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1

Grytli, Tuva. "Integration of Methods for Environmental Assessment and Investment Analysis." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10933.

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Background, aim and scope. In this thesis a framework for integrating life cycle assessment and investment analysis is derived, aimed to (1) unite economic and environmental perspectives, and (2) strengthen system borders. The application of the model is shown in a case study of a bioenergy facility in central Norway. Prices and environmental impacts are calculated, and the results are compared to those for electricity generated from natural gas. Two examples of utilisation of the results are presented. Methods. Hybrid life cycle assessment is employed to enable the use of the price model from input-output analysis. The price model is extended to facilitate the integration of investment analysis. The resulting framework embodies all aspects from investment analysis, including tax and discounting. The result is a model performing a state of the art hybrid life cycle assessment and a net present worth analysis to obtain environmental and economic results with consistent system borders. Application. The method is applied to a case study, evaluating an electricity generating bioenergy facility in central Norway. The bioenergy facility was found to be a viable investment. Using bioenergy as an abatement measure against global warming was found to be competitive against carbon credits in the case of CO2 quota prices at the level assumed in 2030. Results and discussion. The model produced robust results comparable to those found in other studies. The framework proved to have several advantages in addition to strengthened system borders; amongst others a mutual empowerment between the two base analyses in relation to decision making, and a possibility for establishing eco-efficiency indicators.

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Ervik, Mariann. "DEVELOPMENT OF SPINEBOARD." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19201.

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This master’s thesis is the continuation of a preliminary study conducted in the fall of 2011. The project is defined by NTNU in cooperation with Laerdal Medical. Laerdal Medical AS is a major manufacturer of medical equipment and training products based in Stavanger, Norway. They now want to make an addition to their spinal product line and offer a lower cost, but quality alternative to their existing spineboard (the BaXstrap spineboard).A spineboard is a long, flat and rigid board mainly used for the immobilization and transportation of trauma patients with suspected spinal injuries.As a basis for comparison of stiffness of the old and proposed new alternative, phys- ical tests of the BaXstrap spineboard were conducted.The new spineboard concept proposes a transition from the current rotational molding process of the BaXstrap to injection molding the new spineboard in two parts and joining them by hot plate welding.Through a part breakdown approach to the spineboard, constraint and possibilities for all design features of the spineboard were reviewed. This was based on extensive re- search through current literature, standards, competitor reviews, discussions with Laerdal and user interviews. From two final design concepts, a curved and tapered spineboard with features continued from the BaXstrap was chosen and another design iteration was performed.The results of this project has, in addition to en extensive product specification, been a CAD model, CAE analysis and a physical foam mock-up of the final design iteration of the proposed new spineboard. CAE analysis showed that the new spineboard can have better resistance to torsion and bending than the BaXstrap.Descriptions of the CAD model structures and how to prepare mesh and load cases for CAE analysis of the spineboard will be used as a basis for further development of the spineboard at Laerdal Medical.
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Roux, Charlotte. "The life cycle performance of energy using household products." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11012.

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The number of household gadgets that use energy, usually electricity, has multiplied in recent decades and energy use in a category that was long called “other” has risen significantly. In the mean time, another concern has arisen: the carbon cost related to the production and disposal of the gadgets. Investigating household electric and electronic equipment (EEE) as a specific household consumption category, the objective of this project is to get more understanding of their consumption and of their carbon footprint over there life-cycle. Space and water heating as well as lighting are excluded. The focus is on Norwegian household carbon footprint considering its specificities both in terms of consumption patterns, external trade and energy mix. First, an economic and statistical analysis of product ownership is conducted. It uses several data sources, such as the recent REMODECE campaign, sales data, lifetime estimation, EE-register data (registration of input and output of Electric and electronic equipment on the Norwegian market) and data from statistical office of Norway. Second, the project aims to record, analyze and compare different sources of information considering production and end-of-life. Both bottom up and top down approaches are investigated, even if a stress is put on bottom-up studies, such as ongoing European EuP study with its Ecoreport tool and EcoInvent database. Third it gives a best estimate of EEEs share in household carbon footprint, found to be 8,1% at 1,5 tons of CO2equivalent per household with production phase as a main contributor. A discussion on uncertainties assessing precision and identifying information gaps is also conducted. In addition to facilitate further research by setting up a framework grouping information sources critically analyzed, this project highlights the increasing importance of EEE products regarding sustainable consumption by putting numbers on the table.
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Vilberg, Ingrid Kristine. "Airbag for piping systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12280.

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Pressure transients are caused by a change in the volumetric flow in a pipeline system, and can have severe consequences for rapid changes of the volumetric flow. A sudden closure of a valve is a common source of a pressure transient, and the pressure increase in front of the valve depends on the flow rate and the wave propagation velocity in the fluid and pipe. A gas-liquid mixture can have a very low wave propagation velocity, even for small air contents, and is effective in terms of damping due to the compressibility effects of the gas bubbles. With these alterations of the fluid properties the pressure transient will be weakened with reduced amplitude and an increased period, which are beneficial effects for the pipeline system.A simple experiment was carried out to investigate the practical solutions for the air injection system, and the results showed that the presence of air was beneficial in terms of a reduction of the amplitude and increased damping of the pressure transient. However, a few aspects should be revised in a refinement of the experiment. The air flow rate and duration were uncertain because of water accumulating in the air hose, and the timing of the gate valve closure was challenging.Simulations of various models of pipe systems were carried out in Flowmaster. The models are sufficient for simulation of ordinary pipes with a rapid closure of a valve, but fall short at modeling an air-water mixture. This is because only the reduced wave propagation is taken into account, and not the effects of the bubbles.
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5

Hjetland, Even. "Design av bladprofil for en stor ventilator." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12882.

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Institutt for Energi- og Prosessteknikk ved NTNU gikk, for en tid tilbake, til innkjøp av en fullskala ventilator av typen som Vegdirektoratet i Norge benytter til ventilering i tunneler. Motivasjonen bak innkjøpet var et ønske om å drive utviklingsarbeid rundt impellerdesign, da Vegdirektoratet ved flere anledninger opplevde at innkjøpte ventilatorer ikke overholdt produsentens egne spesifikasjoner. Denne oppgaven er et ledd i dette arbeidet, og har som målsetning å utvikle bladgeometri spesielt for denne typen applikasjon, for en fembladet impeller som kan tilpasses på det originale navet, og med bedret ytelse sett i forhold til den originale impelleren. Geometridesignet tar utgangspunkt i et løfteprofil utviklet på instituttet noen år tilbake med spesielt godt løft-per-motstandsforhold, men såkalt skarpe steilingsegenskaper. Bestemmelse av fordeling av kordelengde og geometrisk vridning langs bladets radius, er gjort ved hjelp av bladelementmetoden programmert i matrisebehandlingsprogrammet . Geometrien er meshet i MatLab og etterprøvet i CFD-programmet Fluent for konstant rotasjonshastighet og varierende volumstrøm, og resultatene er sammenliknet med testdata fra den originale impelleren. Sammenligningsprosessen er vanskeliggjort av at mengden av tilgjengelig testdata fra den originale impelleren, eller liknende impellere, er svært begrenset. Sammenligningen som er gjort, indikerer imidlertid at det nye impellerdesignet har høyere virkningsgrad og høyere spesifikk skyvkraft over hele arbeidsområde enn den originale. I bladelementprogrammet ble ett blad delt inn i 20 elementer. Geometrien er lagret som 21 .dat-filer med profilkoordinater i alle tre romlige retninger for de 21 profilveggene som skiller disse 20 elementene.
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Gjerde, Joachim Dyrstad. "Transient Flow in Gas Transport." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12992.

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Transport of natural gas to continental Europe and UK is a large portion ofNorwegian petroleum industry. The gas is mainly transported undersea inlarge-scale transport pipelines. Amount of transported gas is currently closeto maximum capacity of the pipeline network, and as a consequence the gastransport must be careful planned so that the optimal capacity can be utilized.An important tool in this planning is the use of computational method topredict the flow. Accurate computational tools is therefore of great value whenpredicting the pressures and flow rates in transient cases such as opening of avalve or shut down of a flow. This report is a part of a major research projectinitiated by Gassco, for better flow-predictions models in natural gas pipelines.A computational model based on the method of characteristics has beendeveloped. In this report the main focus is on the solution of the energy equationand introduction of this equation to an already existing code solving for pressureand mass flux. The method is verified using measured values of pressure at theinlet.Since much of the uncertainty is related to the transients, this report focuseson transient cases. The old program solving the characteristic equations using anisothermal assumption actually proves surprisingly accurate, and the additionalsolution of temperature does not significantly improve the results. The methodhowever does not provide satisfactory results at the larger transients.If large temperature gradients are imposed on the solver we see instabilities inthe flow and it affects the solution of the parameters. The Joule Thomson effectthat we have in our solution also results in a much higher drop of temperaturethan what can be measured, in case of pressure drop at the inlet.From the results we also see that the coefficient that is supposed to correctfriction factor for additional drag effects, also should be a function of pressureand/or Reynold number. If such a correlation would provide more accurateresults in the transient has not been debated, but more accurate correlation offriction depending on flow rate would probably give a more accurate result.Also worth noticing is that the method does not have a clear convergence,or reduction of error as the number of calculation points increases. It givessmaller extreme values, but average error is not reduced significantly. This isprobably a result of the reduced effect of missing convective-term as the gridhas a finer resolution and time-step decreases and the effect of loss of velocityin the characteristic becomes small.As a simple tool for calculation of gas transport in pipelines, the isothermalmethod of characteristics proves to give surprisingly accurate results. However,for more complex systems, i.e. including the temperature and variable propertiessuch as compressibility and density, finite difference methods are more versatile.Finite difference methods can be done implicit, giving a more stable solver, andit’s simpler to account for some of the effects such as temperature etc.iv
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Salthaug, Marie. "Blade Dynamic Response for Downwind Turbines." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13444.

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A MATLAB script has been developed to investigate dynamics in the blades of a 10 MW downstream wind turbine, with both a tubular- and a truss tower. The classical Beam element momentum method with additional correction factors are used to determine forces on the blade. Centrifugal loading have been applied by use of an iteration method. Blade dynamic response is investigated in terms of Modal analysis. In addition, the dynamic response of a blade with adjusted stiffness has been investigated. Three approaches to obtain the wind velocity field in the rotor plane are studied; averaged Blevins model with input from a study in ANSYS FLUENT, Wind files extracted from ANSYS FLUENT, and results from a small scale wind tunnel experiment. The three cases provide ambiguous results with regards to blade deflection and root flapwise bending moment. Results indicates that vortex shedding have large effect in a tubular tower configuration, but small effect in a truss tower configuration. Based the most the most trusted input, the wind tunnel case, the results indicates that a truss tower would provide more desired values in terms of root flapwise bending moment and fatigue loading.
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Breivik, Simen Røst. "CFD-analyse av løpehjul og sugerør i en Francis turbin." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13653.

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Denne masteroppgaven evaluerer svingningene is sugerørsstrømingen til en Francis turbinved dellast. Bakgrunnen for dette studiet er delvis på grunn av verdens økende energibehov. Med varierende energipriser og vannivåer i magasinene opererer vannturbiner på varierende last. Operasjon ved fullast og dellast skaper trykkpulsasjoner i turbinen, hvor en av årsakene er ustabil strømning i sugerøret. Hovedmålet med denne oppgaven er å gjennomføre en CFD-analyse av løpehjulet og sugerøret i en Francis turbin ved dellast.Resultatene fra CFD-analysen stemmer godt overens med modelltesten gjennomført i Vannkraftlaboratoriet. Ved bestpunktet er sugerørsstrømingen symmetrisk og stabil både i CFD-analysen og i laboratoriet.Ved fullast er søgerørsstrømningne også symmetrisk og stabil, men det er et stort lavtrykksområde under løpehjulets boss. I laboratoriet kaviterte vannetpå grunn av det lave trykket. Ved dellast blir sugerørsstrømingen ustabil, og trykkpulsasjoner ble målt. En sugerørsvirvel formet som en korketrekker oppstod i sugerørskonusen i laboratoriet. CFD analysen er en-fase, uten mulighet for å kavitere, men en trykkoverflate viser en tilsvarende virvelform i sugerørskonusen.Frekvensen på trykkpulsasjonene målt ved dellast stemmer godt med den teoretiskefrekvensen ved det samme operasjonspunktet.
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9

Kristjansson, Kolbeinn Jakob. "Utvikling av et hybrid varmerør for høytemperatur anvendelser." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15685.

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Det første målet med denne masteroppgaven er å utvikle en prosedyre for å vakuumere, fylle og forsegle et varmerør (heat pipe). Varmerør benyttes for å transportere varme med lave temperaturdifferanser. Ved høye temperaturer er det fordelaktig å ta i bruk kalium som arbeidsmedium i varmerør. I denne rapporten er det utarbeidet en metode for sikker vakuumering, fylling og forsegling av et varmerør med kalium som arbeidsmedium. Det er i tillegg utviklet en prosedyre for hvordan hele prosessen skal gjennomføres. En turbomolekylærpumpe skal brukes for å generere vakuum, og sammen med varmeelement utgasse varmerøret. Et påfyllingskammer benyttes for å smelte og overføre kalium, mens induksjonssveising skal benyttes for å forsegle varmerøret. Med prosedyren som er utviklet er det ventet at man vil få et lekkasjefritt varmerør med veldig ren kalium som arbeidsmedium.Det andre målet med denne oppgaven er å utarbeide en numerisk beregningsmodell for strømning i porøse medium. Beregningsmodellen skal kunne vise effekten av ujevnt varmepådrag på strømningen i veken. Et høyt varmepådrag i et lite område av veken vil gi mye avdamping i dette området. Dette vil føre til at man får 3D strømning. På grunn av at tykkelsen til veken er veldig liten, er det ventet at man får lite variasjon i tykkelsesretningen, og modellen kan forenkles til 2D strømning. Beregningsmodellen som er utarbeidet benytter Darcys lov, i kombinasjon med kontinuitetsligningen for masse, for å beregne det stasjonære trykk- og hastighetsfeltet som oppstår på grunn av et varmepådrag. Varmepådraget kan være uniformt eller ujevnt.Fordelingen av varmefluksen har mye å si for total varmetransportkapasitet for veken. En varmedistribusjon som fører til en høy fluks øverst i veken vil gi en lavere total varmestrøm enn en tilsvarende varmedistribusjon der den høye fluksen er plassert nede i veken. Det er sett på mange ulike varmepådrag, og effekten disse varmepådragene har på vekekapasiteten.
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Holo, Anders Linde. "CFD-analyse av en høytrykks Francis turbin." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16770.

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I denne masteroppgaven har det blitt gjennomført «fluid structure interaction» (FSI) simuleringer av modellturbinen fra Tokke, ved innløpsbetingelser som var rapportert å gjelde ved best driftspunkt. Simuleringsresultatene ble sammenlignet med laboratoriemålinger. Simuleringsresultatene viser at turbinene opererte nære, men ikke helt på beste driftspunkt, og at simuleringsresultatene er nesten like laboratoriemålingene. Virkningsgradsavviket mellom simuleringsresultatene og laboratoriemålingene 5.2%. Avviket i trykkhøyde mellom simuleringsresultatene og laboratoriemålingene er 0.2m. Dette tilsvarer et avvik på mindre enn én prosent. Avviket i trykkhøyde og virkningsgrad mellom simuleringsresultatene og laboratoriemålingene er små og simuleringsresultatene er derfor vurdert til å være tilfredsstillende.For å studere trykkpulsasjonene fra ledeskovlene, ble fire «steady state» FSI simuleringer gjennomført. For hver av simuleringene ble løpehjulet litt rotert i forhold til ledeapparatet. Dette ble gjort for å dekke en hel lastsyklus for løpehjulet. Deretter ble spenningen i to punkter i turbinbladet, som ble plassert i områder med stor spenning, studert for alle fire simuleringene. Den største dynamiske spenningen er 5.86Mpa, hvor den gjennomsnittlige spenningen er 18.42Mpa. Følgelig utgjør den dynamiske spenningen 31.8% av den totale spenningen. Det er liten forskjell i spenningsverdier mellom laboratoriemålingene og simuleringene. Forskjellene i maksimumsspenningene mellom simuleringsresultatene og lab- resultatene kan være på grunn av den lille forskjellen i målepunktlokasjonene, men også på grunnen av usikkerhet i «computational fluid dynamics» (CFD) og «finite element method» (FEM) simuleringene, men også måleusikkerhet. Likevel er det en sterk korrelasjon mellom simuleringer og laboratoriemålinger, og den ville blitt enda sterkere hvis finere mesh kunne blitt brukt, og et større lastområde ville blitt undersøkt. Mangel på datakraft var en begrensing for simuleringene. Både FSI simuleringsresultatene og laboratoriemålingene viser at dynamiske spenninger utgjør en stor prosentandel av de totale spenningene. Derfor, i tillegg til foreliggende parametere, burde energiselskapene vise kjøreplanen i spesifikasjonene til turbinprodusentene. Kjøreplanen ville gitt turbinprodusentene den nødvendige informasjonen slik at det kunne bli tatt høyde for dynamiske laster i turbindesign.
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Hylin, Frida Douglass. "Drinking Water Safety in African Countries." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18508.

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The following report is the result of a literature study of published documents presenting the current water supply situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, in combination with a field trip to the Mpagne village in Cameroon. The objective of the project has been to study and discuss the current theoretical approach on sustainable water supply, as well as to generate possible technical solutions and present administrative changes required. A thorough background analysis demonstrates the need for improvement on a local village level as well as on a regional, national and international level. Key findings are high failure rates as a consequence of the absence of evaluation of past projects, as well as the fact that many agencies do not work in line with existing policies and theoretically developed approaches to solve the problem. Further, there is a general need to cultivate local political will for long-term commitment and funding of the sector. Although some of the organizations engaged in the sector have started to realise that there is a need for an alteration of approach angle, thus far there is little evidence of the change required to move towards universal coverage. A needs assessment and a requirement specification were developed based on the findings in the background analysis. This was then used to generate possible technical solutions to be further studied. In the process of deciding upon technical solutions, the information gathered in the village, especially that related to the previously implemented system, has been important. After analysing the data collected in Mpagne and studying available technology the following alternatives were developed: Alternative 1: Groundwater exploitation with flywheel handpump, elevated storage tank and gravity based distribution to community tap standAlternative 2: Rainwater harvesting with swale-trench filtration and flywheel handpump, elevated storage tank and gravity based distribution to community tap standAlternative 3: Combination of groundwater exploitation and rainwater harvesting, similar to alternative 1, with the addition of RWH at the village school. In order to systematically compare these options and decide upon a best suited solution, the indicator comparison methodology developed during the fall project was used in combination with a SWOT-analysis of each concept. The final results obtained indicate that alternative 3 was slightly better than the other two alternatives. A description of the technology required for the new water supply facility in Mpagne was then presented to the level it is possible with the information available at this stage. The intention is for this to serve as an initial suggestion to be presented to the villagers for further discussion. The report continues with a discussion of an implementation strategy with an enhanced focus on how the technical system can be installed in Mpagne in a social, economic and environmentally sound context. The discussion covers the following four phases: 1.Planning2.Construction3.Operation and maintenance4.Follow-up and evaluation This process will be especially important considering the past failed project in Mpagne, and an agency should give special attention to including the villagers in all levels from an early stage. This to avoid the deficiency between the solution implemented and the actual needs resulting from the past project. Further findings are the current situation of downgrading external factors such as the availability and reliability of spare part supply networks as well as lack of general technical support. This is a primary cause of project failure today. The lack of coordination amongst the sector operators, including NGO’s, donor agencies, and local and international government entities, is also an important factor which slows down the progress of developing an efficient and effective water supply sector. Lastly, until internal village level factors as well as external regional and national aspects are adequately satisfied, the agencies operating in the rural water supply sector today have a great responsibility in terms of creating an enabling environment for sector development. Project conduction should be done in adherence with existing policies until the local governments and/or private partners have succeeded in developing an institutional framework to support a well-functioning water supply sector.
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Olufsen, Sindre Nordmark. "Numerical Analysis of Primary Stability on Cementless Hip Prostheses." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18776.

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Since the first Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) performed in the 60's, it has been regarded among the most successful surgical procedures. When an un-cemented hip prosthesis is employed, the prosthesis is impacted into a prepared cavity in the femur. This surgical technique is known as impact bone grafting and is commonly used in THA. The stability of the prosthesis immediately after surgery is denoted primary stability.Numerical analyses of primary stability, often assume the forces applied during impact grafting to be lower than those present during routine activity. The magnitude of the forces applied during impact grafting is regarded a point of uncertainty, questioning this assumption. As the forces applied during impact grafting are equalized by frictional and contact forces, frictional characteristics present between prosthesis and femur could influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. The influence of grafting force magnitude and frictional characteristics on primary stability is investigated in this thesis. A study of scientific publications on primary stability was performed, forming the basis for the further analyses. External loads, mechanical properties and recommended practice with regard to numerical analysis of THA, were based on findings from this literature study.The performed analyses are purely numerical, using state of the art finite element software. The numerical model's response is verified, but as no experimental results are available on the particular geometry, validation is difficult. Two parametric studies were performed, investigating the influence of the impaction force magnitude and friction characteristics on micro motion.The friction coefficient was found to influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. An intermediate friction coefficient yielded the highest stability, with the same loads applied in all cases. Based on this finding, the influence of prosthesis-bone interface lubrication was investigated. A preliminary reduced friction coefficient during impact grafting yielded an enhanced primary stability, motivating further investigation of the concept. The magnitude of the impaction force was found to influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. An increased force magnitude above 240% of the patient bodyweight yielded an enhanced primary stability. This finding motivates a further investigation of the force magnitudes present during surgery.In order to extend the numerical model to include non-linear friction characteristics, a subroutine is proposed. The friction model's behavior is verified in this thesis, but further implementation is required.
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Sælen, Kristin. "Validation of material model for polypropylene (PP)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18793.

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A hyperelastic-viscoplastic material model intended for thermoplastics has been developed by SIMLab at NTNU. This model formed the basis of the thesis, where a material model for the polymer polypropylene was calibrated and validated. Four rounds of material testing were carried out. Tension and compression tests formed the basis for a calibration of the material model. Two different component tests were used for validation; stretching of a plate with a hole and plate impact tests.The calibrated model was implemented as a user-defined material model in the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA, and numerical simulations of the tension and compression tests were carried out in order to verify the calibrated parameters. The component tests were numerically simulated with the purpose of controlling the ability of the model to predict the behaviour of the material when subjected to more complex loading cases.The calibrated material model was able to capture the main characteristics of the experimental tests. The model does, however, have limitations, as it was not able to correctly predict all strain rate effects of the material at high strain rates, like viscoelasticity. A partly recalibration of the material model was carried out to enable the model to predict the material’s behaviour at high strain rates.
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Hegni, Tonje. "Validering av materialmodell for polypropylen (HDPE)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18801.

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Denne rapporten tar for seg validering av en hyperelastisk – viscoplastisk material modell som tidligere har blitt implementert i elementmetode koden LS – Dyna. Materialet som er evaluert er polyetylen (HDPE) som er levert av det tyske firmaet SIMONA. Material parameterne som er satt inn i den konstitutive material modellen er funnet fra eksperimentell testing og kalibrering.Modellen er validert ved å sammenligne resultater av to veldefinerte eksperimentelle tester ved numeriske forutsigelser. Det har blitt utført tester på plate med hull. Platene har en mer kompleks geometri grunnet hullet i platen, og vil derfor gi mer komplekse spenning og tøynings tilstander. I tillegg har platene veldefinerte randbetingelser. Disse har en mer komplisert sammensetning av trykk og strekk og vil derfor være mer realistiske, da en virkelig komponent brukt i industrien vil bli utsatt for både trykk og strekk samt påført last av ulike hastigheter. De eksperimentelle og simulerte testene er sammenlignet og evaluert i valideringskapittelet. Modellen fanger opp de viktigste egenskapene observert i testene.
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Martinsen, Vegard. "Micromechanical Modelling of Strain Localization and Fracture in Aluminium." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18812.

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Aluminium is often treated as a homogeneous material. However, when investigated on a microscopic scale, a granular structure is observed. The mechanical properties of the constituents, together with the distribution of stresses and strains, determines the fracture toughness of the material.The objective of this master thesis was to investigate strain localization and fracture in aluminium on a microscopic scale. Relevant literature regarding fracture mechanisms was studied in order to determine which parameters influence the fracture toughness of aluminium. The distribution of effective plastic strain together with the stress triaxiality ratio is thought to give a prediction of the initiation of ductile fracture.A study of the microstructure of aluminium has been carried out. The aim of this study was to gain understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of a precipitate free zone (PFZ) near the grain boundary. Also the relation between the mechanical properties of the PFZ and the grain interior was studied. The literature study uncovered that the PFZ is expected to have a low yield stress and a high work hardening rate compared to the grain interior. A simplified numerical model representing a heterogeneous microstructure was developed. The aim of this model was to investigate the effect of certain parameters on the distribution of stresses and strains. The yield stress and work hardening rate of the PFZ as well as the global stress triaxiality, were all variables in a parameter study. A clear tendency of strain concentration in the PFZ was observed, which is consistent with the literature. For low global stress triaxiality, the PFZ oriented at an angle with respect to the external load was found to be the most likely location for initiation of intergranular fracture. Increasing the yield stress and work hardening rate of the PFZ was found to favor transgranular fracture.Due to long computational time, avoiding crystal plasticity analyses is of interest. Whether a material model using isotropic plasticity is able to give the same results as the crystal plasticity model has been investigated. The difference between the average effective plastic strain in the grain interior and in the PFZ was found to be lower using crystal plasticity than when using isotropic plasticity. Using crystal plasticity, the maximum effective plastic strain was found to be dependent of the crystallographic orientations of the grains. However, a more extensive study is required before conclusions regarding the consistency of the results are drawn.
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Wolden, Andre. "Evaluation of Split Ratio for Plug Flow at a Meso-Scale T-Junction." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19274.

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Numerous applications, such as meso-scale heat exchangers, Lab-on-Chip devices (LOC), different systems within pharmaceutical and food industry, monodispersed emulsion and several other microfluidic systems, include two-phase flow through a meso-scale T-junction. When two-phase gas-liquid flow passes through an asymmetric meso-scale T-junction, a mal-distribution occurs. The phenomenon has proven itself to be unavoidable in most cases. In some applications this phenomenon can put the operational system at risk, while in other applications it is actually preferred. The phenomenon is still far from thoroughly understood. Thus the objective of this thesis is to further investigate this mal-distribution phenomenon. Split ratio for plug flow at a meso-scale T-junction has been investigated. A model for prediction of the split ratio has been proposed. Physical ingredients for determination of the split ratio have been focused upon. Much of the conducted work is based on findings in the MSc thesis by Hong et al. (2011) who proved the importance of the bubble length when predicting the split ratio. Split ratio, bubble length and pressure has been measured through experimentation. The T-junction used in the conducted experiments has a main channel, referred to simply as the “main”. It is connected in a straight line with one outlet referred to as the “run”. The second outlet is connected perpendicularly to the main and the run, and is referred to as the “branch”. All channels have a square shaped cross section with a hydraulic diameter of . Water and air was used as working fluids. For all conducted experiments the flow field took on a plug flow pattern. The branch channel has been observed to be rich in gas for all cases, except when the flow rate in the run is high. The flux in the main also has to be low to reduce the viscous drag forces between the two phases and the inertial forces of the plug. For increasingly high total flow rate in the run, a turning point has been located. When the flow rate exceeds this point the run becomes rich in gas. In both extreme cases (high flow rate in the run and in the branch) separation occurs for sufficiently short bubbles. The occurrence of separation is also highly dependent on the total flux in the main. To retain separation the surface tension has to overcome the viscous drag forces acting on the interface between the two phases. In the centre regime, where bubbles always break up and a plug flow pattern occurs in both outlets, the split ratio shows a strict relation to the bubble length. This strict relation between the split ratio and the bubble length were also concluded upon in the MSc thesis by Hong et al. (2011). In the defined centre regime changes in superficial velocities showed to have a negligible effect on the split ratio in comparison to variation in the bubble length. Long bubbles yields a split ratio located closest to perfect distribution. Decreasing the bubble length yields an increase in the void fraction (gas) in the branch. A model for prediction of the split ratio has been proposed. It is primarily valid within the centre regime, and is based on the time and area averaged Bernoulli equation. The model takes the bubble length into account, and predicts the split ratio on the main assumption that an increased amount of energy is lost to friction and separation as the fraction of water in the branch is increased. This while keeping the total fluxes in each of the outlets constant. An anticipated trend has been located through evaluating the model against experimental data. Therefore the model has been concluded upon to be physically sound.
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Eeg, Thomas Bertheau. "Fluid Structure Interaction Simulation on an Idealized Aortic Arch." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19319.

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The aortic arch is at risk of several cardiovascular diseases, such as aortic dissection. Many of these risk factors are due to the fluid-structure interaction that occurs in the aorta. Fluid-structure interation (FSI) simulations are a very useful tool in identifying these risks. The goal of this study is to obtain a simplified picture of healthy physiological flow and lay the foundation for further studies on cardiovascular diseases in the aortic arch. A 3-dimensional idealized FSI model of the aorta was constructed from measurements found in the literature. This model was simulated using the commerical codes Abaqus and Ansys Fluent, coupled with the in-house code Tango. Attempts at simulating the model geometry including the braciocephalic, left common and left subclavian carotid arteries were unsuccesful, so a simlified model of only the aortic arch was simulated. Emphasis was placed on the investigation of different boundary conditions. An imposed massflow condition, a pressure condition with resistance or a varying elastance model was set on the inlet and combined with zero pressure, reflection free or Windkessel outlet boundaries. The mass flow inlet with Windkessel outlet gave the most reliable results since the other inlets were mostly incomplete approximations. No conclusion could be drawn on the viability of Ansys Workbench as a meshing utility for studies using Tango, due to lack of information.
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Fjellvang, Kristin. "Lessons from Nature, the Wetting of Springtail Cuticles." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18493.

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Abstract Surfaces that display super-hydrophobic properties have numerous areas of application in the industry. Nature have trough millions of years of evolution developed structures and materials perfectly adapted to different species’ environment, and by learning from nature similar hydrophobic surfaces can be manufactures. The Collembolas, a small arthropod, have showed to possess a sophisticated nanoscaled, geometrical pattern of granules connected with ridges on their cuticle, their skin. These patterns make the surface structure roughened, which is by traditional wetting theory stated as the reason its of super-hydrophobic properties. In addition to a rough surface, the collembolans are said to have an overhang on the granules. These overhangs make the granule appear as a nano sized “mushroom”, and should provide a further resistance to wettability. This overhang has however not been documented by imaging, besides one image taken by Transmission Electron Microscopy. To confirm the overhang is an important part of this thesis, as well as a study of its relation to super-hydrophobic properties. To investigate the existence of the overhang, a Focused Ion Beam (FIB) was used together with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). By utilizing properties provided by the FIB and its software, a survey of the granules on the cuticle was obtainable. There are in total seven different species distributed on eight samples was examined. Four out of eight samples proved to display an overhang, but by a comparison with measured values of hydrophobicity, no direct relationship between the degree of overhang displayed and the resistance to wetting was found. The overhang is very likely a factor contributing to hydrophobicity, but the collembolans are not depending on them to exhibit such properties. This fact is important to establish before an overhang is rewarded as the reason for the collembolans super-hydrophobic properties.
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Eck, Vinzenz Gregor. "Arterial Flow and Pulse Wave Propagation in one dimensional Arterial Networks with Statistically Distributed Model Parameters." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19311.

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Parametric uncertainty in blood flow simulations of cardiovascular systems has received little attention, although methods for blood flow simulation has been subject of many studies. This work presents the implementation and assessment of a method for one dimensional flow and pressure wave simulations in arterial networks with statistically distributed model parameters. The pressure and flow waves in the arterial system are characterized by means of cross-sectionally averaged 1D governing equations for mass and momentum, discretized with a MacCormack scheme (explicit and second order in time and space). The stochastic model considered is a combination of a generalized polynomial chaos with a stochastic collocation method and joined with the one dimensional model. The implementation is validated with the simulation of a single arterial bifurcation, which has been published by others previously, with a somewhat different approach. The assessment is completed with a sensitivity analysis of the wave dynamics, in particular reflected waves, in the systemic arterial tree in the context of ageing. The numerical simulations showed that the impact of model uncertainty in different compartments of the arterial tree on systolic and diastolic pressure peaks can be determined with the elaborated method. In particular, the uncertainty in material parameters of the aortic arch showed a strong influence on the pressure wave forms.
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Molde, Håvard. "Simulation-Based Optimization of Lattice Support Structures for Offshore Wind Energy." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18712.

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Today, design of wind energy support structures is to a large extent a manual process. It requires a lot of experience, and the design tools are often based on simplified methods. As larger structures are being developed and installations move to larger water-depths, the need for efficient and accurate design tools increases. Simulation-based design is a promising technique that can help automate this process. In this study, Spall’s simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method was implemented to automatically optimize thickness and diameter of the members in offshore lattice tower support structures. The method utilizes a pseudo-gradient based on only two function evaluations per iteration, which allows for a computationally efficient process. Each evaluation of the design consists of time-domain simulations of the complete wind turbine in FEDEM Windpower, subsequent rainflow counting and calculation of joint lifetimes with stress concentration factors. The utilization of both ultimate and fatigue limit states is reported for each joint. Tower weight was chosen as an indicator of cost, and an objective function comprising variables for weight and joint lifetimes was defined. Joint lifetime was ignored whenever its value was above the design lifetime of the tower, allowing the algorithm to search solely for the lightest design, as long as the design lifetime constraint was sustained. The method has shown promising results, and is able to successfully find viable designs, even when starting from highly unacceptable starting points. Some of the major challenges when using SPSA for lattice support structures are to find a good objective function, as well as appropriate values for the parameters controlling perturbation and step size. Existing guidelines were followed when doing this calibration, but for an efficient search the parameters had to be adapted. Results for both appropriate parameters and the optimization itself are reported for the 10MW NOWITECH reference turbine on a full-height lattice tower. These results show that superior results can be achieved, but at a high cost in terms of computational time. Recommendation is given to use alternative methods to come up with a partially optimized staring point, from which the SPSA method can optimize further.
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Kolstad, Gaute Thorson. "Finite Element Modelling of Weldments." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19322.

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Brittle fracture is a large problem for steel structures in the arctic region. It is thus important to qualify materials and welds so they do not behave in a brittle manner. Since fracture testing of the heat affected zone (HAZ) around a weld gives a lot of scatter, doing weld simulated testing is proposed as an alternative method. In this thesis cracks in weld simulated HAZ specimens are compared to cracks in real welds, by use of finite element simulations. A weld simulated specimen is usually more brittle than a real weld. The goal of this thesis is thus to find a general rule for how much more brittle a weld simulated test specimen is, compared to a real weld on a structure. It would then be possible to establish how brittle a real weld is based on the result from the weld simulated testing. As a fracture criterion the Weibull stress is used, which is a statistical criterion. Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) is used as a measure on how brittle a specimen is. To compare weld simulated specimens with real welds, two 2D modified boundary layer (MBL) models are used. One homogeneous model to represent weld simulated specimens, and one with three different materials to represent a real weld. The three materials in the weld model are base material, welded material and heat affected zone. On the two models a large parameter study is performed. The variables investigated are: - Position of the crack relative to the HAZ. - Size of the HAZ. - Geometry constraint. - Mismatch in WM. - Mismatch in HAZ. - Hardening. - The Weibull exponent m. There have also been made 3D models to investigate the size effect on the weld simulated specimen. This is because a weld simulated specimen is limited to a cross-section of $10$x$10$~mm. The parameter study concludes that it is mainly the size of the HAZ, the yield stress mismatch and the geometry constraint, that make weld simulated specimens more brittle than welds. The 3D simulations are however concluding that the geometry constraint effect can not be included, due to the size of the small test specimen. Based on these results a general relationship is proposed between the critical CTOD for a weld simulated specimen, and the critical CTOD for a real weld. There are three requirements for this relationship to be valid: - At least 10% overmatch in HAZ compared to base material. - No more than 10% undermatch in HAZ compared to welded material. - Maximal brittle HAZ thickness of 0.5 mm.
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22

Meland, Elisabeth. "Numerical Investigation of the Hemodynamics in the Human Fetal Umbilical Vein/ Ductus Venosus Bifurcation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19382.

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The transport of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the human fetus has received great attention in clinical Doppler velocimetry studies, especially the ductus venosus. The ductus venosus is connecting the intra abdominal portion of the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava at the inlet of the right atrium and is therefore significant when examining the fetus state of health. In this thesis, the distribution and pulsations of flow waves in the ductus venosus, umbilical vein and left portal vein are investigated. Furthermore, important model parameters of the fetus circulation are determined with stochastic simulations and sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis was put forward in order to interpret the uncertainty of the many variables in the fetus circulation and how the flow waves are affected. The deterministic blood flow was modelled with a 1D mathematical model. A combination of the 1D mathematical model with a generalized Polynomial Chaos method was applied for the stochastic simulations. All the simulations in this thesis are performed in context of fetal diseases, motivated by typical detrimental signs in fluid mechanics related to the umbilical vein/ductus venosus bifurcation. Furthermore, reversed flow in ductus venosus during atrial contraction, often observed in chromosomally abnormal fetuses was demonstrated. It was found that the reason was high pressure difference between ductus venosus and left portal vein. Pulsations transmitted into the umbilical vein is another detrimental sign in fetus circulation and the parameter providing such pulsations is the diameter of ductus venosus. Further investigations related to the model parameters as well as boundary conditions are suggested in order to expand knowledge and confidence establishing the fetus well being.
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Størkson, Thomas Otto. "Dynamic Analysis of Fire Water Pump Module." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18359.

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The thesis starts with a simple description of the system and some brief theory needed for the following analysis. Further a factory acceptance test is performed, this implies measurement of the dynamic response due to load generated by the system itself under normal operation and making sure the dynamic behaviour are within the acceptance criteria. The data from the test is used to point out some weaknesses in the design from a dynamical point of view and some potential ideas of improvement are presented. To introduce additional damping of some of the rotational equipment is the idea which is proceeded with. A great simplification in this thesis is that only transversal vibrations (the y-component of the vibrations) are considered after the factory acceptance test is performed. This results in less reliable quantities although the trends and the final conclusion remains correct. A comprehensive finite element analysis is carried out to study the effect of a passive damper solution. It turns out that passive dampers can limit the vibrations remarkably, but if the foundation gets too soft the vibrations will increase. The low frequency vibration however, is not affected much by the additional damping. Some important eigenfrequencies are also studied and put into consideration. A sensitivity analysis of the constant damping ratio in the finite element solver is also performed. In addition a more trivial analysis is performed to study the effect of an active damper solution. This solution seems to be less effective and does not influence the low frequencies considerably neither. It also introduces additional risk and weight to the system, which is highly undesirable. The thesis concludes that passive damping of the hydraulic power unit has favourable effects on the system. If the main goal is to reduce low frequency vibration it might not be an entirely satisfying solution.
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Størkson, Knut Vilhelm. "Static Analysis of Fire Water Pump Module." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19324.

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This thesis is based on a project from the previous semester (fall 2011) and initiated by Sigve Gjerstad at Frank Mohn Flato y AS. The thesis introduces the FWP system and different aspects regarding a static analysis of it's main component; The FWP Module. It takes a brief look at different meshing techniques and other choices that needs to be made in the early stages of an analysis. A series of simple analyses are carried out to show how shell elements are the best representation for a plate structure subjected to pressure. A series of simplified blast load analyses are presented where different choices within the Finite Element Method are compared. It's concluded that it is sufficient to consider only one of the two load steps to get the maximum values of stress and deformation. This saves us computation time with no loss of accuracy. The analyses also conclude that a blast load analysis is dependant on a non-linear material model to get reasonable result. A linear material model assumes stress is proportional to strain, even beyond the yield strength. This results in unrealistic high stresses. Implicit solver versus explicit solver are compared in the case of blast loading, which is a problem that requires short time increments. It is clear that the results are similar, however the computational cost is much higher for the implicit solver. It is also shown that stainless steel is more beneficial than structural steel in blast load scenarios. Finally, model simplification is studied as yet another way to decrease the computation time. This implies simplifying solid models with a mid-surface features, representing the model with shells
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25

Dalton, Michael Amund Enger. "An experimental study of a transversely forced round jet." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27231.

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It has been well established that an interaction between combustion and acoustics can produce self-sustained acoustic oscillations. In recent years, thermo-acoustic instabilities have been a hot research topic, mainly because of a drive for more environmentally friendly gas turbines. Reducing NOx and CO gas emissions and increasing efficiency means lean combustion, but this makes the combustion chamber of the gas turbine more prone to self-induced thermo-acoustic instabilities. These thermo-acoustic instabilities are not fully understood, and are detrimental to both the efficiency and structural integrity of a gas turbine.In an effort to shed some light on the matter, this thesis studies a jet experiencingtransverse acoustic forcing. It deals with a non-combusting (air) jet forced with speakers,in order to remove the additional complications of thermal interactions, and gain a better grasp of the fundamental mechanics behind.An acoustic chamber was constructed which could be set up in multiple configurations.A total of 6 configurations were tested for suitability for experiments. A number of simulations were carried out in order to predict the responsesExtensive acoustic characterisations of each configuration was carried out and evaluated. These involved mainly frequency sweeps, where the acoustic response of the chamber was tested over a range of frequencies, and mode evaluation, where data gathered on the amplitudes of microphone signals was compared to prediction from simulations.The best configuration was selected, and the effect of transverse acoustic forcingon an air jet was investigated. Significant PIV images were not obtained within the time constraints, and thus the final discussion revolves around the raw images themselves rather than PIV images.Seven positions ranging inbetween the pressure antinode and node of the acoustic field were filmed. Finally, the images showing hitherto unobserved vortex rollups were discussed.
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Guldsten, Jon Didriksen. "Influence on wind shear and turbulence in flow over obstacles." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10029.

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A wind tunnel study of speed-up effects above the very crest of a sharp-edged escarpment and a hill peak in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer has been carried out. It was desired to do a part-deep simulation of an atmospheric boundary that could be found above sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea. Because of the limited work section length was it used a modified roughness, barrier and mixing-device developed by Counihan to accelerate the boundary layer growth. The mean velocity, integral length scales, power spectrum and turbulence intensity in the simulated boundary layer were compared with full scale empirical data. It showed good agreement except for the turbulence intensity which was too low. Speed-up effects for the mean horizontal velocity and the longitudinal turbulence intensity above the very crest of an escarpment and a hill peak were investigated in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer. From the results it was observed that the speed-up effect gave a decrease in the turbulence intensity and a more uniform profile with height. A considerably increase of the horizontal mean velocity in the lowest part of the flow was also observed. Scaled-up data from the wind tunnel experiment were compared with estimations from the Norwegian standard and potential flow with varying degree of agreement.

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27

Martinussen, Kim Åge. "Prediction of Noise Generated by a Small Helicopter Rotor." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10158.

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The fundamental principles of acoustics and of aeroacoustic noise generation are described, along with specific examples relevant for helicopter rotors. The acoustic analogy approach to computing the propagation of sound is presented, and details are given on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation. Using an incompressible, laminar Navier-Stokes solver in textsc{Fluent} the flow field around a circular cylinder and a NACA 0015 airfoil is computed. The solution of the flows are then used as the input for a simplified FW-H equation. The simulation results are validated by comparing both the flow parameters and the acoustic solution to numerical data from two different numerical studies. The validation leads to the conclusion that the method used is suitable for the both the flow and noise prediction. The pressure fluctuations are dominated by convected pressure fluctuations in the flow itself, not that radiated from the source. Due to this the FW-H method was not properly validated by the test cases, and no conclusions can be drawn as to its accuracy.

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Zarraonandia, Gaizka. "Influence on wind shear and turbulence in flow over obstacles." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10165.

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A wind tunnel study of speed-up effects above the very crest of a sharp-edged escarpment and a hill peak in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer has been carried out. It was desired to do a part-depth simulation of an atmospheric boundary that could be found above sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea. Because of the limited work section length it was used a modified roughness, barrier and mixing-device method developed by Counihan to accelerate the boundary layer growth. The mean velocity, integral length scales, power spectrum and turbulence intensity in the simulated boundary layer were compared with full scale empirical data. It showed good agreement except for the turbulence intensity which was too low. Speed-up effects for the mean horizontal velocity and the longitudinal turbulence intensity above the very crest of an escarpment and a hill peak were investigated in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer. From the results it was observed that the speed-up effect gave a decrease in the turbulence intensity and a more uniform profile with height. In addition, it was observed a considerably increase of the horizontal mean velocity in the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer. Scaled-up data from the wind tunnel experiment were compared with estimations from the Norwegian standard and potential flow with varying degree of agreement.

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Simonsen, Simon. "En analyse av dimensjoneringsgrunnlaget for HYBAS – en hybrid avløpsrenseprosess." Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskaplige Universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10430.

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Kaldnes HYBAS (Hybrid Biofilm Activated-Sludge) avløpsvann-renseprosess består av to prosesser som er relativt godt forstått: Aktivslam (AS) og Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), biofilm med bevegelige bærere. Det finnes en stor del litteratur, men spesielt for Aktivslam, som beskriver virkemåten og dimensjoneringsprosedyrer for de to systemene. For HYBAS er det viktig å få kunnskap om hvordan biofilm interakterer med aktivslammet og å danne en metode for dimensjonering av en fullstendig HYBAS prosess. Professor Hallvard Ødegaard ved NTNU har foreslått en modell for HYBAS, formulert som en 15-stegs utregnings-prosedyre, delvis basert på erfaringsdata, men med vekt på å være logisk og intuitiv. Denne modellen er analysert for overenstemmelse med litteraturen. Små modifikasjoner som forbedrer nøyaktigheten og generaliserer modellen er foreslått. Modellen er implementert i et Excel regneark for å muliggjøre eksperimentering og videre utvikling av modellen. En analyse av enkelte komponenter av modellen mot data fra et pilot-anlegg er forsøkt, men med betydelige problemer. Noen gode overenstemmelser med modellen blir vist, men også sterke uoverenstemmelser med modellen blir identifisert, med forbehold.

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Østerbø, Astrid Merete. "LNG anlegg drevet av kraft fra nettet : Kryogen CO2-utskilling." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10456.

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Snøhvit Tog I på Melkøya er verdens første LNG-anlegg hvor kjølekompressorene drives elektrisk, med kraft produsert fra et kraftvarmeverk. Det vurderes nå utbygging av et Snøhvit Tog II hvor kjølekompressorene skal drives med elektrisitet fra nettet. I den forbindelse ble det høsten 2007 skrevet en prosjektoppgave for å kartlegge de største varmeforbrukerne, samt finne alternative prosesser med lavere varme- og totalt energiforbruk. CO2-fjerningen viste seg å være den desidert største varmeforbrukeren i anlegget, og ulike alternativer til denne ble vurdert. Kryogene prosesser ble vurdert som det mest aktuelle alternativet til dagens CO2-fjerning med aminer. Denne oppgaven tar for seg ulike kryogene prosesser gjennom et litteraturstudie for å velge den best egnede kryogene CO2-fjerningsprosessen til Snøhvit LNG-anlegg. Ryan-Holmes ble vurdert som den best egnede, både på grunn av teknologisk modenhet og dens separasjons-egenskaper. Ryan-Holmes prosessen ble simulert i HYSYS, hvor de ulike varme- og kjølebehovene og massebalansen ble funnet. Integrasjon i flytendegjøringsprosessen ble diskutert. Konklusjonen ble at varmebehovet vil reduseres noe, samtidig som muligheten for varmeintegrasjon øker betydelig i forhold til Tog I. Ved total varmeintegrasjon vil varmebehovet i Tog II bli 70 MW, mot ca. 123 MW ved full varmeintegrasjon i Tog I. Kraftforbruket vil øke med omtrent 54 MW i forhold til Tog I. Til slutt ble en CO2 balanse satt opp ved ulike energiløsninger. Ved elektrisk drift av kjølekompressorene vil alle de vurderte løsningene redusere CO2-utslippet med 50% eller mer i forhold til dagens Tog I. Varmeintegrasjon gir lavere utslipp. Gasskjel vil gi større reduksjon enn kraftvarmeverk. Biobrensel og elektrisitet til oppvarming kan antas utslippsfri.

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Godø, Sjur Erlend. "Våtgass kompresjon : En eksperimentell og teoretisk undersøkelse av lydhastighet og støt i tofasestrømning." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10460.

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Olje- og gassindustrien trenger forbedret kompressorteknologi for å øke produksjonen av gass. Naturgassen på gassfelt inneholder væske og dagens kompressorteknologi er ikke utviklet for å tåle slike væskemengder. Tilstedeværelse av væske gjør strømningen gjennom en kompressor mer kompleks og flere sammensatte strømnings effekter vil påvirke ytelsen. Denne oppgaven undersøker hvordan små mengder væske påvirker lydhastigheten og posisjonen og styrken til støt. Oppgaven undersøker tofasestrømning i en konvergerende - divergerende dyse. Den divergerende delen er produsert i pleksiglass for å kunne visualisere støt. Testriggen er instrumentert med trykk og temperatursensorer, massestrømsmåler for luft og uttak for å måle trykk og temperatur langs dysen. Arbeidsmediet er trykkluft og damp. Oppgaven presenterer også grunnleggende teori og et søk av relevant litteratur er gjort spesielt innenfor påvirkning av væske på lydhastighet og støt. Det er utført forsøk ved ulike dampmengder hvor trykkprofilet langs dysen er logget. Dampmengde er klassifisert etter antatt mengde. Støt er visualisert ved hjelp av shadowgraphy. I forsøkene er det observert at støtposisjonen i luftforsøk avviker fra beregninger. Det er gjort undersøkelser på hva som endrer posisjonen hvor det antas at støtet ikke inntreffer som normalt på grunn av ujevnheter i dysen eller påvirkning av rustpartikler fra trykkluftssystemet. Det er antatt at det er delvis dispergerte støt som inntreffer i dysen i dampforsøk. Det er vist at støt beveges nedstrøm i dysen ved økt dampmengde, noe som er forventet fra beregninger ved redusert adiabateksponent. Det er også en tendens til at støtene går mot en mer normal struktur ved økt dampmengde, men dette kommer nok av ujevnheter i dysen. Analyse av lydhastigheten er gjort ved å analysere redusert massestrøm av luft gjennom dysen. Ved økt dampmengde reduseres massestrømmen av luft i forsøkene. Noe av reduksjonen vil naturlig komme av tilført mengde damp, men tilført dampmengde er svært liten. Reduksjonen i massestrøm er ikke entydig pågrunn av økt stagnasjonstemperatur i dampforsøk som vil gi en høyere lokal lydhastighet. Analyse av lydhastigheten viser derfor ikke en bestemt reduksjon for dampforsøk, men en degradering er observert som forventet. Det er også undersøkt ulike strømningsegenskaper som opptrer i forsøkene. Ekspansjonen frem til støt utløses stemmer bra med isentropiske beregninger. For dampforsøk er adiabateksponenten redusert i beregninger og det er funnet samsvar mellom beregninger og forsøk. Det er observert væskefilm på dyseveggen i ekspansjonsområdet og fordampningsprosessen etter støtet er og observert.

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Grandal, Jon Petter. "Spillvarmeutnyttelse ved Aluminiumsverk." Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskaplige Universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10479.

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Hensikten med denne oppgaven var å kartlegge spillvarmestrømmene på et aluminiumsverk, samt diskutere deres utnyttelsespotensialer. Det ble ansett som mest hensiktsmessig å ta utgangspunkt i Hydro Aluminium Sunndal. Hydro var villige til å samarbeide om dette med kriterie om at oppgaven må kunne være matnyttig for et NTNU-Hydro-prosjekt som omhandler utvikling av en rågassvarmeveksler. Å undersøke partikkelkonsentrasjon og partikkelstørrelsesfordeling i rågassen fra elektrolysen på Hydro Sunndal ble dermed en viktig del av oppgaven. Spillvarmestrømmene på Hydro Sunndal ble kvantifisert til 3,4 TWh per år. Av denne energien forsvinner 304 GWh/år med rågassen fra SU3 ved en gasstemperatur på omtrent 90C, og 673 GWh/år med rågassen fra SU4 ved en gasstemperatur på omtrent 110C. 977 GWh/år med spillvarme har derfor et middels stort utnyttelsespotensial. Energien er meget godt egnet for distribusjon med fjernvarme, men markedet for dette i nærliggende områder er meget lite. Elektrisitetsproduksjon kan bli aktuelt i fremtiden. Spillvarmestrømmene er hovedsakelig kartlagt med dataer fra ulike kilder på Hydro Sunndal, blant annet fra HERE-databasen og målinger gjort av laboratorieteamet på verket, samt et måleprogram for varmetapet gjennom en elektrolysecelles overflater, utført fra 28. til 30. april 2008 på Hydro Sunndal, med tilhørende beregningsmodell. Et måleprogram for rågassen fra elektrolyseceller ble utført på Hydro Sunndal i perioden 10. - 14. mars 2008. Støvkonsentrasjonen i rågassen fra 56 elektrolyseceller i SU3 ble målt til å være 363 mg/Nm3 med et standardavvik på 12 %. Dette avviker sterkt fra resultater fra målinger gjort av Hydro Sunndals laboratorieteam i perioden februar 2007 til januar 2008, hvor støvkonsentrasjonen er målt til 848 mg/Nm3 med et standardavvik på 15 %. Avviket antas i hovedsak å skyldes naturlige variasjoner i støvkonsentrasjonen i rågassen. Resultatene for partikkelstørrelsesfordelingen forelå ikke da oppgaven gikk i trykken. Anbefalt videre arbeid er analyse av partikkelstørrelsesfordeling i rågassen så snart de nødvendige data foreligger, et omfattende måleprogram for å kartlegge energibalansen til en elektrolysecelle, samt et måleprogram for å kartlegge partikkelkonsentrasjon og -størrelsesfordeling for rågassen fra Hydro SU4.

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Eide, Aina. "Behovsstyring av energi- og inneklimaytelser - oppfølging i praksis." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10519.

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Formålet med denne masteroppgaven har vært oppfølging av driften av behovsstyrt ventilasjon, lys og varme på Kaffehuset Friele i Bergen over en begrenset periode, og dokumentere den oppnådde energiytelsen i praksis. I utarbeidelsen av prosedyre for kontinuerlig funksjonskontroll er det innhentet byggteknisk data, driftsinformasjon samt utførelse av egne feltmålinger. Prosedyren ser ut til å fungere bra i praksis, da det er gjort en del ”funn” på bygget ved bruk av prosedyren: Det kommer frem at arbeidsområdet til noen av spjeldene er for lav i forhold til minluftmengde. Avgitt effekt fra lysarmatur er vesentlig høyere enn anbefalt. Skal-verdien til CO2 føleren er satt til 1250 ppm i kontorene er for høy. Det er registrert store avvik på trykkføler i aggregatet da det viser seg å være store avvik mellom målte og prosjekterte verdier, henholdsvis 160 Pa og 120 Pa på tilluft og 332 Pa og 160 Pa på avtrekk. Målte parametre for inneklima er generelt innenfor anbefalte grenseverdier, men de største avvikene finnes i målinger av belysningstyrken og temperatur. Temperaturen i kontor 507 er målt opp mot 30°C, analysene tyder på at det er installert effekt til belysning som er årsaken. Det er registrert støy fra spjeldmotorene, noe som er uakseptabelt og leverandør anbefaler utskiftning av de spjeldmotorene det gjelder. Målt energibehov for etasjen på 189kWh/m2 er høyere enn reelt forventet og reelt beregnet som er henholdsvis 130kWh/m2 og 151kWh/m2. Imidlertid er verdier fra Enøk Normtall 196kWh/m2. Energibehov til installert belysning på bygget er gjennomsnittlig 28kWh/m2, en verdi som er vesentlig høye enn krav i teknisk veiledning på 8kWh/m2 og prosjektert energibehov på 12kWh/m2.

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Farstad, Øyvind. "CFD av strømningskarakteristikker i hydrauliske motorer." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10525.

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CFD-vertøy er i dagens industri et mye brukt redskap for analyse av komplekse strømningsdynamiske problemstillinger. Dette gjelder også hos Rolls-Royce Marine Deckmachinery i Brattvåg. Her blir CFD brukt på hydrauliske komponenter som ventiler og motorer. Målet med denne oppgaven er å studere muligheten for å modellere og analysere motorene til nettopp Rolls-Royce med CFD. Motoren som blir brukt i denne oppgaven er av typen MX6300, som er en hydraulisk vingemotor. Dette arbeidet bestod i å bearbeide en CAD-modell av motoren slik at den ble hensiktsmessig for CFD-analyse i programmet Fluent 6.3.26. Denne bearbeidingen gikk i å forenkle modellen på en slik måte at de viktigste strømningsegenskapene til motoren ikke gikk tapt. En ny metode for spaltesimulering ble testet ut. Denne gikk ut på å erstatte tynne spalter med en porøs sone, som har en definert strømningsmotstand som gir samme trykktap som over den tynne spalten. Dette vil gi en forenklet geometri, og dermed redusere antall celler i meshet. For å kunne verifisere resultatene fra CFD-analysen, har det blitt utført eksperimentelle virkningsgradsmålinger på den virkelige motoren. Målingene ble utført ved en teststand hos Rolls-Royce i Brattvåg. Resultatene fra CFD-analysen var lovende. En fikk gode indikasjoner på at implementering av en porøs sone i stedet for spalter i en avansert modell, fungerer på en god måte. Det totale strømningsbildet viste imidlertid avvik fra et realistisk bilde. Det er forventet at en stor forbedring vil skje dersom et finere mesh benyttes. Dette vil også kreve mer dataressurser.

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Ross, Idsø Bjarte. "Beregningsprogram for varmerør." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10526.

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Denne rapporten beskriver utviklingen av et beregningsprogram for den termisk-hydrauliske oppførselen til et varmerør. Programmet har spesielt blitt utviklet for å kunne håndtere alkalimetaller som arbeidsmedium. Konseptet for varmerør er blitt gjennomgått. Komponenter sin virkemåte,prosesser og begrensninger som påvirker varmetransporten er blitt belyst. Av begrensninger er kapillærbegrensning, viskøs begrensning, sonisk begrensning og kokebegrensning identifisert som de mest aktuelle. Tre ulike modeller for damptransport i varmerøret er blitt presentert. Videre er et litteraturstudium med fokus på termisk-hydrauliske forhold i veker blitt gjennomført. Behovet for å kunne beregne transiente forhold er blitt vurdert. Aktuelle forhold med hensyn på alkalimetaller er blitt tatt i betraktning. To typer veker, veker av metallnetting og veker av sintret metallpulver er blitt vurdert og presentert. Med basis i dette er det blitt utviklet et beregningsprogram i Java for beregning av ytelse og begrensninger for et varmerør ved ulike stasjonære driftssituasjoner. Datalisting for beregningsdelen av programmet er lagt ved og algoritmer er blitt presentert og gjennomgått. Programmet benytter seg av en dampmodell som ikke tar hensyn til kompressibilitet. Implementering av dampmodell for kompressibel strømning anbefales i eventuelt videre arbeid. Ved hjelp av programmet er det blitt utført to beregninger. Den første beregningen forsøker ved hjelp av programmet å reprodusere resultater for tre ulike stasjonære driftssituasjoner presentert av Faghri . I den andre beregningen er den minste mulige radius i varmerør blitt beregnet ved ulike temperaturer og varmeflukser. Resultatene fra programmet stemmer godt overens med teori og beregninger presentert av Faghri. Hoveddelen av programlistingen og egenskaper for arbeidsmedium brukt i beregninger er lagt ved. Til slutt i rapporten er et forslag til videre arbeid.

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Ingebo, Pål Idar. "Transiente olje-vann strømningsforsøk." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10554.

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Denne masteoppgaven er i all hovedsak rettet mot å ekstrahere eksperimentelle data på olje-vann flushing, begge i væskefase. Det vil også gjøres en evaluering på hvor godt flerfasesimulatoren OLGA 6.0 klarer å reprodusere resultater fra eksperimentene. Utgangspunktet for oppgaven kommer av en forespørsel fra Chevron. De trenger forsøksdata for å kunne diskutere hvorvidt etylen-glykol eller etanol kan anvendes til å flushe vann ut av jumper rør offshore. I tillegg er ideen å produsere en stor nok mengde data til å kunne brukes som referanse senere ved Institutt for Energi-og Prosessteknikk, til å programmere egne flerfasesimulatorer. For å få en komplett og enkeltstående oppgave, er teorien rundt to fluid modellen samt beskrivelsen av lab oppsettet hentet direkte fra forløperen til denne masteroppgaven [10]. OLGA 6.0 utgaven bruker to fluid modellen i sin beregningsalgoritme og lab oppsettet er beskrevet nøyaktig nok til at eksperimentene skal kunne reproduseres. Analysen er bygget opp rundt plottene av vann holdup vs. tid plottene for forsøk og simuleringer, som er vedlagt i Appendiks A til C. Gjennom disse diskuteres flushetider, oljefronter og OLGA 6.0 prediksjoner for superficielle oljehastigheter fra 0.02m/s til 0.8m/s. Testene er kjørt for test loop innstillinger på en halv grad stigning og helning samt horisontalt. Resten av Appendiksene inneholder visuelle data på oljefrontens formutvikling mens den passerer gjennom test seksjonen, og trendplott på hvordan den forandrer hastighet fra innløp til utløp. For å fullstendig tømme testseksjonen og det fleksible utløpet må det brukes superficielle oljehastigheter på minst 0.3m/s. Innenfor intervallet Chevron har spesifisert, er de raskesete flushetidene 30s, 48s og 51s for hhv. for en halv grad helning, horisontal og en halv grad stigning. OLGA 6.0 simulatoren er også funnet til å egne seg bra til å beregne olje-vann flushing så lenge ikke vannholdup ligger igjen i testseksjonen. For oljehastigheter under 0.14m/s klarer ikke oljen å spyle ut alt vannet og forskjeller mellom registrert og predikert holdup ligger generelt mellom 20-40% i dette området.

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Nøttveit, Erlend. "Numerisk analyse (CFD) av stempelpumpe." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10575.

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I denne oppgåva er det sett nærare på lekkasjar i stempelpumper. I starten presenterast den nødvendige teorien for CFD, pumper og spalter. Ein definerer ”deformasjons-lekkasje/trykk-lekkasje” som eit forhold. Berekningar blir gjort på bakgrunn av teorien slik at ein konkret kan talfesta dette forholdet. Etter dette blir simuleringane som er utført presangtert og diskutert. Den første simuleringa er for ein enkel sylinder utan veggar. Det er med andre ord berre veskevolumet som er med. Denne modellen er brukt til å lære teknikken for ”deforming mesh”. Dette er ein teknikk som er nødvendig for å kunne ha forandring av veskevolumet sin geometri i løpet av simuleringa. Den neste simuleringa er eigentlig ein vidareføring av den første. Hovudskilnaden er at her er det tatt med ein vegg som representerer spalta mellom stempelet og sylinderveggen. Spalta i modellen er mykje større ein kva den er i røynda. I modellen ser den meir ut som ein sylinder enn ei spalte. Innerveggen av spalta er ein open vegg frå sylinderen sitt veskevolum og inn i spalta, medan ytterveggen er ein tett vegg. Dette gjer at veska har høve til å lekke gjennom spalta og ut på endane. Det er lagt inn porøsitet i spalta som skapar strøymingsmotstand som om det var ei lita spalte. Denne modellen blei kjørt fleire gongar for å få den rette verdien på strøymingsmotstanden. Då verdien for porøsitet var på plass, blei det laga ein modell med sju sylindrar. Toppen av sylindrane ligg inn mot ei spalte. Denne spalta er mellom sylinderblokka og ventilplata. Sidan det er sju stempel i denne modellen og ikkje eit som i dei føregåande, er det brukt UDFer (User-Defined Function) for å styre stempela sin aksialrørsle som er faseforskyvd i forhold til kvarandre. Også denne modellen blir kjørt fleire gongar og det blir utvikla spissar på avslutningane av opningane i ventilplata. Resultata for kjøringar med og utan spiss blir samanlikna og diskutert. I denne modellen er det ikkje med noko inn- og utløpsprofil, så endå ein modell er utvikla der det er med ein geometri også for inn- og utløp. Denne modellen får dermed ein 3d form på avslutninga av opningane i ventilplata. I tillegg er den modellen forsøkt gjort meir korrekt i overgang mellom sylindrane og ventilplate. Sjølv i desse enkle modellane med forenkla spalter finn ein at celletalet i spaltene utgjer ein signifikant del av cellene i modellen.

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Solemslie, Bjørn Winther. "Optimalisering av ringledning for Peltonturbin." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10578.

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Hydroenergi er en norsk produsent av vannturbiner med godt etablert kunnskap innen Kaplan og Francis turbiner. Selskapet har designet flere Pelton skovler med det mål å redusere kavitasjon. Selskapet ønsket å finne et fullstendig Hill-diagram for en av skovlene på en 5 jets Pelton turbin. Andre design skulle bli testet i beste punktet og sammenlignet med nevnte design. I tillegg ønsket de å undersøke optimal design av ringledningen for turbinen. Tester ble utført ved Vannkraftlaboratoriet ved NTNU. Grunnet flere havari i løpet av testperioden ble antall forsøk redusert til kun å finne Hill-diagram som et av designene. Det designet som skulle testes fullt ut ble ødelagt i et av havariene etter at tester med 1 dyse åpen var fullført. De ble erstattet med skovler med samme geometri men med en 2◦ høyere pitch vinkel. Effekten av den økte pitch vinkelen kunne ikke tallfestes. Sammenligning av tester gjort med 1 og 2 dyser indikerer derimot en mulig innvirkning på plasseringen av beste punkter med hensyn til rotasjonshastighet. Et sett av kriterier for optimal design av ringledningen ble funnet og den opprinnelige ringledningen ble redesignet for å møte disse. De redesignede ringledningene gjennomgikk simuleringer i Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) basert på tidligere simulering av den opprinnelige ringledningen som er verifisert med eksperimenter. Simuleringene viste en forbedring av falltap ringledningen. I utløpet til dysene ble det observert ugunstig strømning, men dette er antatt å være grunnet feil i modellen. Den hydrauliske virkningsgraden til de testede skovlene ble funnet å være lavere enn på de beste Peltonturbinene på markedet.

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Haugli, Rasmus Næss. "Design av kontraroterende aksialturbin." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10579.

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Målene med oppgaven var meget sprikende, men alt ledet frem til en endelig design for en kontraroterende aksialturbin som i samarbeid med Lycro A/S skulle bunne ut i en mekanisk design. For å kartlegge de endelige designkriteriene for turbinen skulle det gjennomføres målinger i Førde, hvor falltap og vannføring skulle måles. Disse resultatene skulle brukes for å ferdiggjøre det hydrauliske designverktøyet som var påbegynt under prosjektoppgaven. Videre skulle en akselpakning montert i en tetningsrigg tenkt brukt i turbinen testes, hvor kjølebehovet var av interesse, samt at det skulle foreslås en løsning for kjøling gjennom akselen. I tillegg til dette skulle det ses på en løsning for drenasje av eventuelt lekkasjevann gjennom akselen. Det ble etter hvert klart at deler av oppgaven ville falle bort. Ved en tidligere testkjøring av tetningsriggen gikk denne varm og ble ødelagt, og det var ikke ønske om å gå videre med denne. Samtidig ble feltmålingene utsatt og til slutt droppet på grunn av utsettelser i arbeidet som måtte gjøres i Førde før målingene kunne finne sted. Dette betød at en rekke antakelser måtte gjøres i forhold til designkriteriene for turbinen. Falltapet ble estimert, og for rørgaten som allerede eksisterer i Førde ble det konkludert med at rørdiameteren er alt for liten slik at alt trykket gikk bort i tap, og det ble etter hvert bestemt at et nytt rør må legges. En hydrologisk oversikt ble gjennomført under prosjektoppgaven høsten 2009 for å finne estimert vannføring. Designverktøyet baserer seg på et regneark av Torbjørn Nielsen linket opp mot AutoDesk Inventor. Det ble under prosjektoppgaven lagt vekk på ledeskovldesign, mens det nå er mulig å få et visuelt inntrykk av hele turbinen ut fra designparametere. Mengden kjølevann og behovet for drenering av lekkasjevann ble funnet å være veldig lite, men over tid kan dette bli et stort problem og slite unødig på turbinen. Ved å lage et hull gjennom akselen kan begge problemene løses uten alt for store inngrep i turbindesignet.

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Næs, Erlend Haugland. "Design og test av aksialvifter." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10805.

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En teststasjon for aksialvifter har blitt etablert på strømningsteknisk laboratorium ved Institutt for Energi og Prosessteknikk på NTNU. Teststasjonen er satt opp med utstyr og programvare for testing av skyvkraft, tilført effekt, hastighetsmålinger, turtall og støy. Gjennom disse parametrene kan blant annet viftens virkningsgrad beregnes. En innløpskon har blitt konstruert for å bedre viftehusets innløpsbetingelser og testing av innløpskonen er gjennomført. Instituttet disponerer to propeller med ulik design som har blitt nøye testet. Det er samtidig utviklet egne propelldesign med utgangspunkt i vingeteori og prinsipper for godt propelldesign. Det egne designet brukes som et sammenlikningsgrunnlag for de to propellene som allerede eksister ved instituttet. Det er også foreslått endringer for å bedre virkningsgraden til de to eksisterende propellene.

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41

Jakobsen, Bror Øiseth. "Design og test av aksialvifter." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10808.

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En teststasjon for aksialvifter har blitt etablert på strømningsteknisk laboratorium ved Institutt for Energi og Prosessteknikk på NTNU. Teststasjonen er satt opp med utstyr og programvare for testing av skyvkraft, tilført effekt, hastighetsmålinger, turtall og støy. Gjennom disse parametrene kan blant annet viftens virkningsgrad beregnes. En innløpskon har blitt konstruert for å bedre viftehusets innløpsbetingelser og testing av innløpskonen er gjennomført. Instituttet disponerer to propeller med ulik design som har blitt nøye testet. Det er samtidig utviklet egne propelldesign med utgangspunkt i vingeteori og prinsipper for godt propelldesign. Det egne designet brukes som et sammenlikningsgrunnlag for de to propellene som allerede eksister ved instituttet. Det er også foreslått endringer for å bedre virkningsgraden til de to eksisterende propellene.

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42

Lien, Morten Stenstad. "Aerodynamic Development and Construction of a Car for Participation in the Eco-Marathon Competition." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10809.

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The authors of this paper were responsible for aerodynamic development of, as well as assisting in the production of components for, the NTNU vehicle for the Shell Eco-marathon competition, DNV Fuel Fighter. A drag reducing end extension, with the intent of delaying flow separation, was designed, produced and mounted on the vehicle. Due to wind tunnel breakdown the final product could not be tested, but the prototype was measured to give a drag reduction of between 8% and 15% for 0 to 15 degrees yaw angle. During the competition the team did not complete an approved run due to technical difficulties with the propulsion and the electronic control system.

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43

Eikeland, Henrik Aaserud. "Aerodynamic Development and Construction of a Car for Participation in the Eco-Marathon Competition." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10810.

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The authors of this paper were responsible for aerodynamic development of, as well as assisting in the production of components for, the NTNU vehicle for the Shell Eco-marathon competition, DNV Fuel Fighter. A drag reducing end extension, with the intent of delaying flow separation, was designed, produced and mounted on the vehicle. Due to wind tunnel breakdown the final product could not be tested, but the prototype was measured to give a drag reduction of between 8% and 15% for 0 to 15 degrees yaw angle. During the competition the team did not complete an approved run due to technical difficulties with the propulsion and the electronic control system.

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44

Sund, Stig. "The Effect of Blockage on High Reynolds Number Flow over a semi-circular Obstacle." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10815.

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In order to map the effects of blockage and aspect ratio, pressure distributions were measured around four different floor-mounted semi-circular cylinders in nominally two-dimensional flow. Diameters ranged from 0.05m to 0.30m for 0.3·10^5<3.5·10^5. No significant blockage effects were found for B=0.05. It was shown that by using the bulk flow velocity as the reference velocity, blockage and aspect ratio effects could be partially counteracted. The use of the bulk flow velocity was identified to be especially efficient in correcting the base pressure coefficient, but led to a larger variation of the minimum pressure coefficient with Re, for a given blockage ratio. Results also indicate that blockage is the governing factor of the base pressure coefficient for L/D>10, while the aspect ratio has the largest influence below this threshold. Separation bubbles occur in a manner similar to that of circular cylinders. The results do, however, indicate that the progression from laminar separation to purely turbulent separation may be accelerated by increased blockage. Further, the speed up over the cylinder was found to be approximately constant for a given blockage, and proportional to the square root of the blockage.

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45

Abrahamsen, Ole Kristoffer. "Hydrogen Storage: Thermophysical data and flow properties for some porous media." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10856.

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Two rigs have been developed and built to measure thermal conductivity and permeability for porous materials. The intention of the rigs is to investigate the properties of some hydrogen adsorption materials. The materials are only available in small volumes which have been taken into consideration under the development. Fourier’s law of heat conduction has been used as a basis for the development of the thermal conductivity rig. A cylindrical geometry with centered heater was chosen to ensure that all heat must be transported through the specimen. The temperature and heat distribution have been evaluated numerically to find the required insulation on top and bottom. Based on the chosen insulation, the rig is able to measure the conductivity for specimens with minimum conductivity of 0.1 W/mK. To make the rig capable of measurements at different temperatures, a side wall cooling system has been developed where fluid is transported on the outer side of the rig. Depending on the coolant fluid, the rig is capable of measurements within a wide temperature range. Liquid nitrogen and tap water have been used in the measurements where the lowest measurement was performed at -137degC. The uncertainties have been determined where the positioning of the thermocouples have been shown to be most affecting due to the small dimensions of the rig. The results have an uncertainty of +-10%. The permeability rig have been developed using the principles of Darcy’s law. To estimate the magnitude of the flow rate and pressure loss for a given material, a set of empirical equations has been used. Based on the estimations it turned out that great variations in pressure loss can be expected depending on the pore size diameter of the material. They also stated the validation of Darcy’s law which is for slow viscous flow only. The uncertainties in the equipment have been estimated and indicated that results can be obtained with an uncertainty less than 10%. The measurements pointed out that the geometry of the rig should be modified as the pressure loss turned out to be too small. Due to delays, the adsorption materials were not available when the rigs were ready for measurements; therefore, other materials were chosen to test the rigs. The permeability results has been compared to the estimation based on the pore size diameter of the materials. For the conductivity rig, the results were harder to verify since the properties such as porosity and conductivity of the solid phase not were known.

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46

Moe, Kjetil Birkeland. "Simulering av turbulent swirlstrømning gjennom et dobbelt rørbend." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10860.

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Numeriske simuleringer blir utført for å undersøke hvordan swirlstrømning kan bidra til trykktapsreduksjon over rørbend. Fire individuelle sammenligninger gjøres først mot publiserte eksperimentelle data av Eggels, Wu & Moin, og Anwer & So, hvor strømningene har fellestrekk med denne oppgaven. Dette av den grunn at det ikke eksisterer talldata for swirlstrømning i dobbeltbend, samt til den hensikt å skaffe til veie erfaring rundt oppsett av numeriske skjema og turbulensmodeller for denne typen strømning. Det gjennomføres simuleringer for swirltall 0.5 og 1, og for ordinær rett rørstrømning, for bendradier 0.75D, 1D, 1.5D, 2D og 3D, for henholdsvis Re = 63300 og Re = 316000. Det utformes også en intern statisk swirlgenerator med 6 blader og 102 graders vridning. Resultatene viser at det er en korrelasjon mellom swirl og reduksjon av trykktap, ved at innsnevringer og områder med tilbakestrømning, som oppstår i en ordinær rett rørstrømning, reduseres betydelig. Total trykktapsreduksjon sammenlignet med rett rørstrømning, oppnås best i rørsystemer med flere påfølgende bend. Det vises også at bevaring av tangentiell hastighet gjennom dobbeltbend i to plan er avhengig av swirlretning og rørgeometriens retning i forhold til denne.

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47

Skåtun, Kim. "RP-200 : Design of PD pump for pumping of molasses." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8955.

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Abstract Motivation There is, at the present time, no submerged molasses pump on the market that is designed specifically for cargo tankers. Due to this I, find it interesting to look into the possibilities of installing a molasses pump in cargo tankers to transport molasses instead of transporting molasses in containers as it is done today. It is challenging to come up with a new product, and the motivation of actual be able to release a pump for the international marked is indescribable. Problem The goal is to make a prototype of a submerged pump specifically made for pumping molasses that can fulfill the customer requirements for flow and pressure. Obtaining reliable test result and demonstration of the pump is desirable before the new product is set into production. Approach Molasses is a very special and complex cargo, due to the complexity, 8cdot10^{3}kg of molasses was ordered from Australia. Then it was possible to do several tests on the actual molasses which the current market is for. Different pump designs have to be evaluated and then some design can be put into prototyping. The prototypes needs to go through several test so as much knowledge as possible can be gained before the pump is released on the market. Conclusion There is definitely a large market for transporting molasses by cargo tankers. There are already several orders for a molasses pumping system. Molasses seems to be a more complicated cargo pump then first assumed because of its big variations in viscosity due to temperature and different batches. There are many unknown factors involved in pumping molasses and as further it was dogged in to the problems new ones occurred. But the problems have been solved, some has been hard to solve. After three prototypes the customers requirements were finally achieved, and then all the hard work has finally given result. Even if the pump design is ready for the first order, many new question have arrived and this is the motivation to continue with the process that has already started. Especially interesting is the new technology that will be available next year regarding CFX a motivation factor to keep trying to rise the efficiency.

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48

Slettebø, Eirik Slungaard. "Separation of Gas from Liquids in Viscous Systems." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8979.

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Increased knowledge of the degassing process in separation of gas from oil is important in connection with development of subsea separation and boosting units for heavy oil fields. The focus in the thesis is on theory and equipment design for two-phase separation of oil and gas. A review of gravitational separators and compact separation technology with a focus on subsea installations is given first. An extensive literature review related to theory governing the degassing process is further presented. The effectiveness of the degassing process depends on the gas’ ability to migrate out of the oil. Bubble dynamics theory, especially correlations for calculation of a bubbles velocity in a liquid is therefore examined. Bubble size, fluid properties, especially liquid viscosity, and gas volume fraction in the liquid is decisive factors for the bubble velocity. A comparison of several correlations obtained in various literature is made to determine the best available for modeling degassing. Most of the correlations have a limited range of validity in terms of bubble size and Reynolds number. It is verified that they are highly inaccurate outside this range. A correlation developed to be valid for a large range of bubble sizes seems to predict bubble velocities reasonably well. Because of its large range of validity, this is chosen to be used in the development of a separator model. Some experimental work is performed on two liquids with different viscosity. It is verified that separation of gas in viscous liquids requires significantly more retention time for the smallest bubbles reach the liquid surface. Occasional deviations from the examined theory are observed, especially for the more viscous liquid. Based the chosen correlation for bubble velocity a simplified model for horizontal and vertical gravity separators is developed. Separator size, fluid properties, flow rate and distribution of bubbles are input parameters. The model calculates how much of the initial gas volume fraction that remains in the liquid after separation. Consequence of high liquid viscosity and distribution of bubble size and bubble distribution in the liquid are evaluated by use of the model. When the oil becomes very viscous is it important that separator and internals are designed to optimize the conditions for degassing. This implies among others an inlet device which provides an ability to control the bubble distribution and keep the size of bubbles as large as possible. Methods are suggested for increased effectiveness in degassing of heavy oils, by reducing viscosity, increase the coalescence rate and affecting the flow pattern. Separation of other phases and undesirable components is also important and may make it difficult to optimize the design for the degassing process. However, a separator should be efficient in all respects, making knowledge of the degassing process anyhow important. The thesis gives an overview of important parameters in the degassing process. Much work still remains to develop correlations and models which can give a more exact description of real systems. Continuous development in separator components and not at least compact separation technology is important to effectively be able to produce heavy oil, especially in terms of subsea installations.

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49

Drange, Line Sjødin. "Dimensioning of Kirne Power Plant in Nepal." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8989.

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Kirne Power Plant is a planned expansion of Khimti I Hydro Power Plant in Nepal. During the monsoon period there is a lot of excess water, and the the plan is to utilize this water in an extra power plant during the monsoon. The same tunnel as for Khimti I is to be used for the whole volume flow. A new external pressure shaft is planned for the water down to the new power house of Kirne. The hydrology is studied in this thesis, and a flow of 11 m3/s can be utilized in Kirne through 80% of the monsoon, through the rest of the period, the flow is lower, on the average. The flow limit is found based on the head loss and surges in the water way. The sediment basin will have to be doubled in size to handle the doubling of the volume flow. The placing of the basin can be on the opposite riverbank of the existing settling basin. Another possibility is to build the planned power plant Khimti II upstream Khimti I, and handle the sediments there. Excavation of a volume of 170 m3 is necessary at the top of the surge shaft, to give room for the upsurges. The down-surges are reduced by prolonging the opening time of the turbines and valves. The new pressure shaft will be a 1800 meter long external shaft of steel, with an optimal pipe diameter of 2,16 meter. The shaft will be external due to difficult conditions in the rock, and experiences of the building of Khimti I. It will be shown that the best solution for Kirne is to install one Pelton turbine wiht five nozzles, or two Pelton turbines with three nozzles each, in the power plant. Two Pelton turbines will give a better production than one, but at the same time the costs of the power house, and the turbines will increase. The size of the turbine will be 64 MW for one turbine, and 32 MW each, if two smaller turbines are chosen. The production will be about 240 GWh depending of the flow through the year, which can be up to 30% less than the average. The income of Kirne will be about 13-14 MUSD, depending on the final choices. In order to finish this thesis, a lot of assumptions are made. The power evacuation and agreements with locals and national governments are not investigated. This is done to narrow the scope of the thesis, but at these points, the largest risks of the project are placed.

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Winnem, Andreas Navjord. "Fortrengning av gass med en væskestrøm: Småskala forsøk." Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskaplige Universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9085.

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Spyling (Flushing) av gass med en væske kolonne er viktig i forbindelse med trykk testing av rørledninger. For å vurdere multifase simulatoren OLGA 6.0 sin evne til å predikere spyling av en rørledning har simuleringer i OLGA blitt sammenlignet med små skala forsøk. En test rigg har blitt satt opp med konfigurasjonen av en bølgeformet rørledning. Den viktigste variabelen var høyden på vannet i reservoaret. Forsøkene ble filmet med et video kamera. Slutt tilstanded ble logget ved å måle den vertikale høyden av væske kolonnene i de ulike rør seksjonene. Dette ble sammenlignet med slutt tilstanden i OLGA simuleringene. Et Matlab skripe ble utviklet for å gjøre bilde analyse av filmen. Bilde analysen ble brukt til å sammenligne det transiente forløpet av eksperimentene med simuleringene i OLGA. Slutt tilstanden i forsøkene hvor røret ikke ble spylt var i god overensstemmelse med simuleringene i OLGA. Det transiente forløpet var mye raskere i OLGA. Forholdet mellom tiden det tok væsken å nå utløpet i eksperimentet hvor røret ble spylt og simuleringen i OLGA var 2.5. Dette forholdet avtok med innløpstrykket. Grunnen til denne uoverensstemmelsen er vurdert å komme av at det ikke er noen modell for overflatespenning mellom fluid og vegg i OLGA. For å finne minste løftehøyde for at OLGA skulle predikere spyling av røret, ble en parameterstudie av innløpstrykket utført. Faktoren mellom løftehøyden som var nødvendig for å spyle røret i eksperimentene og OLGA simuleringen var 0.84. Dette var overraskende siden OLGA predikerte et mye raskere transient forløp med større hastighet og bevegelsesmengde. Grunnen til over prediksjonen av den nødvendige løftehøyden antaes å komme av at OLGA til en liten grad tar høyde for strømnings historikk. Effekten av dette er at væskeplugger forsvinner i overgangen mellom et oppover rør og et nedover rør.

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