Journal articles on the topic 'Mud hydraulics'
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1
Yan, Bing Bing, Wen Bo Ren, Bao Lin Yin, and Yang Li. "Hydraulic System Simulation of 3-UPS Parallel Mechanism Based on ADAMS/Hydraulics." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.430.
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In order to guaranty the work stability of the move-in-mud robot and movement relationship of wriggle turning joint, to use the 3-UPS parallel mechanism as the steering joint. Make full use of the characteristics flexibility, heavy force loading and small workspace of the parallel mechanism. Supporting link of the parallel mechanism driven by hydraulic cylinders, so a completely hydraulic system is an important factor to ensure the stationary work of parallel mechanism, provide the required power to go forward and ensure the forward speed of the move-in-mud robot. Establish the virtual prototype model of mechanical-hydraulic coupling system by using of Pro/E and ADAMS/Hydraulics software, do the dynamic simulation analysis of hydraulic control system based on Hydraulics module, the simulation process can be made more visual and vivid by three-dimensional visualization. Obtain the platform speed and hydraulic cylinder pressure curve after simulation, compare simulation results with theoretical calculations, and verify that the design is reasonable. The results show that it lays the foundation for the further optimization and research of the move-in-mud robot.
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Ashena, Rahman, Abdol-Azim Hekmatinia, Ali Ghalambor, Bernt Aadnoy, Charissa Enget, and Vamegh Rasouli. "Improving drilling hydraulics estimations-a case study." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 6 (June 2021): 2763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01203-4.
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AbstractAccurate pressure drop estimation is important for drill string and bit nozzles design and optimized fluid circulations as well as identifying the drilling problems such as bit nozzle(s) washout or plugging. In this study, the Bingham Plastic model has been modified by applying a coefficient to its turbulent pressure loss calculations. This coefficient encompasses the effects of the drill pipe tool joints and other effects in estimation of pressure losses. The range of the coefficient was determined in field applications for different hole sizes and mud types. The results showed that applying a correction coefficient of 1.08–1.12 to turbulent pressure loss equations (depending on borehole size and mud type) improves the pressure loss estimation. By applying this coefficient, the estimated pressure losses are increased to compensate the under-estimation of the Bingham Plastic model. This is considered a significant contribution to accurate calculation of borehole hydraulics and in-time detection and identification of borehole problems and reduction of invisible lost time. The findings also showed that this enhanced effect is independent of the mud type. The use of this coefficient removes the necessity of using rather complex mud rheological models such as the Herschel–Bulkley model.
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Yanuar, Ridwan, Budiarso, and Raldi A. Koestoer. "Hydraulics conveyances of mud slurry by a spiral pipe." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 23, no. 7 (July 2009): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-009-0611-1.
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Sunthankar, A. A., S. Miska, E. Kuru, and A. Kamp. "New Developments in Aerated Mud Hydraulics for Horizontal Well Drilling." SPE Journal 9, no. 01 (March 1, 2004): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/87675-pa.
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Sunthankar, A. A., E. Kuru, S. Miska, and A. Kamp. "New Developments in Aerated Mud Hydraulics for Drilling in Inclined Wells." SPE Drilling & Completion 18, no. 02 (June 1, 2003): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/83638-pa.
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Li, Xiaorong, Chadi S. El Mohtar, and K. E. Gray. "Modeling Progressive Wellbore Breakouts with Dynamic Wellbore Hydraulics." SPE Journal 25, no. 02 (February 7, 2020): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199887-pa.
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Summary This paper presents a model that couples wellbore geomechanics and wellbore hydraulics for predicting breakouts of arbitrarily deviated boreholes during drilling. By incorporating the impact of dynamic drilling parameters, the model can explicitly simulate the progressive receding of wellbore surface during a breakout event and update the boundary conditions on the newly created surface simultaneously. Numerical examples were carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the model and to investigate the impacts of several drilling operational parameters. The results show that frictional pressure caused by mud circulation can substantially alter breakout volume and shape.
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Guliyev, V. V. "Enhancement lubricity properties of water-based mud with nanoparticles." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-10-70-74.
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Currently, a great number of drilling fluids with different additives are used all over the world. Such additives are applied to control the properties of the drilling mud. The main purpose for controlling is to achieve more effective and safe drilling process. This research work aims to develop Water-Based Mud (WBM) with a Coefficient of Friction (CoF) as low as Oil-Based Mud (OBM) and better rheological properties. As it is known, produced CoF by WBM is higher than OBM, which means high friction between wellbore or casing and drill string. It was the reason for studying the effect of nanosilica on drilling fluid properties such as lubricity, rheological parameters and filtrate loss volume of drilling mud. The procedures were carried out following API RP 13B and API 13I standards. Five concentrations of nanosilica were selected to be tested. According to the results obtained, it was defined that adding nanosilica into the mud decreases CoF of basic WBM by 26 % and justifies nanosilica as a good lubricating agent for drilling fluid. The decreasing trend in coefficient of friction and plastic viscosity for nanosilica was obtained until the concentration of 0.1 %. This reduction is due to the shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluid behavior. After 0.1 %, an increase at PV value trend indicates that it does not follow shear thinning behavior and after reaching a certain amount of dissolved solids in the mud, it acts like normal drilling fluid. The yield point of the mud containing nanoparticles was higher than the basic one. Moreover, a growth in the concentration leads to an increase in yield point value. The improvement of this fluid system cleaning capacity via hydraulics modification and wellhole stability by filter cake endurance increase by adding nanosilica is shown as well. The average well construction data of “Neft Dashlary” field was used for the simulation studies conducted for the investigation of hydraulics parameters of reviewed fluids for all series of experiments. The test results were accepted reliable in case of at least 3 times repeatability.
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Guo, Boyun, Kai Sun, Ali Ghalambor, and Chengcai Xu. "A Closed-Form Hydraulics Equation for Aerated-Mud Drilling in Inclined Wells." SPE Drilling & Completion 19, no. 02 (June 1, 2004): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/88840-pa.
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Assi, Amel H. "Selection of an Optimum Drilling Fluid Model to Enhance Mud Hydraulic System Using Neural Networks in Iraqi Oil Field." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i4.585.
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In drilling processes, the rheological properties pointed to the nature of the run-off and the composition of the drilling mud. Drilling mud performance can be assessed for solving the problems of the hole cleaning, fluid management, and hydraulics controls. The rheology factors are typically termed through the following parameters: Yield Point (Yp) and Plastic Viscosity (μp). The relation of (YP/ μp) is used for measuring of levelling for flow. High YP/ μp percentages are responsible for well cuttings transportation through laminar flow. The adequate values of (YP/ μp) are between 0 to 1 for the rheological models which used in drilling. This is what appeared in most of the models that were used in this study. The pressure loss is a gathering of numerous issues for example rheology of mud), flow regime and the well geometry. An artificial neural network (ANN) that used in this effort is an accurate or computational model stimulated by using JMP software. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of rheological models on the hydraulic system and to use the artificial neural network to simulate the parameters that were used as emotional parameters and then find an equation containing the parameters μp, Yp and P Yp/ μp to calculate the pressure losses in a hydraulic system. Data for 7 intermediate casing wells with 12.25" hole size and 95/8" intermediate casing size are taken from the southern Iraq field used for the above purpose. Then compare the result with common equations used to calculate pressure losses in a hydraulic system. Also, we calculate the optimum flow by the maximum impact force method and then offset in Equation obtained by (Joint Marketing Program) JMP software. Finally, the equation that was found to calculate pressure losses instead of using common hydraulic equations with long calculations gave very close results with less calculation.
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Baris, Ozcan, Luis Ayala, and W. Watson Robert. "Numerical Modeling of Foam Drilling Hydraulics." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol4iss1pp103-119.
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The use of foam as a drilling fluid was developed to meet a special set of conditions under which other common drilling fluids had failed. Foam drilling is defined as the process of making boreholes by utilizing foam as the circulating fluid. When compared with conventional drilling, underbalanced or foam drilling has several advantages. These advantages include: avoidance of lost circulation problems, minimizing damage to pay zones, higher penetration rates and bit life. Foams are usually characterized by the quality, the ratio of the volume of gas, and the total foam volume. Obtaining dependable pressure profiles for aerated (gasified) fluids and foam is more difficult than for single phase fluids, since in the former ones the drilling mud contains a gas phase that is entrained within the fluid system. The primary goal of this study is to expand the knowledge-base of the hydrodynamic phenomena that occur in a foam drilling operation. In order to gain a better understanding of foam drilling operations, a hydrodynamic model is developed and run at different operating conditions. For this purpose, the flow of foam through the drilling system is modeled by invoking the basic principles of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. The model was designed to allow gas and liquid flow at desired volumetric flow rates through the drillstring and annulus. Parametric studies are conducted in order to identify the most influential variables in the hydrodynamic modeling of foam flow.
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Raptanov, A. K., V. V. Ruzhenskyi, B. I. Kostiv, M. A. Myslyuk, and V. M. Charkovskyy. "Analysis of the deep drilling technology in unstable formations at the Semyrenky gas condensate field." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200573.
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The paper presents a general overview of deep drilling in unstable formations at the Semyrenky gas condensate field of the Dnipro-Donetsk Trough, including well design, bottom hole assemblies (BHA), drilling conditions, and drilling muds. Problems encountered during drilling for production casing of Wells 72- and 75-Semyrenky using high-speed drilling methods are analyzed. The relationships between the rate of penetration and disturbed rock stability, volume excess and depth, as well as consistent empirical patterns in changes in mud properties and depth are established. With these technical and economic performance indicators for well drilling are given, elements of a borehole stability management strategy were defined, the principles of mud selection for drilling through problem zones are validated. The paper discusses the requirements to a mud hydraulics program to reduce the erosion of borehole walls, specific borehole preparation techniques, such as reaming and gauging, for drilling in problem zones, and alternative options to ensure borehole stability. Keywords: borehole stability; statistical models; hole gauging; hole geometry; drilling mud; BHA.
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Dhayea, Batool Abdullah, Faleh H. M. Almahdawi, and Sinan I. M. Al-Shaibani. "Using of surface back pressure with water based mud in managed pressure drilling technique to solve lost circulation problem in Southern Iraqi Oil Fields." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 11, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v11i3.531.
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Many drilling problems are encountered continuously while drilling oil wells in the southern Iraqi oil fields. Many of these problems are ineffectively handled resulting in a longer non-productive time. This study aims to identify the formations such as Dammam, and Hartha formations،diagnose potential problems and provide the solution for lost circulation problem. After conducting a comprehensive study on the subject and based on available data, previous studies and some information, the managed pressure drilling (MPD) method was the best technique to solve this problem. This process may use various techniques including control of back pressures .Thus, reducing the risk and control the costs of drilled wells, which have narrow pressure window by managing the wellbore pressure profile. The well plan software program provided by Halliburton Company was used, this software is based on a database and data structure common to many of Landmark’s drilling applications. Mud used with various injection rates to choose the rate that provides the conditions to achieve the best drilling process, as it using mud weights of (8.8 -8.7 ) ppg and applied a surface back pressure (50 psi). Depending on specifications of second hole the optimal injection rate was chosen using the (hydraulics) program. As a results, rate of water injection (850) gpm, is the best which it provides a good efficient cutting transport ratio (CTR), which means high stability and preventing formation damage in addition to controlling in mud losses
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Fu, Qing Chun. "Numerical Simulation of Pressure Loss in Largesize Annulus of Deepwater Drilling Riser." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.590.
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Large difference exists between largesize annular hydraulics and conventional well's. Using numerical simulation, this article analyze annular pressure loss of deepwater drilling riser with large size, describing how various parameters such as annular mud velocity, drill pipe rotation speed, mud property and annular clearance affect the pressure losses in a well, compared with that of a conventional wellbore as well. Theoretical calculations have shown: As for power law fluid in the largesize annular space, when it comes to laminar flow, an increase in drill pipe rotation speed can result in a decrease of annular pressure losses; In the contrary,under turbulent conditions, this may lead to a rise in annular pressure losses. The pressure drop dramatically along with an increasing in the annular space, in other words, the size of annular clearance is a major factor that affect the pressure losses in the annular space.
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Okoro, Emmanuel E., Samuel E. Sanni, Tamunotonjo Obomanu, Ikechukwu S. Okafor, and Moses E. Emetere. "Carbon Nanotubes as a Multifunctional additive and its Impact in Oil Based Mud System drilling Hydraulics." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 665, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012004.
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Niu, Ben, Chao Jie Zhang, Xiu Liang Chen, and Heng Yu Wang. "A Semi-Analytical Method to Calculate the Consolidation Problem of the Soilbag Filled with Mud Soil Buried with PVD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.345.
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A semi-analytical method to calculate the degree of consolidation of the soilbag filled with mud soil with PVD built in is proposed. First a unit-body model is founded to obtain the low-dimensional solution. Through the successive iterations of the low-dimension solution, the solution considering the situation when the physical or geometry parameters of the model vary is finally obtained. The solution of the rectangular area is obtained by summing solutions of two square area with coefficients set. A lab experiment was done in Liubao test base of Zhejiang institute of hydraulics and estuary to research the consolidation performance of soilbag filled with mud soil buried with PVD. The semi-analytical method and FEM are applied to calculate the lab experiment case. From the comparison among the lab experiment, the semi-analytical method and FEM, it shows that the semi-analytical method calculates a good result of the degree of consolidation of the lab experiment.
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Gowida, Ahmed, Salaheldin Elkatatny, Emad Ramadan, and Abdulazeez Abdulraheem. "Data-Driven Framework to Predict the Rheological Properties of CaCl2 Brine-Based Drill-in Fluid Using Artificial Neural Network." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101880.
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Calcium chloride brine-based drill-in fluid is commonly used within the reservoir section, as it is specially formulated to maximize drilling experience, and to protect the reservoir from being damaged. Monitoring the drilling fluid rheology including plastic viscosity, P V , apparent viscosity, A V , yield point, Y p , flow behavior index, n , and flow consistency index, k , has great importance in evaluating hole cleaning and optimizing drilling hydraulics. Therefore, it is very crucial for the mud rheology to be checked periodically during drilling, in order to control its persistent change. Such properties are often measured in the field twice a day, and in practice, this takes a long time (2–3 h for taking measurements and cleaning the instruments). However, mud weight, M W , and Marsh funnel viscosity, M F , are periodically measured every 15–20 min. The objective of this study is to develop new models using artificial neural network, ANN, to predict the rheological properties of calcium chloride brine-based mud using M W and M F measurements then extract empirical correlations in a white-box mode to predict these properties based on M W and M F . Field measurements, 515 points, representing actual mud samples, were collected to build the proposed ANN models. The optimized parameters of these models resulted in highly accurate results indicated by a high correlation coefficient, R, between the predicted and measured values, which exceeded 0.97, with an average absolute percentage error, AAPE, that did not exceed 6.1%. Accordingly, the developed models are very useful for monitoring the mud rheology to optimize the drilling operation and avoid many problems such as hole cleaning issues, pipe sticking and loss of circulation.
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Hadi, Farqad, Ali Noori, Hussein Hussein, and Ameer Khudhair. "Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-Based Drilling Fluid using Artificial Neural Networks." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 1C (March 31, 2022): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1c.6ms-2022-03-25.
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It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works represent valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. In contrast, continuous and regular determination of the rheological fluid properties can perform its essential functions during good construction. The aim of this study is to develop empirical models to estimate the drilling mud rheological properties of water-based fluids with less need for lab measurements. This study provides two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks, to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid using other simple measurable properties. While mud density, marsh funnel, and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output models are plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength. The prediction methods have been applied on datasets taken from the final reports of two wells drilled in the Ahdeb oil field, eastern Iraq. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error have been used in this study. The current results support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological mud properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties using simple and quick equipment such as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.
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Hart, James, Matteo Rubinato, and Tom Lavers. "An Experimental Investigation of the Hydraulics and Pollutant Dispersion Characteristics of a Model Beaver Dam." Water 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092320.
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Beavers have influenced the world’s ecosystem for millions of years. Their dams create ponds and wetlands that provide a large range of hydraulic and ecological benefits to the natural world, including mitigation against flooding and improving water quality. As beavers are now being reintroduced to many parts of the world, it is important to fully understand the impact of their dams on the flow characteristics of the water-courses on which they are built. This paper investigates the relationship between the physical properties of a model beaver dam and its fundamental hydraulics and pollutant dispersion characteristics. The first objective of this paper was to develop a modelling framework to relate discharge to flow-depth for dams with a combination of porous and impermeable sections. The second objective was to utilize a similar framework to predict the down-stream concentration distribution of an up-stream pollution event passing through such systems. The ability to model these parameters for dams with variable lengths of porous and impermeable sections is important as the porosity of beaver dams can vary with depth, depending on which sections are constructed from branches, rocks, or compacted mud. The analysis and modelling developed in this paper show that a single, general relationship can be obtained between discharge and flow-depth regardless of the presence of sections that are both porous or impermeable, provided the relative depths of these sections are known and accounted for. It is also shown that the Nominal Residence Time and the Advection Dispersion Equation can be used to predict pollutant transport in such systems. These two equations have previously been shown to have limitations when applied to some complex systems, so demonstrating they can be applied to a porous dam with combinations of porous and impermeable sections at the relative discharges investigated is noteworthy.
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AlBahrani, Hussain, and Nobuo Morita. "Risk-Controlled Wellbore Stability Criterion Based on a Machine-Learning-Assisted Finite-Element Model." SPE Drilling & Completion 37, no. 01 (November 11, 2021): 38–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204101-pa.
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Summary In certain drilling scenarios, the mud weight required to completely prevent wellbore enlargement can be impractically high. In such cases, what is known as risk-controlled wellbore stability criterion is introduced. This criterion allows for a certain and manageable level of wellbore enlargements to take place. Conventionally, the allowable level of wellbore enlargements in this type of model has always been based on the magnitude of the breakout angle. However, wellbore enlargements, as seen in caliper and image logs, can be highly irregular in terms of their distribution around the wellbore. This means that risk controlling wellbore stability through the breakout angle parameter can be insufficient. Instead, the total volume of cavings is introduced as the risk-control parameter. Unlike the breakout angle, the total volume of cavings can be coupled with a suitable hydraulics model to determine the threshold of manageable enlargement. The volume of cavings is determined using a machine-learning (ML)-assisted 3D elastoplastic finite-element model (FEM). The model implementation is first validated through experimental data. Next, a full data set from offset wells is used to populate and train the model. The trained model is then used to produce estimations of risk-controlled stability mud weights for different drilling scenarios. The model results are compared against those produced by conventional methods. Finally, both the FEM-ML model and the conventional method's results are compared against the drilling experience of the offset wells. The results illustrate how this methodology provides a more comprehensive and new solution to risk controlling wellbore stability.
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Warsito, Kevin Wijaya, and Wati Astriningsih Pranoto. "ANALISIS KECEPATAN JATUH SEDIMEN PADA SUNGAI CIBEET, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmstkik.v5i1.7649.
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Cibeet River is one of the branch of the Citarum river in West Java province with a length of 101 km. Cibeet River is one of the rivers supplying water and sediment to the West Tarum irrigation channel or known as the Kalimalang. In this research, the sample used was in the form of mud taken at the Cibeet River Estuary. This research is focused on settling velocity which is a parameter for sedimentation in order to improve numerical modeling and conceptual understanding of sediment dynamics, especially mud. Sediment research is carried out in the Soil Mechanics laboratory and Hydraulics laboratory. Bottom withdrawal tube experiments were carried out using 5 types of salinity and 6 kinds of sediment concentrations. The purpose of the study was to obtain settling velocity and compare laboratory results with the Stokes law approach and compare the relationship between settling velocity with sediment concentration and salinity. The optimum salinity is obtained at 15 ‰, and the optimum sediment concentration at 4700 ppm with an average fall speed of 37,28 mm / s. The results from the laboratory are not in accordance with the Stokes law due to the influence of flocculation from the cohesive nature of the mud sediment, so that using the Stokes law approach cannot calculate the velocity of falling sediment on the mud. Keywords: concentration; salinity; sediment; settling velocity AbstrakSungai Cibeet merupakan salah satu anak sungai dari sungai Citarum di provinsi Jawa Barat dengan panjang 101 km. Sungai Cibeet merupakan salah satu sungai pemasok air dan sedimen ke saluran irigasi Tarum Barat atau dikenal sebagai Kalimalang. Pada penelitian ini, sampel yang digunakan berupa lumpur yang diambil di Muara Sungai Cibeet. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada kecepatan jatuh sedimen yang merupakan parameter untuk sedimentasi demi meningkatkan permodelan numerik dan pemahaman konsep dari dinamika sedimen terutama lumpur. Penelitian ini dilakukan di laboratorium Mekanika Tanah dan laboratorium Hidrolika, memakai bottom withdrawal tube, dilakukan dengan menggunakan 5 macam jenis salinitas dan 6 macam konsentrasi sedimen. Penelitian ini membandingkan antara hasil laboratorium dengan pendekatan yaitu hukum Stokes serta membandingkan hubungan antara konsentrasi sedimen dengan salinitas. Untuk salinitas didapat optimum pada saat 15‰, dan konsentrasi sedimen yang optimum pada saat 4700 ppm dengan kecepatan jatuh rata-rata 37,28 mm/s. Hasil dari laboratorium tidak sesuai dengan pendekatan hukum stokes dikarenakan adanya pengaruh flokulasi dari sifat sedimen lumpur yang kohesif, sehingga menggunakan pendekatan hukum stokes tidak bisa untuk menghitung kecepatan jatuh sedimen pada lumpur.
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Naderi, Meysam, and Ehsan Khamehchi. "Application of Optimized Least Square Support Vector Machine and Genetic Programming for Accurate Estimation of Drilling Rate of Penetration." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 7, no. 4 (October 2018): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2018100105.
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This article describes how the accurate estimation of the rate of penetration (ROP) is essential to minimize drilling costs. There are various factors influencing ROP such as formation rock, drilling fluid properties, wellbore geometry, type of bit, hydraulics, weight on bit, flow rate and bit rotation speed. This paper presents two novel methods based on least square support vector machine (LSSVM) and genetic programming (GP). Models are a function of depth, weight on bit, rotation speed, stand pipe pressure, flow rate, mud weight, bit rotational hours, plastic viscosity, yield point, 10 second gel strength, 10 minute gel strength, and fluid loss. Results show that LSSVM estimates 92% of field data with average absolute relative error of less than 6%. In addition, sensitivity analysis showed that factors of depth, weight on bit, stand pipe pressure, flow rate and bit rotation speed account for 93% of total variation of ROP. Finally, results indicate that LSSVM is superior over GP in terms of average relative error, average absolute relative error, root mean square error, and the coefficient of determination.
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Mengich, Hillary, Michael Kabugu, and Mary Nelima Ondiaka. "Prediction of Rheological Properties of Recirculating Water-Based Drilling Mud in Geothermal Exploration using Artificial Neural Networks with Tensor Flow." European Journal of Energy Research 2, no. 4 (September 25, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2022.2.4.77.
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Pipe sticking in drilling operations occurs by mechanical and differential forces caused by the loss in circulation of drilling fluids or muds. Rheological properties of recirculating drilling muds (RDMs) determine the drilling hydraulics and hole cleaning effectiveness. Uncertainty in real-time data on the rheological properties of RDMs challenges estimation of potential pipe sticking problems, a problem that can be improved using machine learning methods. This study reports first-time application of a supervised artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithm with TensorFlow to estimate plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), yield point (YP), flow consistency index (k), and flow behavior index (n), five rheological properties of recirculating water-based drilling mud (R-WBDM). Model input variables were density (MD), marsh funnel viscosity (MFV), and percent solids content (% S) of R-WBDM. Model performance was tested using the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) methods. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the strength of each predictor variable. Five optimal models showed good generalization capability in estimating the n, k, PV, AV, and YP with RMSE of 0.022, 0.270, 7.890, 8.870, and 10.149, and R2 of 0.995, 0.956, 0.756, 0.724, and 0.701 in a similar order, respectively. High sensitivity was observed in PV, AV, YP, and k models, and n-model, to changes in MFV (0.615) and % S (0.067), respectively. Results show the potential use of ANN with TensorFlow to support decision-making in geothermal drilling engineering on pipe sticking problems using easy-to-determine physical properties as predictor variables.
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Novieri, E., and S. Torfi. "Bit Run Optimization through Simulation: A Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2387.
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The usual objective when drilling a well is to drill for the lowest overall cost. At first sight, this may seem like a requirement to drill as fast as possible, since many of the costs, such as the rig day rate, wages etc., are time dependent. However, some costs are fixed, for example the cost of the bit, and it may not always be economic to pay a very high cost for a bit that drills somewhat faster, particularly if the other costs are low.In this paper, some first 3465 feet of a reservoir lithology including four bit runs are analyzed so that factors affecting penetration rate are optimized and the lowest possible well cost is achieved. The effects of using other bit types, WOB, RPM and bit hydraulics are simulated in an attempt to determine the optimized parameters, which result in the lowest drilling cost. In this study, reducing both nozzle sizes and mud flow rate, the horse power dissipated at the bit is increased, hence reducing cost per foot of drilled interval. As it is noted, by using this simulator, 17% of the original well cost is saved, which is a considerable amount of money.
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Feder, Judy. "MPD Well-Design Process Optimizes Design, Delivery of Deepwater Well." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0221-0049-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 200504, “Using MPD Well-Design Process To Optimize Design and Delivery of a Deepwater Exploration Well,” by Sharief Moghazy, SPE, Wilmer Gaviria, SPE, and Roger Van Noort, SPE, Shell, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE/IADC Managed Pressure Drilling and Underbalanced Operations Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado, 21-22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper presents a case for using managed pressure drilling (MPD), and the full capabilities of its associated well-design process, to optimize all aspects of the well-delivery process in deep water, including design, safety, and subsurface data acquisition. The process was used to design and drill a deepwater exploration well with an expected pressure ramp and narrow drilling margins while acquiring valuable subsurface data. Introduction The operator’s only offset well in the area faced many challenges including a pressure ramp, resulting in narrow drilling margins. The team experienced several margin-related issues, such as kicks and losses, that resulted in permanent abandonment of the well without reaching the objectives. Given those results, and the subsurface uncertainty, the operator determined that the use of MPD would have mitigated many of the risks and non-productive-time events experienced in that well. The drilling contractor procured a rig fitted with an MPD system to drill a new exploratory well. MPD and the MPD well-design process were employed to increase the likelihood of drilling the well to total depth (TD) safely and successfully by providing the capability to accomplish the following: Account for pore pressure/fracture gradient (PPFG) uncertainty and navigate the expected pressure ramp and narrow margin sections safely by holding a constant bottomhole pressure and adjusting as needed during drilling operations Optimize the location of the casing/liner shoes by identifying the pressure profile based on real-time pore pressure data to potentially eliminate casing/liners, streamline the well design, and retain contingency strings in the event of a more-aggressive pore-pressure ramp Enable early kick and loss-detection capabilities and dynamic influx management to identify, react, and address downhole issues more quickly Use dynamic formation integrity tests (DFIT), dynamic leakoff tests, and dynamic pore-pressure tests (DPPT) to identify the extremes of the drilling margin, derisk subsurface uncertainty, and make decisions while drilling The process used hydraulics modeling to assess the feasibility of several potential scenarios and to understand the deepest possible casing points for a particular PPFG case, mud weight (MW), and well-design scheme. After a base-case well design was created, the maximum allowable kick tolerance was determined using an influx management envelope (IME) analysis, which was used as an input for an MPD operations matrix to be used during the operational phase. During the drilling of the well, the use of the MPD system and the calibration of the hydraulics model to the actual subsurface information allowed the team to continue drilling through more-benign conditions and optimize the well-design configuration.
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Shi, Xian, Gang Liu, Xiaoling Gong, Jialin Zhang, Jian Wang, and Hongning Zhang. "An Efficient Approach for Real-Time Prediction of Rate of Penetration in Offshore Drilling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3575380.
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Predicting the rate of penetration (ROP) is critical for drilling optimization because maximization of ROP can greatly reduce expensive drilling costs. In this work, the typical extreme learning machine (ELM) and an efficient learning model, upper-layer-solution-aware (USA), have been used in ROP prediction. Because formation type, rock mechanical properties, hydraulics, bit type and properties (weight on the bit and rotary speed), and mud properties are the most important parameters that affect ROP, they have been considered to be the input parameters to predict ROP. The prediction model has been constructed using industrial reservoir data sets that are collected from an oil reservoir at the Bohai Bay, China. The prediction accuracy of the model has been evaluated and compared with the commonly used conventional artificial neural network (ANN). The results indicate that ANN, ELM, and USA models are all competent for ROP prediction, while both of the ELM and USA models have the advantage of faster learning speed and better generalization performance. The simulation results have shown a promising prospect for ELM and USA in the field of ROP prediction in new oil and gas exploration in general, as they outperform the ANN model. Meanwhile, this work provides drilling engineers with more choices for ROP prediction according to their computation and accuracy demand.
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Mohammed, Sahmi E., and Faleh H. M. Almahdawi. "Experimental Study for Assessment of Cutting Density Effect on Hole Cleaning Efficiency in Inclined and Horizontal Wells." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2020.3.1.
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The poor hole cleaning efficiency could causes many problems such as high torque, drag, poor hydraulics and pipe stuck. These inherent problems result in an avoidable high operation cost which this study tried to address. In this study, the effect of cutting density on hole cleaning efficiency in deviated and horizontal wells was investigated. Experiments were conducted using 40 feet (12 m) long of flow loop made from iron and PVC. However, the test section was made from PVC with (5.1m) long and (4” ID) for outer pipe and (2” OD) inner pipe. The cutting transport ratio (CTR) was determined from weight measurements for each test. Cutting Transport Ratio has been investigated for effects of the following parameters; flow rate, cutting size and density, yield point of drilling mud, and inclination angle. Once the setup was positioned at the desired inclination, the cutting was transported for 3 minutes at a constant flow rate and yield point. The amount of cutting removed during each test was thereafter weighted to determine cutting transport ratio CTR.
The results obtained from this study showed that the cutting density has a slight to moderate effect on hole cleaning efficiency. Also, there was a remarkable improvement in the cutting transport ratio annular velocity and hole inclination angle was increased. However, the yield point (Yp) was negligible at maximum values of annular velocity. Therefore, at high value of yield point the cuttings with large and medium size were transported more than small size. This case is inversed at a low value of Yp. Moreover, for all sizes the heavy cutting transport less than light cutting. Finally, the critical angle was recorded between 65o-75o. Sigma plot 12.5 program has been used to graph all figures in this paper.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Digital Transformation Enables Automated Real-Time Torque-and-Drag Modeling." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0121-0069-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199670, “Digital Transformation Strategy Enables Automated Real-Time Torque-and-Drag Modeling,” by Dingzhou Cao, Occidental Petroleum; Don Hender, SPE, IPCOS; and Sam Ariabod, Apex Systems, et al., prepared for the 2020 IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference, Galveston, Texas, 3-5 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Automated real-time torque-and-drag (RT-T&D) analysis compares real-time measurements with evergreen models to monitor and manage downhole wellbore friction, improving drilling performance and safety. Enabling RT-T&D modeling with contextual well data, rig-state detection, and RT-interval event filters poses significant challenges. The complete paper presents a solution that integrates a physics-based T&D stiff/soft string model with a real-time drilling (RTD) analytics system using a custom-built extract, transform, and load (ETL) translator and digital-transformation applications to automate the T&D modeling work flow. Methodology A T&D representational state transfer (REST) application program interface (API) was integrated with an RTD analytics system capable of receiving and processing both real-time (hookload, torque, and rig-state) and digitized (drillstring and casing components, trajectory profiles, and mud-property) well data across multiple platforms. This strategy consists of four parts: Digital transformation apps, ETL, and translator Physics-based stiff/soft string T&D model API Pre-existing data infrastructure RTD analytics system The data-flow architecture reveals a flexible design in the sense that it can accommodate different types of T&D models or any other physics-based REST API models (e.g., drillstring buckling or drilling hydraulics) and can be accessed offline for prejob/post-job planning. Drilling engineers can also leverage the RTD systems’ historical database to perform recalculations, comparative analysis, and friction calibrations. The RT-T&D model also can be deployed in a cloud environment to ensure that horizontal scalability is achieved.
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Saini, Gurtej Singh, Oney Erge, Pradeepkumar Ashok, and Eric van Oort. "Well Construction Action Planning and Automation through Finite-Horizon Sequential Decision-Making." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 5776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165776.
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Well construction operations require continuous complex decision-making and multi-step action planning. Action selection at every step demands a careful evaluation of the vast action space, while guided by long-term objectives and desired outcomes. Current human-centric decision-making introduces a degree of bias, which can result in reactive rather than proactive decisions. This can lead from minor operational inefficiencies all the way to catastrophic health and safety issues. This paper details the steps in structuring unbiased purpose-built sequential decision-making systems. Setting up such systems entails representing the operation as a Markov decision process (MDP). This requires explicitly defining states and action values, defining goal states, building a digital twin to model the process, and appropriately shaping reward functions to measure feedback. The digital twin, in conjunction with the reward function, is utilized for simulating and quantifying the different action sequences. A finite-horizon sequential decision-making system, with discrete state and action space, was set up to advise on hole cleaning during well construction. The state was quantified by the cuttings bed height and the equivalent circulation density values, and the action set was defined using a combination of controllable drilling parameters (including mud density and rheology, drillstring rotation speed, etc.). A non-sparse normalized reward structure was formulated as a function of the state and action values. Hydraulics, cuttings transport, and rig state detection models were integrated to build the hole cleaning digital twin. This system was then used for performance tracking and scenario simulations (with each scenario defined as a finite-horizon action sequence) on real-world oil wells. The different scenarios were compared by monitoring state–action transitions and the evolution of the reward with actions. This paper presents a novel method for setting up well construction operations as long-term finite-horizon sequential decision-making systems, and defines a way to quantify and compare different scenarios. The proper construction of such systems is a crucial step towards automating intelligent decision-making.
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Mensa-Wilmot, Graham. "Technology Focus: Bits and Bottomhole Assemblies (December 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1221-0046-jpt.
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Well construction must always be executed safely at reduced operational costs, while ensuring appropriate wellbore quality and placement, per asset team requirements. Consequently, analysis of drilling efficiency, a critical performance indicator, has moved from maximizing rate of penetration (ROP) to improving cycle time. This recognition establishes the need for holistic solutions that address drilling challenges and promote efficient improvement strategies. This endeavor achieves well construction objectives, with associated reductions in cycle time and operations costs. Holistic solutions must start with project analysis and comparisons to offsets to identify application differences and similarities. These evaluations establish project risks, which ultimately have positive or negative effects on well construction. Consequently, implications from these risks (limiters and potential dysfunctions) must be addressed in the planning phase, or preparations must be made for their remediation during project execution. It is not enough to know what worked or failed. Rather, it is essential to understand why and how specific trends, events, results, or relationships come about. Effective and permanent remediations for all drilling dysfunctions must focus on identification and analysis of their initiating risks. Additionally, holistic solutions require detailed analysis of drilling systems, which include bits and reamers, bottomhole assemblies (BHAs), drive systems, hydraulics considerations, and drilling-parameter ranges and roadmaps. In addition to establishing component relevance, this effort must ensure their functional compatibility and effectiveness at addressing project risks. Drilling-parameter roadmaps must focus on well construction objectives and cycle time reduction, not ROP maximization. In this regard, cycle time is defined as the cumulative time associated with the following operations: pick up the BHA, drill out, drill ahead, trip out of hole, and run casing. Bits and BHAs have a major role in this discussion. The industry’s fast-developing capabilities with modeling and deeper under-standing of downhole tools and systems, coupled with applications based on big data analytics, are leading these efforts. The door has been kicked open. Let’s walk through. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 205965 - Oil and Gas Drilling Optimization Technologies Applied Successfully to Unconventional Geothermal Well Drilling by Junichi Sugiura, Sanvean Technologies, et al. SPE 205993 - Using Downhole Sampled High-Frequency Torsional Oscillation Measurements for Identifying Stringers and Minimizing Operational Invisible Lost Time by Andreas Hohl, Baker Hughes, et al. SPE 206064 - Mud Motor PDM Dynamics: An Analytical Model by Robello Samuel, Halliburton, et al.
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Suzumori, Koichi. "New Robotics Pioneered by Fluid Power." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0854.
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The history of robotics began with fluid power around 1960, at which time, all robots were driven by pneumatic or hydraulic actuators. Subsequently, in the mid-1980s, electromagnetic motors replaced the mainstay of robot actuators, while fluid-powered robots almost completely disappeared. However, in recent years, by utilizing the unique features of flexibility and lightness of pneumatics and the high power and robustness of hydraulics, several robots with unique characteristics, which cannot be realized with conventional electrical motors, are being developed. The author has developed various types of new fluid power actuators, including pneumatic and hydraulic types, to realize novel robots with unique features. This paper reviews the author’s previous works on fluid power actuators and robots driven by them. Furthermore, it presents prospective robots that can be realized using fluid power.
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Rajaratnam, N., and C. Katopodis. "Hydraulics of steeppass fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 1024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-125.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the hydraulics of steeppass fishways. Using theoretical considerations and experimental observations, an expression has been developed that relates the flow rate, slope of the fishway, and depth of flow. It was also found that the characteristic (similarity) velocity profile found earlier, for smaller values of depth to width ratio,y0/b, with the maximum velocity near the bottom, changes to a rather symmetrical profile with the maximum velocity occurring somewhere near the mid-depth for larger values of y0/b. A correlation has also been found for the maximum velocity. This paper also includes some observations on the M-type backwater curves that would appear in the fishway when the tailwater depths exceed uniform flow depths. Key words: fishways, hydraulics, turbulent flow, open-channel flow, hydraulic design.
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Bywater-Reyes, Sharon, Rebecca M. Diehl, and Andrew C. Wilcox. "The influence of a vegetated bar on channel-bend flow dynamics." Earth Surface Dynamics 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2018): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-487-2018.
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Abstract. Point bars influence hydraulics, morphodynamics, and channel geometry in alluvial rivers. Woody riparian vegetation often establishes on point bars and may cause changes in channel-bend hydraulics as a function of vegetation density, morphology, and flow conditions. We used a two-dimensional hydraulic model that accounts for vegetation drag to predict how channel-bend hydraulics are affected by vegetation recruitment on a point bar in a gravel-bed river (Bitterroot River, Montana, United States). The calibrated model shows steep changes in flow hydraulics with vegetation compared to bare-bar conditions for flows greater than bankfull up to a 10-year flow (Q10), with limited additional changes thereafter. Vegetation morphology effects on hydraulics were more pronounced for sparse vegetation compared to dense vegetation. The main effects were (1) reduced flow velocities upstream of the bar, (2) flow steered away from the vegetation patch with up to a 30 % increase in thalweg velocity, and (3) a shift of the high-velocity core of flow toward the cut bank, creating a large cross-stream gradient in streamwise velocity. These modeled results are consistent with a feedback in channels whereby vegetation on point bars steers flow towards the opposite bank, potentially increasing bank erosion at the mid- and downstream ends of the bend while simultaneously increasing rates of bar accretion.
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Bressan Junior, José Carlos, Lucas Quiocca Zampieri, Fabiano Alexandre Nienov, Gislaine Luvizão, and Milena Junges Pedroso. "Evaluating hydraulic conductivity of soil-waste mixtures for use in sanitary landfill waterproof barriers." Ambiente Construído 22, no. 4 (December 2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000400629.
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Abstract Soilwaste has become an economically viable and sustainable solution in geotechnical engineering, whereas many industrial tailings, when associated with other materials are able to satisfy the properties required in projects. This study aimed to form incorporated soil mixtures with two types of waste aiming to use them in landfill liners. Six soil-waste mixtures were developed, where the waste quantity and the compaction energy were varied. They were normal (NOR) and modified (MOD). The formulated mixtures were: 0R-NOR, 10LM-NOR, 10AG-NOR, 0R-MOD, 10LM-MOD and 10AG-MOD, where 10LM means an addition of 10% lime-mud and 10AG means an addition of 10% agricultural-gypsum, both in relation to dry soil mass. The mixtures were subjected to the variable load permeability test to verify them in terms of the required liner parameters. It is worth mentioning that both compaction energy and waste addition were able to reduce soil permeability, however, the percentage of material added to the mixture was not sufficient to reach values lower than E-07 cm/s.
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Andersen, Knut H., Colin G. Rawlings, Tom A. Lunne, and Trond H. By. "Estimation of hydraulic fracture pressure in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-099.
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For offshore drilling, and in particular when drilling from fixed platforms in deep waters, the mud pressure will be high compared with the hydraulic fracture pressure (i.e., the formation strength) close to the sea floor. The first casing (the conductor) should therefore be installed to a depth where the formation strength is sufficient to prevent hydraulic fracturing of the soil. The consequences of hydraulic fracture could be mud flowing into the formation and loss of mud circulation. This slows down the drilling and, in cases where large quantities of mud flow into the formations beneath the platform, may even threaten the integrity of the foundation soils and create a safety problem. A conservative approach with too deep conductor setting depths will, on the other hand, lead to high unnecessary costs. This paper presents a new approach for calculating hydraulic fracture pressures. The new calculation approach considers two important factors that are generally not covered by theories found in the literature: nonlinearity of the stress–strain properties of the soil, and pore-pressure changes in the soil due to changes in total normal stress and shearing of the soil. The stress–strain properties and the shear-induced pore pressure are determined from laboratory tests. The proposed calculation approach has been verified against a series of laboratory model hydraulic fracture tests and in situ hydraulic fracture tests carried out at numerous offshore sites. The paper also presents a rational approach to establish the maximum allowable drilling mud pressure in clay formations and recommends partial safety coefficients that depend upon the consequences of hydraulic fracture and the quality of the soil data. Key words : hydraulic fracture, boreholes, clay, conductor setting depth, model tests, in situ tests, calculations.
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Zhu, Shi-Dan, Ya-Jun Chen, Kun-Fang Cao, and Qing Ye. "Interspecific variation in branch and leaf traits among three Syzygium tree species from different successional tropical forests." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 4 (2015): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14201.
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Plant functional traits are closely associated with plant habitats. In this study, we investigated the interspecific variations in stem and leaf hydraulics, xylem and leaf anatomy, gas-exchange rates and leaf pressure–volume relationships among three Syzygium tree species in early, mid- and late successional tropical forests. The objective was to understand the response and adaptation of congeneric species, in terms of branch and leaf functional traits, to different environments. A consistent pattern of decline with succession was evident in leaf and sapwood specific hydraulic conductivity (ks), maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), and photosynthetic rates for the three Syzygium species. Variations of ks and Kleaf were correlated with changes in vessel anatomy (i.e. vessel density and diameter) and leaf flux-related structure (i.e. stomatal pore index and vein density) respectively. However, specific leaf area and leaf to sapwood area ratio did not significantly differ among the three species. In addition, the mid-successional species had the lowest values of leaf water potential at full turgor and turgor loss point and 50% loss of Kleaf, but the greatest value of xylem water potential at 50% loss of ks. Our results demonstrate that leaf and branch traits associated with photosynthesis and/or hydraulic conductance, rather than those associated with drought tolerance, are the key factors underlying the response and adaptation of the three Syzygium tree species along the tropical forest succession.
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KANDA, Tohru, and Makoto SASA. "Hydraulic Model of Mud-Flow Considering Rheological Properties." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 38 (1994): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.38.641.
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Huang, Jinsong, D. V. Griffiths, and Sau-Wai Wong. "Characterizing Natural-Fracture Permeability From Mud-Loss Data." SPE Journal 16, no. 01 (October 27, 2010): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/139592-pa.
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Summary Liétard et al. (1999, 2002) have provided important insight into the mechanism and prediction of transient-state radial mud invasion in the near-wellbore region. They provided type curves describing mud-loss volume vs. time that allow the hydraulic width of natural fractures to be estimated through a curve-matching technique. This paper describes a simpler and more direct method for estimating the hydraulic width by the solution of a cubic equation, with input parameters given by the well radius rw, the overpressure ratio Δp/τy, and the maximum mud loss volume (Vm)max.
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Pohanka, Michal, and Helena Votavová. "Overcooling in overlap areas during hydraulic descaling." Materiali in tehnologije 50, no. 4 (August 12, 2016): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2015.164.
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Langlinais, J. P., A. T. Bourgoyne, and W. R. Holden. "Frictional Pressure Losses for Annular Flow of Drilling Mud and Mud-Gas Mixtures." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231154.
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The calculation of single-phase and two-phase flowing pressure gradients in a well annulus is generally based on an extension of empirical correlations developed for Newtonian fluids in circular pipes. Various techniques for extending pipe flow correlations to an annular geometry have been presented in the literature which involve the representation of the annular well geometry with an equivalent circular diameter and the representation of non-Newtonian fluid behavior with an apparent Newtonian viscosity. Unfortunately, little experimental data have been available which would allow a comparison of the relative accuracy of the various proposed techniques. In this study, experimental pressure gradient data have been taken in two 6000-ft wells. Frictional pressure losses for single-phase flow (mud only) in two annuli were compared to values predicted by the Bingham plastic and power law models. These calculations utilized the equivalent diameters defined by the Crittendon criteria, the hydraulic diameter, and the slot approximation. Also, total pressure difference for two-phase flow was measured for one annular geometry. This data was compared to that predicted by the Poettmann and Carpenter, Hagedorn and Brown, Orkiszewski, and Beggs and Brill correlations. Comparison of experimental data with the various prediction techniques was favorable, each having advantage in certain situations. For the data investigated, the Crittendon criteria using a Bingham plastic model gave the best results. The two-phase flow data was best predicted by the Hagedorn and Brown correlation utilizing an equivalent hydraulic diameter.
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Yao, Shi Hong, Ping Shan Chen, and Zhi Liang Dong. "Applications of Drainage Consolidation Techniques Reinforcing the Foundation of Hydraulic Mud Fill." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.74.
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In recent years, using the hydraulic mud fill to carry out the reclamation construction actions has been an acceptable way to settle the contradiction between the scanty lands with the rapid industrial development in coastal regions. How to improve the ultra-soft foundation made of fresh hydraulic mud fill efficiently has been the crucial issue. This paper presents three reinforcement techniques in reclamation projects, and the applications are briefly introduced.
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Zhang, Chao Jie, Guo Qian Liang, Xiu Liang Chen, Rong Xiang Ding, and Yi Xin Chen. "Study on the Influence of Self-Weight Sedimentation of Hydraulic-Dredged Mud." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1759.
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The indoor scale-down tests were done to study the law of dredged mud during self-weight sedimentation. The tests reveal that the configuration method of the dredged mud and the changes of sea salt concentration have great influence to self-weight sedimentation, the dredged mud which is used by the indoor scale-down tests should be configured by sea near the project, and the higher price of metal cations can accelerate self-weight sedimentation of dredged mud, and the appropriate amount of chemical additive can also accelerate self-weight sedimentation of dredged mud, and improve soil properties.
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Tiffany, Rafael, and Susan Moffat. "Monumental Hydraulics." Boom 6, no. 3 (2016): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2016.6.3.40.
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Water system infrastructure and the monuments that commemorate it in California and Mexico are evidence of similarities in their cultures’ water regimes. Mexico’s Lerma Waterworks site argues the importance of reliable water provision for Mexico City’s modern identity. The mid-20th c. architecture and the murals designed by Diego Rivera, entitled “Agua, Origen de la Vida,” narrate the journey of water as it flows continuously from the indigenous past and into the modern present. Along the way, Rivera represents water as bridging distinct locations, cultures, and social classes. This mythic rendering, however, does not account for today’s disparity in water access in the city today.
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Machado, Joao A. R., Wing Shun Kwan, Matthew S. Gore, and Gustavo B. Menezes. "Comparison of advanced hydraulic properties between treated and untreated bauxite residue." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020512002.
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Advanced hydraulic characteristics of treated and untreated Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) are studied and compared using a Steady-State Centrifugation (SSC) Unsaturated Flow Apparatus (UFA). Red Mud is the by-product waste from the Bayer process during aluminum production that has shown the potential of being reused as fill material in embankment construction, which can reduce the energy consumption of disposing the minging waste and producing fill materials. There is a limited number of documented studies on unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of RM. Furthermore, the high alkalinity (pH > 12) of the bauxite slurry is a challenge for reusing the material. Past studies have shown two effective and economic neutralization methods: (i) mixing with seawater and (ii) addition of gypsum. This study utilizes Cal State LA centrifuge facilities to characterize the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the treated and untreated Red Mud. The experimental results are used to develop the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) for the three types of Bauxite Residue: untreated, treated with saline solution, and treated with gypsum. The results show that adding gypsum is more effective than mixing with saline solution in reducing the pH value of RM, and the samples treated with saline solution provide the lowest range of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values compared with the other two types.
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Ma, Qianwei, Wei Duan, Xiaofeng Liu, Peiying Fang, Ruifeng Chen, Tingyuan Wang, and Zirui Hao. "Engineering Performance Evaluation of Recycled Red Mud Stabilized Loessial Silt as a Sustainable Subgrade Material." Materials 15, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093391.
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Industrial solid waste red mud discharge has caused serious environmental problems. This study utilized red mud as an additive to loessial silt being used for roadway subgrade material. In this study, unconfined compressive test, direct shear test, electrical resistivity test, and hydraulic conductivity test were conducted on red mud stabilized loessial silt (RMLS) with different red mud dosage (DR) to investigate DR effect on mechanical-electrical-hydro properties. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to reveal the mechanism from micro perspective. The results showed addition of appropriate amount of red mud (30–42%) effectively improved unconfined compressive strength of treated loessial silt but reduced resistivity and hydraulic conductivity. Significant correlation between resistivity and strength performance of RMLS mixture was developed. Microscopic analysis indicates red mud addition will promote generation of hydration products such as calcium silicate hydrations (C-S-H), calcium silicate aluminates hydrations (C-A-S-H), and ettringite (Aft), which will tightly connect surrounding particles of loessial silt and hydrates. Red mud particles adhere to surface of soil particles and fill in pores between them improving a compact and stable structure. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using red mud as a stabilization material for roadway subgrade and proved that resistivity measurement is a nondestructive testing method to evaluate mechanical properties for RMLS mixture.
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Kumar, S., RS Malik, and IS Dahiya. "Influence of different organic wastes upon water retention, transmission and contact characteristics of a sandy soil." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850131.
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Small cylinders were filled to a depth of 20 cm with Ludas sand to which different organic wastes, viz. sewage sludge, press mud, green manure and farmyard manure had been added up to a maximal rate equivalent to 827, 1043, 1370 and 542 t/ha. The cylinders were set in the ground and kept moist. At the end of 308 days' equilibration period, the samples were used for measuring soil water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity as well as the horizontal infiltration with 0.01 M CaCl2 and alcohol. An apparent advancing contact angle was calculated from the last two measurements. The incorporation of all the organic wastes caused an appreciable increase in the amount of water retained at a given pressure potential. Increase in available water was caused by the application of sewage sludge and press mud only. Hydraulic conductivity, penetration coefficient and cumulative horizontal infiltration decreased markedly with additions of these materials. The maximum decrease in hydraulic conductivity was in case of press mud (93%), whereas the maximum decrease in penetration coefficient was in case of farmyard manure (81%). The contact angle, which plays an important role in penetration of water into porous materials, increased more in conventional organic manures (green manure and farmyard manure) than in municipal and industrial wastes (sewage sludge and press mud).
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Nguyen, Hoc Thang, and Quang Minh Do. "Preparation of a Novel Cement from Red Mud and Limestone." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 58 (January 11, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.58.171.
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Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste obtained from the Bayer process which is usually discharged into marine or disposed into a landfill causing pollution for the surrounding water, air, and soils. Thus, disposal of RM is an environmental concern, and it should be recycled effectively. Because RM consists of iron- and aluminum-rich phases, it is possible to be processed into cementitious material and utilized for construction purposes. This research fabricated a type of cement from the mixture of RM and limestone. The mixture was sintered at temperature of 1180 °C to obtain the clinker of the novel hydraulic cement with C2S, C3A, and C4AF minerals. In which, C2S, C3A, and C4AF are respectively belite, alite, and tetra-calcium aluminoferrite compounds that are characteristic hydraulic minerals of Portland cement clinker. The specifications of this cement were tested and evaluated in this study such as chemical and mineralogical compositions, fineness, specific surface area, mechanical strength after 3, 7, and 28 days.
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Kontsur, І. F., V. V. Mykhailiuk, R. О. Deineha, О. Ya Faflei, D. S. Repalo, and V. V. Stanovych. "Study and modernization of the mud pump valve unit design." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 1(48) (June 29, 2020): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2020-1(48)-86-92.
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Piston drilling pumps, the main part of which is hydraulic, are widely used in the process of drilling wells for oil and gas. It determines the efficiency, reliability and durability of the pump in general. In recent years, the depth of drilling wells in Ukraine and abroad has increased, which requires the use of more powerful drilling pumps and is accompanied by increased operating pressures. The load on the hydraulic part increases, and this has a negative effect on the operation of the valve assemblies of the pump. Valves are one of the most responsible and fast-wearing units in the hydraulic part of the drilling pump. The frequency of maintenance of the pump de-pends on their resource. Analysis of drill pump valve designs and operating conditions showed that despite the wide range, their service life remains quite low. Therefore, there is a need for further studies of valve designs and their moderniza-tion. It is known that one of the reasons that leads to the destruction of the valve parts is the ingress of abrasive particles from the flushing fluid into the gap between the plate and the seat. This accelerates the destruction of the cuff first, and then the valve. To avoid this phenomenon, it is proposed to use an improved valve design, the inner surface of the sealing sleeve of which is cylindrical. The cuff of this design will be deformed in the vertical direc-tion, without forming a gap with the valve plate. To confirm the operability of the proposed design of the cuff, a three-dimensional model of the valve was built and a simulation study was conducted. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of this design and a significant increase in the life of the valve assembly.
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Song, Jing, Yu-Shuang Yang, Zhi-Qing Liu, and Xue Li. "Macro and Micro Properties of Organic Matter in Hydraulic Mud Consolidation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6010022.
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Hu, Jiangchun, Jiahao Lu, Chenglin Yang, and Pengfei Li. "A Test Device System for Cracking Mud Shale under Hydraulic Fracturing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 384 (November 29, 2019): 012186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/384/1/012186.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Integrated Hydraulics-Modeling Platform Automates Managed-Pressure Drilling." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0222-0053-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 19671, “Integrated Hydraulics Modeling for Managed-Pressure Drilling,” by Sayamik A. Rostami, Jose Brana, and Thomas Koithan, SPE, Weatherford. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. Technologies aimed at better performance and lower cost are more important to the oil and gas industry than ever. This emphasis drives hardware manufacturers to innovate quickly and create devices with more capabilities so that what was impossible a few short years ago is reality today. In the complete paper, the authors describe a platform that integrates advanced data analytics and hydraulic modeling in real time, coupled with cybersecurity features applied through an open-platform communications unified-architecture protocol directed at automation controllers for managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) applications. MPD Control System An intelligent MPD system automatically controls all the components of an MPD system, including a rotating control device, annular isolation device, flow spool, buffer manifold, choke manifold, and pressure-relief valves. Aside from communicating with and controlling this equipment, such a system is able to communicate with the overarching rig-control system. The system uses the control capabilities of a centralized programmable automation controller with an integrated human/machine-interface screen. Another advantage of the intelligent MPD system is the built-in functionality to track the performance of the system in terms of performance and health through component monitoring to enable condition-based maintenance (CBM).