Journal articles on the topic 'Mucosal biofilms'
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Diaz, Patricia I., Zhihong Xie, Takanori Sobue, Angela Thompson, Basak Biyikoglu, Austin Ricker, Laertis Ikonomou, and Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou. "Synergistic Interaction between Candida albicans and Commensal Oral Streptococci in a NovelIn VitroMucosal Model." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 2 (November 21, 2011): 620–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05896-11.
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ABSTRACTCandida albicansis a commensal colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, where it coexists with highly diverse bacterial communities. It is not clear whether this interaction limits or promotes the potential ofC. albicansto become an opportunistic pathogen. Here we investigate the interaction betweenC. albicansand three species of streptococci from the viridans group, which are ubiquitous and abundant oral commensal bacteria. The ability ofC. albicansto form biofilms withStreptococcus oralis,Streptococcus sanguinis, orStreptococcus gordoniiwas investigated using flow cell devices that allow abiotic biofilm formation under salivary flow. In addition, we designed a novel flow cell system that allows mucosal biofilm formation under conditions that mimic the environment in the oral and esophageal mucosae. It was observed thatC. albicansand streptococci formed a synergistic partnership whereC. albicanspromoted the ability of streptococci to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces or on the surface of an oral mucosa analogue. The increased ability of streptococci to form biofilms in the presence ofC. albicanscould not be explained by a growth-stimulatory effect since the streptococci were unaffected in their growth in planktonic coculture withC. albicans. Conversely, the presence of streptococci increased the ability ofC. albicansto invade organotypic models of the oral and esophageal mucosae under conditions of salivary flow. Moreover, characterization of mucosal invasion by the biofilm microorganisms suggested that the esophageal mucosa is more permissive to invasion than the oral mucosa. In summary,C. albicansand commensal oral streptococci display a synergistic interaction with implications for the pathogenic potential ofC. albicansin the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Kleessen, Brigitta, and Michael Blaut. "Modulation of gut mucosal biofilms." British Journal of Nutrition 93, S1 (April 2005): S35—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041346.
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Non-digestible inulin-type fructans, such as oligofructose and high-molecular-weight inulin, have been shown to have the ability to alter the intestinal microbiota composition in such a way that members of the microbial community, generally considered as health-promoting, are stimulated. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are the most frequently targeted organisms. Less information exists on effects of inulin-type fructans on the composition, metabolism and healthrelated significance of bacteria at or near the mucosa surface or in the mucus layer forming mucosa-associated biofilms. Using rats inoculated with a human faecal flora as an experimental model we have found that inulin-type fructans in the diet modulated the gut microbiota by stimulation of mucosa-associated bifidobacteria as well as by partial reduction of pathogenicSalmonella enterica subsp. entericaserovar Typhimurium and thereby benefit health. In addition to changes in mucosal biofilms, inulin-type fructans also induced changes in the colonic mucosa stimulating proliferation in the crypts, increasing the release of mucins, and altering the profile of mucin components in the goblet cells and epithelial mucus layer. These results indicate that inulin-type fructans may stabilise the gut mucosal barrier. Dietary supplementation with these prebiotics could offer a new approach to supporting the barrier function of the mucosa.
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Gupta, Neelima, PP Singh, Lakshmi Vaid, Manish Arya, and Rumpa Saha. "Impact of Biofilms on Quality of Life of Rhinosinusitis Patients after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery." An International Journal Clinical Rhinology 5, no. 3 (2012): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1127.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The chronic and recalcitrant nature of rhinosinusitis has been known from many years. Many reasons for this have been implicated and biofilms have now been established as one of the cause for its recurrent and persistent nature. Little literature and studies exist confirming this effect. This study presents analysis of sinonasal mucosal samples and correlates presence of biofilms with surgical outcomes. Materials and methods An analysis of mucosal samples collected during endoscopic sinus surgery from 40 patients of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) was done. Preoperative symptoms, endoscopic and radiological scores were documented and mucosal samples collected intraoperatively were sent for biofilm detection. Biofilm detection was performed using microtiter plate method. Postoperatively patients were followed up for minimum of 3 months with endoscopic evaluation and presence of ongoing symptoms was also recorded. Results Thirteen patients out of 40 patients showed positive bacterial culture. Eight out of 13, i.e. 61.53% bacteria produced biofilms and five out of 13, i.e. 38.46% bacteria did not produce biofilms. Patients with biofilms had significantly worse preoperative and postoperative symptom and endoscopic scores. Thus, presence of biofilms was related to poor outcomes. Conclusion This study showed that the presence of biofilms was correlated with higher symptom scores and poorer surgical outcomes. Also, more recurrences were found in patients with positive biofilms. This strengthens the belief that biofilms may play an active role in persisting mucosal inflammation and persistent symptoms in some patients of CRS. Treatment modalities aiming removal of biofilms may be important in management of CRS. How to cite this article Vaid L, Arya M, Gupta N, Singh PP, Saha R. Impact of Biofilms on Quality of Life of Rhinosinusitis Patients after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2012;5(3):95-102.
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Zhang, Zi, Demin Han, Shengzhong Zhang, Yehua Han, Wei Dai, Erzhong Fan, Ying Li, Yunchuan Li, and Deyun Wang. "Biofilms and Mucosal Healing in Postsurgical Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 5 (September 2009): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3376.
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Background Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often remain symptomatic after technically proficient functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Current hypothesis indicates biofilms may contribute to the persistence of infection. However, few studies showed biofilms in postoperative patients. This study was designed to identify bacterial biofilms on postoperative mucosa, as well as to investigate the healing of sinus mucosa after surgery. Methods After intraoperative mucosa was obtained for assessment of biofilms, 27 patients were followed up for 6 months. Postoperative medications and symptoms were recorded. As indicated by endoscopic evaluation, biopsy specimens of postoperative edema, scar, or adhesion were obtained. Samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results Fifteen postoperative samples were taken from the 20 patients with intraoperative biofilms. Under SEM, postoperative biofilms were identified in 4/6 scar samples and 5/9 edema samples. There was no significant difference in biofilm presence between samples of scar and edema. Microcolonies were also identified on postoperative scar under H&E staining. The presence of intraoperative and postoperative biofilms was correlated with the severity of preoperative Lund-MacKay computed tomography score and postoperative Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score. Compared with intraoperative samples, postoperative samples from the same nine patients significantly recovered from ciliary damage, metaplasia, and basement membrane thickness. Postoperative cultures were positive in samples with and without postoperative biofilms. Conclusion Biofilms persist after treatment, and may cause the unfavorable outcomes of surgery for CRS. The mucosa with biofilms can recover after surgery. Apparent bacterial plaque can be identified by H&E staining.
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Sutar, Yogesh, Sunna Nabeela, Shakti Singh, Abdullah Alqarihi, Norma Solis, Teklegiorgis Ghebremariam, Scott Filler, Ashraf S. Ibrahim, Abhijit Date, and Priya Uppuluri. "Niclosamide-loaded nanoparticles disrupt Candida biofilms and protect mice from mucosal candidiasis." PLOS Biology 20, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): e3001762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001762.
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Candida albicans biofilms are a complex multilayer community of cells that are resistant to almost all classes of antifungal drugs. The bottommost layers of biofilms experience nutrient limitation where C. albicans cells are required to respire. We previously reported that a protein Ndu1 is essential for Candida mitochondrial respiration; loss of NDU1 causes inability of C. albicans to grow on alternative carbon sources and triggers early biofilm detachment. Here, we screened a repurposed library of FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors to identify those that prevent NDU1-associated functions. We identified an antihelminthic drug, Niclosamide (NCL), which not only prevented growth on acetate, C. albicans hyphenation and early biofilm growth, but also completely disengaged fully grown biofilms of drug-resistant C. albicans and Candida auris from their growth surface. To overcome the suboptimal solubility and permeability of NCL that is well known to affect its in vivo efficacy, we developed NCL-encapsulated Eudragit EPO (an FDA-approved polymer) nanoparticles (NCL-EPO-NPs) with high niclosamide loading, which also provided long-term stability. The developed NCL-EPO-NPs completely penetrated mature biofilms and attained anti-biofilm activity at low microgram concentrations. NCL-EPO-NPs induced ROS activity in C. albicans and drastically reduced oxygen consumption rate in the fungus, similar to that seen in an NDU1 mutant. NCL-EPO-NPs also significantly abrogated mucocutaneous candidiasis by fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans, in mice models of oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study that targets biofilm detachment as a target to get rid of drug-resistant Candida biofilms and uses NPs of an FDA-approved nontoxic drug to improve biofilm penetrability and microbial killing.
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Chassaing, Benoit, Estelle Garénaux, Jessica Carriere, Nathalie Rolhion, Yann Guérardel, Nicolas Barnich, Richard Bonnet, and Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud. "Analysis of the σERegulon in Crohn's Disease-Associated Escherichia coli Revealed Involvement of thewaaWVLOperon in Biofilm Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 8 (February 9, 2015): 1451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02499-14.
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ABSTRACTIleal lesions of patients with Crohn's disease are colonized by adherent-invasiveEscherichia coli(AIEC), which is able to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), to replicate within macrophages, and to form biofilms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa. Previous analyses indicated the involvement of the σEpathway in AIEC-IEC interaction, as well as in biofilm formation, with σEpathway inhibition leading to an impaired ability of AIEC to colonize the intestinal mucosa and to form biofilms. The aim of this study was to characterize the σEregulon of AIEC strain LF82 in order to identify members involved in AIEC phenotypes. Using comparativein silicoanalysis of the σEregulon, we identified thewaaWVLoperon as a new member of the σEregulon in reference AIEC strain LF82. We determined that thewaaWVLoperon is involved in AIEC lipopolysaccharide structure and composition, and thewaaWVLoperon was found to be essential for AIEC strains to produce biofilm and to colonize the intestinal mucosa.IMPORTANCEAn increased prevalence of adherent-invasiveEscherichia coli(AIEC) bacteria was previously observed in the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and clinical observations revealed bacterial biofilms associated with the mucosa of CD patients. Here, analysis of the σEregulon in AIEC and commensalE. coliidentified 12 genes controlled by σEonly in AIEC. Among them, WaaWVL factors were found to play an essential role in biofilm formation and mucosal colonization by AIEC. In addition to identifying molecular tools that revealed a pathogenic population ofE. colicolonizing the mucosa of CD patients, these results indicate that targeting thewaaWVLoperon could be a potent therapeutic strategy to interfere with the ability of AIEC to form biofilms and to colonize the gut mucosa.
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Keir, J., L. Pedelty, and A. C. Swift. "Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: systematic review and suggestions for future research." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 125, no. 4 (February 11, 2011): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215111000016.
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AbstractBackground:A biofilm is a community of micro-organisms encased within a self-produced, extracellular, polymeric substance. The role of biofilms as a major pathological aetiology in chronic rhinosinusitis would help explain the clinical manifestation of the disease.Objectives:To examine the current evidence, and to discuss possible future research directions, in relation to biofilms and chronic rhinosinusitis.Study design:Systematic literature review.Evaluation method:Two assessors independently undertook critical appraisal of the studies identified by the literature search. Significant findings were incorporated into this review. The primary outcome assessed was the presence of biofilm in human mucosal biopsy samples taken from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and from healthy controls.Results:We identified 11 studies examining biofilm formation in human mucosal biopsy samples taken from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.Conclusion:It is unlikely that biofilms occur in every case of chronic rhinosinusitis; consequently, the significance of ‘biofilm detection’ in some series should be considered carefully. Several authors have argued strongly for the use of confocal scanning laser microscopy with fluorescent in situ hybridisation probes as the ‘gold standard’ for biofilm imaging. This imaging modality should be combined with further investigation of the microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, and of the efficacy of traditional culture techniques used for pathogen identification.
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Ganguly, Shantanu, and Aaron P. Mitchell. "Mucosal biofilms of Candida albicans." Current Opinion in Microbiology 14, no. 4 (August 2011): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.06.001.
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McCullough, M., L. L. Patton, M. Coogan, P. L. Fidel, M. Komesu, M. Ghannoum, and J. E. Leigh. "New Approaches to Candida and Oral Mycotic Infections." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511400912.
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This workshop reviewed aspects of the following: oral fungal disease in HIV-infected patients and the predictive value of oral mucosal disease in HIV progression; the role of the oral biofilms in mucosal disease; microbial virulence factors and the pseudomembranous oral mucosal disease process; the role that oral mucosal disease may have in HIV transmission; and the available topical antifungal treatment. This article summarizes the ensuing discussions and raises pertinent problems and potential research directions associated with oral fungal disease in HIV-infected patients, including the frequency of oral candidosis, the role of the intraoral biofilm in the development of oral mucosal disease, and host-pathogen interactions, as well as the development of the fetal oral mucosa, neonatal nutrition, and the role of oral candidosis in this setting. Finally, discussions are summarized on the use of inexpensive effective antifungal mouthwashes in resource-poor countries, the potential stigmata that may be associated with their use, as well as novel topical medications that may have clinical applicability in managing oral candidal infections in HIV-infected patients.
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Meza-Torres, Jazmin, Emile Auria, Bruno Dupuy, and Yannick D. N. Tremblay. "Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: Clostridioides difficile Biofilm as a Reservoir for Recurrent Infections." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091922.
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The microbiota inhabiting the intestinal tract provide several critical functions to its host. Microorganisms found at the mucosal layer form organized three-dimensional structures which are considered to be biofilms. Their development and functions are influenced by host factors, host-microbe interactions, and microbe-microbe interactions. These structures can dictate the health of their host by strengthening the natural defenses of the gut epithelium or cause disease by exacerbating underlying conditions. Biofilm communities can also block the establishment of pathogens and prevent infectious diseases. Although these biofilms are important for colonization resistance, new data provide evidence that gut biofilms can act as a reservoir for pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile. In this review, we will look at the biofilms of the intestinal tract, their contribution to health and disease, and the factors influencing their formation. We will then focus on the factors contributing to biofilm formation in C. difficile, how these biofilms are formed, and their properties. In the last section, we will look at how the gut microbiota and the gut biofilm influence C. difficile biofilm formation, persistence, and transmission.
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Shin, Seung-Heon, Mi-Kyung Ye, Dong-Won Lee, and Mi-Hyun Chae. "Asian Sand Dust Particles Enhance the Development of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm on Nasal Epithelial Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063030.
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Background: Asian sand dust (ASD) and Aspergillus fumigatus are known risk factors for airway mucosal inflammatory diseases. Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in chronic rhinosinusitis and fungus balls. We evaluated the effects of ASD on the development of A. fumigatus biofilm formation on nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary nasal epithelial cells were cultured with A. fumigatus conidia with or without ASD for 72 h. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from nasal epithelial cells was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of ASD on A. fumigatus biofilm formation were determined using crystal violet, concanavalin A, safranin staining, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Results: ASD and A. fumigatus significantly enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from nasal epithelial cells. By coculturing A. fumigatus with ASD, the dry weight and safranin staining of the fungal biofilms significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. However, the increased level of crystal violet and concanavalin A stain decreased after 72 h of incubation. Conclusions: ASD and A. fumigatus induced the production of inflammatory chemical mediators from nasal epithelial cells. The exposure of A. fumigatus to ASD enhanced the formation of biofilms. The coexistence of ASD and A. fumigatus may increase the development of fungal biofilms and fungal inflammatory diseases in the sinonasal mucosa.
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Dongari-Bagtzoglou, Anna. "Mucosal biofilms: challenges and future directions." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 6, no. 2 (April 2008): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.2.141.
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Dongari-Bagtzoglou, Anna, Helena Kashleva, Prabhat Dwivedi, Patricia Diaz, and John Vasilakos. "Characterization of Mucosal Candida albicans Biofilms." PLoS ONE 4, no. 11 (November 24, 2009): e7967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007967.
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Ferguson, Berrylin J., and Donna B. Stolz. "Demonstration of Biofilm in Human Bacterial Chronic Rhinosinusitis." American Journal of Rhinology 19, no. 5 (September 2005): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900506.
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Background Bacterial biofilms may explain why some patients with bacterial chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) improve while on antibiotics but relapse after completion of the antibiotic. In the human host, biofilms exist as a community of bacteria surrounded by a glycocalyx that is adherent to a foreign body or a mucosal surface with impaired host defense. Biofilms generate planktonic, nonadherent bacterial forms that may metastasize infection and generate systemic illness. These planktonic bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics, unlike the adherent biofilm. Methods We reviewed four cases of CRS using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to assay for typical colony architecture of biofilms. Bacterial communities surrounded by a glycocalyx of inert cellular membrane materials consistent with a biofilm were shown in two patients. Results In the two patients without biofilm, a nonbacterial etiology was discovered (allergic fungal sinusitis) in one and in the other there was scant anaerobic growth on culture and the Gram stain was negative. Culture of the material from the biofilm grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa in both patients. Pseudomonas from the biofilm showed a glycocalyx, not present in Pseudomonas cultured for 72 hours on culture media. Both patients’ symptoms with bacterial biofilms were refractory to culture-directed antibiotics, topical steroids, and nasal lavages. Surgery resulted in cure or significant improvement. Conclusion Biofilms are refractory to antibiotics and often only cured by mechanical debridement. We believe this is the first TEM documentation of bacterial biofilms in CRS in humans.
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Palanisamy, Karthikeyan, Lakshmi Vaid, Neelima Gupta, Rumpa Saha, and Usha Rani Singh. "Clinical and histopathological impact of biofilm in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20205623.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Presence of biofilms in sinus mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains controversial. Literature shows that biofilms may contribute to the recalcitrant nature of CRS and unfavourable outcome following surgery. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of biofilm and its clinical and histopathological impact in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 41 patients of CRSwNP (study group) were included. SNOT-20(sinonasal outcome test-20) score, radiological and endoscopic findings of these patients were evaluated preoperatively. Sinonasal polypoidal tissues removed during surgery were studied for the presence of biofilm and evaluated histopathologically. Postoperatively SNOT-20 score and endoscopic finding were recorded. 41 patients undergoing septoplasty for deviated nasal septum (control group) were also included in the study. Sinonasal mucosal samples of these patients were analysed for the presence of biofilm. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 29 out of 41 (70.73%) samples in study group and 9 out of 41 (21.9%) samples in control group were positive for biofilm. We found a significant impact in preoperative SNOT-20 symptom scores in biofilm positive study group. But there is no significant impact in preoprerative endoscopic scores, radiological scores and postoperative SNOT-20 scores and endoscopic scores in study group patients irrespective of biofilm status.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Prevalence of biofilm in patients with CRSwNP was higher than normal population. Biofilms plays a major role in preoperative symptomatology. But biofilms have no endoscopic, radiological, and histopathological impact in CRSwNP. It was concluded that apart from biofilms, host and other environmental factors plays a major role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.</p>
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Yadav, Puja, Shalini Verma, Richard Bauer, Monika Kumari, Meenakshi Dua, Atul Kumar Johri, Vikas Yadav, and Barbara Spellerberg. "Deciphering Streptococcal Biofilms." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111835.
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Streptococci are a diverse group of bacteria, which are mostly commensals but also cause a considerable proportion of life-threatening infections. They colonize many different host niches such as the oral cavity, the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract. While these host compartments impose different environmental conditions, many streptococci form biofilms on mucosal membranes facilitating their prolonged survival. In response to environmental conditions or stimuli, bacteria experience profound physiologic and metabolic changes during biofilm formation. While investigating bacterial cells under planktonic and biofilm conditions, various genes have been identified that are important for the initial step of biofilm formation. Expression patterns of these genes during the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth suggest a highly regulated and complex process. Biofilms as a bacterial survival strategy allow evasion of host immunity and protection against antibiotic therapy. However, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated bacteria cause disease are poorly understood. Therefore, advanced molecular techniques are employed to identify gene(s) or protein(s) as targets for the development of antibiofilm therapeutic approaches. We review our current understanding of biofilm formation in different streptococci and how biofilm production may alter virulence-associated characteristics of these species. In addition, we have summarized the role of surface proteins especially pili proteins in biofilm formation. This review will provide an overview of strategies which may be exploited for developing novel approaches against biofilm-related streptococcal infections.
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Galli, J., F. Ardito, L. Calò, L. Mancinelli, M. Imperiali, C. Parrilla, P. M. Picciotti, and G. Fadda. "Recurrent upper airway infections and bacterial biofilms." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 121, no. 4 (November 3, 2006): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106003896.
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Background: Bacterial biofilms identified in various medical devices used in otorhinolaryngology, including tympanostomy tubes, voice prostheses, and cochlear implants, can directly colonise mucosal tissues. The upper airways seem to be at high risk for this type of colonisation. Chronic and/or recurrent upper airway infections may be related to the complex structural and biochemical (quorum sensing) organisation of the biofilm which interferes with the activity of antibiotics (including those with proven in vitro efficacy), thus promoting the establishment of a chronic infection eradicable only by surgical treatment. Biofilm formation plays a role in upper respiratory infections: it not only explains the resistance of these infections to antibiotic therapy but it also represents an important element that contributes to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory reaction.Objectives: To document the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with recurrent infection diseases, and identify their possible role in the chronicity of these infectious processes.Method: We examined 32 surgical specimens from the upper respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids, mucosa from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses) of 28 patients (20 adults, eight children) with upper airway infections that had persisted despite repeated treatment with anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics with demonstrated in vitro efficacy. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods and subjected to scanning electron microscopy for detection of biofilm formation.Results: Over 80 per cent (26/32; 81.3 per cent) of the tissue specimens were culture-positive. Bacterial biofilms (associated in most cases with coccoid bacteria) were observed in 65.6 per cent of the tissue samples.
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Tournu, Hélène, and Patrick Van Dijck. "CandidaBiofilms and the Host: Models and New Concepts for Eradication." International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/845352.
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Biofilms define mono- or multispecies communities embedded in a self-produced protective matrix, which is strongly attached to surfaces. They often are considered a general threat not only in industry but also in medicine. They constitute a permanent source of contamination, and they can disturb the proper usage of the material onto which they develop. This paper relates to some of the most recent approaches that have been elaborated to eradicateCandidabiofilms, based on the vast effort put in ever-improving models of biofilm formationin vitroandin vivo, including novel flow systems, high-throughput techniques and mucosal models. Mixed biofilms, sustaining antagonist or beneficial cooperation between species, and their interplay with the host immune system are also prevalent topics. Alternative strategies against biofilms include the lock therapy and immunotherapy approaches, and material coating and improvements. The host-biofilm interactions are also discussed, together with their potential applications inCandidabiofilm elimination.
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Din, Israr Ud, Shaista Alam, Muhammad Hafeez, Mansoor Alam, Shabir Ahmed Orakzai, and Saman Hussain. "Evidence of Bacterial Biofilms in Human Chronic Sinusitis." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169413.
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Objective: The reason of this study design is to analyze the presence of bacterial biofilm on the sinus mucosal surface of humans with the presence of stubborn chronic sinusitis. Place and duration of study: The study is conducted in Khyber Teaching Hospital ENT Peshawar and the duration of study is March 2022 to August 2022. Material and Method: We have evaluated small Sinonasal samples from 20 numbers of patients having previous history of sinus surgery or surgical intervention. No courses of antibiotic and endoscopic sinus surgery work best for all the number of samples. By the use of cutting instrument we have seen the ethmoid sinus mucosal specimens and maxillary specimens. Scanning and microscopic evaluation techniques are used to detect patients with continuous manifestations of chronic sinusitis even with prior medical and surgical intervention. Results: Physical presence of microbial cluster of pseudomonas aeroginosa, a gram negative bacteria validate the existence of microbes in the sinus mucosa of patients. The existence of this microbial cluster may provide the evaluation of stubborn nature of some appearance of chronic sinusitis. Conclusion: Spire shaped cluster of microbes are the structural indication of the presence of microbial biofilms in a patient with chronic sinusitis.Not only antibiotics but the combination of peroperative antibiotics and surgical intervention treatment therapy is recommended in such kind of chronic infections. Keywords: Gram negative bacteria, sinonasal epithelium, electron microscopy
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Sartor, Balfour. "Intestinal bacterial biofilms modulate mucosal immune responses." Journal of Immunological Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2018/2.1122.
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Standyło, Arkadiusz, Aleksandra Obuchowska, and Grażyna Mielnik-Niedzielska. "The correlation between second-hand tobacco smoke exposure and biofilm formation in chronic rhinosinusitis." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.06.026.
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Introduction and purpose
Tobacco smoke is a major health concern globally. Due to tobacco epidemic, approximately 8 million people died as a result of cigarette smoking in 2020 alone, where 1.2 million were caused by non-smokers inhaling second-hand smoke. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition that has a significant health and economic impact worldwide. Despite its great burden on the health-care system and patients' quality of life, the variety of therapy options for CRS is currently limited. Tobacco-induced biofilm formation may contribute to the refractory nature of many respiratory diseases reported in smokers and second-hand smokers, due to increased resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study is to present that exposure to household passive smoking may induce the formation of nasal biofilms.
Brief description of the state of knowledge
Chronic bacterial infections involving biofilms have recently been recognised as a factor in CRS pathogenesis. The presence of biofilms on the mucosa of CRS patients is associated with more severe pre-operative disease, persistent postoperative symptoms, ongoing mucosal inflammation, and infections following endoscopic sinus surgery. Tobacco smoke and CRS have been associated because of the immunosuppressive and irritating effects of tobacco smoke on sinonasal epithelial cells. Smoking uptake and cessation have been shown to affect microbial communities, with smokers having not just distinct microbial communities, but also a higher frequency of possible pathogens in those communities.
Summary
Biofilms may play a significant role in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. The impact of tobacco smoke on biofilm development could have major implications not only for CRS but also for other respiratory infections.
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Priya A, Hari, Kannan A, and Krithika C L. "Metagenome Analysis of Buccal Mucosal Biofilms to Identify Bacterial Prevalence in Subjects with and without type II Diabetes." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 19, 2020): 2018–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2132.
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To quantify the two most prevalent bacteria among Type II diabetic individuals and controls from the buccal mucosal biofilms using molecular methods. To compare the percent prevalence of Veillonella and Granulicetella bacteria in uncontrolled Type II diabetic individuals with a control group. Subjects selected randomly and categorized into two groups within the age range of 25 to 40 years diagnosed with and without Type II diabetes based on their HbA1c values. The samples of buccal mucosa biofilms are collected in sterile swabs and stored in bacterial lysis buffer, which was later subjected to quantification of DNA followed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. The sequence obtained is then surveyed using BLAST Analysis to define the bacterial flora and two bacteria, namely Veillonella and Granulicatella are selected for further amplification and quantification by real-time PCR to express the bacteria in copy numbers. From the collected buccal mucosal biofilm samples (n=24), which was categorized into Type II diabetes (12) and non-diabetic (12). The sequence subjected to BLAST analysis gave a List of bacteria from which Veillonella sp. and Granulicatella sp. were selected and administered to real-time PCR for amplification and quantification, which revealed an increased bacterial prevalence in Type II diabetic subjects to non-diabetic subjects which was also proved statistically. Based on the results obtained, there is a significant prevalence of bacterial content in Type II diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects
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Bugari, Radmila Anca, Sorin Bașchir, Ciprian Mihali, Luminiţa Turcin, Dana Simona Chita, Adrian Cosmin Ilie, Alexandru Chioreanu, and Afilon Jompan. "BACTERIAL BIOFILM IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS AND CHRONIC ADENOIDITIS." Romanian Medical Journal 68, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.2.19.
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Chronic rhinosinusitis with chronic adenoiditis in children represents a global public health issue, seriously affecting the quality of parents and children life, because of its irritating symptoms like intermittent snoring, mouth breathing, dry mouth, nasal obstruction, headaches increased irritability and focus disorders on children. Bacterial biofilms are highly associated with the chronic infectious processes in children. Correct therapeutical management of this diagnostic combination is mandatory to improve the quality of one’s life. Objectives. The aim of the study is: to observe the ratio of adenoid mucosa covered with bacterial biofilm extracted from the nasopharynx of 50 paediatric patients suffering of chronic rhinosinusitis (RSC) and chronic adenoiditis (CA); and to point the fact that the adenoids contaminated with bacterial biofilm are a generator for chronic upper airway infections in children. Material and methods. We have measured using an image analysis program the bacterial biofilm covering the entire surface of the extracted adenoids mases, from 28 girls and 22 boys aged between 5 and 12 years diagnosed with CRS and CA. Control visits were performed to verify symptom improvement at 1, 3 and 6 months. Outcomes. Adenoids extracted from paediatric patients diagnosed with CRS and CA presented bacterial biofilms coverage on almost the entire mucosa (86.75%). Conclusions. Adenoid mases removed from paediatric patients with CSR and CA have most of their mucosal covered with bacterial biofilm. In the nasopharynx of paediatric patients with CSR and CA, bacterial biofilm can play the role of a constant fountain of infection. Adenoid mass removal explains the symptomatic improvement observed post operatory in the CRS with CA paediatric patients that do not respond to antibiotic therapy.
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Papadopoulou, Dionyssia, Alicja Dabrowska, Philip G. Harries, Jeremy S. Webb, Raymond N. Allan, and Rami J. Salib. "Evaluation of a Bioengineered Honey and Its Synthetic Equivalent as Novel Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Targeted Topical Therapies in Chronic Rhinosinusitis." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 34, no. 1 (September 11, 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892419874700.
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Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition which affects the quality of life of millions of patients worldwide and has a significant impact on health-care resources. While Staphylococcus aureus bacterial biofilms play an important role in this disease, antimicrobial therapy is rarely effective and may promote antibiotic resistance. Thus, development of novel biofilm-targeting and antibiotic-sparing therapies is highly desirable and urgently required. Objective This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a novel synthetic honey-equivalent product which was designed to have the same reactive oxygen release profile as the engineered honey SurgihoneyRO™. Methods Treatment efficacy was investigated by assessment of planktonic growth, biofilm viability, thickness, and biomass using 12 CRS-related S. aureus mucosal bacterial strains. Results Both SurgihoneyRO™ and the synthetic honey-equivalent product inhibited growth of planktonic methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains, with the synthetic honey-equivalent product exhibiting a lower minimum inhibitory concentration. Treatment of established S. aureus biofilms reduced biofilm viability with 24-hour treatment resulting in a 2-log reduction in viability of biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant strains and a 1-log reduction in biofilms formed by methicillin-sensitive strains. Conclusions This preliminary study shows that the synthetic honey-equivalent product provides marked antimicrobial activity against S. aureus biofilms, with the potential for development in the clinical setting as an adjunctive biofilm-targeted therapy in CRS. The ultimate aim of such a product would be to reduce the need for antibiotics, steroids, and invasive surgical procedures in CRS patients as well as improving clinical outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery.
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Kania, Romain E., Gerda E. M. Lamers, Marcel J. Vonk, Esmee Dorpmans, Joyce Struik, Patrice Tran Huy, Pieter Hiemstra, Guido V. Bloemberg, and Jan J. Grote. "Characterization of Mucosal Biofilms on Human Adenoid Tissues." Laryngoscope 118, no. 1 (January 2008): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlg.0b013e318155a464.
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Singhal, Deepti, Sam Boase, John Field, Camille Jardeleza, Andrew Foreman, and Peter-John Wormald. "Quantitative analysis of in vivo mucosal bacterial biofilms." International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 2, no. 1 (July 29, 2011): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.20082.
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Darrene, Lopez-Nguyen, and Badet Cecile. "Experimental Models of Oral Biofilms Developed on Inert Substrates: A Review of the Literature." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7461047.
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The oral ecosystem is a very complex environment where more than 700 different bacterial species can be found. Most of them are organized in biofilm on dental and mucosal surfaces. Studying this community is important because a rupture in stability can lead to the preeminence of pathogenic microorganisms, causing dental decay, gingivitis, or periodontitis. The multitude of species complicates biofilm analysis so its reproduction, collection, and counting are very delicate. The development of experimental models of dental biofilms was therefore essential and multiplein vitrodesigns have emerged, each of them especially adapted to observing biofilm formation of specific bacteria within specific environments. The aim of this review is to analyze oral biofilm models.
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Madar, M., M. Slizova, J. Czerwinski, G. Hrckova, D. Mudronova, S. Gancarcikova, M. Popper, J. Pistl, J. Soltys, and R. Nemcova. "Histo-FISH protocol to detect bacterial compositions and biofilms formation in vivo." Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2015.0016.
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The study of biofilm function in vivo in various niches of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is rather limited. It is more frequently used in in vitro approaches, as an alternative to the studies focused on formation mechanisms and function of biofilms, which do not represent the actual in vivo complexity of microbial structures. Additionally, in vitro tests can sometimes lead to unreliable results. The goal of this study was to develop a simple approach to detect bacterial populations, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in biofilms, in vivo by the fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) method. We standardised a new Histo-FISH method based on specific fluorochrome labelling probes which are able to detect Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. within biofilms on the mucosal surface of the GIT embedded in paraffin in histological slices. This method is also suitable for visualisation of bacterial populations in the GIT internal content. Depending on the labelling probes, the Histo-FISH method has the potential to detect other probiotic strains or pathogenic bacteria. This original approach permits us to analyse bacterial colonisation processes as well as biofilm formation in stomach and caecum of BALB/c and germ-free mice.
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Krishnamoorthy, Akshaya Lakshmi, Alex A. Lemus, Adline Princy Solomon, Alex M. Valm, and Prasanna Neelakantan. "Interactions between Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in an Organotypic Oral Epithelial Model." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111771.
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Candida albicans as an opportunistic pathogen exploits the host immune system and causes a variety of life-threatening infections. The polymorphic nature of this fungus gives it tremendous advantage to breach mucosal barriers and cause oral and disseminated infections. Similar to C. albicans, Enterococcus faecalis is a major opportunistic pathogen, which is of critical concern in immunocompromised patients. There is increasing evidence that E. faecalis co-exists with C. albicans in the human body in disease samples. While the interactive profiles between these two organisms have been studied on abiotic substrates and mouse models, studies on their interactions on human oral mucosal surfaces are non-existent. Here, for the first time, we comprehensively characterized the interactive profiles between laboratory and clinical isolates of C. albicans (SC5314 and BF1) and E. faecalis (OG1RF and P52S) on an organotypic oral mucosal model. Our results demonstrated that the dual species biofilms resulted in profound surface erosion and significantly increased microbial invasion into mucosal compartments, compared to either species alone. Notably, several genes of C. albicans involved in tissue adhesion, hyphal formation, fungal invasion, and biofilm formation were significantly upregulated in the presence of E. faecalis. By contrast, E. faecalis genes involved in quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence, and mammalian cell invasion were downregulated. This study highlights the synergistic cross-kingdom interactions between E. faecalis and C. albicans in mucosal tissue invasion.
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Shaghayegh, Gohar, Clare Cooksley, Mahnaz Ramezanpour, Peter-John Wormald, Alkis James Psaltis, and Sarah Vreugde. "Chronic Rhinosinusitis, S. aureus Biofilm and Secreted Products, Inflammatory Responses, and Disease Severity." Biomedicines 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061362.
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Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses associated with tissue remodelling, dysfunction of the sinuses’ natural defence mechanisms, and induction of different inflammatory clusters. The etiopathogenesis of CRS remains elusive, and both environmental factors, such as bacterial biofilms and the host’s general condition, are thought to play a role. Bacterial biofilms have significant clinical relevance due to their potential to cause resistance to antimicrobial therapy and host defenses. Despite substantial medical advances, some CRS patients suffer from recalcitrant disease that is unresponsive to medical and surgical treatments. Those patients often have nasal polyps with tissue eosinophilia, S. aureus-dominant mucosal biofilm, comorbid asthma, and a severely compromised quality of life. This review aims to summarise the contemporary knowledge of inflammatory cells/pathways in CRS, the role of bacterial biofilm, and their impact on the severity of the disease. Here, an emphasis is placed on S. aureus biofilm and its secreted products. A better understanding of these factors might offer important diagnostic and therapeutic perceptions for recalcitrant disease.
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Mukhortykh, V. A. "The rational treatment approach to infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways in children." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 11 (2021): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-755-761.
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Infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways are the most common among respiratory disorders. Issues in the management of infectious inflammation in upper airway mucosa are the diversity of infective agents, generation of biofilms, suppression of normal microflora, the lack of accurate and rapid laboratory tests for the analysis of the microbiota of upper airway mucosa, the risk of superinfection and complications after treatment with chemical antiseptics and antibacterial drugs. All these factors underscore the need for a more careful and rational approach to selecting therapy for the upper respiratory airways’ infectious inflammatory diseases, particularly preparations that preserve human microflora (a factor of mucosal immunity) and are characterized by a broad spectrum of activity on various pathogens. In addition, the human organism produces a variety of antimicrobial factors that relieve the burden of colonizing microbes. One of these antimicrobial factors, lysozyme, is a natural antiseptic found in high concentrations in fluids on mucosal surfaces. The results of clinical and laboratory studies have proven the effectiveness of lysozyme-containing drugs, which increases the prospects for their wider application in pediatric practice. KEYWORDS: lysozyme, pyridoxine, bacteria, viruses, respiratory infections, biofilms, tonsillopharyngitis, microbiome. FOR CITATION: Mukhortykh V.A. The rational treatment approach to infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways in children. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):755–761 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-755-761.
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Purbowati, Rini. "Hubungan Biofilm dengan Infeksi: Implikasi pada Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Strategi Mengontrolnya." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 5, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v5i1.1.
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Biofilms are formed in the surfaces of mucosal of the body cavity can be a major source of infection . Infection by microbial biofilm formers are difficult to treat because of their greater resistance to antimicrobial agents than individual cells . Therefore biofilm -related infections and increased the economic burden of the country. The purpose of this literature review is to examine literature on biofilms and biofilm-associated microbes and their contribution to the disease burden of man with the aim of drawing attention to their public health implication.Biofilm are defined as “collections of microorganisms and their associated extracellular products at an interface and generally attached to a biological and non-biological substratum. Biofilm formation are influenced by factors controlling cell attachment, nature of surface, propertis of medium, and properties of the microbial cell surface. The ability of biofilm formation is genetically regulated by ica ABDC operon. Biofilm life cycle include adhesion of cells, formation of microcolonies, formation of biofilm and detachment anddispersal of biofilm. Structure of biofilm consists microorganisms and extracellular polymeric substances with vertical structures of microorganisms sometimes take the form of towers or mushrooms which are separated by interstitial spaces. Bacterial biofilm showed increased resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants and resistant to phagocytosis and other mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune system. Biofilms associated with food borne illness and affect to food security. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide variety of microbial infections in the body such as as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, formation of dental plaque, gingivitis, legionellosis ,infections involving contact lenses, and less common but more lethal processes such as endocarditis, infections in cystic fibrosis, and infections of permanent indwelling devices such as joint prostheses and heart valves. It is important for government agencies with a mandate for safeguarding public health and environment to develop and adopt ap propriate health risk assessment and biofilm-specific guidelines that are protective of both public health and the environment.
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Falanga, Annarita, Angela Maione, Alessandra La Pietra, Elisabetta de Alteriis, Stefania Vitale, Rosa Bellavita, Rosa Carotenuto, et al. "Competitiveness during Dual-Species Biofilm Formation of Fusarium oxysporum and Candida albicans and a Novel Treatment Strategy." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061167.
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During an infection, a single or multispecies biofilm can develop. Infections caused by non-dermatophyte molds, such as Fusarium spp. and yeasts, such as Candida spp., are particularly difficult to treat due to the formation of a mixed biofilm of the two species. Fusarium oxysporum is responsible for approximately 20% of human fusariosis, while Candida albicans is responsible for superficial mucosal and dermal infections and for disseminated bloodstream infections with a mortality rate above 40%. This study aims to investigate the interactions between C. albicans and F. oxysporum dual-species biofilm, considering variable formation conditions. Further, the ability of the WMR peptide, a modified version of myxinidin, to eradicate the mixed biofilm when used alone or in combination with fluconazole (FLC) was tested, and the efficacy of the combination of WMR and FLC at low doses was assessed, as well as its effect on the expression of some biofilm-related adhesin and hyphal regulatory genes. Finally, in order to confirm our findings in vivo and explore the synergistic effect of the two drugs, we utilized the Galleria mellonella infection model. We concluded that C. albicans negatively affects F. oxysporum growth in mixed biofilms. Combinatorial treatment by WMR and FLC significantly reduced the biomass and viability of both species in mature mixed biofilms, and these effects coincided with the reduced expression of biofilm-related genes in both fungi. Our results were confirmed in vivo since the synergistic antifungal activity of WMR and FLC increased the survival of infected larvae and reduced tissue invasion. These findings highlight the importance of drug combinations as an alternative treatment for C. albicans and F. oxysporum mixed biofilms.
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Qian, Weidong, Jianing Zhang, Wenjing Wang, Miao Liu, Yuting Fu, Xiang Li, Ting Wang, and Yongdong Li. "Efficacy of Chelerythrine Against Mono- and Dual-Species Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus and Its Properties of Inducing Hypha-to-Yeast Transition of C. albicans." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020045.
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Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus specifically often resulted in biofilm-associated diseases, ranging from superficial mucosal to life-threatening systemic infections. Recent studies reported that chelerythrine displayed antimicrobial activities against a few microorganisms, but its effects on mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus have never been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chelerythrine against mono- and dual-species biofilms, and explore its effect on the hyphal growth and the hypha-to-yeast transition of C. albicans. The results showed that minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC90S) of chelerythrine against planktonic cells of mono-species were 4 and 2 μg/mL, while the MIC and MBIC90 were 6 and 3 μg/mL for dual-species. Meanwhile, the decrease in three matrix component levels and tolerance to antibiotics of biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species exposed to chelerythrine were confirmed by a confocal laser scanning microscope, in conjugation with five fluorescent dyes and a gatifloxacin diffusion assay. Moreover, C. albicans and S. aureus mono-species showed a 96.4, and 92.3% reduction, respectively, in 24-h preformed biofilm biomass in the presence of 128 µg/mL of chelerythrine. Similarly, preformed (24 h) dual-species biofilm biomass also displayed a significant reduction (90.7%) when treated with 192 μg/mL chelerythrine. Chelerythrine inhibited hyphae formation of C. albicans at 4 μg/mL, and C. albicans in hypha-form can be converted into yeast-form at 8 μg/mL of chelerythrine. Therefore, chelerythrine shows promise as a potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent for clinical effective treatments of mono- and mixed-species and/or biofilm-associated infections.
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Domingue, Jada C., Julia L. Drewes, Christian A. Merlo, Franck Housseau, and Cynthia L. Sears. "Host responses to mucosal biofilms in the lung and gut." Mucosal Immunology 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-0270-1.
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Khryanin, Aleksey A., and German Yu Knorring. "Bacterial vaginosis: controversial issues." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 98, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv1224.
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The purpose of the review. Consideration of the most controversial issues regarding the possibility of sexual transmission of BV-associated microorganisms (bacterias) in women and men.
Basic provisions. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common disease associated with an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (including human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus) in women and their male sexual partners. BV is characterized by polymicrobial transformations caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, which is the main etiological microorganism of this disease. G. vaginalis has a proven ability to form microbial biofilms on the mucosal surface. As a rule, from 10 to 12 different G. vaginalis genotypes can simultaneously reside in one biofilm, which provides it with a longer lifespan and viability. It has been shown that microorganisms in the biofilm acquire properties that reduce sensitivity to standard etiotropic therapy even at high doses of antibiotics. It was found that the cause of BV is a polymicrobial gardnerella biofilm, all components of which are transferred as a whole (for example, with the help of key cells), including during sexual contact. In this regard, the article discusses the possibility of using a new term biofilm gardnerellosis, which more accurately reflects the essence of this problem. Microbial biofilms organized by G. vaginalis are found in a significant number of women with BV and their sexual partners.
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Nickel, J. Curtis, and J. William Costerton. "Bacterial Biofilms and Catheters: A Key to Understanding Bacterial Strategies in Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 5 (1992): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/517456.
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Despite major technological improvements in catheter drainage systems, the indwelling Foley catheter remains the most common cause of nosocomial infection in medical practice. By approaching this common complicated urinary tract infection from the perspective of the biofilm strategy bacteria appear to use to overcome obstacles to produce bacteriuria, one appreciates a new understanding of these infections. An adherent biofilm of bacteria in their secretory products ascends the luminal and external surface of the catheter and drainage system from a contaminated drainage spigot or urethral meatus into the bladder. If the intraluminal route of bacterial ascent is delayed by strict sterile closed drainage or addition of internal modifications to the system, the extraluminal or urethral route assumes greater importance in the development of bacteriuria, but takes significantly longer. Bacterial growth within these thick coherent biofilms confers a large measure of relative resistance to antibiotics even though the individual bacterium remains sensitive, thus accounting for the failure of antibiotic therapy. With disruption of the protective mucous layer of the bladder by mechanical irritation, the bacteria colonizing the catheter can adhere to the bladder’s mucosal surface and cause infection. An appreciation of the role of bacterial biofilms in these infections should suggest future directions for research that may ultimately reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection.
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Sandal, Indra, Wenzhou Hong, W. Edward Swords, and Thomas J. Inzana. "Characterization and Comparison of Biofilm Development by Pathogenic and Commensal Isolates of Histophilus somni." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 22 (July 20, 2007): 8179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00479-07.
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ABSTRACT Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) is an obligate inhabitant of the mucosal surfaces of bovines and sheep and an opportunistic pathogen responsible for respiratory disease, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, arthritis, and other systemic infections. The identification of an exopolysaccharide produced by H. somni prompted us to evaluate whether the bacterium was capable of forming a biofilm. After growth in polyvinyl chloride wells a biofilm was formed by all strains examined, although most isolates from systemic sites produced more biofilm than commensal isolates from the prepuce. Biofilms of pneumonia isolate strain 2336 and commensal isolate strain 129Pt were grown in flow cells, followed by analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both strains formed biofilms that went through stages of attachment, growth, maturation, and detachment. However, strain 2336 produced a mature biofilm that consisted of thick, homogenous mound-shaped microcolonies encased in an amorphous extracellular matrix with profound water channels. In contrast, strain 129Pt formed a biofilm of cell clusters that were tower-shaped or distinct filamentous structures intertwined with each other by strands of extracellular matrix. The biofilm of strain 2336 had a mass and thickness that was 5- to 10-fold greater than that of strain 129Pt and covered 75 to 82% of the surface area, whereas the biofilm of strain 129Pt covered 35 to 40% of the surface area. Since H. somni is an obligate inhabitant of the bovine and ovine host, the formation of a biofilm may be crucial to its persistence in vivo, and our in vitro evidence suggests that formation of a more robust biofilm may provide a selective advantage for strains that cause systemic disease.
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Olson, Michelle L., Arul Jayaraman, and Katy C. Kao. "Relative Abundances ofCandida albicansandCandida glabratainIn VitroCoculture Biofilms Impact Biofilm Structure and Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 8 (February 2, 2018): e02769-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02769-17.
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ABSTRACTCandidais a member of the normal human microbiota and often resides on mucosal surfaces such as the oral cavity or the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to their commensality,Candidaspecies can opportunistically become pathogenic if the host microbiota is disrupted or if the host immune system becomes compromised. An important factor forCandidapathogenesis is its ability to form biofilm communities. The two most medically important species—Candida albicansandCandida glabrata—are often coisolated from infection sites, suggesting the importance ofCandidacoculture biofilms. In this work, we report that biofilm formation of the coculture population depends on the relative ratio of starting cell concentrations ofC. albicansandC. glabrata. When using a starting ratio ofC. albicanstoC. glabrataof 1:3, ∼6.5- and ∼2.5-fold increases in biofilm biomass were observed relative to those of aC. albicansmonoculture and aC. albicans/C. glabrataratio of 1:1, respectively. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed the heterogeneity and complex structures composed of longC. albicanshyphae andC. glabratacell clusters in the coculture biofilms, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) studies showed increases in the relative expression of theHWP1andALS3adhesion genes in theC. albicans/C. glabrata1:3 biofilm compared to that in theC. albicansmonoculture biofilm. Additionally, only the 1:3C. albicans/C. glabratabiofilm demonstrated an increased resistance to the antifungal drug caspofungin. Overall, the results suggest that interspecific interactions between these two fungal pathogens increase biofilm formation and virulence-related gene expression in a coculture composition-dependent manner.IMPORTANCECandida albicansandCandida glabrataare often coisolated during infection, and the occurrence of coisolation increases with increasing inflammation, suggesting possible synergistic interactions between the twoCandidaspecies in pathogenesis. During the course of an infection, the prevalence of eachCandidaspecies may change over time due to differences in metabolism and in the resistance of each species to antifungal therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dynamics betweenC. albicansandC. glabratain coculture to develop better therapeutic strategies againstCandidainfections. Existingin vitrowork has focused on understanding how an equal-part culture ofC. albicansandC. glabrataimpacts biofilm formation and pathogenesis. What is not understood, and what is investigated in this work, is how the composition ofCandidaspecies in coculture impacts overall biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and the therapeutic treatment of biofilms.
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Monroy, Guillermo L., Wenzhou Hong, Pawjai Khampang, Ryan G. Porter, Michael A. Novak, Darold R. Spillman, Ronit Barkalifa, Eric J. Chaney, Joseph E. Kerschner, and Stephen A. Boppart. "Direct Analysis of Pathogenic Structures Affixed to the Tympanic Membrane during Chronic Otitis Media." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 159, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599818766320.
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Objective To characterize otitis media–associated structures affixed to the mucosal surface of the tympanic membrane (TM) in vivo and in surgically recovered in vitro samples. Study Design Prospective case series without comparison. Setting Outpatient surgical care center. Subjects and Methods Forty pediatric subjects scheduled for tympanostomy tube placement surgery were imaged intraoperatively under general anesthesia. Postmyringotomy, a portable optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system assessed for the presence of any biofilm affixed to the mucosal surface of the TM. Samples of suspected microbial infection–related structures were collected through the myringotomy incision. The sampled site was subsequently reimaged with OCT to confirm collection from the original image site on the TM. In vitro analysis based on confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images of fluorescence in situ hybridization–tagged samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided microbiological characterization and verification of biofilm activity. Results OCT imaging was achieved for 38 of 40 subjects (95%). Images from 38 of 38 (100%) of subjects observed with OCT showed the presence of additional microbial infection–related structures. Thirty-four samples were collected from these 38 subjects. CLSM images provided evidence of clustered bacteria in 32 of 33 (97%) of samples. PCR detected the presence of active bacterial DNA signatures in 20 of 31 (65%) of samples. Conclusion PCR and CLSM analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization–stained samples validates the presence of active bacteria that have formed into a middle ear biofilm that extends across the mucosal layer of the TM. OCT can rapidly and noninvasively identify middle ear biofilms in subjects with severe and persistent cases of otitis media.
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Armbruster, Chelsie E., Wenzhou Hong, Bing Pang, Kristin E. Dew, Richard A. Juneau, Matthew S. Byrd, Cheraton F. Love, Nancy D. Kock, and W. Edward Swords. "LuxS Promotes Biofilm Maturation and Persistence of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae In Vivo via Modulation of Lipooligosaccharides on the Bacterial Surface." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 9 (June 29, 2009): 4081–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00320-09.
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ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is an extremely common airway commensal which can cause opportunistic infections that are usually localized to airway mucosal surfaces. During many of these infections, NTHI forms biofilm communities that promote persistence in vivo. For many bacterial species, density-dependent quorum-signaling networks can affect biofilm formation and/or maturation. Mutation of luxS, a determinant of the autoinducer 2 (AI-2) quorum signal pathway, increases NTHI virulence in the chinchilla model for otitis media infections. For example, bacterial counts in middle-ear fluids and the severity of the host inflammatory response were increased in luxS mutants compared with parental strains. As these phenotypes are consistent with those that we have observed for biofilm-defective NTHI mutants, we hypothesized that luxS may affect NTHI biofilms. A luxS mutant was generated using the well-characterized NTHI 86-028NP strain and tested to determine the effects of the mutation on biofilm phenotypes in vitro and bacterial persistence and disease severity during experimental otitis media. Quantitation of the biofilm structure by confocal microscopy and COMSTAT analysis revealed significantly reduced biomass for NTHI 86-028NP luxS biofilms, which was restored by a soluble mediator in NTHI 86-028NP supernatants. Analysis of lipooligosaccharide moieties using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting showed decreased levels of biofilm-associated glycoforms in the NTHI 86-028NP luxS strain. Infection studies showed that NTHI 86-028NP luxS had a significant persistence defect in vivo during chronic otitis media infection. Based on these data, we concluded that a luxS-dependent soluble mediator modulates the composition of the NTHI lipooligosaccharides, resulting in effects on biofilm maturation and bacterial persistence in vivo.
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Veras, H. N. H., F. F. G. Rodrigues, M. A. Botelho, I. R. A. Menezes, H. D. M. Coutinho, and J. G. M. da Costa. "Antimicrobial Effect ofLippia sidoidesand Thymol onEnterococcus faecalisBiofilm of the Bacterium Isolated from Root Canals." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/471580.
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The speciesLippia sidoidesCham. (Verbenaceae) is utilized in popular medicine as a local antiseptic on the skin and mucosal tissues.Enterococcus faecalisis the bacterium isolated from root canals of teeth with persistent periapical lesions and has the ability to form biofilm, where it is responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments. Essential oil ofL. sidoides(EOLS) and its major component, thymol, were evaluated for reducing the CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and examined with respect to the chemical composition, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis has led to the identification of thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). EOLS and thymol reduced CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro(time of maturation, 72 h), with an exposure time of 30 and 60 min at concentrations of 2.5 and 10%. There was no statistical difference in effect between EOLS and thymol, demonstrating that this phenolic monoterpene was the possible compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity of EOLS. This study provides a basis for the possible utilization of EOLS as an adjuvant in the treatment of root canals that show colonization byE. faecalis.
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Farkash, Yosi, Mark Feldman, Isaac Ginsburg, Doron Steinberg, and Miriam Shalish. "Green Tea Polyphenols and Padma Hepaten Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilm Formation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1690747.
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Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic human pathogenic fungus and can cause mucosal membrane infections and invade the blood. In the oral cavity, it can ferment dietary sugars, produce organic acids and therefore has a role in caries development. In this study, we examined whether the polyphenol rich extractions Polyphenon from green tea (PPFGT) and Padma Hepaten (PH) can inhibit the caries-inducing properties of C. albicans. Biofilms of C. albicans were grown in the presence of PPFGT and PH. Formation of biofilms was tested spectrophotometrically after crystal violet staining. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) secretion was quantified using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Treated C. albicans morphology was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Expression of virulence-related genes was tested using qRT-PCR. Development of biofilm was also tested on an orthodontic surface (Essix) to assess biofilm inhibition ability on such appliances. Both PPFGT and PH dose-dependently inhibited biofilm formation, with no inhibition on planktonic growth. The strongest inhibition was obtained using the combination of the substances. Crystal violet staining showed a significant reduction of 45% in biofilm formation using a concentration of 2.5mg/ml PPFGT and 0.16mg/ml PH. A concentration of 1.25 mg/ml PPFGT and 0.16 mg/ml PH inhibited candidal growth by 88% and EPS secretion by 74% according to CSLM. A reduction in biofilm formation and in the transition from yeast to hyphal morphotype was observed using SEM. A strong reduction was found in the expression of hwp1, eap1, and als3 virulence associated genes. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of natural PPFGT polyphenolic extraction on C. albicans biofilm formation and EPS secretion, alone and together with PH. In an era of increased drug resistance, the use of phytomedicine to constrain biofilm development, without killing host cells, may pave the way to a novel therapeutic concept, especially in children as orthodontic patients.
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Baumgartner, Maximilian, Michaela Lang, Marion Nehr, Petra Pjevac, Bela Hausmann, Rasmus H. Kirkegaard, Anton Klotz, et al. "406: RUMINOCOCCUS GNAVUS 3β-HSDH LINKS MUCOSAL BIOFILMS AND BILE ACID MALABSORPTION." Gastroenterology 162, no. 7 (May 2022): S—90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(22)60227-0.
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Tomkovich, Sarah, Christine M. Dejea, Kathryn Winglee, Julia L. Drewes, Liam Chung, Franck Housseau, Jillian L. Pope, et al. "Human colon mucosal biofilms from healthy or colon cancer hosts are carcinogenic." Journal of Clinical Investigation 129, no. 4 (March 11, 2019): 1699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci124196.
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Silva, Rafael Alves da, Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva, Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins, Regina Helena Pires, Denise Von Dolinger de Brito Röder, and Reginaldo dos Santos Pedroso. "Combining Essential Oils with Each Other and with Clotrimazole Prevents the Formation of Candida Biofilms and Eradicates Mature Biofilms." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091872.
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Fungal infections by Candida spp. are opportunistic and most often occur in individuals with some predisposing factor. Essential oils (EO) have anti-Candida potential, being a therapeutic alternative to be explored, especially for superficial and mucosal candidiasis. The objective was to analyze the synergistic potential between the EO of Citrus limon, Cupressus sempervirens, Litsea cubeba and Melaleuca alternifolia, and each of them with clotrimazole, to inhibit in vitro the formation and eradication of Candida spp. biofilms. Added to this, the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated after exposure to EO, clotrimazole and their synergistic combinations. Anti-Candida activity was determined by microdilution for the substances alone and in EO–EO and EO–clotrimazole combinations. The combinations were performed by the checkerboard method, and the reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilms was determined by the viability of MTT/menadione. C. elegans larvae survival was evaluated after 24 h of exposure to EO, clotrimazole and synergistic combinations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EO ranged from 500 to >4000 µg/mL. The lowest MIC (500 µg/mL) was for C. sempervirens and L. cubeba on a C. krusei isolate; for clotrimazole, the MIC ranged from 0.015 to 0.5 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition and eradication both ranged from 1000 to >4000 µg/mL. The lethal concentration (LC50) of C. limon, L. cubeba and M. alternifolia was 2000 µg/mL for C. elegans, while for C. sempervirens and clotrimazole, it was not determined within the concentration limits tested. In combination, more than 85% of the larvae survived M. alternifolia–clotrimazole, M. alternifolia–L. cubeba, C. sempervirens–clotrimazole and C. sempervirens–C. limon combinations. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to present a synergistic relationship of EO–EO and EO–clotrimazole combinations on Candida spp. biofilms.
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Swords, W. Edward, Miranda L. Moore, Luciana Godzicki, Gail Bukofzer, Michael J. Mitten, and Jessica VonCannon. "Sialylation of Lipooligosaccharides Promotes Biofilm Formation by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 1 (January 2004): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.1.106-113.2004.
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ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major cause of opportunistic respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and bronchitis. The persistence of NTHi in vivo is thought to involve bacterial persistence in a biofilm community. Therefore, there is a need for further definition of bacterial factors contributing to biofilm formation by NTHi. Like other bacteria inhabiting host mucosal surfaces, NTHi has on its surface a diverse array of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) that influence host-bacterial interactions. In this study, we show that LOS containing sialic (N-acetyl-neuraminic) acid promotes biofilm formation by NTHi in vitro and bacterial persistence within the middle ear or lung in vivo. LOS from NTHi in biofilms was sialylated, as determined by comparison of electrophoretic mobilities and immunochemical reactivities before and after neuraminidase treatment. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced in media lacking sialic acid, and a siaB (CMP-sialic acid synthetase) mutant was deficient in biofilm formation in three different in vitro model systems. The persistence of an asialylated siaB mutant was attenuated in a gerbil middle ear infection model system, as well as in a rat pulmonary challenge model system. These data show that sialylated LOS glycoforms promote biofilm formation by NTHi and persistence in vivo.
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Maisch, Tim, Tetsuji Shimizu, Georg Isbary, Julia Heinlin, Sigrid Karrer, Tobias G. Klämpfl, Yang-Fang Li, Gregor Morfill, and Julia L. Zimmermann. "Contact-Free Inactivation of Candida albicans Biofilms by Cold Atmospheric Air Plasma." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 12 (March 30, 2012): 4242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07235-11.
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ABSTRACTCandida albicansis one of the main species able to form a biofilm on almost any surface, causing both skin and superficial mucosal infections. The worldwide increase in antifungal resistance has led to a decrease in the efficacy of standard therapies, prolonging treatment time and increasing health care costs. Therefore, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of atmospheric plasma at room temperature for inactivatingC. albicansgrowing in biofilms without thermally damaging heat-sensitive materials. This so-called cold atmospheric plasma is produced by applying high voltage to accelerate electrons, which ionize the surrounding air, leading to the production of charged particles, reactive species, and photons. A newly developed plasma device was used, which exhibits a large plasma-generating surface area of 9 by 13 cm (117 cm2). Different time points were selected to achieve an optimum inactivation efficacy range of ≥3 log10to 5 log10reduction in CFU per milliliter, and the results were compared with those of 70% ethanol. The results obtained show that contact-free antifungal inactivation ofCandidabiofilms by cold atmospheric plasma is a promising tool for disinfection of surfaces (and items) in both health care settings and the food industry, where ethanol disinfection should be avoided.
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Nogueira, R. D., W. F. King, G. Gunda, S. Culshaw, M. A. Taubman, R. O. Mattos-Graner, and D. J. Smith. "Mutans Streptococcal Infection Induces Salivary Antibody to Virulence Proteins and Associated Functional Domains." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 8 (May 12, 2008): 3606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00214-08.
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ABSTRACTThe interplay between mucosal immune responses to natural exposure to mutans streptococci and the incorporation and accumulation of these cariogenic microorganisms in oral biofilms is unclear. An initial approach to explore this question would be to assess the native secretory immunity emerging as a consequence ofStreptococcus mutansinfection. To this end, we analyzed salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody to mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase (Gtf) and glucan binding protein B (GbpB) and to domains associated with enzyme function and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II binding in two experiments. Salivas were collected from approximately 45-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which were then infected withS. mutansSJ32. Infection was verified and allowed to continue for 2 to 2.5 months. Salivas were again collected following the infection period. Pre- and postinfection salivas were then analyzed for IgA antibody activity using peptide- or protein-coated microsphere Luminex technology.S. mutansinfection induced significant levels of salivary IgA antibody to Gtf (P< 0.002) and GbpB (P< 0.001) in both experiments, although the levels were usually far lower than the levels achieved when mucosal immunization is used. Significantly (P< 0.035 toP< 0.001) elevated levels of postinfection salivary IgA antibody to 6/10 Gtf peptides associated with either enzyme function or MHC binding were detected. The postinfection levels of antibody to two GbpB peptides in the N-terminal region of the six GbpB peptides assayed were also elevated (P< 0.031 andP< 0.001). Interestingly, the patterns of the rodent response to GbpB peptides were similar to the patterns seen in salivas from young children during their initial exposure toS. mutans.Thus, the presence of a detectable postinfection salivary IgA response to mutans streptococcal virulence-associated components, coupled with the correspondence between rat and human mucosal immune responsiveness to naturally presented Gtf and GbpB epitopes, suggests that the rat may be a useful model for defining mucosal responses that could be expected in humans. Under controlled infection conditions, such a model could prove to be helpful for unraveling relationships between the host response and oral biofilm development.
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Pistoia, Enrico, Terenzio Cosio, Elena Campione, Francesca Pica, Antonio Volpe, Daniele Marino, Paolo Di Francesco, et al. "All-Trans Retinoic Acid Effect on Candida albicans Growth and Biofilm Formation." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101049.
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Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common fungal pathogen causing recurrent mucosal and life-threatening systemic infections. The ability to switch from yeast to hyphae and produce biofilm are the key virulence determinants of this fungus. In fact, Candida biofilms on medical devices represent the major risk factor for nosocomial bloodstream infections. Novel antifungal strategies are required given the severity of systemic candidiasis, especially in immunocompromised patients, and the lack of effective anti-biofilm treatments. Retinoids have gained attention recently due to their antifungal properties. Material and methods: The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro effects of different concentrations (300 to 18.75 µg/mL) of All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), a vitamin A metabolite, on Candida growth and biofilm formation. Results: ATRA completely inhibited the fungal growth, by acting as both fungicidal (at 300 µg/mL) and fungistatic (at 150 µg/mL) agent. Furthermore, ATRA was found to negatively affect Candida biofilm formation in terms of biomass, metabolic activity and morphology, in a dose-dependent manner, and intriguingly, its efficacy was as that of amphotericin B (AmB) (2–0.12 μg/mL). Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that at 300 μg/mL ATRA induced plasma membrane damage in Candida cells, confirming its direct toxic effect against the fungus. Conclusion: Altogether, the results suggest that ATRA has a potential for novel antifungal strategies aimed at preventing and controlling biofilm-associated Candida infections.