acknowledgeable, for it must be observed by all parties in the process. The solution, then, lies in the use of the fine in cases of acts that are offensive to the jurisdiction
O trabalho investiga a técnica prevista no sistema processual civil para efetivação da tutela específica, a qual visa à resolução das crises de inadimplência verificadas no âmbito dos deveres de fazer, não-fazer e entregar coisa mediante a influência do devedor ao cumprimento das referidas obrigações: a multa diária. O estudo decorre da perplexidade gerada a partir do exagero da cifra resultante da imposição dessa medida coercitiva, sobretudo em face daquele que não integra a relação jurídica processual como parte, mas na qualidade de terceiro, responsável pelo cumprimento da ordem judicial. A análise do tema fundamenta-se em diferentes procedimentos: (i) exame da evolução histórica do instituto com ênfase nas modificações legislativoprocessuais dos últimos anos; (ii) verificação da existência ou da ausência de mecanismo semelhante no direito estrangeiro; (iii) identificação da natureza jurídica e dos atributos da tutela específica; (iv) consideração dos parâmetros norteadores para efetivação da tutela específica; (v) observação das principais características da sanção pecuniária, tais como: natureza jurídica, elementos determinantes da fixação, pessoas sujeitas, exigibilidade e destinatário do crédito derivado da incidência. Contempla, ainda, pela pertinência do assunto, a inovação no ordenamento jurídico-processual, que amplia o campo de aplicação da técnica coercitiva, ao instituir a multa tendente ao cumprimento espontâneo de obrigação de pagar quantia certa fundada em sentença. Os dados analisados confirmam que a multa diária representa técnica adequada e necessária à consecução do processo civil de resultados, notadamente na efetivação da tutela específica, sendo certo, entretanto, que o seu manejo deve sustentar-se no princípio da proporcionalidade a fim de evitar o enriquecimento ilícito do credor e promover o acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Embora pouco explorada pela doutrina e jurisprudência, a incidência da multa diária em face do terceiro revela-se inaplicável, porquanto carecedora de base normativa. Apesar dessa constatação, fica mantido o reconhecimento quanto à autoridade dos provimentos jurisdicionais, os quais devem ser observados por todos aqueles que participam do processo. A solução, portanto, reside na aplicação da multa por ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição
Foschi, Margherita. ""Multa renascentur". Antico e moderno tra qualificazione e riqualificazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5586/.
Full textEsquivel, Guerra Alejandro. "“ILEGALIDAD DE LAS REGLAS DE CARÁCTER GENERAL FRENTE AL ARTÍCULO 364 DEL CÓDIGO FINANCIERO DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO Y MUNICIPIOS”." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67197.
Full textLeizaola, Egaña Aitzpea. "Muga : Frontière, identité et territoire au Pays Basque." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100177.
Full textFramed in the anthropology of borders, this thesis is an ethnography of the Basque borderland. Every border is a political, yet social, construction, which is arbitrary, contingent and relational. A border results from the materialisation of a historical process, which in the case of the Pyrenean border has expanded over 350 years. Long considered as a paradigm of natural boundaries, the border between France and Spain follows these principles too. This work brings light to the implications at stake in the Basque Country related to the definition of territory and to the processes of construction and negotiation of identities. Drawn from a long term multi-sited ethnography carried out in the Basque speaking rural borderland on both sides of the border, this research shows that all through the 20th century borderlanders have been able to constantly adapt to new circumstances. The notion of muga, a polysemic Basque term meaning both frontiers, village limits boundaries and state borders is central to understand the distinction between two diverging conceptions, the local one focusing on the idea of the border as a meeting point and the state perspective, stressing the idea of the border as a line of separation. The study of local territorial disputes, discourses on smuggling and border tourism point out to the scope and the persistence of exchanges across the border at a local level. Despite the fact of being divided by the border, all these show the permeability of the Pyrenean border and its centrality for borderlanders, which in turn, leads to the creation of a specific border culture
Prado, Saldarriaga Víctor Roberto. "La pena de multa en el Código Penal de 1991." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119021.
Full textTrujillo, Silva Anita Josefina. "Multa óptima para sancionar la extracción no autorizada de aguas subterráneas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151799.
Full textActividad Formativa Equivalente a Tesis (AFET)
Esta actividad formativa tiene por objeto determinar las características de la sanción que debe ser aplicada a la extracción no autorizada de aguas subterráneas, para que cumpla con el objetivo de disuadir la conducta que se desea proscribir. Para tales efectos, se analizará la sanción establecida en el Código de Aguas (en adelante también CA) e invocada por la Dirección General de Aguas (en adelante también DGA) para castigar a quienes extraen aguas subterráneas sin autorización, proceso en que se evidenciará tanto la carencia de efecto disuasivo de la mencionada sanción, como que ésta carencia radica — de forma principal— en que el monto de la multa es sustancialmente inferior al costo de cumplimiento de la medida, es decir, al costo que implica no extraer aguas ilegalmente. Sobre la base del análisis efectuado se elaborará una metodología que permita determinar, para cada caso específico, una multa que considere las variables económicas cuantitativas a las que se ve enfrentado el eventual IV infractor, como los criterios cualitativos que deberá tener en consideración la administración al momento de aplicar la multa, concluyéndose que una sanción pecuniaria sólo podrá disuadir la extracción no autorizada de aguas, si su monto es superior a las utilidades obtenidas por el infractor en la actividad económica en la que utilizó las aguas, proponiéndose una modificación de lege ferenda.
Pérez, Castañeda Jacqueline Julissa. "La pena de multa: vigencia, desarrollos y nuevas propuestas en el proyecto de reforma del Código Penal 2008-2010." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4636.
Full textTesis
Monteiro, Vitor José de Mello. "Da multa no cumprimento de sentença para o pagamento de quantia certa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8781.
Full textThe study s main purpose is to analyze the fine included in the Brazilian rules by the law nº 11.232/05 which, in a reasonable period of time, became an object of great controversy in the course of doctrinal and jurisprudential plans and regarding some attainments aspects. The point, therefore, was to sketch one methodology analysis of this new modality of form sanction in order to insert it in the Brazilian s context of procedural law without attacking, however, the jurists principles and guarantees, especially the ones of constitutional level. In addition, the necessity to extract of the institute s maximum possible effectiveness was not forgotten. In consequence, were studied since the most basic requirements so that duty application could have been cogitated until its more specific elements. Of this systemize study, conclusions had emerged on the incidence or not of the related penalty to the situations, until then, little explored by the doctrine and of rare verification in the national courts. It mentioned, also, amongst other peculiar characteristics of this fine, the purpose to confer more authority to the sentences that condemn to the payment of certain amount, in the measure where the debtor will count on a stated period of fifteen days to effect the spontaneous obligation s fulfillment, duly warned about the related penalty s incidence
O presente estudo objetiva analisar a multa do cumprimento de sentença para pagamento de quantia certa inserida no ordenamento jurídico processual brasileiro pela lei n.° 11.232/05 que, em pouco tempo, conseguiu ser objeto de grande controvérsia no plano doutrinário e jurisprudencial a respeito de vários aspectos a ela atinentes. Procurou-se, assim, traçar uma análise metodológica desta nova modalidade de sanção de forma a inseri-la no contexto do direito processual brasileiro sem agredir, contudo, os princípios e garantias dos jurisdicionados, especialmente os de nível constitucional. Não se deixou de lado a necessidade de extrair do instituto o máximo de efetividade possível. Assim, foram estudados desde os requisitos mais básicos para que se possa cogitar a aplicação desta sanção até os seus elementos mais específicos. Deste estudo sistematizado, emergiram conclusões sobre a incidência ou não da referida penalidade a situações, até então, pouco exploradas pela doutrina e de rara verificação nos tribunais nacionais. Ressaltou, também, dentre outras características peculiares desta multa, a finalidade de conferir mais autoridade às decisões judiciais que condenam ao pagamento de quantia certa, na medida em que o devedor contará com um prazo de quinze dias para efetuar o cumprimento espontâneo da obrigação, sob pena de incidência da referida penalidade
Vassal'lo, Saco Jara. "Comunidades de cianobacterias bentónicas, producción y liberación de microcistinas en el río Muga (NE Península Ibérica)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7662.
Full textThe study of cyanobacteria communities in the Muga River basin enables further search for factors that promote or inhibit the intracellular accumulation of microcystins and their external release in oligotrophic or sligthly eutrophic conditions. At the same time, it provides new knowlodge to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and proccesses involved in the community dynamics of benthic cyanobacteria and associated microcystins in Mediterranean River ecosystems. A two-year study of the structure and variability of cyanobacterial communities was carried out: monthly sampling during the first annual cycle and lower frequency sampling during the second cycle. This allows observing the different spatial-temporal patterns over the study period in the 4 selected sampling points in the Muga River basin. These 4 points comprise 1 regulated point downstream of the Boadella reservoir, and 3 unregulated points, namely 2 headers and a thrid one downstream of Albanyà village. A total of 34 species of benthic cyanobacteria were identified in the 4 studied areas. The predominant species were linked to clear waters or slightly altered areas. 2 species were dominant in most of them: Rivularia biasolettiana (in cleaner and exposed areas) and Phormidium retzii (in unexposed areas or with high flow velocity).In the benthic community of cyanobacteria, a total of 6 intracellular microcystins were detected. 3 of them were identified: MC-RR, MC-LR and MC-YR. The accumulation of intracellular microcystins decrease along the stream as determined by different physical, chemical and biological factors. At a general level, the total accumulation of intracellular microcystins was associated with an increase in water temperature, a decrease of benthic cyanobacterial diversity and small increases in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in the water. On the other hand, microcystins release was linked to the effects of different physical disturbances on the cyanobacterial community, wether of natural or anthropical origin.
Dogru, Evrim. "Issues Of Sustainable Development In Local And Global Context: The Case Of Mugla." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608013/index.pdf.
Full textthat is, the result was not sustainable in the long run because of some environmental, socio-economic and political values. In the thesis, the problems of the case related to planning experience through sustainable development objectives are stated and solutions are proposed for a sustainable city.
Valle, Malqui Lucero Belén del. "La multa en el procedimiento administrativo sancionador en las contrataciones con el Estado." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8558.
Full textTrabajo académico
Pérez, Castañeda Jacqueline Julissa. "La Pena de multa en el derecho penal peruano : desarrollos normativos y jurisprudencia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2124.
Full textTesis
Santos, Eucléia Gonçalves. ""Em cima da mula, debaixo de Deus, na frente do inferno"." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/27988.
Full textCROSET, PIERRE JEAN. "En remontant la muga karnali (essai sur la musique des spheres)." Paris 8, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA080575.
Full textThe thesis falls into two parts. The first is devoted to a diary, which deals with a journey in nepal, going back from india to the himalayas "rowing upstream the muga karnali" (a nepalian river). The second part explores, in seven parts ("annexes") how ethnomusicological inquiries by a composer can influence his own aesthetics and techniques. During his journey in nepal, the author began seriously to study the character and traditions of the musical cultures of the east as well as all the inherent qualities of the material itself, not all of which are perceptible or definable according to established western concepts. In musical terms, mr. Croset has combined the use of just intonation with microtones played on asian instruments and explored the potentials rather than merely borrowing the procedures of asian music, so that he built several new instruments of his own and developed new technical resources such as the correlation of pitches to the color spectrum, a device related to the belief, almost universal except in modern europe, incorporating musical tones to the landscapes, cardinal points, seasons, substances and also human emotions. The underlying thrust in mr. Croset's music is the integration of musicwith other categories of art and thought. The resources most likely to be crucial to the future music of the west may very well be the byproducts of attempts to interpenetrate music not only with musical traditions, but with spirituality
Erkin, Eda. "Integration Of Gis Techniques With Tourism Planning A Case Study: Bodrum Peninsula, Mugla, Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611691/index.pdf.
Full textTimur, Baris Ali. "A Study On Values, Problems And Potentials Of The Traditional Dwellings In Karabaglar-mugla." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614240/index.pdf.
Full texttekli district in the south and neighbors the axis relating university to the city center in the west. The land values in Karabaglar are very high because the area has always been a prestige zone for the citizens of Mugla because of its cultural and traditional background and the natural beauty. Unfortunately these characteristics lead either to rapid and unconscious restoration interventions or to the total abandoning of the traditional buildings to collapse in order to use the land in future. Therefore
Karabaglar is in danger of losing its traditional, urban, architectural and natural characteristics. This study seeks to fulfill the already made urban-scaled conservation studies with the architectural-scaled data. It aims to determine the values, problems and potentials of the traditional dwellings in Karabaglar-Mugla.
Rocha, Val?ria Maria Lacerda. "Repercuss?o geral e s?mula vinculante: os efeitos no controle difuso." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13921.
Full textBrazil since its first republican constitution has adopted systems of laws control. The review activity was given to three state powers or functions state, Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. However, it appears that in the country along the constitutional history, has stood considerably the jurisdictional control of the most important control. Initially, back in 1891, Brazil adopted the jurisdictional control of diffuse from U.S, whose role in monitoring of standards is delivered to all organs of the judiciary, which may face a case, put on trial, ascertain whether or not the possibility of applying a law, removing its impact in case of unconstitutionality. In 1969, entered in the second legal model of judicial review, the concentrated control of constitutionality, whose inspiration comes from the positivist theory of Hans Kelsen, and was adopted by the Austrian Constitution of 1920. According to the abstract control the supervision of law is given to a Court or Constitutional Court, responsible for the analysis of the legal constitutionality independent of its application to a specific case. In Brazil the role of concentrated control was handed over exclusively to the Supreme Court, which serves as the Constitutional Court, which accumulates that function with other constitutionally provided jurisdiction. Throughout this period, from 1891 until today, Brazil has maintained a dual system of judicial control of legal constitutionality, where they coexist and harmonize the diffuse control exercised by any organ of the Judiciary, and concentrated control of competence the Supreme Court. However, one must recognize that with the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988, the concentrated control has emerged on the national stage due to two important factors: the expansion of the legal capacity to sue and the inclusion of other ways control, besides the already known Direct Claim of Unconstitutionality. This concentrated control and projection of the Supreme Court s attempt to become a true constitutional court, led to a relative weakening of diffuse control even when performed by the Brazilian Constitutional Court. In order to become a true constitutional court, all decisions handed down by the Supreme in the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction should have the same weight and the same measure, or at least bring improvement to similar effects, once is the responsible for the final word when it comes to constitutional interpretation. Thus, the writs of certiorari and stare decisis were responsible for profound changes in the diffuse control, allowing the Supreme Court can strengthen its decisions even in the diffuse control. These two institutions have substantially changed the legal status of diffuse control, allowing an extension of the effects of decisions handed down by the Supreme Court, so that you can no longer be said that the effects of this control to restrict the disputing parties in the process
O Brasil desde a sua primeira constitui??o republicana tem adotado sistemas de controle de constitucionalidade das normas. Verifica-se que esta tarefa de fiscaliza??o normativa foi entregue aos tr?s poderes ou fun??es estatais, Executivo, Legislativo e Judici?rio. Entretanto, verifica-se que no pa?s, ao longo da hist?ria constitucional, tem se destacado consideravelmente o controle jurisdicional de constitucionalidade das leis. Inicialmente, j? em 1891, foi adotado o controle jurisdicional difuso ou concreto, de origem norte-americana, cuja fun??o de fiscaliza??o das normas foi entregue a todos os ?rg?os do Poder Judici?rio, os quais poder?o diante de um caso concreto, posto a julgamento, verificarem ou n?o a possibilidade de aplica??o de uma norma, afastando sua incid?ncia em caso de inconstitucionalidade. Em 1969, entrou definitivamente no ordenamento jur?dico o segundo modelo de fiscaliza??o jurisdicional, o controle de constitucionalidade concentrado ou abstrato, cuja inspira??o adv?m da teoria positivista de Hans Kelsen, e foi adotado pela Constitui??o Austr?aca de 1920. Segundo o controle abstrato a fiscaliza??o ? entregue a um Tribunal ou Corte Constitucional respons?vel pela an?lise da norma em tese, independente de sua aplica??o a um caso espec?fico. No Brasil a fun??o do controle concentrado foi entregue com exclusividade ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, que exerce a fun??o de Tribunal Constitucional, que acumula referida fun??o com outras compet?ncias jurisdicionais constitucionalmente previstas. Durante todo esse per?odo, de 1891 at? os dias atuais, o Brasil tem mantido um sistema misto de controle jurisdicional de constitucionalidade das normas, onde convivem e se harmonizam o controle difuso, exercido por qualquer ?rg?o do Poder Judici?rio, e o controle concentrado, de compet?ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Por?m, for?oso ? reconhecer, que com o advento da carta de 1988, o controle concentrado ganhou proje??o e destaque no cen?rio nacional, por dois importantes fatores: a amplia??o do rol de legitimados ativos e a inclus?o de outros mecanismos de controle, al?m da j? conhecida A??o Direta de Inconstitucionalidade. Esta proje??o do controle concentrado e a tentativa do Supremo Tribunal de se tornar uma verdadeira corte constitucional, levaram a um relativo enfraquecimento do controle difuso mesmo quando realizado pelo Tribunal Constitucional brasileiro. Ocorre que para se tornar uma verdadeira corte constitucional, todas as decis?es prolatadas pelo Supremo no exerc?cio da jurisdi??o constitucional devem ter o mesmo peso e a mesma medida, ou pelo menos surtirem efeitos an?logos, haja vista ser o respons?vel pela ?ltima palavra em se tratando de interpreta??o constitucional. Desta forma, a repercuss?o geral e a s?mula vinculante foram respons?veis por profundas transforma??es no controle difuso, permitindo que o Supremo Tribunal Federal possa fortalecer suas decis?es mesmo em sede de controle concreto. Estes dois institutos modificaram substancialmente a natureza jur?dica do controle difuso, permitindo um alargamento dos efeitos das decis?es prolatadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, de modo que j? n?o se poder? mais afirmar que os efeitos deste controle se restrinjam as partes litigantes do processo
Bomtempo, Luiz Gon??alves. "Cumula????o das multas de of??cio por inadimpl??ncia da antecipa????o e do recolhimento do IRPJ e da CSLL." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2016. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2092.
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The present paper intends to deal with the tributary fines based on the article 44 from the act No. 9.430, year 1996 in case of offense to the legal statements that determine payment of Corporate Income Taxes and the Social Contribution on Net Profit as monthly advancement entered, added to the fine for noncompliance of those taxes. As introduction, relevant aspects of the Sanctioning Tax Law, its torts and sanctions will be discussed. We will see a topic concerning with the principles adopted in the Sanctioning Tax. The distinction between the tax criminal law and the criminal tax law will be made as well as the discrimination of the tributary crimes and their sanctions, and also the identification of their species and classifications. We will analyze some specificities that characterize the crimes against the tributary order. In the study of the administrative sanctions related to the taxation, we will discuss the tax fine and its various aspects. Besides that, we will weight on tax liability, both objective and subjective, on tributary torts, furthermore the aspects which involve the main and the ancillary obligations, just as the substantial and formal tax law violation. We will analyze the modifications imposed by the presidential act named Medida Provis??ria No. 351/2007, which has given a new redaction of the article 44 from the law No. 9.430, year 1996 and above all, the changes in the jurisprudence of the CARF that stands for Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais, the Federal Administrative Tax Appeals Council in Brazil. The structure of the Federal Tax Office and the CARF and the way that they are governed will be presented. We are going to analyze the theses that have been thriving on the judgements of the Federal Court and in the CARF in order to preclude colletion of both fines, Isolated and proportional, in the same fiscal period.
No presente estudo, tratar-se-?? das multas tribut??rias previstas no art. 44 da Lei n?? 9.430, de 1996, em raz??o das infra????es cometidas por falta de pagamento das antecipa????es mensais lan??adas, cumulativamente, com a multa por descumprimento da obriga????o principal, relativas ao Imposto de Renda das Pessoas Jur??dicas e da Contribui????o Social sobre o Lucro L??quido. De forma introdut??ria, ser??o abordados aspectos relevantes do direito sancionador tribut??rio, de seus il??citos e san????es. Veremos um t??pico a respeito dos princ??pios adotados no Direito Tribut??rio Sancionador. Ser?? feita a distin????o entre o direito penal tribut??rio e direito tribut??rio penal, bem como a discrimina????o dos crimes tribut??rios e suas san????es, e tamb??m a identifica????o das suas esp??cies e classifica????es. Analisaremos algumas especificidades dos crimes contra a ordem tribut??ria. No estudo das san????es administrativas relacionadas ?? atividade tribut??ria, abordaremos a multa fiscal nos seus v??rios aspectos. Al??m disso, trataremos das responsabilidades objetiva e subjetiva nos il??citos tribut??rios, dos aspectos que envolvem as obriga????es principal e acess??ria, assim como das infra????es fiscal substancial e fiscal formal. Analisaremos as modifica????es impostas pela Medida Provis??ria n?? 351/2007, que deu nova reda????o ao art. 44 da Lei n?? 9.430, de 1996, e, sobretudo, as mudan??as da jurisprud??ncia produzida pelo Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais. Ser?? apresentada a estrutura das Delegacias da Receita Federal de Julgamentos (DRJ), bem como do Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (CARF) e como s??o regidos. Analisaremos as teses que t??m prosperado nos julgamentos da Justi??a Federal e do CARF no sentido de impossibilitar a cobran??a das duas multas isolada e proporcional num mesmo exerc??cio financeiro.
Chouitem, Dorothée. "La Murga au sein du carnaval uruguayen : contribution à une lecture des années 1969-1989." Lille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL30053.
Full textThe Uruguayan miitary forces, on the power since the 27th June 1973 coup d'Etat, had taken the political lead after September 1971 when they took over the anti subversive fight, which they did by toughening the policies existing since 1968 whith views of gaining a hegemonic control of the organs of power. Measures like the prohibition of political parties and unions as well as censure, imprisonment, torture and disappearances sowed desolation in the country. Based on the researches on the origins of the carnival in Uruguay, particularly on Milita Alfaro's, this thesis focuses on the public space during the dictatorship as a place confined to the diffusion of the doxa where every word thought to be dissident would be muzzled. The main purpose of this thesis, which is based on an ample research field and so far unpublished files, is to interrogate and to interpret this new configuration of politised action that took place in the festive venue of the tablado despite of being under thorough scrutiny. Within the murga's genre and its main capacity of amusement, some murga troupes were to take a different course eccentric to this festivities' primary function. This work intends to offer a commentary and an analysis on how the teatro de los tablados would open a channel for contested expressions limiting the incurred risks
ALEJO, RAMIREZ EDISA 677229, and RAMIREZ EDISA ALEJO. "Propuesta de fomento de desarrollo comunitario sustentable: Localidad Pate Mula de los Cedros." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/98683.
Full textEl presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de plantear una propuesta de desarrollo comunitario, que contribuya a la solución de rezago social y económico de la comunidad en cuestión, mediante el enfoque de Desarrollo Comunitario Sustentable (DCS).La metodología consiste en un diagnóstico de actividades económicas potenciales que sean la base del desarrollo de esta comunidad originaria. Se emplea el método de Análisis y Desarrollo de Mercados (AyDM) de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). La metodología apoya el desarrollo de la capacidad emprendedora y ayuda a las personas a mejorar sus medios de vida, dado que considera no solo la sostenibilidad ambiental, sino también aspectos sociales, tecnológicos, legales y comerciales (ONU, 2013). Se hacen adecuaciones de aplicación de la metodología para no solo enfocarse en los recursos forestales de la comunidad, sino también en los recursos locales naturales y humanos. El resultado de la aplicación del AyDM muestra que las personas de la comunidad están interesadas y dispuestas a participar en actividades económicas, diferentes a las que se practican actualmente, algunas de estas actividades promueven el rescate de saberes tradicionales.
CONACYT - Becas Nacionales
Alvarez-Perez, Sara. "Traverser la muga : enjeux géopolitiques et stratégies d'internationalisation d'Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (1959-1979)." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2052.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is about the influence of the geopolitical context in the origins of the terrorist organisation Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), as well as its ideological and strategical evolution. The goal of our research is to analyse how the geopolitical context influences the legitimation strategies conceived by ETA in order to fight for its own place not only among the political organisations in the Basque Country, but also in public opinion at the international level, particularly in France. The Cold War context, marked by the rise of decolonisation processes and by the emergence of revolutionary organisations that supported the armed struggle, gave rise to the conditions in which the ETA set up its own media-based propaganda. We will gauge the impact of the communicative strategies developed by the organisation in order to attain its objectives. The study of documentary sources of various kinds reveal that the French authorities showed a particular interest in ETA at both administrative and police levels. These sources include the records of the French police and the administrative appeals submitted by ETA activists before the Refugee Appeals Committee, against the withdrawal of the political refugee status in France. Meanwhile, at a diplomatic level, France adopted a wait-andsee approach, harshly criticised by the Francoist authorities. The minutes of the contacts held by ETA and the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) have represented a source of valuable information, particularly because, under Franco, collaboration among the opposition groups was indispensable for the success of their respective political ambitions. One of the main goals of this work is to analyse how the ETA project − the independence of the Basque Country, which is considered to be a colony occupied by Spain and by France − is directly related to the geopolitical circumstances of the Cold War, marked by the rise of different national liberation forces in the colonised territories. Franco’s police repression and the rallying of the regime’s media apparatus against ETA’s first violent actions − essentially, the material degradation of the dictatorship`s urban symbols − caused not only an oversizing of these acts of vandalism, but also the crossing of most of the ETA activists to the other side of the muga. Once on the other side of the Pyrenean border − the muga, in Basque language − ETA’s activists were able to foster the establishment of support networks with the French-Basque autonomist groups. The progressive decline of the dictatorship in Spain gradually modified the internationalisation strategies developed by the organisation, so that after Francisco Franco’s death and the beginning of the Transition to democracy, ETA asserted its symbolic capital accumulated during the dictatorship. In this way, it monopolised media-political attention and hence legitimised its persistence in the struggle
Machado, C??ssio. "Correla????o entre pena pecuni??ria e valora????o econ??mica dos recursos naturais degradados na perspectiva da an??lise econ??mica do Direito." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2016. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2255.
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The aim of this study is to verify the correlation between the economic monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage, based on the economic analysis of law. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach, in that it seeks to demonstrate the close relationship between law and economics to identify the economic and social impacts of environmental crimes and for their valuation degraded property. To support the work, the environment was characterized as well legal, listing up the penalties charged to agents of crimes against him; described is the social function of the sentence and its value to the law; They were listed basic principles of Traditional Theory of Criminal Law and Economic Theory of Crimes and Punishments and analyzed briefly fines charged against environmental crimes agents, with regard to the said correlation. The research was guided by questions such as: how are valued monetized degraded natural resources for penalty purposes for environmental crimes? Environmental crimes, the penalty has maintained its sense of "sensitive and powerful means to quell the despotic spirit that returned to plunge society into chaos"? "As the rules (or feathers) can affect behavior and how they can be modified to generate more beneficial behavior for society?" The conclusion was that there is a positive correlation between the monetary penalty attributed to environmental crimes agents and their damage done.
O objetivo deste trabalho ?? verificar a correla????o entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado, com base na an??lise econ??mica do Direito. O estudo tem uma abordagem interdisciplinar, na medida em que procura demonstrar a estreita rela????o entre Direito e Economia na identifica????o dos impactos econ??micos e sociais de crimes ambientais e para valora????o de bens degradados. Para subsidiar o trabalho, caracterizou-se o meio ambiente como bem jur??dico, elencando-se as san????es imputadas a agentes de crimes contra ele; descreveu-se a fun????o social da pena e seu valor para o Direito; foram enumerados princ??pios b??sicos da Teoria Tradicional do Direito Penal e da Teoria Econ??mica dos Crimes e das Penas e analisadas, brevemente, multas imputadas a agentes de crimes ambientais, no que diz respeito ?? correla????o citada. A pesquisa foi norteada por quest??es como: de que forma s??o valorados pecuniariamente bens naturais degradadas para fins de san????o penal por crimes ambientais? Em crimes ambientais, a pena tem mantido seu sentido de ???meio sens??vel e poderoso para sufocar o esp??rito desp??tico que voltou a mergulhar a sociedade em um caos???? ???Como as normas (ou as penas) podem afetar comportamentos e como elas podem ser modificadas para gerar comportamentos mais ben??ficos para a sociedade???? A conclus??o foi de que n??o h?? uma correla????o positiva entre a pena pecuni??ria imputada a agentes de crimes ambientais e o respectivo dano causado.
Vieira, Carolina Sena. "Limites constitucionais na eleição da base de cálculo da multa por descumprimento de deveres instrumentais tributários." Florianópolis, SC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/96255.
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A legislação tributária pode impor ao sujeito passivo tanto a obrigação de efetuar o pagamento de tributo quanto outros deveres de cooperar com a administração e fiscalização tributária, chamados de deveres instrumentais ou deveres formais. Como qualquer comando normativo, a determinação de cumprimento dos deveres instrumentais pode ser infringida, o que dá azo à imposição de sanções por esta violação. Estas sanções são, usualmente, a retenção e apreensão de mercadorias ou bens, o perdimento de bens, a interdição de estabelecimento, a negativa de autorização para impressão de documentos fiscais, penas privativas de liberdade e as multas. Ao elaborar a lei que prevê estas últimas, o legislador adota três grandezas para quantificá-las: valores fixos (expressos em moeda corrente ou em unidades monetárias), valor do imposto devido ou valor da operação realizada pelo sujeito passivo. Todavia, há limitações constitucionais que são comumente apontadas como delimitantes da estipulação do valor da multa: o princípio da vedação de instituição de tributo com efeito de confisco, o princípio da capacidade contributiva, a proporcionalidade (e seus desdobramentos proporcionalidade em sentido estrito, necessidade e adequação) e a razoabilidade. Destas, apenas a proporcionalidade e a previsão genérica de confisco podem servir de limitação ao legislador na escolha da base de cálculo. E com amparo nestas limitações, as multas cuja base de cálculo é o valor do tributo ou o valor da operação podem até ser consideradas adequadas (na medida que atingem seus fins) mas não obedecem à necessidade, já que não observam a necessária correlação que deve haver entre o ilícito e a sanção. Deste modo, deve optar o legislador pela multa em valores fixos.
Tax laws may impose to the taxable person both the obligation to pay taxes as other duties to cooperate with the tax administration and tax supervision, called instrumental duties or formal duties. As any legal command, the determination of accomplishment with the instrumental duties can be infringed, which enables the imposition of sanctions for this violation.. These sanctions are, usually, retention and seizure of goods or assets, confiscation of the goods, the disqualification from the pursuit of commercial activities, the denial of authorization for fiscal document printing, deprivation of liberty and fines (penuniary penalties). When the legislator elaborates the law that provides the isolated fines, adopts three measures to quantify them: fixed values (expressed in local currency or in monetary units), the amount of tax due or the value of the operation. However, there are constitutional limitations that are commonly identified as delimiters of the choice of the amount of the fine: the principle that forbids tax institution with the effect of confiscation, the principle of ability to pay, the proportionality (and its unfoldings proportionality in strict sense, necessity and adequacy) and the reasonableness. Of these, only the proportionality and the generic prediction of confiscation may apply as a limit to the legislator's choice of the basis of calculation. Supported in these limitations, the fines whose basis of calculation is the amount of tax or operation value may even be deemed appropriate (they reach their ends) but do not observe the necessity, as they do not observe the required correlation between the violation and the sanction. In this way, the legislator must choose fines based in fixed values.
Feijó, Arthur Nogueira. "Direito civil punitivo: do dano moral punitivo à idealização de uma causa geral de multa civil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/23307.
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The purpose of this paper is to critically examine, through a civil and a constitutional law point of view, the punitive aspect intoned in Brazilian civil liability. In this sense, initially, a survey of basics of Law General Theory is done, emphasizing the sanction institute, to join the study of civil responsibility functions. Then, directs the study for the compensation by moral damage, which is justified because on it is found the jurisprudential cradle where born, on home land, the idea of punitive damages, culminating with a critical view on the compatibility of the punitive element with homeland civil systematic. Among the conclusions, it is discussed the need to respect the order of legality for imposing punitive sanctions, even in civil law, which is why it points to the illegality of the Brazilian jurisprudential construction regarding the punitive connotation given to the penalty resulting from moral damages. Continuing, without joining in the analysis of the punitive reason justice but on the premise that the order of punishment, under a functionalist view, demonstrates usefulness in the role of law to order conducts, prelude to a legal model, based on the idea that a general cause of civil fine, in which it idealizes a possible new punitive system in civil law and in accordance with the constitutional imperatives, imbued with the goal of effectiveness of the jurisdiction and illicit prevention. The methodology adopts a model dedicated to bibliographic and jurisprudential research (with emphasis on the Superior Court of Justice), under the support of an open discourse, encouraging the reflection of the concepts presented is privileged and a proposal about a modification of the existing civil systematic is presented, which, far from the intention to enter into new dogmas, it directs to the desire to attract attention to an issue that has taken on greater complexity and relevance today,
Objetiva-se examinar criticamente, através de uma visão civil e constitucional, o aspecto punitivo entoado na responsabilidade civil brasileira. Nesse sentido, inicialmente, faz-se um levantamento de noções básicas da Teoria Geral do Direito, com ênfase no instituto da sanção, para, então, ingressar no estudo das funções da responsabilidade civil. A seguir, direciona-se o pensamento para a indenização por danos morais, o que se justifica em razão de nela ser encontrado o berço jurisprudencial em que nascido, em solo pátrio, a ideia de indenização punitiva, culminando com uma visão crítica sobre a compatibilidade do elemento punitivo com a sistemática civil pátria. Dentre as conclusões, trata-se sobre a necessidade de respeito à ordem de legalidade para fins de imposição de sanções de índole punitiva, mesmo que em sede de Direito Civil, razão pela qual se aponta a injuridicidade da construção jurisprudencial brasileira a respeito da conotação punitiva conferida à sanção decorrente de danos morais. Em prosseguimento, sem ingressar na análise da justiça da razão punitiva, mas sim partindo da premissa de que a ordem de punição, sob uma visão funcionalista, demonstra utilidade no papel do Direito de ordenar condutas, preludia-se um modelo legal, pautado na ideia de uma causa geral de multa civil, em que se idealiza uma possível nova sistemática punitiva no corpo do Direito Civil e em consonância com os imperativos constitucionais, imbuído no objetivo de efetividade da jurisdição e de prevenção de ilícitos. Como metodologia, adota-se um modelo voltado à pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial (com ênfase no Superior Tribunal de Justiça), sob o pálio de um discurso aberto, no qual é privilegiado o incentivo à reflexão dos conceitos apresentados, bem como é feita uma proposta de alteração da sistemática civil vigente, o que, longe da intenção de firmar novos dogmas, direciona-se ao anseio de despertar a atenção para uma temática que tem assumido maior complexidade e relevância na atualidade, trazendo à tona o denominado Direito Civil Punitivo.
Almac, Ozgur. "Problems Caused By Coastal Law And Decision Making Mechanism In Small Coastal Settlements: Case Study Mugla- Bozburun." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606085/index.pdf.
Full texts proposing similar plan decisions for the coastal settlements at any scale.
Tito, Fabiana Ferreira de Mello. "Ensaios sobre danos de cartel: metodologias de cálculo do sobrepreço, efeito repasse (pass-on) e multa ótima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-21082018-150528/.
Full textThe present research had the aim of analyzing the main aspects related to cartel damages: overcharge, pass-on effect and optimal fine. With the growth of anti-cartel enforcement efforts and given the detrimental nature of conduct, efforts to estimate the economic impact on the welfare have increased. The study shows that the main measure of economic damage of the cartel is the overcharge, although other factors such as the pass-on effect and the output effect cannot be neglected in the calculation of private damage. Methodologies for these three components were mapped, revealing that the available techniques are not complex and even easy to apply when data is available. An empirical evaluation is presented using an unprecedented in the Brazilian market \"compressors cartel case\", showing an overcharge in line with the literature. Finally, the thesis presents the history of fines imposed by authorities in cartel cases in several jurisdictions and questions the effectiveness of the amounts applied for a proper deterrence or restoration of welfare to society. Case studies condemned by CADE recently show that fines have not been sufficient to impose deterrence, recommending the use of parameters that bring economic rationality and discourage anticompetitive practices.
VERVLOET, H. L. L. "MODELO MATEMÁTICO PARA PLANEJAMENTO DA ATRACAÇÃO DE NAVIOS DE GRANEL CONSIDERANDO O CÁLCULO DE PRÊMIO E MULTA." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/3999.
Full text"O crescimento da demanda mundial por produtos com custos cada vez menores, está diretamente relacionada à aquisição das matérias primas, independentemente de onde sejam ofertadas, mas que apresentem o menor custo final possível, de modo a viabilizar a competitividade das empresas ao redor do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Nesse cenário, o comércio mundial utiliza em grande parte o transporte marítimo, e para movimentar essas matérias primas, os portos se tornam cada vez mais exigidos, visto o aumento da representatividade do custo logístico no custo total dos produtos. Os portos dedicados à movimentação de navios graneleiros são influenciados diretamente pelas regras do contrato de locação de navio, conhecido como contrato de Charter Party. Este contrato define as regas e valores para prêmio e multa, utilizados para verificar a aderência na execução das operações portuárias, como mecanismo para gerar maior comprometimento dos portos no atendimento aos navios e na movimentação das cargas. Portanto, no contexto analisado, é importante disponibilizar aos portos uma ferramenta que busque maximizar a relação entre o prêmio recebido e a multa paga. Vale ressaltar que na literatura cientifica pesquisada não foram localizados estudos que solucionem o Problema de Alocação de Berços (PAB) a partir de uma abordagem financeira de prêmio e multa. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor um modelo matemático aplicado para o planejamento da atracação de navios em contrato Charter Party, visando o aumento do recebimento de prêmio e redução do pagamento de multa pelo porto, em função do tempo total em que os navios permaneceram à disponibilidade do porto para operação. Instâncias foram desenvolvidas tendo como base as características operacionais do Porto de Tubarão e aplicadas no CPLEX 12.6, cujos resultados mostram a eficiência da aplicabilidade desta ferramenta em portos reais, desde o suporte na programação da sequencia de atracação dos navios à tomada de decisão em projetos de investimento. Palavras-chave: Problema de Alocação de Berço (PAB), Charter Party, Logística Portuária, Portos Graneleiros. "
Araya, Pizarro Evelyn Constanza. "La idoneidad de la multa en los delitos económicos : su importancia en el derecho comparado y chileno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146301.
Full textLópez, Sánchez Ángel. "Puentes de la época medieval en las cuencas de los ríos Ter, Fluviá y Muga." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31856.
Full textEl trabajo se desarrolla basándose en las etapas del método científico: enunciado de los objetivos, planeamiento de hipótesis, método de trabajo llevado a termino para el contrates de las hipótesis y conclusiones a las que se llegan. Se apoya en: a) En la revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución del estado del conocimiento de la construcción de los puentes de obra de fábrica y en los hechos históricos asociados a los puentes estudiados. b) En el conocimiento de los materiales empleados. c) En la definición de los marcos geográficos e históricos de referencia con el trabajo. d) En la morfológica de los puente de obra de fabrica de le época Medieval. El trabajo aporta 111 planos inéditos. La investigación la dividimos en nueve fases. Primera fase: Preinvestigación sobre censo de puentes de obra de fábrica en las cuencas de los tres ríos más importantes de la vertiente nororiental de la península ibérica que según la tradición popular datan de la época medieval. De153 censados, elegimos una muestra representativa de 20 puentes: 10 en la cuenca del río Ter, siete en la del río Fluviá y tres en la del río Muga. Segunda fase: a) Trabajos de campo: localizar los puentes, fotografiarlos y medirlos. b) Trabajos en archivos y bibliotecas. El alcance de esta fase engloba los realizados en los archivos: General de la Administración, históricos de Ayuntamientos, Diputaciones, Departamentos de Cultura y Medio Ambiente de la Generalitat de Cataluña, Red de Bibliotecas de Universidades, en la del CICCP, entidades privadas, c) Entrevistas. Tercera fase: Partiendo de la información recopilada en los trabajos de campo, realizamos tres planos en formato A3 para cada de los 20 puentes a estudiar: el de medidas, el de composición de los paramentos y el de ángulos de enfoque con 6 fotografías del puente. Cuarta fase: Análisis de los elementos estructurales de los puentes. Clasificación de bóvedas según Séjourné en su obra “grandes voûtes”(1913) y otras de carácter ingenieril. Se desarrollan 12 reglas empíricas empleadas para dimensionar puentes con las que se intenta identificar su influencia en el diseño de los puentes estudiados. Quinta fase: Se utiliza el programa ARCs, se estudia estabilidad del puente partiendo de la localización de la línea de empuje Los resultados permiten conocer los empujes axiales y las excentricidades que mantienen la línea de empujes dentro de los márgenes adecuados. Se simulan resultados para el peso propio de la estructura y también para cargas puntuales de 360KN a ½ y ¼ del vano. Se determinan los coeficientes de seguridad adaptando la carga puntual a valores adecuados a la amplitud de la calzada y a las cargas a transportar. Se complementa el cálculo de los empujes verticales y axiales para conocer el valor de la carga específica sobre los cimientos de cada pila. Se comparan los resultados por ambos métodos. Los resultados se exponen de dos planos por puente. Sexta fase: Planteamiento sobre planos y/o fotografías de hipótesis sobre los trazados y/o localizaciones que podrían haber tenido originalmente cuatro de los puentes. Séptima fase: Relaciones entre río y puente. Calculo de la pendiente motriz para los diferentes tramos de ríos y de porcentaje de obturación que presenta el puente para diferentes niveles de calado. Estimación de la zona inundable. Relaciones entre las superficies de las cuencas y las de desagüe del puente. En un plano se engloban los resultados de estos efectos hidráulicos. Octava fase: formamos tres familias de puentes según la zona geográfica donde se localiza: Francia, España y los estudiados. Analizamos las variaciones entre las principales relaciones constructivas, las tendencias de su evolucionado a lo largo de los años. Novena fase: Se citan los hechos históricos asociados a la existencia del puente.
López, José Antonio (López Fernández). "El desarrollo rural y local en la comarca del río Mula (1980-2010): análisis y perspectivas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116819.
Full textIn the last decades of the 20th century, in territories such as the area of Mula, located in the geographical center of the Region of Murcia, these Tajo-Segura bypass have allowed to transform the non-irrigated land agriculture intro new irrigated land agriculture (experience carried out in Yéchar-Mula) or to consolidate and renew traditional irrigation. On the other hand, a dangerous dependence on these resources has arisen mainly in periods of drought. This area has a high degree of participation on the part of the agricultural sector, but a reduced importance on the industrial and service sector. For rural development, different interventions are necessary to diversify economic activities and to promote local progress, taking advantage of endogenous resources such as their varied heritage. Interventions, such as the one carried out in Pliego, in Del Agua Street, or the route of “The Molinos” in Mula, could stimulate the growth of other sectors such as tourism. Keywords: Area of Mula, South-east, Tajo-Segura bypass, periods of drought, endogenous resources, Development rural, Development local, Yéchar.
Rivera, Roberto E. "Entre Armas y Dadivas| The Xicaque before Spanish Rule in Lean y Mulia, the Province of Honduras 1676-1821." Thesis, Tulane University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10017528.
Full textThe Xicaque, a people of colonial Honduras, confronted Spanish settlers who sought their acculturation through diverse strategies. When Spanish settlers implemented policies such as entrada, reducción or misión, the Xicaque or Xicaque capitanes responded with dissidence and flight. Despite the foundation of a few misiones the Xicaque progressively became avoidant of the Spanish settlers who continued to seek their change by Spanish policy, at the Spanish misiones or at their homelands. This aversion became more pronounced in 1751 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the Xicaque populations at the misiones. Aside from this general distrust that existed between the Spanish and the Xicaque, the Xicaque did engage in trade outside of the previously discussed channels made by Spanish policy. Yet, the overarching pattern of avoidance would characterize Xicaque/Spanish interaction until 1821. Unlike previous scholarship, this study of the Xicaque ethnohistory offers the most complete description of Xicaque culture during the colonial period. Furthermore, it analyzes interaction between the Xicaque and the Spanish since the inception of contact, circa 1676, towards 1821. The broadest range of contact between the Xicaque and the Spanish studied to date.
Etcheverry, Borges Soledad. "Los contratos de concesión de obra pública y las cárceles : disfunciones de la multa por sobrepoblación en dichos instrumentos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/153060.
Full textMaciel, Stella Economides. "As astreintes como mecanismo de alcance da efetividade processual." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18827.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stella Economides Maciel.pdf: 1369384 bytes, checksum: 882c5f3aa431e7ad819bd0146fca90c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
The astreintes as instrument of coercion so that their recipients meet the legal commands addressed to them should be implemented in order to provide the greatest possible procedural effectiveness. The way the mechanism developed over time and after the reforms that took place in procedural law certainly allows the conclusion that it is a device with great potential to achieve its purpose. Nevertheless, some issues related to its legal system generate some distortions in its implementation, notably the concern that exists with respect to the lender's enrichment of their product. Consequently, the mechanism ends not reaching its intention. So we tried to establish a form of application of coercive fine in order to extract him the greatest potential possible, to comply with court orders. Certainly, the issue involves many stormy issues that deserve serious thought. But the ideas here thrown aim that its application be given the most successful way possible: that astreintes applied by the judiciary even relates
As astreintes, como instrumento de coerção para que seus destinatários cumpram os comandos judiciais que lhes são dirigidos, devem ser aplicadas de modo a se propiciar a maior efetividade processual possível. A forma como o mecanismo se desenvolveu ao longo do tempo e após as reformas que ocorreram na legislação processual, certamente permite a conclusão de que se trata de um meio com grande potencial de atingir a sua finalidade. Não obstante, algumas questões relativas ao seu regime jurídico geram algumas distorções na sua aplicação, notadamente a preocupação que se verifica em relação ao enriquecimento do credor de seu produto. Em consequência, o mecanismo acaba não atingindo o seu desiderato. Assim, procurou-se estabelecer uma forma de aplicação da multa coercitiva, de maneira a extrair-lhe o maior potencial possível, para o cumprimento de ordens judiciais. Certamente, o tema envolve muitas questões tormentosas que merecem aprofundada reflexão. Mas as ideias aqui lançadas visam a que a sua aplicação se dê da forma mais bem sucedida possível: que as astreintes aplicadas pelo Poder Judiciário sequer incidam
Yusufoglu, Ayca. "A Critical Review Of The Tools And Techniques Used In Coastal Planning: Case Study Mugla-gokova Special Environmental Protection Area." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612354/index.pdf.
Full textTECHNIQUES USED IN COASTAL PLANNING: CASE STUDY MUGLA-GÖ
KOVA SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA Yusufoglu, Ayç
a M. S., Programme of City Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü
June 2010, 119 Pages This study focuses on the issue of coastal area management in terms of planning techniques and tools as well as legal aspects necessary in order to clarify the components of a successful coastal area planning process. It has been emphasized that planning of the coastal area should be performed within the context of integrated policy mechanism considering maintance of biodiversity, public participation and, promoting diversification among coastal related economic uses such as tourism, aquaculture, fishing. The thesis haS been grouped into according to definitions of coastal area, coastal planning and legislation, institutions, organizations, international commisions regarding coastal areas and Gö
kova Special Environment Protection Area from the perspective of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). The case section of the thesis formed by five phases of Gö
kova SEPA 1/25.000 scaled Environmental Relation Plan in order to achieve ICM. Also, this is the first study performed by the reviewing of the tools and techniques used in the Gö
kova SEPA towards Integrated Coastal Management approach.
Daftari, Abdulaziz. "Mulla Sadra and the mind-body problem : a critical assessment of Sadra’s approach to the dichotomy of soul and spirit." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/506/.
Full textVentura, Pujolar Montserrat. "Conflictes socioterriorials i participació pública en la gestió de l'aigua de la conca del riu Muga (Alt Empordà)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7900.
Full textObjectius del marc teòric
- Comprovar l'existència de dos discursos antagònics (radicalment oposats) en l'esfera social, científica i de gestió dels rius que generen conflicte i que són insostenibles per a una gestió integral dels recursos fluvials: el discurs antropocèntric i el discurs ecocèntric.
Matèria d'estudi: L'excepcionalisme humà i l'ecologia profunda en la societat; Les disciplines de la regulació de l'aigua i de l'ecologia fluvial en la ciència; El contracte antropocèntric i el balanç ecocèntric en la gestió; El discurs ambiental (el riu antròpic i ecosistemàtic).
- Valorar si les estratègies de participació pública (que involucren als agents socials) gaudeixen -respecte els processos de decisió unilaterals (siguin autoritàries o arbitràries)- de més garanties per corregir i prevenir conflictes desconstructius relacionats amb l'aigua i els recursos fluvials.
Matèria d'estudi: Definició de conflicte en positiu; L'estratègia de cooperació i consens en la Resolució Alternativa de Disputes (Alternative Dispute Resolution) i 13 casos resolts de conflictes per l'aigua a l'Oest dels Estats Units; Bases d'un pla de gestió integral, adaptatiu i participatiu i el cas del San Joaquin River Management Plan (Califòrnia, Estats Units).
Objectius del marc pràctic. Conca del riu Muga (Alt Empordà)
- Contextualitzar la diversificació i intensificació dels usos de l'aigua dins un procés de canvi dels usos del sòl, particularment accelerat a partir de la dècada de 1960 i objecte de problemàtiques socioterritorials d'ençà de la dècada de 1980. Cartografia i matriu de canvi dels usos del sòl de la conca anys 1993 i 1957.
Matèria d'estudi: Cartografia i estadística dels usos del sòl de la conca del riu Muga (49 municipis altempordanesos, 1.050 km2), anys 1957 i 1993. Retrospectiva dels espais forestals, d'aigua, conreats i urbanitzats.
- Identificar i descriure les tensions i conflictes en l'ús de l'aigua, així com les característiques de les solucions adoptades en el període 1980-2000. Constatar si determinades solucions estructurals han esdevingut problemàtiques a mig o llarg termini, i estimar la probabilitat de conflictes futurs.
Matèria d'estudi: 50 incidents problemàtics en abastament d'aigua (26 tensions i 24 conflictes) i 53 mesures per fer-hi front (12 d'adaptació de la demanda i 41 d'adaptació de l'oferta d'aigua) entre els anys 1980 i 2000, i diferenciant dues unitats territorials de la conca (la Muga interior i la plana de la Muga).
- Caracteritzar quins són els temes en matèria d'aigua que no disposen de consens entre els agents socioeconòmics, tècnics i polítics locals reunits en les sessions de discussió del projecte MUGA. Determinar si les estratègies participatives poden prosperar perquè són factibles i idònies.
Matèria d'estudi: Projecte MUGA: Gestión del recurso agua con participación de agentes. Estudio para la cuenca del río Muga (Girona), 2000-2003 - UAB i UdG; La dissensió d'opinions dels 30 participants a les 4 sessions de discussió entorn l'ús i gestió de l'aigua de la conca de la Muga; 6 temes de conflicte, 14 subtemes i 31 punts de discussió, 9 dels quals punts calents de conflicte (destructius i indicadors de punts de disfunció en la gestió de l'aigua de la conca).
Social territorial conflicts and public participation in water management in the Muga river basin (Alt Empordà) focuses on conflicts generated by the management of Mediterranean rivers and examines the role of active and legally binding public participation in resolving conflicts and managing water resources. Specifically, the study set out to achieve five aims:
Theoretical aims
- To demonstrate that there are two antagonistic (radically opposed) positions - anthropocentrism and ecocentrism - in the social, scientific, and management spheres that generate conflict and impede a sustainable integrated management of river resources.
Study material: human exceptionalism and deep ecology in society; water regulatory and river ecology disciplines in science; the anthropocentric contract and ecocentric balance in management; environmental discourse (the anthropic and ecosystemic river).
- To determine whether public participation strategies (involving social agents) provide greater guarantees than unilateral decision-making processes (whether arbitrary or authoritarian) of resolving and preventing destructive conflicts in the area of water and river resources.
Study material: definition of positive conflict; cooperation and consensus building in alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and 13 case studies of water conflicts that were resolved in western United States; conditions for an integrated, adaptive, and participative management plan, and the San Joaquin River Management Plan (California, United States).
Practical aims. Muga River Basin (Alt Empordà)
- To contextualise the diversification and intensification of the use of water against a background of changing land uses, a process which rapidly gained ground from the 1960s onwards and became a source of social territorial conflict in the 1980s.
Study material: land-use maps and statistics from 1957 and 1993 for the Muga river basin (49 municipalities in the Alt Empordà region and a total surface area of 1,050 km2). Retrospective analysis of forested, water-covered, cultivated, and developed areas.
- To identify and describe tensions and conflicts over water use and the different solutions adopted between 1980 and 2000. To determine if certain structural solutions have become a source of confrontation in the medium or long term, and to assess the likelihood of future conflicts.
Study material: 50 water supply incidents (26 tensions and 24 conflicts) and 53 measures adopted to resolve these incidents between 1980 and 2000 (12 demand-management measures and 41 supply-management actions); differentiation between two areas of the Muga river basin (interior and plain).
- To discern which water issues are the source of discord among the different socio-economic, technical, and political agents participating in the MUGA project's focus group sessions. To determine if new participative strategies in the near future are necessary and likely to succeed.
Study material: The MUGA project: management of Muga water resources with agent participation. Muga river basin study (Girona), 2000/03 - Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and University of Girona (UdG); conflicting opinions among the 30 participants in the four focus-group sessions held on water use and management in the Muga river basin; 6 conflictive issues, 14 sub-issues, and 31 points of dispute, 9 of which were sources of intense conflict (destructive and indicative of inappropriate river basin management).
Ribeiro, Rodrigo Koehler. "Coisa julgada, seguran?a jur?dica e isonomia : uma releitura da s?mula 343 do supremo tribunal federal." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4257.
Full textIl processo civile, nello Stato Costituzionale di Diritto, h? doppia finalit?: la consegna di um giudizio giusto e la ricerca di unit? nello ordinamento giuridico, attraverso della uniformazione di giurisprudenza. In questo modo, le regole del Codice di Procedura Civile in vigore devono essere interpretate attraverso i diritti fondamentali. In questo contesto, si conclude che anche l istituto della cosa giudicata deve essere rivalutata, adeguandola alle nuovi diritti che affiorano di questo nuovo modello di Stato. I Tribunali superiori brasiliani, nell esame dei ricorsi a loro sottomessi, storicamente hanno valorizzato la consegna di un adeguato giudizio, dando una minore importanza alla uniformazione dei loro giudicati. Questo profilo del giudice brasiliano porta a um problema di dificile soluzione: a esistenza di giudicati conflitanti tra loro, che porta alla formazione di cose giudicate antagonistiche in si trattando di rapporti giuridici identici o somiglianti. Questo fatto, oltre alla lentezza della Giustizia, ? uno dei fattori che contribuiscono alla crisi in che sta la Magistratura oggi in Brasile. Lo scopo di questo studio ? esaminare la possibilit? di ammissione di revocazione di sentenze nel caso di formazione o cambiamento di precedenti per i Tribunali superiori, come garanzia di efficacia del principio d uguaglianza, nella comprensione d uguaglianza nella applicazione delle lege ai soggetti dei rapporti giuridici uguali o somiglianti. L applicazione del principio di proporzionalit?, nel caso di ammissione di revocazione nell ipotesi, cerca un equilibrio tra i principi costituzionali di sicurezza giuridica e d uguaglianaza, preservandosi l essenza di entrambi.
O processo civil, no Estado Constitucional, tem d?plice finalidade: a outorga de uma presta??o jurisdicional justa e a busca de unidade na ordem jur?dica, mediante a uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia. Assim, as regras do C?digo de Processo Civil vigente devem ser interpretadas ? luz dos direitos fundamentais. Nesse contexto, conclui-se que o instituto da coisa julgada tamb?m deve ser reavaliado, adequando-o aos novos direitos que emergem desse novo modelo de Estado. As Cortes superiores brasileiras, na an?lise dos recursos a elas submetidos, historicamente priorizaram a entrega de uma tutela adequada ao cidad?o, atribuindo menor import?ncia ? uniformiza??o de seus julgados. Essa postura do juiz brasileiro encerra um problema de dif?cil solu??o: a exist?ncia de decis?es conflitantes entre si, o que acaba por acarretar a forma??o de coisas julgadas antag?nicas em se tratando de rela??es jur?dicas similares ou semelhantes. Tal fato, al?m da intempestividade da justi?a, ? um dos fatores que contribuem para a crise pela qual passa o Poder Judici?rio hoje no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? analisar a possibilidade de admiss?o da a??o rescis?ria em caso de forma??o ou altera??o de precedentes pelos Tribunais superiores, como garantia de efetividade do princ?pio da igualdade, compreendendo-se este na acep??o da isonomia na aplica??o da lei aos sujeitos de rela??es jur?dicas id?nticas ou semelhantes. A aplica??o da proporcionalidade, em se admitindo a a??o rescis?ria na hip?tese, busca um equil?brio entre os princ?pios constitucionais da seguran?a jur?dica e da igualdade, preservando-se a ess?ncia de ambos.
Camargo, Carlos Eduardo. "A mula (Equus mulus) como receptora de embriões equinos (Equus caballus) : aspectos reprodutivos, hormonais e ultrassonográficos da gestação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181360.
Full textBrazil is one of the countries with the largest number of equine embryo transfers in the world, but recipients mares are scarce and expensive. One alternative is to use acyclic mules as recipients for equine embryos. The aim of this study was to compare for the first time the embryonic and early fetal development in recipient mules and mares from day 10 to 60 of pregnancy. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Gralha Azul of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. Five embryo donor mares aged 4 to 10 years were used. Two groups of recipients were used: 10 cyclic mares aged 4 to 15 years (control group), and 7 acyclic mules aged 6 to 12 years. Animals were kept in paddocks and/or stables and had access to water and mineral salt ad libitum, as well as to a source of roughage and concentrate. Donor mares were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography (5-MHz linear transducer, A6V Sonoscape, China) after the beginning of estrus. The mares were artificially inseminated using fresh semen from a stallion with proven fertility. Embryo collection from the mares was performed 8 days after ovulation. Before embryo transfer, cyclic recipient mares were examined daily by ultrasonography to use the most synchronous with the donor's ovulation and have not received any hormonal treatment. The acyclic mules were prepared before the embryo transfer with the administration of 17 beta-estradiol (10 mg/mL, 1 mL, i.m.) on the day of the donor's ovulation, and after 2 days when the presence of uterine edema was confirmed, with the administration of Altrenogest (60 mg/mL, 5 mL, i.m.). The pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography 10 days after ovulation in the donor. When the diagnosis was confirmed, ultrasonographic assessment was carried out daily until day 60 of pregnancy. The first day of detection of an embryonic vesicle was Day 10 by ultrasound in both species and day 20.9 ± 1.3 (Mean ±SD), and 21.9 ± 0.9 by transrectal palpation in mules and mares respectively. Fixation of the vesicle occurred on mean day 15.7 ± 1.1 in mules and 16.6 ± 1.7 in mares. The embryo proper was first detected in mules (on day 19.9 ± 1.1) compared to mares (20.4 ± 1.3) The heart beat was observed later in mules (23.4 ± 1.4) than in mares (22.6 ± 0.8). The allantoic sac was first detected between days 23 and 26 (25.3 ± 1.1 and 24.6 ± 1.0 in mules and mares, respectively) and the umbilical cord was first detected on day 39 (39.7 ± 2.1 x 39.6 ± 1.5 in mules and mares, respectively). The ovarian diameters for left and right ovaries were similar for mules (21.4 ± 0.4 vs. 21.8 ± 0.4 mm) and for mares (45.1 ± 0.4 vs. 46.0 ± 0.4). However, the ovarian diameter of the mares (45.5 ± 0.3 mm) was two times larger (P<0.0001) than the mules (21.6 ± 0.3 mm). Within groups there were no differences between left and right and gravid and non-gravid horns. Data were combined for comparison of the endometrial diameter between mules and mares. The overall mean was not different between mules (24.6 3.1 ± 0.1 mm) and mares (25.4 ± 0.1 mm). However, day (P<0.003) and group-by-day (P<0.0001) effects were detected. Only two mules presented accessory CL that was observed for the first time on days 49 e 51. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on embryo and early fetal development between noncycling mules and mares used as ET recipients of horse-horse embryos. Numerous similarities in embryo and early fetal development, and endocrinology aspects were seen. The findings of this study in mules, associated with the fact that alive and healthy offspring were produced, the use of mules may be considered as an alternative to increase the availability of recipients in equine ET programs.
Elverici, Mert. "The Spider Fauna Of An Olive Grove And Associated Shrublands In Mugla, Milas, Kiyikislacik With Notes On Their Diversity And Composition." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615149/index.pdf.
Full text300 species for the study area. Results on composition, phenology and distributional patterns of the spider assemblage was also briefly discussed and found to be typical for Mediterranean habitats. Diagnostic photographs for each species in the collection are also provided in the appendix.