Relevant bibliographies by topics / MtDNA

Academic literature on the topic 'MtDNA'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MtDNA"

1

Tang, Yingying, Eric A. Schon, Ekkehard Wilichowski, Martel E. Vazquez-Memije, Edgar Davidson, and Michael P. King. "Rearrangements of Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): New Insights into the Regulation of mtDNA Copy Number and Gene Expression." Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, no. 4 (April 2000): 1471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.4.1471.

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Mitochondria from patients with Kearns–Sayre syndrome harboring large-scale rearrangements of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; both partial deletions and a partial duplication) were introduced into human cells lacking endogenous mtDNA. Cytoplasmic hybrids containing 100% wild-type mtDNA, 100% mtDNA with partial duplications, and 100% mtDNA with partial deletions were isolated and characterized. The cell lines with 100% deleted mtDNAs exhibited a complete impairment of respiratory chain function and oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, there were no detectable respiratory chain or protein synthesis defects in the cell lines with 100% duplicated mtDNAs. Unexpectedly, the mass of mtDNA was identical in all cell lines, despite the fact that different lines contained mtDNAs of vastly different sizes and with different numbers of replication origins, suggesting that mtDNA copy number may be regulated by tightly controlled mitochondrial dNTP pools. In addition, quantitation of mtDNA-encoded RNAs and polypeptides in these lines provided evidence that mtDNA gene copy number affects gene expression, which, in turn, is regulated at both the post-transcriptional and translational levels.
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2

Tang, Yingying, Giovanni Manfredi, Michio Hirano, and Eric A. Schon. "Maintenance of Human Rearranged Mitochondrial DNAs in Long-Term Cultured Transmitochondrial Cell Lines." Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, no. 7 (July 2000): 2349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.7.2349.

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Large-scale rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; i.e., partial duplications [dup-mtDNAs] and deletions [Δ-mtDNAs]) coexist in tissues in a subset of patients with sporadic mitochondrial disorders. In order to study the dynamic relationship among rearranged and wild-type mtDNA (wt-mtDNA) species, we created transmitochondrial cell lines harboring various proportions of wt-, Δ-, and dup-mtDNAs from two patients. After prolonged culture in nonselective media, cells that contained initially 100% dup-mtDNAs became heteroplasmic, containing both wild-type and rearranged mtDNAs, likely generated via intramolecular recombination events. However, in cells that contained initially a mixture of both wt- and Δ-mtDNAs, we did not observe any dup-mtDNAs or other new forms of rearranged mtDNAs, perhaps because the two species were physically separated and were therefore unable to recombine. The ratio of wt-mtDNA to Δ-mtDNAs remained stable in all cells examined, suggesting that there was no replicative advantage for the smaller deleted molecules. Finally, in cells containing a mixture of monomeric and dimeric forms of a specific Δ-mtDNA, we found that the mtDNA population shifted towards homoplasmic dimers, suggesting that there may be circumstances under which the cells favor molecules with multiple replication origins, independent of the size of the molecule.
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Gilkerson, Robert W., Eric A. Schon, Evelyn Hernandez, and Mercy M. Davidson. "Mitochondrial nucleoids maintain genetic autonomy but allow for functional complementation." Journal of Cell Biology 181, no. 7 (June 23, 2008): 1117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200712101.

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged into DNA-protein assemblies called nucleoids, but the mode of mtDNA propagation via the nucleoid remains controversial. Two mechanisms have been proposed: nucleoids may consistently maintain their mtDNA content faithfully, or nucleoids may exchange mtDNAs dynamically. To test these models directly, two cell lines were fused, each homoplasmic for a partially deleted mtDNA in which the deletions were nonoverlapping and each deficient in mitochondrial protein synthesis, thus allowing the first unequivocal visualization of two mtDNAs at the nucleoid level. The two mtDNAs transcomplemented to restore mitochondrial protein synthesis but were consistently maintained in discrete nucleoids that did not intermix stably. These results indicate that mitochondrial nucleoids tightly regulate their genetic content rather than freely exchanging mtDNAs. This genetic autonomy provides a molecular mechanism to explain patterns of mitochondrial genetic inheritance, in addition to facilitating therapeutic methods to eliminate deleterious mtDNA mutations.
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Yang, Cai-Xia, Zhao-Hui Kou, Kai Wang, Yan Jiang, Wen-Wei Mao, Qing-Yuan Sun, Hui-Zhen Sheng, and Da-Yuan Chen. "Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial DNAs in macaque embryos reprogrammed by rabbit oocytes." Reproduction 127, no. 2 (February 2004): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00088.

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In cloned animals where somatic cell nuclei and oocytes are from the same or closely related species, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the oocyte is dominantly inherited. However, in nuclear transfer (NT) embryos where nuclear donor and oocyte are from two distantly related species, the distribution of the mtDNA species is not known. Here we determined the levels of macaque and rabbit mtDNAs in macaque embryos reprogrammed by rabbit oocytes. Quantification using a real-time PCR method showed that both macaque and rabbit mtDNAs coexist in NT embryos at all preimplantation stages, with maternal mtDNA being dominant. Single NT embryos at the 1-cell stage immediately after fusion contained 2.6 × 104 copies of macaque mtDNA and 1.3 × 106 copies of rabbit mtDNA. Copy numbers of both mtDNA species did not change significantly from the 1-cell to the morula stages. In the single blastocyst, however, the number of rabbit mtDNA increased dramatically while macaque mtDNA decreased. The ratio of nuclear donor mtDNA to oocyte mtDNA dropped sharply from 2% at the 1-cell stage to 0.011% at the blastocyst stage. These results suggest that maternal mtDNA replicates after the morula stage.
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Zhou, Huaibin, Ke Nie, Ruyi Qiu, Jingting Xiong, Xiaoli Shao, Bingqian Wang, Lijun Shen, Jianxin Lyu, and Hezhi Fang. "Generation and Bioenergetic Profiles of Cybrids with East Asian mtDNA Haplogroups." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1062314.

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Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups may contribute to susceptibility to various diseases and pathological conditions, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To address this issue, we established a cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) system to investigate the role of mtDNA haplogroups in human disease; specifically, we examined the effects of East Asian mtDNA genetic backgrounds on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). We found that mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms such as m.489T>C, m.10398A>G, m.10400C>T, m.C16223T, and m.T16362C affected mitochondrial function at the level of mtDNA, mtRNA, or the OxPhos complex. Macrohaplogroup M exhibited higher respiratory activity than haplogroup N owing to its higher mtDNA content, mtRNA transcript levels, and complex III abundance. Additionally, haplogroup M had higher reactive oxygen species levels and NAD+/NADH ratios than haplogroup N, suggesting difference in mitonuclear interactions. Notably, subhaplogroups G2, B4, and F1 appeared to contribute significantly to the differences between haplogroups M and N. Thus, our cybrid-based system can provide insight into the mechanistic basis for the role of mtDNA haplogroups in human diseases and the effect of mtDNA variants on mitochondrial OxPhos function. In addition, studies of mitonuclear interaction using this system can reveal predisposition to certain diseases conferred by variations in mtDNA.
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Fukuhara, H., F. Sor, R. Drissi, N. Dinouël, I. Miyakawa, S. Rousset, and A. M. Viola. "Linear mitochondrial DNAs of yeasts: frequency of occurrence and general features." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 4 (April 1993): 2309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.4.2309-2314.1993.

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In most yeast species, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been reported to be a circular molecule. However, two cases of linear mtDNA with specific termini have previously been described. We examined the frequency of occurrence of linear forms of mtDNA among yeasts by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Among the 58 species from the genera Pichia and Williopsis that we examined, linear mtDNA was found with unexpectedly high frequency. Thirteen species contained a linear mtDNA, as confirmed by restriction mapping, and labeling, and electron microscopy. The mtDNAs from Pichia pijperi, Williopsis mrakii, and P. jadinii were studied in detail. In each case, the left and right terminal fragments shared homologous sequences. Between the terminal repeats, the order of mitochondrial genes was the same in all of the linear mtDNAs examined, despite a large variation of the genome size. This constancy of gene order is in contrast with the great variation of gene arrangement in circular mitochondrial genomes of yeasts. The coding sequences determined on several genes were highly homologous to those of the circular mtDNAs, suggesting that these two forms of mtDNA are not of distant origins.
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Fukuhara, H., F. Sor, R. Drissi, N. Dinouël, I. Miyakawa, S. Rousset, and A. M. Viola. "Linear mitochondrial DNAs of yeasts: frequency of occurrence and general features." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 4 (April 1993): 2309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.4.2309.

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In most yeast species, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been reported to be a circular molecule. However, two cases of linear mtDNA with specific termini have previously been described. We examined the frequency of occurrence of linear forms of mtDNA among yeasts by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Among the 58 species from the genera Pichia and Williopsis that we examined, linear mtDNA was found with unexpectedly high frequency. Thirteen species contained a linear mtDNA, as confirmed by restriction mapping, and labeling, and electron microscopy. The mtDNAs from Pichia pijperi, Williopsis mrakii, and P. jadinii were studied in detail. In each case, the left and right terminal fragments shared homologous sequences. Between the terminal repeats, the order of mitochondrial genes was the same in all of the linear mtDNAs examined, despite a large variation of the genome size. This constancy of gene order is in contrast with the great variation of gene arrangement in circular mitochondrial genomes of yeasts. The coding sequences determined on several genes were highly homologous to those of the circular mtDNAs, suggesting that these two forms of mtDNA are not of distant origins.
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Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Marcello Pinti, Leonarda Troiano, Nicole Prada, Milena Nasi, Roberta Ferraresi, Paolo Salomoni, Cristina Mussini, and Andrea Cossarizza. "Changes in Mitochondrial Rna Production in Cells Treated with Nucleoside Analogues." Antiviral Therapy 10, no. 1 (January 2005): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350501000112.

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Background To investigate mitochondrial (mt) toxicity of antiretroviral drugs further, we developed a novel realtime PCR-based assay for the quantification of mtRNA. We analysed the effects of stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI) and zidovudine (AZT) on the production of mtRNAs in different human cell lines and compared the production with the amount of mtDNA present in the same cells. Materials and methods: HUT78, CEM and U937 cells were exposed to different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) for 7 days. Thereafter, nucleic acids were isolated and Taqman-based real-time PCR was used to quantify mtDNA and three different mtRNAs (ND1, CYTB and ND6 gene products). Results Different amounts of mtRNAs exist in different cell lines. When mtRNA was measured in cells exposed to an NRTI, a marked decrease was observed in cells treated with d4T, but not with ddI or AZT. Changes in mtRNA production did not always correspond to modifications in mtDNA content: 1 μM d4T significantly changed mtRNA but not mtDNA content. Conclusions d4T, but not ddI or AZT, significantly alters mtRNA quantity and quality. The method we have developed can reveal changes that are not observed by measuring mtDNA content only, and can be used for ex vivo studies on drug toxicity.
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Sobreira, C., M. Davidson, M. P. King, and A. F. Miranda. "Dihydrorhodamine 123 identifies impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function in cultured cells harboring mitochondrial DNA mutations." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 6 (June 1996): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.6.8666742.

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Several human diseases have been found to be caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Pathogenic mutated (mut) mtDNAs are usually "heteroplasmic," coexisting intracellularly with wild-type (wt) mtDNAs. For some mtDNA mutations, cells have normal levels of respiratory chain function unless the percentage of mut-mtDNA is very high. Although progress in understanding the molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases has been remarkable, the heterogeneity of mut-mtDNA distribution, even among cells of the same tissue, makes it difficult to clearly delineate the relationships between mtDNA mutations, gene dosage, and clinical phenotypes. In a search for screening methods for identifying cultured cells with deficient mitochondrial function, we incubated living cells harboring mut-mtDNAs with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123), an uncharged, nonfluorescent agent that can be converted by oxidation to the fluorescent laser dye rhodamine 123 (R123). Bright mitochondrial staining was observed in cells that respired normally. Fluorescence was significantly reduced in cells with mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction resulting from very high levels of mut-mtDNAs. The data show that DHR123 is useful for assessing mitochondrial function in single cells, and can be used for isolating viable, respiratory chain-deficient cells from heterogeneous cultures.
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Knorre, Dmitry A. "Intracellular quality control of mitochondrial DNA: evidence and limitations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1790 (December 2, 2019): 20190176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0176.

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Eukaryotic cells can harbour mitochondria with markedly different transmembrane potentials. Intracellular mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms (e.g. mitophagy) rely on this intracellular variation to distinguish functional and damaged (depolarized) mitochondria. Given that intracellular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic variation can induce mitochondrial heterogeneity, mitophagy could remove deleterious mtDNA variants in cells. However, the reliance of mitophagy on the mitochondrial transmembrane potential suggests that mtDNAs with deleterious mutations in ATP synthase can evade the control. This evasion is possible because inhibition of ATP synthase can increase the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Moreover, the linkage of the mtDNA genotype to individual mitochondrial performance is expected to be weak owing to intracellular mitochondrial intercomplementation. Nonetheless, I reason that intracellular mtDNA quality control is possible and crucial at the zygote stage of the life cycle. Indeed, species with biparental mtDNA inheritance or frequent ‘leakage’ of paternal mtDNA can be vulnerable to invasion of selfish mtDNAs at the stage of gamete fusion. Here, I critically review recent findings on intracellular mtDNA quality control by mitophagy and discuss other mechanisms by which the nuclear genome can affect the competition of mtDNA variants in the cell. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour’.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MtDNA"

1

Llewellyn, Barbara Ellen. "Utilization of a MAGIChip for mtDNA typing." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275159.

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Simmonte, Owens Matthew John. "Polymer microarrays for biomedical applications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28953.

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Biocompatible polymers are used exhaustively within the biomedical arena, demonstrating a mechanical and chemical diversity that few other materials possess. As polymer technologies evolves to cater for new medical demands, even the most niche biomedical application becomes an achievable reality. However, the discovery of new polymers is hindered by the complexity and intricacy in which the biological milieu interacts with a new substrate, reducing the ability to predict the appropriateness of a certain polymer for a specific application. This drawback can be countered by the high-throughput evaluation of large numbers of chemically diverse polymer candidates. In this thesis, the use of polymer microarrays is invoked to address two separate medically-relevant issues: the control of inflammation, and the improvement of cancer screening. In addition, I provide details of how polymer microarray techniques and technology can be employed to expand the repertoire of biomaterials research. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an alarm molecule that contributes to the cytokine storm observed during severe tissue injury. An application where control of this systemic inflammation is achieved through scavenging of mtDNA by a polymer was proposed. Primary screening highlighted that 166 out of the 380 polymers evaluated bound to blood cells, making them unsuitable for a blood-based application. The remaining 214 blood-compatible polymers were cross-examined for mtDNA binding. Through polymer microarray and subsequent scale-up of promising candidates, a poly(methoxyethyl methacrylate-co-di(ethylamino)ethyl acrylate-co-methoxyethyl acrylate) was found to have a remarkable ability to scavenge mtDNA. Removal of cell-free mtDNA using this polymer is proposed to remove a key trigger of systemic inflammation. Cervical cancer screening includes the cytological evaluation of patient material for developed or developing abnormalities. An application was sought that would enrich for cancerous/pre-cancerous cells and improve upon current standards for detection. Four cancerous cervical cell lines (HeLa, CaSki, SiHa, and C33a) and four precancerous cell lines (W12E, W12G, W12GPX, and W12GPXY) were interrogated to identify polymers with consistent binding that may improve routine cytological evaluation. A short-list of 24 polymers was assembled, and cells from liquid based cytology samples from healthy patient were spiked with DiI-labelled cancerous/precancerous cells and the short-listed polymers were re-evaluated for preferential binding. An enrichment of abnormal cervical cells was observed with three polymers, which could form the foundation for improved screening resources. Inkjet printing can be a useful tool in developing patterned substrates, such as polymer microarrays. A piezoelectric drop-on-demand printer was used to explore the methods in which these can be fabricated. A wettability assay using picolitre volumes was developed and used to characterise O2 plasma treatment of glass slides. Additionally, the printing of a cell-binding polymer using this approach enabled the decoration of cells with precise spatial resolution.
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Yuncu, Eren. "Mitochondrial Dna (mtdna) Haplogroup Composition In Turkish Sheep Breeds." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610314/index.pdf.

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In the present study, haplogroup composition of five native Turkish sheep breeds, (Karayaka, Akkaraman, Gö
kç
eada, Dagliç
, Morkaraman) and two sheep breeds from neighboring countries (Herik from Iran, samples from Azerbaijan) were determined by single strand length polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) region and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of mtDNA control (CR) region. Results of the SSCP and RFLP approaches were found to be 96,82% consistent. Most of the 3,18% inconsistency was due to unidentified band patterns of 9 individuals. SSCP method could identify haplogroups A, B and C, but not D and E. Similarly RFLP method could identify haplogroup A, B and possibly D, but not E and C. Data of the present study were compared with those of the previous studies to test the robustness of results under different samplings and were found to be homogenous with a previous study with similar sampling strategy. Neighbor joining tree, principal component analysis (PCA), Delaunay network analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were employed to analyze the haplogroup frequencies and breeds were separated in four groups according to the genetic barriers between breeds from different geographical locations. Strongest differentiation was present between two groups which were eastern breeds (Morkaraman, Herik-Iran and Azerbaijan) and western breeds (Gö
kç
eada, Akkaraman, Karayaka and Dagliç
). Additionally, Azerbaijan was proposed as the entrance point of the haplogroup A and the Iran was proposed as the entrance point of haplogroup C to Anatolia with the Spearman rank correlation test.
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Blei, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Effects of Mitochondrial Nucleases on mtDNA Degradation / Daniel Blei." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177881683/34.

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Pierson, Melanie Jane. "Deciphering the mtDNA record of prehistoric population movements in Oceania." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1487.

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This thesis uses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies to explore patterns of past human mobility in Oceania. To extend the current knowledge of mtDNA variation in Oceania, 20 entire mt genomes were sequenced and analysed in a data set of more than 144 sequences from Australia, Oceania, Island Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The MinMax Squeeze method enabled this large data set to be analysed with an optimality criterion (Pierson et al. 2006). The analysis revealed two major groups of haplogroups in Oceania, distinguished by the relationships to others outside of the region: an 'ancient' set of types whose phylogenies and distributions suggest they are descended from the Pleistocene-era settlers of Near Oceania, and a second 'young' group whose presence in Oceanic populations may reflect more recent movements into Near Oceania. The detailed phylogenies of these haplogroups presented here will aid in future investigations of human mtDNA in Oceania, allowing samples to be screened by defining mutations to target haplogroups of interest. A large data set of global entire human mt DNA sequences was assembled from public data bases and tested for evidence of selection and recombination. These tests, and phylogenetic analyses of random subsets of the data set, found high levels of homoplasy in the sequences. Homoplasy in the control region of the mtDNA molecule was examined in particular, resulting in a relative scale of mutability at each position of the ~1kb sequence. Subsequent phylogenetic tests of weighting schemes derived from this analysis for the control hypervariable region I (HVR-I) did not show demonstrable improvements over the unweighted examples, but did highlight instances in which the HVR-I sequence failed to predict the more robust trees generated by the coding region. Finally, the HVR-I and diagnostic SNPs were sequenced in a set of 46 Polynesian samples from Auckland, and this data was analysed within a large set of HVR-I sequences (more than 4000) from Oceanic, Asian and the American populations available from public data bases. These analyses were informed by the whole mtDNA phylogenies generated earlier in the project, and add population level data to the emerging picture of prehistoric female mobility gained from entire mtDNA analyses.
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Fan, Xiucheng. "Investigation of quantitative and qualitative MtDNA alteration in breast cancer /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8811.

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Gokcek, Cigdem. "Mitochondrial Dna (mtdna) Sequence Analyses Of Kangal Dogs In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606579/index.pdf.

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Kangal dogs are the most popular dogs of Turkey due to their strength, intelligence, loyalty, endurance to extreme temperatures and their lack of predatory behavior towards livestock. In this study to provide genetic information about the distinctness of Kangal and Akbash dogs and hence to provide a basis to conserve them separately, 585 base pair of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence was analysed in 105 Kangal and 9 Akbash dog samples. All the results indicated that Kangal and Akbash dogs were different from each other. Comparison of the Turkish data with those from other dogs revealed that Kangal dogs harbour a rare haplogroup which is only seen in Scandinavian (36%), Portuguese (20%), Turkish (20%) dogs and only one Spanish dog, but not in Akbash, Middle Eastern, other European, Eastern Asian and Indian dogs. Furthermore, comparison of the Kangal and Akbash dogs with the dogs from different geographic regions indicated that Kangal dogs are genetically closer to Scandinavian and South West Asian dogs whereas Akbash dogs are more similar to European and East Asian dogs, based on the mtDNA control region sequences Today, the sizes of Kangal and especially Akbash populations are decreasing. An urgent program for their conservation is needed. In order to conserve them separately, it must be understood that these two dogs are genetically distinct. That is why, the main purpose of the present study is to provide genetic information about the distinctness of Kangal and Akbash dogs.
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Pierre, Tracey Lynn. "mtDNA variation of Canadian Athapaskan populations : the Southern Athapaskan migration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252182.

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Rantanen, Anja. "Regulation of mitochondrial transcription and mtDNA copy number in mammals /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-526-3/.

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Battersby, Brendan James. "Genetic basis for MTDNA segregation in a heteroplasmic mouse model." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38462.

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Mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a maternally inherited, multi-copy, small circular genome approximately 16 kb in size that codes for 13 polypeptides of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Typically, mtDNA is present as only one genotype in a cell, a state known as homoplasmy. In rare circumstances, two or more mtDNA sequence variants can be present in a cell, a state known as heteroplasmy, and these sequence variants can segregate during mitosis and meiosis. In this thesis, I have investigated the basis for a novel tissue-specific segregation of mtDNA in a heteroplasmic mouse model that had been previously constructed from two inbred strains (NZB/BinJ and BALB/c mtDNA). In these mice, four tissues showed directional selection for an mtDNA genotype: in the liver and kidney for the NZB mtDNA genotype; and in the spleen and blood for the BALB mtDNA genotype. I investigated the mechanism responsible for selection of NZB mtDNA, focusing on the liver which showed the strongest effect. In this tissue, selection for the NZB mtDNA genotype is constant with time, independent of allele frequency and does not appear to be mediated through an advantage of respiratory chain function or replication rate of mtDNA. To identify the genetic basis for this mtDNA selection, I set up an intersubspecific intercross and used quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to map three QTL in F2 mice that are strong gene effects in the liver, kidney, and spleen. These QTLs, Smdq-1 (liver), Smdq-2 (kidney), and Smdq-3 (kidney & spleen) (s&barbelow;egregation of m&barbelow;itochondrial D&barbelow;NA Q&barbelow;TL-#) map to chromosome 5, 2, and 6 respectively. Smdq-1 was a dominant QTL in the liver that mapped to a 2 LOD support interval of approximately 1 cM and accounted for 34% of the variation in the trait. To reduce the interval size of Smdq-1 and confirm the map position, BALB chromosome 5 interval-specific congenic mice lines are being generated across a 20 cM interval. This is the fir
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Books on the topic "MtDNA"

1

Hickerson, Michael J. Post-glacial population history and genetic structure of the northern clingfish (Gobbiesox maeandricus), revealed from mtDNA analysis. [Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001.

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Upton, Darlene E. MtDNA, plate tectonics, and a mid-peninsular seaway in Baja California discerned from side-blotched lizards, genus Uta (Phyrnosomatidae). Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Jehaes, Els. Optimisation of methods and procedures for the analysis of mtDNA sequences and their applications in molecular archaeological and historical finds. Leuven: Leuven U.P., 1998.

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Egawhary, Nader David. Characterisation of the damage to the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of cultured vascular endothelial cells induced by hyperglycaemia and various chemical agents. [s.l.]: typescript, 1997.

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John, Chrisman, and Music Teachers National Association, eds. MTNA study guide for teachers. [U.S.]: Music Teachers National Association, 1989.

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Association, Music Teachers National, ed. The MTNA guide to music instruction software. [Cincinnati, Ohio]: Music Teachers National Association, 1990.

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Association, Music Teachers National, ed. The MTNA book of policies, letters and forms. Cincinnati, OH: Music Teachers National Association, 1989.

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Foundation, MTNA, ed. The MTNA Foundation national survey of independent music teacher income and lesson fees. [Cincinnati, Ohio?]: The Foundation, 1990.

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India, Anthropological Survey Of, and D. N. A. Polymorphism DNA Polymorphism Consortium. Genomic Diversity in People of India: Focus on MtDNA and y-Chromosome Polymorphism. Springer, 2022.

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American Indian Mtdna, y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America. Bauu Institute, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "MtDNA"

1

Gewies, Andreas, Jürgen Ruland, Alexey Kotlyarov, Matthias Gaestel, Shiri Procaccia, Rony Seger, Shin Yasuda, et al. "mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA)." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1129. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100858.

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Hirano, Michio, Ramon Martí, Maya R. Vilà, and Yutaka Nishigaki. "MtDNA maintenance and stability genes: MNGIE and mtDNA depletion syndromes." In Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis, 177–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b96832.

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Skubatz, Hanna, and Arnold J. Bendich. "Isolation of mitochondria and mtDNA." In Plant Molecular Biology Manual, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6953-2_1.

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Royyuru, Ajay K., Gabriela Alexe, Daniel Platt, Ravi Vijaya-Satya, Laxmi Parida, Saharon Rosset, and Gyan Bhanot. "Inferring Common Origins from mtDNA." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 246–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11732990_21.

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Xie, Xie, and Xuefeng Zhu. "Visualization of mtDNA Using FISH." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 89–98. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2922-2_7.

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Holland, Mitchell M., and Walther Parson. "Forensic Aspects of mtDNA Analysis." In Forensic DNA Applications, 67–86. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429019944-4.

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Elson, Joanna L., and David C. Samuels. "Common mtDNA Polymorphisms and Neurodegenerative Disorders." In Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders, 63–78. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-701-3_4.

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Uhler, Jay P., and Maria Falkenberg. "In Vitro Analysis of mtDNA Replication." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 1–20. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0834-0_1.

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Hutz, Mara H., Sidia M. Callegari-Jacques, Maria C. Bortolini, and Francisco M. Salzano. "Variability in nDNA, mtDNA, and Proteins." In Genomic Diversity, 23–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4263-6_2.

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Petit, Rémy J., Brigitte Demesure, and Sylvie Dumolin. "cpDNA and mtDNA Primers in Plants." In Molecular Tools for Screening Biodiversity, 256–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0019-6_48.

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Conference papers on the topic "MtDNA"

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Manshaei, Roozbeh, Nauman Baig, Sean Delong, Shahin Khayyer, Brien East, and Ali Mazalek. "Tangible mtDNA." In TEI '17: Eleventh International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3024969.3025005.

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Martins, Letícia, Marianny Rodrigues Costa Amorim, and Andreia Juliana Rodrigues Caldeira. "ORIGEM E IMPORTÂNCIA FILOGENÉTICA DO DNA MITOCONDRIAL." In I Congresso Nacional On-line de Biologia Celular e Estrutural. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1942.

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Introdução: A molécula do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) é muito utilizada em estudos envolvendo estrutura populacional, relações filogenéticas e o entendimento de vários aspectos biológicos e evolutivos de uma grande variedade de organismos. Mas, apesar desse destaque em estudos moleculares, ainda existem muitas dúvidas sobre a organela. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a origem e importância filogenética do mtDNA.Material e método: Foi realizada uma busca de artigo embase dados como SciELO Brasil e Web of Science. Resultados: A mitocôndria é uma organela responsávelpela respiração celular e tem origem endossimbiótica, que pode ser evidenciada pela presença de um DNA própriocircular, semelhante à células ancestrais procariotas. O mtDNA é pequeno (aproximadamente 16 kb nos animais), com raras exceções; possui poucos genes, 37 no total, que codifica para apenas 5% dos produtos necessários para o funcionamento da mitocôndria. É considerado como um genoma compacto, com poucas seqüências espaçadoras, seqüências repetitivas, pseudogenes e introns e aindaausência de recombinação, embora exceções sejam descritas. O conteúdo gênico é conservado, e a ordem em que esses genes se encontram organizados no genomacostuma ser também conservada. A taxa evolutiva do mtDNA é alta, quando comparada a do genoma nuclear. O mtDNA é capaz de ligar pessoas à sua linhagem materna, já que este possui herança exclusivamente materna além disso, é considerado um marcador genético, pois apresenta mais de 5 mil cópias numa única célula. Conclusão: A análise desse tipo de DNA é excepcional em estudo de tecidos antigos e até arqueológicos, como dentes e ossos epodem ser amplamente usados em estudo de evolução e antropologia. Na atualidade, o mtDNA ganhou destaque na área forense, favorecendo a coleta evidencias que elucidam as situações de crimes.
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MARANGI, C., L. ANGELINI, M. MANNARELLI, M. PELLICORO, S. STRAMAGLIA, M. ATTIMONELLI, M. DE ROBERTIS, et al. "CLUSTERING mtDNA SEQUENCES FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION STUDIES." In Modelling Biomedical Signals. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778055_0016.

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Апарцин, Константин, and Konstantin Apartsin. "The results of fundamental and translational research carried out In the Department of Biomedical Research and Technology of the SBRAS INC in 2012-2016." In Topical issues of translational medicine: a collection of articles dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the day The creation of a department for biomedical research and technology of the Irkutsk Scientific Center Siberian Branch of RAS. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_58be81eca22ad.

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The results of basic and translational research of the Department of Biomedical Research and Technology of Irkutsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2012–2016 The paper presents the results of interdisciplinary research carried out in 2012–2016. The review includes the study of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of reparative regeneration, experimental substantiation of methods of diagnosis and prognosis of systemic disturbances of regeneration process, carrying out clinical trials of medicinal products and the formation of observational studies in the field of personalized medicine, the preparation of practical recommendations on the testing of previously developed surgical methods of prevention or correction of postoperative recovery disorders. New data are obtained on the role of the MAP-kinase cascade in the process of regeneration of muscle tissue. It has been established, that with a significant increase of VEGF concentration at the site of the repair of ischemic myocardium, progenitor cells with the CD34+CD45+ phenotype appear, which opens up prospects for the development of biotechnology to restore the damaged myocardium with its own pool of progenitor cells. The new data on the role of growth factors in the post-infarction remodeling are found. It has been revealed, that in local increase of selenium concentration low intensity of mineralization of forming callus in the area of the damage is observed and the formation of bone regeneration slows down. Prospects for the use of nanocomposites of elemental selenium for modulation of reparative response are marked. The dynamics of the level of free circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of blood in the early stages of experimental dyslipidemia has been studied. Atherogenic blood factors do not have a significant effect on the release of the mtDNA from dyslipidemia target cells. On the model of acute small-focal myocardial ischemia, we revealed the increase in the mtDNA levels. Prospects of broadcast of diagnostic mtDNA monitoring technology in myocardial ischemia have been marked. The mtDNA monitoring was first tested as a molecular risk pattern in acute coronary syndrome. In survived patients, the concentration of freely circulating mtDNA in blood plasma was 164 times lower. The probability of death of the patient with a high level of mtDNA (over 4000 copies/mL) was 50 % (logit analysis). Methodological level of translational research in the ISC SB RAS has increased due to effective participation in international multi-center clinical trials of drugs, mainly direct anticoagulants: fondaparinux, edoksabana, betriksabana. “Feedback broadcast” of the results of clinical trials of p38-kinase inhibitor, was carried out in the process of changing the model (initially – neuropathic pain) for coronary atherosclerosis. Technologies of pharmacogenetic testing and personalized treatment of diseases in the employees of the Irkutsk Scientific Center were applied. Step T2. Previously developed at the Irkutsk State Medical University and the Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatologies approaches to surgical prevention and medicinal correction of postoperative hyposplenism were translated into practical health care. Thus, these results obtained in different areas of translational medicine will determine scientific topics of the department in future research cycle.
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Киреева, Виктория, Viktoriya Kireeva, Ю. Усольцев, Yu Usolcev, Ж. Капустенская, Zh Kapustenskaya, Е. Кожевникова, et al. "Intermediate results 2016 of a search study of translational diagnostic methods Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia and/or head Brain." In Topical issues of translational medicine: a collection of articles dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the day The creation of a department for biomedical research and technology of the Irkutsk Scientific Center Siberian Branch of RAS. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_58be81ec94893.

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Purpose of the study. To rate prognostic properties of changes in mitochondrial DNA concentration in the blood plasma of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and ischemic heart disease in relation to the disease and the effectiveness of the therapy. Materials and methods. The study involved patients suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD) and chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) with stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques, who have signed informed consent to the data processing within the framework of scientific research. The patients were admitted to the hospital for examination and treatment of CHD and CCI in Cardiology and Neurology Unit of the Hospital of ISC SB RAS. The subjects underwent laboratory and instrumental examination and analysis of the level of free circulating serum mitochondrial DNA by real-time PCR (copies/ml). The examination results considered as satisfactory were compared with the mtDNA levels before and after the treatment. Results. The average value of the mtDNA levels before and after the treatment in patients of neurological and cardiological profile were significantly different: 1 093 686 copies/ml vs 418 046 copies/ml, respectively (p = 0.02). Unlike women, men mtDNA levels statistically significantly (p = 0.03) decreased after the treatment. We revealed statistically significant differences in mtDNA level indicators before and after the treatment, depending on the definition of the series (p = 0.0010) for rank test Kruskal – Wallis test. The results of the proposed research will help to identify prognostic factors of destabilization of cell damage and plaques in endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and its complications, to conduct clinical test of the method for predicting and diagnostics of cellular damage in chronic ischemia on a background of atherosclerosis.
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Wallace, LaShanale M., Sharifeh Mehrabi, Xuebiao Yao, and Felix O. Aikhionbare. "Abstract 5262: Specific mtDNA variants and colorectal adenopolyps." In Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5262.

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Adams, Gregory, Sharifeh Mehrabi, Tesfamariam Mehreteab, Edward E. Grizzle, and Felix O. Aikhionbare. "Abstract 3806: Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) analysis in colorectal neoplasia." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3806.

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"Sociality affects mutational spectrum of mtDNA in termites versus cockroaches." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-143.

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"cf mtDNA as promising biomarker of radon-induced lung cancer." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/Systems Biology (BGRS/SB-2022) :. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2022-438.

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KHRABROVA, Lyudmila A., Alexander M. ZAITSEV, Larisa L. VIKULOVA, Marina V. ADAMKOVSKAYA, Nina V. BLOKHINA, and Sergey I. SOROKIN. "MtDNA Haplotype Analysis in Dam Families of the Thoroughbred Riding Horses." In XVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference "Modern Trends in Agricultural Production in the World Economy". Sibac, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32743/kuz.agri.2020.34-42.

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Reports on the topic "MtDNA"

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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.

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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Sullins, Jennifer. Accumulation and Transmission Dynamics of a Naturally-Occurring mtDNA Deletion in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6613.

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Cook, Cody C. The Role of ERK1/2 in the Progression of Anti-Androgen Resistance of mtDNA Deficient Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada588684.

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Stevenson, Alexander. Using Archaeological Fish Remains to Determine the Native Status of Anadromous Salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin (Oregon, USA) Through mtDNA and Geochemical Analysis. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.444.

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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.

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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson, and Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.
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