Journal articles: 'MuLex'

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Bottrel, Marina, Thomaz Fortes, Isabel Ortiz, Manuel Hidalgo, and Jesús Dorado. "Short communication: Establishment and maintenance of donkey-in-mule pregnancy after embryo transfer in a non-cycling mule treated with oestradiol benzoate and long-acting progesterone." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): e04SC01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017154-11653.

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Female mules are considered as infertile; however, they could be used as recipients in interspecific embryo transfer. This study reports for the first time how it is possible to obtain the birth of a live Andalusian donkey foal after transfer a donkey embryo to a non-cycling mule. Two non-cycling mules were used as recipients, oestradiol benzoate was administered when donors showed oestrus and long-acting progesterone after ovulation. The mules also received long-acting progesterone every 7 days until 120 days of gestation. One embryo was collected from the two donor jennies and transferred to one of the mules after 5 days of progesterone treatment. Pregnancy was established and maintained after embryo transfer. The pregnant mule carried to term and delivered a live donkey foal after 375 days of pregnancy. In conclusion, non-cycling mules treated with oestradiol benzoate and long-acting progesterone can be successfully used as recipients of donkey embryos, which open new ways for the conservation of endangered donkey species.

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Polidori, Paolo, Silvia Vincenzetti, Stefania Pucciarelli, and Valeria Polzonetti. "Comparison of Carcass and Meat Quality Obtained from Mule and Donkey." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091620.

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The aim of this study was to compare the carcass characteristics and the chemical and physical parameters of the meat produced by 10 male crossbred donkeys and 10 male mules slaughtered at 16 ± 1 years of age. The carcass weight and dressing percentage were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mules. Samples of the muscle Longissimus thoracis (LT) were analyzed. Donkey meat showed a higher fat content, while the glycogen content was higher in the mule LT. The total collagen content was higher in the mule LT; in this muscle, the shear force values were higher compared to the donkey LT. The lightness parameter (L*) was lower in the mule LT, while the redness index (a*) was higher in the mule LT; this muscle showed a higher content of iron, while zinc was higher in the donkey muscle LT. The donkey LT muscle showed a higher content of essential amino acids (52.2%) compared to the mule LT (50.1%). The results obtained demonstrated that the chemical and physical traits of mule and donkey meat were similar to those of other kinds of equid meat.

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Boakari, Yatta Linhares, Erin Legacki, Maria Augusta Alonso, Ana Carolina Francisco dos Santos, Marcilio Nichi, Alan J. Conley, and Claudia Barbosa Fernandes. "Postnatal Dynamics of Circulating Steroid Hormones in Mule and Equine Neonates." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110598.

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It is necessary to study hormonal patterns from mules to recognize alterations and neonatal maladaptation. Our objective was to evaluate concentrations of hormones in mule (n = 6) and equine foals (n = 6). Blood was collected at T0, 1, 6 and 12 h after birth. Hormone concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Effects of time, group and interactions and regression analysis were evaluated (p < 0.05). There was a cubic and quadratic decline in mule and equine foals, respectively, for 3β,20α-dihydroxy-DHP. Mule foals were born with lower circulating 3β,20α-dihydroxy-DHP concentrations, which might be related to progestogen concentrations in mares with a hybrid placenta. Corticosterone and cortisol concentrations remained unchanged for the first hour post-foaling then declined in mule and equine foals (p < 0.0001). Dehydroepiandrosterone was the main androgen present. There was a decrease in dihydrotestosterone at 12 h (p = 0.002). Differences in the temporal patterns of secretion within each steroid class, pregnanes, corticoids, and androgens, suggest they were derived from different tissue sources, presumptively the placenta, adrenals and gonads of the fetus/neonate, respectively. Mule and horse foals were born without evidence of testosterone secretion. For the first time, steroid hormone levels were measured in neonatal mules, and this will provide insight into neonatal physiology that differs from equine and allow us to gain an understanding of mules that have rarely been studied. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of hybrid pregnancies in the steroid endocrinology of neonates.

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Ferguson, Ann A., and Ning Jiang. "Mutator-Like Elements with Multiple Long Terminal Inverted Repeats in Plants." Comparative and Functional Genomics 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/695827.

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Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are widespread in plants and the majority have long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), which distinguish them from other DNA transposons. It is known that the long TIRs ofMutatorelements harbor transposase binding sites and promoters for transcription, indicating that the TIR sequence is critical for transposition and for expression of sequences between the TIRs. Here, we report the presence of MULEs with multiple TIRs mostly located in tandem. These elements are detected in the genomes of maize, tomato, rice, andArabidopsis. Some of these elements are present in multiple copies, suggesting their mobility. For those elements that have amplified, sequence conservation was observed for both of the tandem TIRs. For one MULE family carrying a gene fragment, the elements with tandem TIRs are more prevalent than their counterparts with a single TIR. The successful amplification of this particular MULE demonstrates that MULEs with tandem TIRs are functional in both transposition and duplication of gene sequences.

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Fetene, Muluye, Sileshi Aregahagnb, and Yeshwas Ferede. "Prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis and its associated risk factors in cart mules in Bahir Dar city, North Western Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 26, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.2.

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Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) is one of the most important diseases of equines in Ethiopia, causing a significant economic loss in cart-horse and mule producers. A cross-sectional study was carried out between April and June 2017 in Bahir Dar city to estimate the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis (EL) and its associated risk factors. Study locations and cart mule owners were selected purposively based on the availability of cart mules. Whereas cart mules were sampled using a simple random sampling technique by a lottery system. A total of 384 cart mules were considered for this study. Both clinical and microbiological examinations were employed to identify EL in-cart mules. Among 384 sampled cart mules, which were subjected to clinical and microbiological examination, 88 (22.9%, 95% CI= [18.7, 22.1]) were positive for EL. Cutaneous form 69 (78.4%, 95% CI= [69.8, 87.0]) was the commonest form of the disease followed by mixed infection 10 (11.4%, 95%CI= [4.7,17.9]), ocular 6 (6.8%, 95% CI= [1.5,12.1]) and pulmonary 3 (3.4%, 95% CI= [0.4, 7.2]). Most EL lesions were observed on forelimbs 24 (27.3%, 95% CI= [17.9, 36.5]), followed by chest and forelimb 18 (20.5%, 95% CI= [12.0, 28.9]), hind limbs 16 (18.2%, 95% CI=[10.1, 26.2]), chest 11 (12.5%, 95% CI= [5.6, 19.4]), and head and forelimbs 8 (9%, 95% CI= [3.1,15.1]). The association between location, sex, and body condition score with the occurrence of EL was examined using the chi-square test. However, none of the examined risk factors considered were significantly associated with EL (p>0.05). In conclusion, a higher prevalence of EL was recorded in Bahir Dar city which could substantially affect the health, productivity, and performance of cart mules. Further extensive mycological and epidemiological research on EL is suggested to develop evidence-based EL control and prevention measures in cart mules.

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Sawers, Larry. "The Mule, the South, and Economic Progress." Social Science History 28, no. 4 (2004): 667–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012888.

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This article examines the choice of draft animal in Southern agriculture in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century and shows that the preference for the mule over the horse reflected the South’s geography. The mule was well suited to the crops that dominated the region. The long, hot summers favored the heat-tolerant mule. The region’s geography made it difficult to produce good pastures and encouraged mule breeding to locate at considerable distances from Southern farms. The consequent variation in the price of mules relative to the price of horses across the South shaped the choice of work stock. Also important were the forms of labor organization on Southern farms. This research shows that the choice of the mule over the horse represented an important and progressive step for Southern agriculture.

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Costa, Sonia Carmen Lopo, Jéssica de Souza Freitas, Aísla Nascimento da Silva, Luciana Carvalho Lacerda, Rebeca Dálety Santos Cruz, Fábio Santos Carvalho, Maria Julia Salim Pereira, and Alexandre Dias Munhoz. "Frequency and factors associated with Theileria equi, Babesia caballi and Trypanosoma evansi in equids from Bahia (Northeast Brazil)." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 1 (March 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180090.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated to Babesia caballi, Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected equids from the northeast Brazil. Blood samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules, and 33 donkeys) were collected and tested for the presence of DNA of each of these protozoan parasites by PCR. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate risk factors associated with the infection. The frequency of T. equi infection was 83.5% (475/569) - 84.3% in horses, and 73.2% in donkeys and mules. The results of the final model indicated that age (senior group) and animal species (mule and donkey group) were protective factors against this pathogen. The frequency of B. caballi infection was 24.3% (138/569) - 23.5% in horses and 34.1% in donkeys and mules. Age (adult and senior group) was considered a protective factor against B. caballi infection whereas animal species (donkey and mule group) were considered a risk factor for the infection. Trypanosoma evansi infection was not detected in any of animals. Our results suggest that equids from the area studied may be infected earlier in life with the etiological agents of equine piroplasmosis and become asymptomatic carriers.

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Lagos, Javiera, Manuel Rojas, Joao B. Rodrigues, and Tamara Tadich. "Perceptions and Attitudes towards Mules in a Group of Soldiers." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041009.

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Mules are essential for pack work in mountainous areas, but there is a lack of research on this species. This study intends to assess the perceptions, attitudes, empathy and pain perception of soldiers about mules, to understand the type of human–mule relationship. For this, a survey was applied with closed-ended questions where the empathy and pain perception tools were included and later analyzed through correlations. Open-ended questions were analyzed through text mining. A total of 73 soldiers were surveyed. They had a wide range of ages and years of experience working with equids. Significant positive correlations were found between human empathy, animal empathy and pain perception. Soldiers show a preference for working with mules over donkeys and horses. Text mining analysis shows three clusters associated with the mules’ nutritional, environmental and health needs. In the same line, relevant relations were found for the word “attention” with “load”, “food”, and “harness”. When asked what mules signify for them, two clusters were found, associated with mules’ working capacity and their role in the army. Relevant relations were found between the terms “mountain”, “support”, and “logistics”, and also between “intelligent” and “noble”. To secure mules’ behavioral and emotional needs, future training strategies should include behavior and welfare concepts.

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Bazzano, Marilena, Francesca Arfuso, Laura Bonfili, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Amy McLean, Evelina Serri, Andrea Spaterna, and Fulvio Laus. "Measuring Biochemical Variables and Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in Working Mules in Central Italy." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202793.

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According to FAO reports, the global mule population counts about 9 million mules. This hybrid cross of a male donkey and a female horse is mainly used for draft purposes because they are thought to be strong and hardy animals. Most consider mules to be less susceptible to disease and fatigue compared to horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fieldwork on biochemical variables and serum amyloid A in working mules. Blood samples were collected from 10 healthy, female, working mules before and after 8 h of fieldwork. According to statistical analysis, a significant influence (p < 0.05) of fieldwork was found on mules’ electrolyte profile with increased levels of sodium, chloride, and calcium, as well as on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. After a day of fieldwork, serum sodium, chloride, calcium, urea, and creatinine concentrations were increased, supporting decreases in body water and renal blood flow. However, without comparison to a group of mules that were not exercised yet maintained under similar ambient conditions, it is uncertain whether these changes can be attributed to exercise. Further, no change in SAA concentration was found after exercise, indicating that the work performed did not result in systemic inflammation.

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Watson, Tamlin, Laura M. Kubasiewicz, Caroline Nye, Sajana Thapa, Stuart L. Norris, Natasha Chamberlain, and Faith A. Burden. "“Not All Who Wander Are Lost”: The Life Transitions and Associated Welfare of Pack Mules Walking the Trails in the Mountainous Gorkha Region, Nepal." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223152.

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Equids in general experience transient lives where ownership may change multiple times, for working equids this can be more extreme where ownership changes are not only numerous but abrupt, and situations encountered prove difficult, diverse and tough for equids to adapt. In this study, we investigate the life cycle of pack mules in Nepal, investigating the challenges they face during their lives through to end of life. To gain insight into the lives of mules, we conducted semi-structured interviews and livelihood surveys with 27 key informants, gathering the perspectives of the people working with mules. Welfare assessments of the mules were undertaken via the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping tool (EARS) by a trained assessor. Mules had to adapt swiftly to changes in industry type, enduring long distance transportation in overloaded vehicles and across country borders with no checks for biosecurity or welfare. Mules had to show swift adaptation to their new environment, to respond to and learn new tasks via inhumanely administered training, using inappropriate techniques, delivered by owners lacking in understanding of mule behaviour and learning. Environmental conditions were often hard; the negotiation of difficult terrain and challenging weather conditions during monsoon and subsequent high-altitude working without acclimatisation likely pushed mules to their biological limits. This study investigates the lives of a population of mules in the mountains of Nepal, developing a better understanding of their needs and their ‘truth’ or ‘telos’ informing what measures will help them to thrive.

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Yu, Zhihui, Stephen I. Wright, and Thomas E. Bureau. "Mutator-like Elements in Arabidopsis thaliana: Structure, Diversity and Evolution." Genetics 156, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 2019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.2019.

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Abstract While genome-wide surveys of abundance and diversity of mobile elements have been conducted for some class I transposable element families, little is known about the nature of class II transposable elements on this scale. In this report, we present the results from analysis of the sequence and structural diversity of Mutator-like elements (MULEs) in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia). Sequence similarity searches and subsequent characterization suggest that MULEs exhibit extreme structure, sequence, and size heterogeneity. Multiple alignments at the nucleotide and amino acid levels reveal conserved, potentially transposition-related sequence motifs. While many MULEs share common structural features to Mu elements in maize, some groups lack characteristic long terminal inverted repeats. High sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequence alignments indicate that many of these elements with diverse structural features may remain transpositionally competent and that multiple MULE lineages may have been evolving independently over long time scales. Finally, there is evidence that MULEs are capable of the acquisition of host DNA segments, which may have implications for adaptive evolution, both at the element and host levels.

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Toledo, L. F. A., H. L. Jerdy, P. C. A. R. Silva, E. C. Q. Carvalho, and D. A. B. Lessa. "Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in a mule: first case reported." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, no. 4 (August 2019): 1327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10375.

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ABSTRACT A 12-month-old mule (sterile hybrid equine species) presented unspecific neurological changes (symmetric ataxia, dysmetria, conscious proprioceptive deficit and weakness). Due to poor prognosis and to the fact that a sibling from the previous generation exhibited similar clinical signs that were not definitively diagnosed, the animal was euthanized. Diagnosis of neuroaxonal dystrophy was confirmed by anatomohistopathological analysis. This is the first clinical case of neuronal dystrophy in a mule reported in the world. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of this disease were very similar to those reported for several equine breeds. Therefore, the disease should also be considered in the diagnosis of neurological conditions in mules and donkeys.

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Aguilar, Cruz Manuel, Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel, and Leonidas M. Deane. "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in frequent in equines from an endemic area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81, no. 4 (December 1986): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000400015.

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In an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro State where a mule had been found infected, a systematic search among equines was performed, resulting in the detection of Leishmania parasites in skin lesions of 30.8% of the animals, which included horses and mules. The eventual role of equines in the epidemiology of the human disease is being investigated.

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O'Connor, C. E., and A. B. Lawrence. "Relationship between lamb vigour and ewe behaviour at parturition." Animal Science 54, no. 3 (June 1992): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002081x.

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AbstractMaternal behaviour and lamb vigour are both considered major variables affecting lamb survival, but there are few data to describe their relative importance. To investigate the relationship between lamb vigour and maternal behaviour this study compared the behaviour of pure Scottish Blackface lambs with Mule (Bluefaced Leicester ♀. × Scottish Blackface ♂) lambs, all born indoors. Anecdotal accounts suggested a significant reduction in lamb vigour in Mule lambs, a matter also of significant practical importance given the current incease in Mule numbers. Observations on the grooming behaviour of 32 single or twin-bearing ewes, and on the general activity and udder-seeking behaviour of their lambs were made at parturition. In this study, neither ewe grooming behaviour nor general lamb activity were directly related to lamb sucking success. It was shown that, although Mule lambs had high birth weights and stood as quickly as Blackface lambs, they showed significantly fewer sucking attempts (P < 0·01) and took longer to suck successfully (28 min for Blackface v. 55 min for Mules). The inability of Mule lambs to suck successfully was due to their failure to show proper udder-directed behaviour. These results indicate the importance of considering the behaviour of both ewes and lambs as it would seem that it is not ‘poor’ maternal behaviour but inappropriate lamb behaviour that is a limiting factor in lamb survival in the Mule breed.

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Fogaça, Jéssica L., Maria C. R. Castiglioni, Michel C. Vettorato, Danilo G. A. Andrade, José N. P. Puoli-Filho, Marco A. R. Fernandes, and Vânia M. V. Machado. "B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the common carotid arteries of equines and mules and the relation with body mass, age and neck circumference." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 1 (January 2019): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5774.

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ABSTRACT: As age increases, changes in cardiovascular anatomy and physiology occur, even in the absence of disease. Thus, studies of vessel hemodynamics are considered primordial to detect any cardiovascular changes. The objective of this study has been to describe the parameters of B-mode and spectral Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the common carotid arteries of 11 equine and 11 mules, and correlate with age, body mass and neck circumferences. The diameters, intima - media thickness (IMT), resistivity index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), systolic velocity (SV), diastolic velocity (DV), maximum velocity (MV), vascular flow index (VFI), body mass, age, circumference and neck length. Ultrasonographic variables were evaluated in three different region called cranial, middle and caudal. Equine females presented higher values regarding the body mass, age and neck length, as compared to the neck circumferences of the animals, those of the mules were superior. The age of the mules had a positive correlation with the body mass, diameter and neck circumferences, it has a negative correlation between age and vessel diameters. The body mass of the mules had a positive correlation with age and vessel diameters, and with vessel diameters and neck circumferences in equine females. The RI and PI variables had a positive correlation with body mass for mules, and with age for equine females. The DV had a negative correlation with body mass for both equine and mule females. Regarding the variables MV and VFI, age correlated negatively for mules, while it was not significant for equine females. It found a difference between equine females and mules in the correlations performed, with body mass, age, neck circumferences and between B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography variables.

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Kumbhar, M. A., M. G. Shah, J. A. Gadahi, Z. A. Laghari, and M. Kumbhar. "PREVALENCE OF HAEMOPROTOZOAN DISEASES IN EQUINES OF NORTHERN REGION OF SINDH, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 1 (October 12, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.1.9.

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Haemoprotozoan infections causes devasting loss to the livestock population through mortality and morbidity thereby reducing their production and lowered working efficiency. The present study was conducted to investigate the haemoprotozoan infection in equines in the district Larkana in northern Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 300 blood samples were collected from different species of equines in various localities of Larkana. The study was carried on stray and reared equines, including horses, donkeys and mules. The overall prevalence rate of protozoan infection in equines was found as 23.33% (70 animals) at different talukas/tehsils of district Larkana. Equine species wise haemoprotozoan infection was recorded as 7.69%, 24.11% and 20% in horses, donkeys and mules, respectively. Overall age-wise protozoan prevalence was determined as 18.5% in below 2 year and 23.80% in above 2 years age group. Whereas, in horses the infection rate was noted as 7.69% in above 2 years age group. The donkeys, above 2 years age group were susceptible for haemoprotozoan infections, which was recorded as 24.70% as compared to below 2 years age group (18.51%). In case of mules, the infection rate was recorded as 20% in above 2 years of age group. Overall gender-wise protozoan prevalence was found 43.46% in male equines, whereas in female, it was 21.73%. Equine species wise infection was recorded high in male of horses (9.09%), donkeys (24.13%) and mule (20%) as compared to female horses (0%), donkeys (23.80%) and mule (0%). Housing wise prevalence was recorded as high (51.51%) in chhapra than open (15.97%) and paka (24.39%).The management wise infection was recorded as 100% in stray equines as compared to reared ones (22.81%). The current study provides a baseline data on the prevalence of haemoprotozoans in equines in northern Sindh which may be helpful in designing control strategies for infectious diseases in equines.

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Salamanca-Carreño, Arcesio, Jordi Jordana, Rene Alejandro Crosby-Granados, Jannet Bentez-Molano, and Pere M. Parés-Casanova. "Lineal Discrimination of Horses and Mules. A Sympatric Case from Arauca, Colombia." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040679.

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This is the first morphological comparative study between local horses and mules from Arauca, Colombia. It was realized to compare morphological traits between both species by analysing 15 adult mules (7 males and 8 females) and 150 adult horses (137 males and 13 females), with an age interval from 2 to 22 years. Data consisted of 24 different body quantitative traits which can explain the body conformation: thoracic circumference, body length (BL), thoracic depth and width, withers height (WH), sternum height, shoulders width, chest width, forelimb cannon perimeter and length, head length and width, skull length and width, face length and width, ear length and width, loin height, croup height (CrH), width and length, dock height (DoH), and hock height. Heart girth circumference, body length, withers height, croup height, and dock height were the most discriminative traits, showing statistical differences between species. The formula is X = (BL × 0.402) + (WH × 0.323) + (CrH × 0.352) + (DoH × 0.384). A value of X > 184.5 assigns with total certainty that a skeleton belongs to a horse, and if X < 174.0, it is a mule. The proposed formula has a 100% specificity but a 71.4% sensibility for mules and an 84.4% for horses into the rank of 174.0–184.5. Therefore, results demonstrate that some postcranial anatomical elements of Equus could give enough information for a bone differentiation between horses and mules, at least in animals from the Araucan region, but the main interest is that it reflects the possibility to differentiate morphometrically both species from bone remains when horses and mules were sympatric.

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Vullo, Cecilia, Adolfo Maria Tambella, Marina Meligrana, and Giuseppe Catone. "Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Epidural Lidocaine-Xylazine in Elective Bilateral Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Standing Mule Mares." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082419.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy and safety of epidural lidocaine-xylazine administration in standing mules undergoing elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in order to suppress unwanted behaviour. Eight mule mares were sedated with intramuscular 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine followed by 1.3 mg/kg of xylazine and 0.02 mg/kg of butorphanol intravenously. Sedation was maintained by a constant rate infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/h of xylazine. The paralumbar fossae were infiltrated with 30 mL of 2% lidocaine. Epidural anaesthesia was performed at the first intercoccygeal space with 0.2 mg/kg of lidocaine and 0.17 mg/kg of xylazine. After 15 min, bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, invasive arterial blood pressure, degree of analgesia, sedation and ataxia were evaluated during surgery. The laparoscopic ovariectomy was successfully completed in all animals. Sedation and analgesia were considered satisfactory in six out of the eight mules. In conclusion, caudal epidural block allowed surgery to be easily completed in six out of eight. The animals did not show any signs of discomfort associated with nociception and were mostly calm during the procedures, however additional studies are needed to establish epidural doses of xylazine and lidocaine that result in reliable abdominal pain control in mules for standing ovariectomy.

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Garrett, Martin A. "Evidence on the Use of Oxen in the Postbellum South." Social Science History 22, no. 2 (1998): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200023270.

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Given the importance of draft animals—horses, mules, and oxen—in the development of the American economy, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to their contribution. Moreover, this is not, in most cases, attributable to a lack of empirical evidence; the vast majority of the work on draft animals to date is found in oral history and folklore literature. While this literature delighted in presenting the sentiments and personal stories of a few rather than attempting to provide a broader perspective, it does provide valuable historical information. Not surprisingly, however, the sentiments of a few, perhaps sometimes embellished, occasionally led to conclusions that are not consistent with predictions. For example, recent evidence supports the superiority of mules over horses and oxen in southern agricultural production, which refutes the notion that southerners used the mule for cultural reasons (Garrett 1990; Kauffman 1993). As Rockoff (1991: 243) states, “One of the main functions of the economic historian, from the point of view of economics, is to examine the foundation of these myths.”

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Souza, Julio Cesar de, Marcos Paulo Gonçalves de Rezende, Geovane Gonçalves Ramires, Vanessa Terra Gonçalves, Carolina Fregonesi Souza, Nicacia Monteiro de Oliveira, and Rodrigo Vedovato Ribeiro. "Phenotypic traits of equines raised in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 5 (October 21, 2015): 3341. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n5p3341.

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The primary aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypes of equines raised in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul, one of the central-western states of Brazil. Eighteen linear measurements were collected from 498 adult horses belonging to several different breeds, including Pantaneira (n = 52), Arabic (n = 28), Crioulo (n = 31), Mangalarga (n = 8), Quarter Horse (n = 97), Petiço (n = 9), Crossbred Horses (i.e., undetermined breeding; n = 170), and Mules (n = 74). These measurements were compared to similar measurements taken of English Thoroughbreds (n = 14) and Brazilian Equestrians (n = 15) in the city of Campo Grande, the capital of Mato Grasso do Sul. We used analysis of variance to test the influence of several factors, including genetic group, category (horse or mule), sex, and their interactive effects, on phenotypic characteristics. Correlation estimates verified the Euclidean distance between genetic groups categorized via cluster analysis. The effects were significant (P < 0.05) for many of the phenotypic characteristics. Horses showed higher values for most of the measurements compared to mules, except for the length of the head, lumbar back length, and cannon bone circumference, as well as greater correlation between weight and heart girth (r = 0.98). Cluster analysis determined that the animals were categorized into nine groups, with 10 distinct populations. Correspondence analysis showed that the Crioulo, Crossbred Horses, Mules, Pantaneiro, and Mangalarga breeds were less distinct phenotypically. The Petiço breed was not grouped, whereas Quarter Horses, English Thoroughbreds, and Brazilian Equestrians were more phenotypically distinct from the other breeds.

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Kosec, Marjan, Natasa Sterbenc, Janko Mrkun, Igor Klobucar, and Primoz Klinc. "Equine viral arteritis." Veterinarski glasnik 70, no. 1-2 (2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1602051k.

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Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a contagious disease of equids caused by equine artheritis virus (EAV), widespread in most countries in the world, where patients are diagnosed. The infection usually starts asymptomatic. Clinical signs indicate respiratory infection of different intensity and also abortions are present at different stages of gestation. Large prevalence of this disease in the world has become a growing economic problem. The disease is specific to a particular kind of animals, and it affects only equids (horses, donkeys, mules, mule and zebras). In countries where the infection has been confirmed, the percentage of positive animals differ. Likewise, there is difference in percentage among certain animal kinds. The highest percentage of positive animals has been found in totters and the lowest in cold-blooded.

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Ren, Xiujuan, Yuanyi Liu, Yiping Zhao, Bei Li, Dongyi Bai, Gerelchimeg Bou, Xinzhuang Zhang, et al. "Analysis of the Whole-Genome Sequences from an Equus Parent-Offspring Trio Provides Insight into the Genomic Incompatibilities in the Hybrid Mule." Genes 13, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122188.

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Interspecific hybridization often shows negative effects on hybrids. However, only a few multicellular species, limited to a handful of plants and animals, have shown partial genetic mechanisms by which hybridization leads to low fitness in hybrids. Here, to explore the outcome of combining the two genomes of a horse and donkey, we analyzed the whole-genome sequences from an Equus parent-offspring trio using Illumina platforms. We generated 41.39× and 46.21× coverage sequences for the horse and mule, respectively. For the donkey, a 40.38× coverage sequence was generated and stored in our laboratory. Approximately 24.86 million alleles were discovered that varied from the reference genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as polymorphic markers for assigning alleles to their parental genomic inheritance. We identified 25,703 Mendelian inheritance error single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mule genome that were not inherited from the parents through Mendelian inheritance. A total of 555 de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified. The rate of de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms was 2.21 × 10−7 in the mule from the Equus parent-offspring trio. This rate is obviously higher than the natural mutation rate for Equus, which is also consistent with the previous hypothesis that interracial crosses may have a high mutation rate. The genes associated with these single nucleotide polymorphisms are mainly involved in immune processes, DNA repair, and cancer processes. The results of the analysis of three genomes from an Equus parent-offspring trio improved our knowledge of the consequences of the integration of parental genomes in mules.

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Norris, Stuart L., Holly A. Little, Joseph Ryding, and Zoe Raw. "Global donkey and mule populations: Figures and trends." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0247830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247830.

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Knowing how many donkeys there are in specific countries where welfare is compromised is a key concern for targeting efforts to improve donkey welfare. Additionally, accurate population estimates are vital for providing evidence and addressing the impact of population threats. The FAO annually report the number of donkeys and mules in each country. The last paper to investigate global and region trends dates back to 2000 and used FAO data from 1961 to 1997. This paper is an update focusing on global, regional and country level donkey and mule populations to understand if there have been any changes in the trends reported by the previous study between 1997 and 2018. Results show that the general trend identified between 1961 and 1997 is continuing with the number of donkeys globally increasing at a rate of ~1% per annum whilst mule populations are in decline at a rate of ~2% per annum. Results also suggest that the trend identified in the original paper are still evident today with the largest increases in donkey population seen in the sub-Saharan African region and greatest reduction noted in Eastern Europe with these two regions having different socio-economic drivers influencing these changes. These results highlight the multifaceted socio-economic drivers influence changes in donkey and mule populations demonstrating the complexity of designing targeted one-welfare approaches. Whilst the FAO donkey and mule datasets are the best available for understanding spatial-temporal distributions in populations there needs to be greater effort to promote the communication of information from the country level to the FAO. This can be directly supported by NGO’s by promoting the robustness of the FAO process for collating and disseminating this information. NGO’s should also seek to highlight the importance of this information for understanding global regional and country level drivers for equid population changes and potential threats to welfare as well as using this information to facilitate projects that support one-welfare approaches.

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Aysan, Badraghi, Erler Jörn, Hosseini Seyed Ata Ollah, and Lang Robert. "Evaluation of animal logging in the mixed broadleaved mountain forest: Economic and environmental impacts." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 6 (June 28, 2018): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2018-jfs.

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This investigation assessed the economic and environmental impacts of small-scale wood logging by mules in the mixed broadleaved mountain forest. To develop a time prediction model, all measurements of time are replaced by their decadic logarithms. Unit cost was calculated by two methods: (i) as usual, division of the system cost by average productivity per hour, (ii) on the basis of the developed logarithmic models. To investigate the residual damage a 100% inventory method was employed in pre- and post-hauling, alongside the mule trail. A core sampling technique of bulk density was used for determining the degree of soil compaction, and soil disturbed widths were measured at a 5-m interval in the mule hauling direction. In this research, computed unit cost was 17.2 EUR·m–3 and estimated unit cost by the logarithmic model was 16.2 EUR·m–3. This result highlights the time consumption which estimated by the developed model was at a close ratio with real time (average at 95%). In terms of environmental impact, the results indicated that 5.7% of regenerations and 0% of trees were damaged. Also we found that the increased bulk density was not significant (P = 0.903) and only about 0.2% of the total area was disturbed.

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Banta, Brady. "Mule South to Tractor South: Mules, Machines, and the Transformation of the Cotton South." Agricultural History 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.1.133.

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Reid, Debra A. ":Mule South to Tractor South: Mules, Machines, and the Transformation of the Cotton South." American Historical Review 114, no. 1 (February 2009): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.1.171.

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Bailey, Conner. "Mule South to Tractor South: Mules, Machines, and the Transformation of the Cotton South (review)." Alabama Review 62, no. 1 (2009): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2009.0048.

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Jiang, Jehn‐Ruey, Chung‐Ta King, Chi‐Shiang Liao, and Ching‐Hao Liu. "MUREX." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 5, no. 1 (April 3, 2009): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17427370910950285.

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Wang, Jie, Chen Xi Qiu, and Xiao Gang Qi. "An Improved “Data Mules” Scheme Based on Controlled Working Area and Designed Trajectory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3785.

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Under the traditional “data Mules” scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks, nodes cannot send the data until the Mules move nearby, which leads to longer data delay. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper improve the “data Under the traditional “data Mules” scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks, nodes cannot send the data until the Mules move nearby, which leads to longer data delay. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper improve the “data Mules” through changing the working area of the Mules and designing its track. According to the mathematical analysis, we can find that reducing the working area of the Mules and its overlapped part can significantly reduced data delay and enhance the equity among sensor nodes. On the basis of this conclusion, a novel thinking and several recommendatory schemes are proposed. The simulation result shows that the new algorithms are significantly superior to traditional one in the aspects of data delay and nodes’ equity.

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Costa, Lais R. R., Monica Aleman, and Eric Davis. "Comprehensive Report of the Caseload of Donkeys and Mules Presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over a Ten-Year Period." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070413.

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Comprehensive reports of the caseload of donkeys and mules in veterinary hospitals in the United States are lacking. We compiled the information of the caseload of donkeys and mules at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis for a ten-year period, from 2008 to 2017. The overall equid caseload was 94,147, of which 996 (1.06%) were donkeys and mules. Most of the neonates seen were mules. Most miniature donkeys were between 2 and 10 years of age, and standard donkeys and mules were 10 to 20 years old. The body condition scores were predominantly high, especially in donkeys. Most miniature and standard donkeys resided in sanctuary and rescue farms and their use was not stated. Most mules were used for riding, packing or driving. Medical complaints represented 62% of the total visits and wellness visits represented 38% of total visits. The donkeys and mules in the case population described here received a good standard of veterinary care with regular vaccinations, deworming, routine dental care, and treatment of ailments. Our study is the first report of the life expectancy, use, body condition, preventative health and veterinary medical care of a population of donkeys and mules in the western United States.

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Priyambodo, Danang, Jakaria Jakaria, and Rukmiasih Rukmiasih. "Performa Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Karkas Mandalung Hasil Hibridisasi antara Entok Jantan (Cairina moschata) dengan Itik Betina (Anas plathyrynchos) (The Growth Performance and Production of Carcass Mandalung, Hybridized from Male Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) and Female Ducks (Anas plathyrynchos))." Jurnal Sains Terapan 5, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.5.1.8-16.

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Crossbreeding between species (hybridization) was conducted to obtain higher average value of offspring trait than the parent trait. The aim of this study was to determine the best type of mule duck and to evaluate the heterosis effect appearing on mule duck obtained. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with two levels of treatment and eight groups based on the hatching period. The treatments were the type of mule duck crossed between muscovy duck male with female cihateup duck (EC) and mule duck crossed between male muscovy duck with female alabio duck (EA). The results showed the growth performance and carcass production of EC and EA mule duck were not significantly different, but mule duck EC tended to show better results than mule duck EA. The percentage of heterosis effect produced by EC and EA mule duck in growth performance and carcass production showed advantages over the parent. EC mule duck had a higher level of heterosis than EA mule duck for some trait observed. EC mule duck can be kept as best crossbreed to produce mule duck with good performance and carcass production.Keywords: mule duck, performance, carcass production, heterosis

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Sekhar, V., E. Wong, H. A. Elhassan, and N. Singh. "Moffett's muted mules: the science of laryngology in the art of war." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 132, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215118001950.

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AbstractBackgroundMules and other equine species have been used in warfare for thousands of years to transport goods and supplies. Mules are known for ‘braying’, which is disadvantageous in warfare operations. This article explores the fascinating development of surgical techniques to stop military mules from braying, with particular emphasis on the key role played by the otolaryngologist Arthur James Moffett in devoicing the mules of the second Chindit expedition of World War II.MethodThe PubMed database (1900–2017) and Google search engine were used to identify articles related to devoicing mules in the medical and veterinary literature, along with information and images on the Chindit expedition.ResultsThis paper reviews the surgical techniques aimed at treating braying in mules, ranging from ventriculectomy and arytenoidectomy to Moffett's approach of vocal cordectomy.ConclusionMoffett's technique of vocal cordectomy provided a quick, reproducible and safe solution for devoicing mules. It proved to be advantageous on the battlefield and demonstrated his achievements outside the field of medicine.

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Gillespie, DJ. "Medicago murex Willd. (murex medic) cv. Zodiac." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (1989): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890300.

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Blumenthal, MJ, and RL Ison. "Plant population dynamics in subterranean clover and murex medic swards. 3. Effect of pod burial, summer grazing and autumn cultivation on emergence." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 5 (1996): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960533.

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Murex medic (Medicago murex Willd.) seedling recruitment is more sensitive to soil water at the time of emergence than subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Murex medic pods normally lay on the soil surface. Shallow burial of pods may be beneficial when soil moisture is marginal for germination and emergence. In addition, the tightly coiled structure of murex medic pods may also act as a barrier to water uptake by the seed. Two methods of burying murex medic pods were investigated in the field: (i) trampling by sheep hooves through summer grazing; and (ii) through light cultivation in autumn. A glasshouse experiment was also conducted to examine the interaction between the length of time that the soil stays moist and pod burial for CD26 and CD53 murex medic and Dalkeith, Junee, Seaton Park and Woogenellup subterranean clover. In the glasshouse, pod burial was important for the attainment of maximum emergence in all genotypes when soil water was limiting. However, pod structure did not appear to have a limiting role in germination and emergence in murex medic. When tested in the field, pod burial by sheep trampling through summer grazing improved emergence in CD26, possibly because the smaller more open pod was more easily trampled than that of CD53. Summer grazing in CD53 and Dalkeith and autumn cultivation in all genotypes did not improve emergence; possible reasons for this are discussed so to is the role of murex medic in ley farming systems in eastern Australia.

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Fogaça, Jéssica L., Michel C. Vettorato, José Nicolau P. Puoli-Filho, Marco A. R. Fernandes, and Vânia Maria V. Machado. "Grayscale histogram analysis to study the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of horses and mules." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 3 (March 2019): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5859.

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ABSTRACT: Visual inspection of ultrasound examination for assessment of echogenicity and echotexture of blood vessel tissues is a technique routinely used in medical practice in humans. However, simple visual inspection can lead to poor quality diagnoses and errors. The use of grayscale histogram (GSH) analysis has proved to be an efficient technique to quantify the region of interest, allowing minimization of image interpretation errors. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of healthy female horses and mules using the GSH technique and correlate them with age, body mass, and vessel diameters. B-mode ultrasound examinations were performed in the left and right common carotid arteries in three regions (cranial, middle, and caudal) in 11 horses and 11 healthy mules. The GSH of the animals showed heterogeneous walls, but did not differentiate statistically between female horses and mules. The Mean variable of the middle right, middle left and caudal right sides showed differences, more significant in the mules. On the middle right side, the Min variable was different, higher in the mules. On the middle and caudal left side, the variables Max and Mode showed higher values in the mules. For the mules, the age factor presented negative correlation with the Mean, Mode,, Mode(Count), and Mode(Count)/Count(%) variables, and the body mass factor presented negative correlation with the Mode, Mean and Max variables. For the female horses, the body mass factor showed positive correlation with the Mean and Mode variables. Echogenicity of the carotid artery walls differed between female horses and mules, whereas echotexture was heterogeneous and statistically similar among the animals. The age and body mass factors inversely influenced the echogenicity of the mules, but were not significant in the female horses, in which only the body mass factor positively influenced echogenicity.

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Raza, Muhammad Subtain, Qi Zhan, and Sana Rubab. "Role of money mules in money laundering and financial crimes a discussion through case studies." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2020-0028.

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Purpose This paper aims to explain the role of money mules in money laundering and financial crimes through the discussion of case studies. The authors also explain the red flags of money mules and provide advice. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a case analysis approach. The paper mainly discusses ten cases about the use of money mules in financial crimes. Findings It has been found that money mules help criminal syndicates to remain anonymous while moving funds around the world. The unemployment, internet usage involvement of teenagers and youth in money laundering-related crime around the world are on a rising trend, and criminals are constantly looking for their victims by exploiting their mental and financial condition. Originality/value This paper provides case studies to understand the role of money mules in money laundering and financial crime.

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37

Hao, Zhenyue, Gordon S. Duncan, Yu-Wen Su, Wanda Y. Li, Jennifer Silvester, Claire Hong, Han You, et al. "The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule acts through the ATM–p53 axis to maintain B lymphocyte homeostasis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 1 (January 2, 2012): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20111363.

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Cellular homeostasis is controlled by pathways that balance cell death with survival. Mcl-1 ubiquitin ligase E3 (Mule) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the proapoptotic molecule p53 for polyubiquitination and degradation. To elucidate the role of Mule in B lymphocyte homeostasis, B cell–specific Mule knockout (BMKO) mice were generated using the Cre–LoxP recombination system. Analysis of BMKO mice showed that Mule was essential for B cell development, proliferation, homeostasis, and humoral immune responses. p53 transactivation was increased by two- to fourfold in Mule-deficient B cells at steady state. Genetic ablation of p53 in BMKO mice restored B cell development, proliferation, and homeostasis. p53 protein was increased in resting Mule-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Loss of Mule in both MEFs and B cells at steady state resulted in increased levels of phospho–ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the ATM substrate p53. Under genotoxic stress, BMKO B cells were resistant to apoptosis, and control MEFs exhibited evidence of a physical interaction between Mule and phospho-ATM. Phospho-ATM, phospho-p53, and Brca1 levels were reduced in Mule-deficient B cells and MEFs subjected to genotoxic stress. Thus, Mule regulates the ATM–p53 axis to maintain B cell homeostasis under both steady-state and stress conditions.

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Fišer, Daniel, and Antonín Komenda. "Fact-Alternating Mutex Groups for Classical Planning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 61 (March 11, 2018): 475–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5321.

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Mutex groups are defined in the context of STRIPS planning as sets of facts out of which, maximally, one can be true in any state reachable from the initial state. The importance of computing and exploiting mutex groups was repeatedly pointed out in many studies. However, the theoretical analysis of mutex groups is sparse in current literature. This work provides a complexity analysis showing that inference of mutex groups is as hard as planning itself (PSPACE-Complete) and it also shows a tight relationship between mutex groups and graph cliques. This result motivates us to propose a new type of mutex group called a fact-alternating mutex group (fam-group) of which inference is NP-Complete. Moreover, we introduce an algorithm for the inference of fam-groups based on integer linear programming that is complete with respect to the maximal fam-groups and we demonstrate how beneficial fam-groups can be in the translation of planning tasks into finite domain representation. Finally, we show that fam-groups can be used for the detection of dead-end states and we propose a simple algorithm for the pruning of operators and facts as a preprocessing step that takes advantage of the properties of fam-groups. The experimental evaluation of the pruning algorithm shows a substantial increase in a number of solved tasks in domains from the optimal deterministic track of the last two planning competitions (IPC 2011 and 2014).

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Mulazzani, S., and J. Vorenger. "Mulet (ichtyologie)." Encyclopédie berbère, no. 32 (December 31, 2010): 5104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.652.

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Milius, Susan. "Marine Mules." Science News 161, no. 24 (June 15, 2002): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4013392.

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41

Nickol, Christopher. "Complete Mulet." Musical Times 130, no. 1757 (July 1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1193466.

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Sweeney, Matthew. "The Mules." Grand Street, no. 62 (1997): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25008222.

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Chandley, Ann C. "Fertile Mules." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 81, no. 1 (January 1988): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100102.

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Jabr, Ferris. "Microbial Mules." Scientific American 306, no. 6 (May 15, 2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0612-20.

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Merialdo, Giacomo. "Murex purpurea." Revista Médica de Homeopatía 5, no. 2 (May 2012): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1888-8526(12)70140-6.

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Schober, U. "Murex purpurea." British Homoeopathic journal 81, no. 4 (October 1992): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(05)80203-0.

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Ferguson, Ann A., and Ning Jiang. "Pack-MULEs." Mobile Genetic Elements 1, no. 2 (July 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/mge.1.2.16948.

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Bazzano, Marilena, Alessandra Di Salvo, Manuela Diaferia, Fabrizia Veronesi, Roberta Galarini, Fabiola Paoletti, Beniamino Tesei, Amy McLean, Vincenzo Veneziano, and Fulvio Laus. "Anthelmintic Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin Paste after Oral Administration in Mules Infected by Cyathostomins." Animals 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10060934.

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Ivermectin (IVM) is an anthelmintic compound commonly used off-label in mules due to its broad-spectrum of activity. Despite the general use of IVM in mules with the same dose and route of administration licensed for horses, significant pharmacokinetic differences might exist between horses and mules, as already observed for donkeys. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile and anthelmintic efficacy of an oral paste of IVM in mules naturally infected with cyathostomins. Fifteen adult mules with fecal egg counts (FEC) ≥ 200 eggs per gram (EPG), with exclusive presence of cyathostomins, were included in the study. All mules were orally treated with IVM according to the manufacturer's recommended horse dosage (200 µg/kg body weight). FECs were performed before (day-10 and day-3) and after treatment at days 14 and 28 by using a modified McMaster method. The FEC reduction (FECR%) was also calculated. Blood samples were collected from five animals at various times between 0.5 h up to 30 days post treatment to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. The maximum IVM serum concentration (Cmax) was 42.31 ± 10.20 ng/mL and was achieved at 16.80 ± 9.96 h post-treatment (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC) was 135.56 ± 43.71 ng × day/mL. FECR% remained high (>95%) until the 28th day.

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Blumenthal, MJ, and RL Ison. "Plant population dynamics in subterranean clover and murex medic swards. II. Plant population density." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940929.

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It is possible that the use of harder-seeded varieties of sub. clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and the recently domesticated murex medic (Medicago murex) may improve annual legume persistence in pasture leys. To determine the mechanisms of production and persistence in these two species, plant population density changes in single seed (sprayed) and naturally regenerating (unsprayed) swards were monitored in four varieties of sub. clover and two lines of murex medic over a three year period at Forbes in central-west N.S.W. Seedling recruitment was very sensitive to soil water and temperature at the time of germination and emergence, particularly in murex medic. Murex recruitment under irrigation was at least four times greater than without irrigation on a germinable seed basis. Irrigation of sub. clover swards did not improve recruitment to the same extent as it did in murex medic. Even the soft seeded cultivars (Junee, Seaton Park and Woogenellup) can regenerate from residual seed in the year following a year in which no seed was set, although there are qualifications for Woogenellup. Plant population density (D) declined over the growing season, despite the specific effects of environment and management; initial plant population density (Di) appears to have the greatest influence on dry matter production over the growing season.

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Lehmann, Rebecca. "Mule." Pleiades: Literature in Context 42, no. 1 (March 2022): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2022.0040.

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Journal articles on the topic 'MuLex'

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