Journal articles: 'Mucosal immune system'

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Kim, Dong-Young, and Ji-Eun Lee. "Mucosal Immune System." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 21, no. 1 (May 2010): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.2010.21.1.3.

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Gesualdo, Loreto, Vincenzo Di Leo, and Rosanna Coppo. "The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy." Seminars in Immunopathology 43, no. 5 (October 2021): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y.

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Abstract The precise pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is still not clearly established but emerging evidence confirms a pivotal role for mucosal immunity. This review focuses on the key role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in promoting the onset of the disease, underlying the relationship among microbiota, genetic factors, food antigen, infections, and mucosal immune response. Finally, we evaluate potential therapies targeting microbes and mucosa hyperresponsiveness in IgAN patients.

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Brown, T. A. "Immunity at Mucosal Surfaces." Advances in Dental Research 10, no. 1 (April 1996): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374960100011201.

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The mucosae form a barrier between our bodies and a hostile external environment. Diseases and extrinsic factors which impair mucosal function may lead to serious consequences. The mucosal immune system is the primary mediator of specific immunity at mucosal surfaces. As such, it is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and for defense against both overt and opportunistic pathogens. For this reason, it is also the target of many new vaccine strategies for the induction of mucosal immunity. This brief review will examine the mucosal immune system, its role in maintaining the integrity of the mucosa, and some of the strategies aimed at enhancing specific immunity.

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Krejci, J., K. Nechvatalova, M. Blahutkova, and M. Faldyna. "The respiratory tract in pigs and its immune system: a review." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 4 (May 7, 2013): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6759-vetmed.

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The growing amount of information regarding mucosal immunology in animals resulted from a need to better understand the pathogenesis of diseases entering the body through mucosa surfaces, including the respiratory tract. The second reason for such studies is associated with a search for alternative ways of vaccine application, including delivery to the mucosa of the respiratory tract. This review provides a structural and functional description of the immune system of the pig respiratory tract.  

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MacDonald, Thomas T. "The mucosal immune system." Parasite Immunology 25, no. 5 (May 2003): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00632.x.

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Jecker, Peter, Andrew S. McWilliam, Wolf J. Mann, and Patrick G. Holt. "Dendritic Cell Influx Differs between the Subglottic and Glottic Mucosae during Acute Laryngotracheitis Induced by a Broad Spectrum of Stimuli." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 7 (July 2002): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100701.

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Clinically, the subglottic and glottic mucosae may react differently, eg, during acute laryngotracheitis. In healthy rats, we showed previously that the composition of the mucosal immune system of the larynx also differs between these areas. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) are part of this mucosal immune system. In particular, DCs occupy a key function. They migrate into inflamed mucosae during the early phase of the immune response, which is normally characterized by an influx of neutrophils. Thus, they help to overcome the time lag between the innate and the adaptive immune responses. In the present study, the influx of DCs, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes into the subglottic and glottic mucosae of rats was examined at different time points after challenge with a broad spectrum of stimuli such as dead Moraxella catarrhalis, viable Bordetella pertussis, viable Sendai virus, and the soluble protein ovalbumin. The number of DCs increased rapidly after the application of the antigens. This increase was as rapid as the increase in neutrophils. Depending on the kind of antigen, their number in the mucosa increased up to 1,000 cells per 0.1 mm2 (Sendai virus). The comparison of different mucosal areas shows that an overwhelming number of immunocompetent cells entered the subglottic mucosa, whereas only a few cells migrated into the adjacent glottic mucosa. In conclusion, after inhalation of different kinds of antigens, the subset of immunocompetent cells investigated in this study entered the laryngeal mucosa in high numbers. The number of DCs entering the laryngeal mucosa was higher than the numbers of the other immune cells investigated. This finding underlines their function as first-line sentinels of the mucosal immune system of the larynx. The observation that the number of cells entering the laryngeal mucosa is location-dependent indicates the ability of adjacent laryngeal regions to react differently. This is similar to the clinical observation of a selective subglottic reaction during acute laryngotracheitis.

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Lamm, Michael E. "The IgA Mucosal Immune System." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 12, no. 5 (November 1988): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(88)80030-1.

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Chase, Christopher, and Radhey S. Kaushik. "Mucosal Immune System of Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 35, no. 3 (November 2019): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.006.

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James, Stephen P. "The Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune System." Digestive Diseases 11, no. 3 (1993): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000171407.

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McGhee, Jerry R., and Kohtaro Fujihashi. "Inside the Mucosal Immune System." PLoS Biology 10, no. 9 (September 25, 2012): e1001397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001397.

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Igietseme, Joseph U., John L. Portis, and Linda L. Perry. "Inflammation and Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enteric and Nonenteric Mucosae." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.3.1832-1840.2001.

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ABSTRACT Immunization(s) fostering the induction of genital mucosa-targeted immune effectors is the goal of vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases. However, it is uncertain whether vaccine administration should be based on the current assumptions about the common mucosal immune system. We investigated the relationship between mucosal sites of infection, infection-induced inflammation, and immune-mediated bacterial clearance in mice using the epitheliotropic pathogenChlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial infection of the conjunctival, pulmonary, or genital mucosae stimulated significant changes in tissue architecture with dramatic up-regulation of the vascular addressin, VCAM, a vigorous mixed-cell inflammatory response with an influx of α4β1+ T cells, and clearance of bacteria within 30 days. Conversely, intestinal mucosa infection was physiologically inapparent, with no change in expression of the local MAdCAM addressin, no VCAM induction, no histologically detectable inflammation, and no tissue pathology. Microbial clearance was complete within 60 days in the small intestine but bacterial titers remained at high levels for at least 8 months in the large intestine. These findings are compatible with the notion that VCAM plays a functional role in recruiting cells to inflammatory foci, and its absence from the intestinal mucosa contributes to immunologic homeostasis at that site. Also, expression of type 1 T cell-mediated immunity to intracellular Chlamydia may exhibit tissue-specific variation, with the rate and possibly the mechanism(s) of clearance differing between enteric and nonenteric mucosae. The implications of these data for the common mucosal immune system and the delivery of vaccines against mucosal pathogens are discussed.

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Mestecky, Jiri, and Ronald Veazey. "Mucosal Immune System and HIV/SIV." Current Immunology Reviews 15, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339551501190307091523.

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Mahajan, Arvind, and David Gally. "Escherichia coliand the mucosal immune system." Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 7, no. 6 (November 2011): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eci.11.68.

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Cunningham-Rundles, Susanna. "Nutrition and the mucosal immune system." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 17, no. 2 (March 2001): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200103000-00013.

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Kiyono, Hiroshi, Douglas R. Green, and Jerry R. McGhee. "Contrasuppression in the mucosal immune system." Immunologic Research 7, no. 1 (March 1988): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02918155.

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Dougan, Gordon, Marjan Ghaem–Maghami, Derek Pickard, Gad Frankel, Gill Douce, Simon Clare, Sarah Dunstan, and Cameron Simmons. "The immune responses to bacterial antigens encountered in vivo at mucosal surfaces." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1397 (May 28, 2000): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0610.

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Mammals have evolved a sophisticated immune system for handling antigens encountered at their mucosal surfaces. The way in which mucosally delivered antigens are handled influences our ability to design effective mucosal vaccines. Live attenuated derivatives of pathogens are one route towards the development of mucosal vaccines. However, some molecules, described as mucosal immunogens, are inherently immunogenic at mucosal surfaces. Studies on mucosal immunogens may facilitate the identification of common characteristics that contribute to mucosal immunogenicity and aid the development of novel, non–living mucosal vaccines and immunostimulators.

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Ángeles Esteban, María. "An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin." ISRN Immunology 2012 (October 14, 2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/853470.

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The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

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Schuppler, Markus, and Martin J. Loessner. "The Opportunistic PathogenListeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System." International Journal of Inflammation 2010 (2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/704321.

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Listeria monocytogenesis an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis, an often fatal infection leading to meningitis, sepsis, or infection of the fetus and abortion in susceptible individuals. It was recently found that the bacterium can also cause acute, self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis in healthy individuals. In the intestinal tract,L. monocytogenespenetrates the mucosa directly via enterocytes, or indirectly via invasion of Peyer’s patches. Animal models forL. monocytogenesinfection have provided many insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the development of new model systems has allowed the investigation of factors that influence adaptation to the gastrointestinal environment as well as adhesion to and invasion of the intestinal mucosa. The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are permanently exposed to an enormous antigenic load derived from the gastrointestinal microbiota present in the human bowel. The integrity of the important epithelial barrier is maintained by the mucosal immune system and its interaction with the commensal flora via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interaction ofL. monocytogeneswith the host immune system that triggers the antibacterial immune responses on the mucosal surfaces of the human gastrointestinal tract.

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Gryboski, Joyce D. "Mucosal immunology—Cellular-molecular interactions in the mucosal immune system." Gastroenterology 96, no. 4 (April 1989): 1221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(89)91651-x.

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Hellfritzsch and Scherließ. "Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080375.

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Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

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Yoo, Ji, Maureen Groer, Samia Dutra, Anujit Sarkar, and Daniel McSkimming. "Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101587.

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Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host’s innate and adaptive immune systems are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. Gut microbiota metabolizes proteins and complex carbohydrates, synthesizes vitamins, and produces an enormous number of metabolic products that can mediate cross-talk between gut epithelium and immune cells. As a defense mechanism, gut epithelial cells produce a mucosal barrier to segregate microbiota from host immune cells and reduce intestinal permeability. An impaired interaction between gut bacteria and the mucosal immune system can lead to an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and their associated metabolic changes, disrupting the epithelial barrier and increasing susceptibility to infections. Gut dysbiosis, or negative alterations in gut microbial composition, can also dysregulate immune responses, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Over time, chronic dysbiosis and the leakage of microbiota and their metabolic products across the mucosal barrier may increase prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and a variety of cancers. In this paper, we highlight the pivotal role gut bacteria and their metabolic products (short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) which play in mucosal immunity.

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Castro-Sánchez, Patricia, and José M. Martín-Villa. "Gut immune system and oral tolerance." British Journal of Nutrition 109, S2 (January 29, 2013): S3—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005223.

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Gut mucosal surfaces separate the external environment from the internal sterile environment and so represent a first line of defence system. This barrier faces environments rich in pathogens that have developed effective mechanisms for colonisation of epithelial surfaces and invasion of mucosal tissues, but also harmless antigens such as food, airborne antigens or commensal bacterial flora. The latter represent the vast majority of the encountered antigens and require an appropriate response characterised by either ignorance or active suppression. However, for the former, a robust immune response is needed. Mucosae have developed a complex immune system that is capable of mounting an immune response against pathogenic antigens, while maintaining the required ignorance or active suppression against non-pathogenic antigens. Taking advantage of this knowledge, strategies have been devised to induce oral tolerance to antigens involved in experimental autoimmune disease or human conditions. It is now known that oral tolerance induces the up-regulation and activation of T cells with regulatory properties, a subtype of CD4+ T cells whose function is to regulate functions of other T lymphocytes to avoid excessive immune activation. Amongst them, the Th3 cells (cells that express the latency-associated peptide on the surface and secrete transforming growth factor β, a cytokine with immunoregulatory properties) are especially relevant in the induction of oral tolerance. Orally fed antigens seek to generate these types of cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in experimental animals or human subjects.

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Shrestha, Umid Kumar. "Immunology of the gut and oral tolerance." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 4, no. 1 (December 18, 2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v4i1.14176.

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The pathogens and harmless antigens from the bacterial flora and food constantly expose the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosal epithelial cells act not only as a physical barrier, but also as a local immune system, which plays a vital role in defense and self-tolerance. The gut mucosal immune system comprises several compartments: Peyer’s patches and lymphoid follicles in the colonic mucosa, and lymphocytes in the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Peyer’s patches mediate antigen uptake via specialized epithelial cells (M cells) and are rich in B cells for class switching into IgA-secreting cells. IgA secretion is one of the primary defenses against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. The lamina propria contains a high proportion of activated and memory T cells that allows rapid immune response against pathogens. In the physiological situation, mucosally encountered antigens induce tolerance of lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes by modified antigen presentation, antigen-induced anergy, or deletion of T cells, or regulation of effector T cells by regulatory or suppressor T cells. Costimulatory molecules mediate cellular interaction and induce regulatory cytokines. While the absence of gut immune privilege to food results in food allergy, the consequences of immune privilege collapse to commensal gut flora is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Hence, the knowledge of the homeostatic regulation of the intestinal immune system paves the way for the development of the new immunomodulatory drugs in the therapy of IBD. Moreover, the generation of immune mediated cells through orally fed antigens could be the area of research in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2015;04(01):16-24

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Nochi, Tomonori, Yoshikazu Yuki, Haruko Takahashi, Shinichi Sawada, Mio Mejima, Tomoko Kohda, Norihiro Harada, et al. "Nanogel antigen delivery system for adjuvant-free intranasal vaccines (46.16)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 46.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.46.16.

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Abstract Nanotechnology is an innovative method of freely controlling nanometer-sized materials. The recent outbreak of mucosal infectious diseases have increased the demands for development of mucosal vaccines because they induce antigen-specific both mucosal and systemic immune responses. However because of lacking the effective antigen delivery system to aero-digestive mucosa, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant mediating protective but also undesired immunity is continuously needed. Here we developed a novel intranasal vaccine-delivery system with a nanometer-sized hydrogel (“nanogel”) consisting of a cationic type of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan (cCHP). A nontoxic subunit fragment of Clostridium botulinum type-A neurotoxin BoHc/A administered intranasally with cCHP nanogel (cCHP-BoHc/A) continuously adhered to the nasal epithelium and was effectively taken up by mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) after its release from the cCHP nanogel. Vigorous botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A)-neutralizing serum IgG and secretory IgA antibody responses were induced without co-administration of mucosal adjuvant. Importantly, intranasally administered cCHP-BoHc/A did not accumulate in the olfactory bulbs or brain. Moreover, intranasally immunized tetanus toxoid (TT) with cCHP nanogel induced strong TT-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. These results indicate that cCHP nanogel can be used as a universal protein-based antigen-delivery vehicle for adjuvant-free intranasal vaccination.

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Kano, Toshiki, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yuko Makita, Yoshihito Nihei, Yusuke Fukao, Maiko Nakayama, Mingfeng Lee, et al. "Mucosal Immune System Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy." Biomedicines 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123027.

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The mucosal immune system, via a dynamic immune network, serves as the first line of defense against exogenous antigens. Mucosal immune system dysregulation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), as illustrated by IgAN having the clinical feature of gross hematuria, often concurrent with mucosal infections. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of tonsillectomy and found that a targeted-release formulation of budesonide reduced proteinuria in patients with IgAN. However, it remains unclear how exogenous antigens interact with the mucosal immune system to induce or exacerbate IgAN. Thus, in this review, we focus on the dysregulation of mucosal immune response in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

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Brandtzaeg, P. "Homeostatic impact of indigenous microbiota and secretory immunity." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2010.0009.

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In the process of evolution, the mucosal immune system has generated two layers of anti-inflammatory defence: (1) immune exclusion performed by secretory IgA (and secretory IgM) antibodies to modulate or inhibit surface colonisation of microorganisms and dampen penetration of potentially dangerous antigens; and (2) suppressive mechanisms to avoid local and peripheral hypersensitivity to innocuous antigens, particularly food proteins and components of commensal bacteria. When induced via the gut, the latter phenomenon is called 'oral tolerance', which mainly depends on the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes to which mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) carry exogenous antigens and become conditioned for induction of Treg cells. Mucosally induced tolerance appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune function in view of the fact that large amounts of food proteins pass through the gut, while overt and persistent food allergy is not so common. DCs are 'decision makers' in the immune system when they perform their antigen-presenting function, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity by sensing the exogenous mucosal impact (e.g. conserved microbial molecular patterns). A balanced indigenous microbiota is required to drive the normal development of both mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, the epithelial barrier with its secretory IgA (and IgM) system, and mucosally induced tolerance mechanisms including the generation of Treg cells. Notably, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR/SC) knock-out mice that lack secretory IgA and IgM antibodies show reduced epithelial barrier function and increased uptake of antigens from food and commensal bacteria. They therefore have a hyper-reactive immune system and show predisposition for systemic anaphylaxis after sensitisation; but this development is counteracted by enhanced oral tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.

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CETIN, Ridvan, Sedat DEVELI, Asel OZTURK, Omer AYKUTLUG, and Ahmet KORKMAZ. "Human Colon Microbiota and Mucosal Immune System." Applied Medical Research 1, no. 4 (2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/amr.20150930023220.

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Salinas, Irene. "The Mucosal Immune System of Teleost Fish." Biology 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2015): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology4030525.

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Yoshihara, Shintaro, and Hiroshi Kiyono. "The Mucosal Immune System for Vaccine Development." Nihon Bika Gakkai Kaishi (Japanese Journal of Rhinology) 58, no. 4 (2019): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7248/jjrhi.58.635.

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Nagura, Hiroshi. "Mucosal Immune System in Health and Disease." Pathology International 42, no. 6 (June 1992): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1992.tb03243.x.

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GLEESON, MAREE, ALLAN W. CRIPPS, and ROBERT L. CLANCY. "Modifiers of the human mucosal immune system." Immunology and Cell Biology 73, no. 5 (October 1995): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.1995.62.

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ES, LA, JW FIJTER, and MR DAHA. "The mucosal immune system in IgA nephropathy." Nephrology 3, s2 (September 1997): s697—s700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.1997.tb00287.x.

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Lamichhane, Aayam, Tatsuhiko Azegami, and Hiroshi Kiyono. "The mucosal immune system for vaccine development." Vaccine 32, no. 49 (November 2014): 6711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.089.

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Alverdy, John. "The Importance of the Mucosal Immune System." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 7, no. 3 (June 1992): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011542659200700399.

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Nochi, Tomonori, and Hiroshi Kiyono. "Innate Immunity in the Mucosal Immune System." Current Pharmaceutical Design 12, no. 32 (November 1, 2006): 4203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743457.

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Brandtzaeg, P., L. M. Sollid, P. S. Thrane, D. Kvale, K. Bjerke, H. Scott, K. Kett, and T. O. Rognum. "Lymphoepithelial interactions in the mucosal immune system." Gut 29, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.29.8.1116.

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Kaminogawa, Shuichi. "Food allergens and the mucosal immune system." BioFactors 12, no. 1-4 (2000): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520120105.

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Li, Wu, Guangcun Deng, Min Li, Xiaoming Liu, and Yujiong Wang. "Roles of Mucosal Immunity againstMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/791728.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is one of the world's leading infectious causes of morbidity and mortality. As a mucosal-transmitted pathogen, Mtb infects humans and animals mainly through the mucosal tissue of the respiratory tract. Apart from providing a physical barrier against the invasion of pathogen, the major function of the respiratory mucosa may be to serve as the inductive sites to initiate mucosal immune responses and sequentially provide the first line of defense for the host to defend against this pathogen. A large body of studies in the animals and humans have demonstrated that the mucosal immune system, rather than the systemic immune system, plays fundamental roles in the host’s defense against Mtb infection. Therefore, the development of new vaccines and novel delivery routes capable of directly inducing respiratory mucosal immunity is emphasized for achieving enhanced protection from Mtb infection. In this paper, we outline the current state of knowledge regarding the mucosal immunity against Mtb infection, including the development of TB vaccines, and respiratory delivery routes to enhance mucosal immunity are discussed.

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Surana, Neil, and Dennis L. Kasper. "Anatomically remote education of B cells is required for colonic health." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 118.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.118.2.

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Abstract Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues contain roughly 80% of all immune cells and produce virtually all of the body’s IgA. Although the majority of IgA-secreting cells educated within a mucosal site home back to the same anatomic region, some cells are also found in distant mucosal tissues. These observations underlie the notion of a common mucosal immune system, which holds that anatomically unrelated mucosal sites are functionally connected by a shared immune system. However, the ontological basis of this separation between site of immune education and functionality has remained elusive. Here we show that mice lacking Peyer’s patches (PPs)—small-intestinal lymphoid tissue covered by antigen-sampling M cells—have no immunologic defect in the small-intestinal lamina propria. Surprisingly, the primary immunological abnormality in PP-deficient mice was a reduction in colonic B cells, including plasmablasts but not plasma cells. Adoptive transfer experiments conclusively demonstrated that PP-derived cells preferentially give rise to colonic—but not small-intestinal—B cells and plasmablasts. Finally, these PP-derived colonic B cells were critical for restraining colonic inflammation. Thus, PPs bridge the small-intestinal and colonic immune systems and provide a clear example of immune education being required in an anatomic compartment distinct from the effector site. Our findings, which highlight that the majority of fecal IgA is produced by colonic plasmablasts that originate from PPs, will help inform design of mucosal vaccines.

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Kilercioğlu, Serdar. "Fish immune system, mucosal immunity and functions of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.1.16.

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Fish exposed to various threats in the aquatic environment and respond to these with the immune responses which has developed in the evolutionary process. The immune system of teleost fish consists of the fluid and cellular factors of both natural and acquired immunity. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues are a part of fish immune system and equipped with cells of natural and adaptive immunity. The organs in which all these cells and molecules are formed, matured and included in the system are called lymphoid organs. Cytokines, which are small glycoproteins, play critical roles in immunity. Their main roles in the immune system are to regulate immune responses and to enable communication between cells. In this review, the literature on the main factors of the fish immune system, mucosal immunity, the functions of the primary lymphoid organs, and proinflamatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-18 were collected. Furthermore, the functions of specified cytokines were aimed to clarify.

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Ogra, Pearay L., Howard Faden, and Robert C. Welliver. "Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 430–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.430-445.2001.

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SUMMARY Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.

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Jeong, Yu Sun, and Yoe-Sik Bae. "Formyl peptide receptors in the mucosal immune system." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52, no. 10 (October 2020): 1694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00518-2.

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Abstract Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are well known as chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize bacterial and mitochondria-derived formylated peptides. FPRs are also known to detect a wide range of ligands, including host-derived peptides and lipids. FPRs are highly expressed not only in phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages but also in nonhematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the oral cavity, the eye, and the reproductive tract, separate the external environment from the host system. In mucosal surfaces, the interaction between the microbiota and host cells needs to be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis. By sharing the same FPRs, immune cells and epithelial cells may coordinate pathophysiological responses to various stimuli, including microbial molecules derived from the normal flora. Accumulating evidence shows that FPRs play important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the roles of FPRs at mucosal surfaces.

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Kryukova, Nadezhda O., Ekaterina B. Rakunova, M. P. Kostinov, Irina A. Baranova, and Oxana A. Svitich. "Secretory immunoglobulin A of the respiratory system and COVID-19." PULMONOLOGIYA 31, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-6-792-798.

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The main focus in the course of COVID-19 goes on assessing the overall immune response. The role of mucosal immunity in this disease has not been studied sufficiently.The study aimed to analyze published data about secretory IgA as a significant indicator of the mucosal immune response of the respiratory tract in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. Articles were identified via PubMed bibliographic database. The time-span of research was two years (2020, 2021).Results. The search identified 54 articles. There is evidence that secretory IgA (sIgA) is the main antibody isotype of the mucosal immunity. It is produced in quantities significantly higher than those of all other isotypes of immunoglobulins combined. sIgA antibodies are effective against various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, due to mechanisms such as neutralization, suppression of adhesion to the mucosal surface and invasion of epithelial cells, agglutination and facilitating the removal of pathogenic microorganisms with the mucosal secretions. Virus-specific IgA antibodies in the blood serum are detected in patients with COVID-19 as early as two days after the first symptoms, while IgM or IgG class antibodies appear only after 5 days. We accessed the efficacy of intranasal immunization as to induction of predominant production of sIgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract.Conclusion. The current information on the local immune response of the respiratory mucosa is important for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, diagnosis, and development of new methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19.

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Cutler, C. W., and R. Jotwani. "Dendritic Cells at the Oral Mucosal Interface." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 8 (August 2006): 678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500801.

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The mucosal lining of the respiratory and digestive systems contains the largest and most complex immune system in the body, but surprisingly little is known of the immune system that serves the oral mucosa. This review focuses on dendritic cells, particularly powerful arbiters of immunity, in response to antigens of microbial or tumor origin, but also of tolerance to self-antigens and commensal microbes. Although first discovered in 1868, the epidermal dendritic Langerhans cells remained enigmatic for over a century, until they were identified as the most peripheral outpost of the immune system. Investigators’ ability to isolate, enrich, and culture dendritic cells has led to an explosion in the field. Presented herein is a review of dendritic cell history, ontogeny, function, and phenotype, and the role of different dendritic cell subsets in the oral mucosa and its diseases. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of recognition and capture of microbes by dendritic cells. Also emphasized is how dendritic cells may regulate immunity/tolerance in response to oral microbes.

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Syafa’ah, Irmi, and Resti Yudhawati. "Peran Imunitas Mukosa terhadap Infeksi Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." Jurnal Respirasi 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v2-i.2.2016.61-68.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of major health problems in the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates. According to Global Tuberculosis Report 2015, Indonesia ranks as country with the 2nd highest number of TB cases in the world. Airway was described as a ‘gateway’ to the main pathogens, allergens and particles from the external environment. It has surveillance function that filtering beneficial and non-beneficial antigens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as the causative agent of TB. MTB is a mucosal transmitted pathogen, infects human through mucosal tissue of respiratory tract. Airway mucosa was considered as the first barrier as well as inductive sites to initiate mucosal immune response against MTB. In this literature, the role of mucosal immune system, in this case especially airway mucosa, and its role against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans will be further discussed.

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West, Watts, Smith, Zhang, Besseling-van der Vaart, Cripps, and Cox. "Digital Immune Gene Expression Profiling Discriminates Allergic Rhinitis Responders from Non-Responders to Probiotic Supplementation." Genes 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110889.

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Probiotic supplementation for eight weeks with a multi-strain probiotic by individuals with allergic rhinitis (AR) reduced overall symptom severity, the frequency of medication use and improved quality of life. The purported mechanism of action is modulation of the immune system. This analysis examined changes in systemic and mucosal immune gene expression in a subgroup of individuals, classified as either responders or non-responders based on improvement of AR symptoms in response to the probiotic supplement. Based on established criteria of a beneficial change in the mini-rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (mRQLQ), individuals with AR were classified as either responders or non-responders. Systemic and mucosal immune gene expression was assessed using nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling (Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA) kit on blood samples and a nasal lysate. There were 414 immune genes in the blood and 312 immune genes in the mucosal samples expressed above the background threshold. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of immune genes separated responders from non-responders in blood and mucosal samples at baseline and after supplementation, with key T-cell immune genes differentially expressed between the groups. Striking differences in biological processes and pathways were evident in nasal mucosa but not blood in responders compared to non-responders. These findings support the use of network approaches to understand probiotic-induced changes to the immune system.

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McCright, Jacob, Ann Ramirez, Mayowa Amosu, Arnav Sinha, Amanda Bogseth, and Katharina Maisel. "Targeting the Gut Mucosal Immune System Using Nanomaterials." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111755.

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one the biggest mucosal surface in the body and one of the primary targets for the delivery of therapeutics, including immunotherapies. GI diseases, including, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal infections such as cholera, pose a significant public health burden and are on the rise. Many of these diseases involve inflammatory processes that can be targeted by immune modulatory therapeutics. However, nonspecific targeting of inflammation systemically can lead to significant side effects. This can be avoided by locally targeting therapeutics to the GI tract and its mucosal immune system. In this review, we discuss nanomaterial-based strategies targeting the GI mucosal immune system, including gut-associated lymphoid tissues, tissue resident immune cells, as well as GI lymph nodes, to modulate GI inflammation and disease outcomes, as well as take advantage of some of the primary mechanisms of GI immunity such as oral tolerance.

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Kim, Sae-Hae, Kyung-Yeol Lee, and Yong-Suk Jang. "Mucosal Immune System and M Cell-targeting Strategies for Oral Mucosal Vaccination." Immune Network 12, no. 5 (2012): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.4110/in.2012.12.5.165.

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Takahashi, Ichiro, Tomonori Nochi, Jun Kunisawa, Yoshikazu Yuki, and Hiroshi Kiyono. "The mucosal immune system for secretory IgA responses and mucosal vaccine development." Inflammation and Regeneration 30, no. 1 (2010): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2492/inflammregen.30.40.

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Rier, Sherry, and Grant Yeaman. "Immune Aspects of Endometriosis: Relevance of the Uterine Mucosal Immune System." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 15, no. 03 (August 1997): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068750.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mucosal immune system'

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