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Journal articles on the topic 'Mt. Everest'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Westerterp, K. R., B. Kayser, F. Brouns, J. P. Herry, and W. H. Saris. "Energy expenditure climbing Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1815.

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Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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2

L., J. F. "EVEN MT. EVEREST IS CROWDED." Pediatrics 92, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.4.586.

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If the top of Mount Everest sounds a safe bet for those in search of solitude and tranquility, think again. On May 12th this year so many climbers were waiting to reach the summit that a queue formed. By the end of the day 32 people had stood on top of the world. More climbers conquered Everest this year than in the quarter century after Hillary and Tenzing's first ascent in 1953. Base camp at the foot of the mountain was particularly crowded and squalid; unseemly fights broke out between mountaineers from different countries. Even halfway up the mountain the squabbling continued. Leaders of teams from New Zealand and America complained that a group of Russians had strayed from their designated route and cut in front of them.

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3

Windsor, Jeremy S., Nigel Hart, and George W. Rodway. "Muehrcke's Lines on Mt. Everest." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 10, no. 1 (March 2009): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ham.2008.1079.

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4

Hua-Zhang, Pan, and Shen Shu-Zhong. "Late Permian (Lopingian) gastropods from the Qubuerga Formation at the Qubu section in the Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) Region, Southern Tibet (Xizang), China." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 5 (September 2008): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-089.1.

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Late Permian gastropod fauna in the Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) region, southern Tibet (Xizang), China is poorly known. This paper describes a small gastropod fauna collected by one of the authors (SSZ) from the upper part of the Qubuerga Formation at the Qubu section. The section is located at about 30 km north of Mt. Everest (Fig. 1). Although a limited number of specimens is available, the fauna is more diverse than all previously reported gastropod faunas (e.g., Yu, 1975) from southern Tibet. Description of the gastropod fauna in the Mt. Everest region adds significant data for understanding the distribution of gastropods during the Late Permian and the paleobiogeographic relationship between the Himalayan and Tethyan regions.

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5

Wagner, Peter D., Harrieth E. Wagner, Bertron M. Groves, Allen Cymerman, and Charles S. Houston. "Hemoglobin P50 during A Simulated Ascent of Mt. Everest, Operation Everest II." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 8, no. 1 (March 2007): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ham.2006.1049.

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6

Bailey, D. M. "The last "oxygenless" ascent of Mt Everest." British Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.5.294.

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7

Olson, Lynn Schneidhorst. "Pathologist Defies the Odds on Mt Everest." Laboratory Medicine 27, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/27.10.704.

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8

Subedi, Bishnu Hari, Jhapindra Pokharel, Torrey L. Goodman, Sanuraja Amatya, Luanne Freer, Nalin Banskota, Eric Johnson, and Buddha Basnyat. "Complications of Steroid Use on Mt Everest." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 21, no. 4 (December 2010): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2010.09.006.

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9

Pedersen, Donald M., and O. T. “Ted Wendel. "Mt. Everest memorial honors US physician assistant." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 29, no. 11 (November 2016): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000502866.59093.34.

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10

West, J. B. "Alexander M. Kellas and the physiological challenge of Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.3.

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Alexander M. Kellas (1868–1921) was a British physiologist who made pioneering contributions to the exploration of Everest and to the early physiology of extreme altitudes, but his physiological contributions have been almost completely overlooked. Although he had a full-time faculty position at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London, he was able to make eight expeditions to the Himalayas in the first two decades of the century, and by 1919 when the first official expedition to Everest was being planned, he probably knew more about the approaches than anybody else. But his most interesting contributions were made in an unpublished manuscript written in 1920 and entitled “A consideration of the possibility of ascending Mount Everest.” In this he discussed the physiology of acclimatization and most of the important variables including the summit altitude and barometric pressure, and the alveolar PO2, arterial oxygen saturation, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal ascent rate near the summit. On the basis of this extensive analysis, he concluded that “Mount Everest could be ascended by a man of excellent physical and mental constitution in first-rate training, without adventitious aids [supplementary oxygen] if the physical difficulties of the mountain are not too great.” Kellas was one of the first physiologists to study extreme altitude, and he deserves to be better known.

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11

Wagner, P. D., J. R. Sutton, J. T. Reeves, A. Cymerman, B. M. Groves, and M. K. Malconian. "Operation Everest II: pulmonary gas exchange during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2348.

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Eight normal subjects were decompressed to barometric pressure (PB) = 240 Torr over 40 days. The ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) distribution was estimated at rest and during exercise [up to 80–90% maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max)] by the multiple inert gas elimination technique at sea level and PB = 428, 347, 282, and 240 Torr. The dispersion of the blood flow distribution increased by 64% from rest to 281 W, at both sea level and at PB = 428 Torr (heaviest exercise 215 W). At PB = 347 Torr, the increase was 79% (rest to 159 W); at PB = 282 Torr, the increase was 112% (108 W); and at PB = 240 Torr, the increase was 9% (60 W). There was no significant correlation between the dispersion and cardiac output, ventilation, or pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, but there was a correlation between the dispersion and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = 0.49, P = 0.02). When abnormal, the VA/Q pattern generally had perfusion in lung units of zero or near zero VA/Q combined with units of normal VA/Q. Alveolar-end-capillary diffusion limitation of O2 uptake (VO2) was observed at VO2 greater than 3 l/min at sea level, greater than 1–2 l/min VO2 at PB = 428 and 347 Torr, and at higher altitudes, at VO2 less than or equal to 1 l/min. These results show variable but increasing VA/Q mismatch with long-term exposure to both altitude and exercise. The VA/Q pattern and relationship to pulmonary arterial pressure are both compatible with alveolar interstitial edema as the primary cause of inequality.

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12

Hou, Fu Qiang, Wei Zhou Zeng, and Ai Ke Kan. "Online Browsing Service of Scenic Based on 3G Wireless Video Network System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.286.

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Having designed and achieved a sort of wireless video network system based on 3G TDCDMA, this system is applied to provide users witht function which is online browsing service of real-time natural landscape on the Mt. Everest. By means of erecting the video cameras on the Mt. Everest and 3G network service based on H.264 video coding technique to preview post-coding data via WEB server on the internet. Through the use of 3G network technology and H.264 video coding technology, users are able to get access to the video with higher quality, implementing the function of browsing scenery in scenic.

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13

Otto, Christian, Douglas R. Hamilton, Benjamin D. Levine, Craig Hare, Ashot E. Sargsyan, Peter Altshuler, and Scott A. Dulchavsky. "Into Thin Air: Extreme Ultrasound on Mt Everest." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 20, no. 3 (September 2009): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/08-weme-br-228r2.1.

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14

West, J. B. "Tolerance to severe hypoxia: lessons from Mt. Everest." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 34 (September 1990): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03216.x.

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15

West, John B. "Height of Mt. Everest: Physiological and Medical Implications." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 7, no. 1 (March 2006): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ham.2006.7.1.

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16

Weisskopf, Victor F. "Search for Simplicity: Maxwell, Rayleigh, and Mt. Everest." American Journal of Physics 54, no. 1 (January 1986): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14761.

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17

Panzeri, Daniele, Paolo Caroli, and Barry Haack. "Sagarmatha Park (Mt Everest) porter survey and analysis." Tourism Management 36 (June 2013): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.003.

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18

Miner, K. R., H. Clifford, T. Taruscio, M. Potocki, G. Solomon, M. Ritari, I. E. Napper, A. P. Gajurel, and P. A. Mayewski. "Deposition of PFAS ‘forever chemicals’ on Mt. Everest." Science of The Total Environment 759 (March 2021): 144421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144421.

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19

Ghimire, Kaman, Arnab Singh, Arbindra Khadka, Binod Dawadi, and Dibas Shrestha. "A Meteorological Analysis from the Southern Slope of Mt. Everest, Nepal." Jalawaayu 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v3i1.52069.

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Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world, with an elevation ending at 8848.86 m above sea level, providing unique opportunity for direct observation of the upper troposphere. Utilizing the data from recently established five automatic weather stations (AWSs) network along the Everest climbing route, as part of the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Expedition to Mount Everest 2019, from June 2019 to May 2020, this study investigates the meteorological environment over the southern slope of the Mt. Everest. Precipitation, temperature, radiations (income and outgoing short wave and long wave radiation), wind speed and direction along with derived variables like Lapse Rate, Precipitation Gradient, 6.11 hPa Isoline, and zero-degree Isotherm are analyzed with the aim of understanding altitudinal variation. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in monsoon with highest in Phortse (530 mm). Analysis of temperature lapse rate shows the highest lapse rate (-5.6 ℃ km-1) in monsoon and lowest in post-monsoon (-7℃ km-1). The precipitation analysis reveals that the vertical and horizontal precipitation gradient for monsoon is -63 mm km-1 and is -8.6 mm km-1 however, during the post-monsoon, precipitation increased by 0.75mm km-1 and 4.6 mm km-1, respectively. Similarly, westerly winds dominate during winter in upper station while it’s nearly uniform for lower stations. Radiation, likewise, are highly correlated between the stations, with incoming shortwave being the highest in the upper station, South-Col. Both isoline and isotherm lines are observed at around 6000 m above sea level. The one-year data has revealed some of the interesting pictures of high-altitude meteorology, but long-term data with fewer data gaps should be required to confirm these patterns.

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20

Miner, Kimberley R., Paul Andrew Mayewski, Mary Hubbard, Kenny Broad, Heather Clifford, Imogen Napper, Ananta Gajurel, et al. "A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt. Everest: Findings from the 2019 Expedition." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041928.

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In 2019, the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Everest expedition successfully retrieved the greatest diversity of scientific data ever from the mountain. The confluence of geologic, hydrologic, chemical and microbial hazards emergent as climate change increases glacier melt is significant. We review the findings of increased opportunity for landslides, water pollution, human waste contamination and earthquake events. Further monitoring and policy are needed to ensure the safety of residents, future climbers, and trekkers in the Mt. Everest watershed.

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21

Wagner, Dale R. "Body Composition and Hematological Changes Following Ascents of Mt. Aconcagua and Mt. Everest." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/asem.2858.2010.

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22

Chen, Xintong, Shichang Kang, Zhiyuan Cong, Junhua Yang, and Yaoming Ma. "Concentration, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon in the Mt. Everest region retrieved by real-time observation and simulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 17 (September 6, 2018): 12859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12859-2018.

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Abstract. Based on the high-resolution measurement of black carbon (BC) at the Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Station (QOMS, 28.36∘ N, 86.95∘ E, 4276 m a.s.l.) from 15 May 2015 to 31 May 2017, we investigated the seasonal and diurnal variations in BC and its potential source regions. Both monthly and daily mean BC concentrations reached the highest values in the pre-monsoon season and the lowest values in the monsoon season. The highest monthly and daily mean BC concentrations were at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the lowest concentrations. For the diurnal variation, the BC concentrations remained significantly high from late at night to morning in the pre-monsoon season. Meanwhile, the westerly winds prevailed during this period, implying the potential for pollutants to be transported across the Himalayas from long-distance sources to QOMS along the valley. In the monsoon season, the BC concentrations remained low but peaked in the morning and at noon, which might be caused by local emissions from cooking. By analyzing the simulation results from the backward trajectories of air masses and the fire spot distribution from the MODIS data, we found that the seasonal cycle of BC was significantly influenced by the atmospheric circulation and combustion intensity in the Mt. Everest region. The transport mechanisms of BC were further revealed using a WRF-Chem simulation during severe pollution episodes. For the pollution event in the monsoon season, BC aerosols in southern Asia were uplifted and transported to the Mt. Everest region by the southerly winds in the upper atmosphere. However, for the events in the pre-monsoon season, BC from northern India was transported and concentrated on the southern slope of the Himalayas by the northwesterly winds in the lower atmosphere and then transported across the Himalayas by the mountain-valley wind. A relatively smaller amount of BC from northwestern India and central Asia was transported to the Mt. Everest region by the westerly winds in the upper atmosphere.

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23

Schagatay, Erika, Pontus Holmström, Eric Mulder, Prakash Limbu, Fanny Saga Schagatay, Harald Engan, and Angelica Lodin-Sundström. "Spleen Volume and Contraction During Apnea in Mt. Everest Climbers and Everest Base Camp Trekkers." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ham.2019.0028.

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24

Young, P. M., M. S. Rose, J. R. Sutton, H. J. Green, A. Cymerman, and C. S. Houston. "Operation Everest II: plasma lipid and hormonal responses during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1430.

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To examine the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on plasma lipid profiles, fasting blood samples were collected from six men (21–31 yr) at 760 Torr and periodically during a 40-day exposure to decreasing barometric pressure culminating in a final ambient pressure of 282 Torr. Preascent plasma total cholesterol concentration ([TC]) was decreased by 25% after the 40-day exposure (P less than 0.01). High-density lipoprotein concentrations ([HDL-C]) decreased 32% (P less than 0.001) with no alteration in the TC-to-HDL-C weight ratio. Plasma triglyceride concentration increased twofold during this period (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in fasting plasma free fatty acid concentrations or free fatty acid-to-albumin molar ratio throughout the study. Fasting plasma insulin levels were increased approximately twofold with no significant changes in glucagon concentration or the insulin-to-glucagon molar ratio. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were increased threefold on reaching 282 Torr (P less than 0.01), with no significant changes in plasma epinephrine concentrations. Mean energy intake (kcal/day) decreased 42%, whereas mean body weights decreased by 8.9 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.01) with exposure. Increased concentrations of insulin may lead to increased hepatic production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, thus eliciting metabolic changes independent of weight loss and dietary intake.

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25

Tripathi, RameshK, and Indrani Sen. "Michael Ellis Debakey - The Mt. Everest of Vascular Surgery." Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 1, no. 1 (2014): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0820.142364.

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26

Burtscher, Martin, Hannes Gatterer, and Wolfgang Domej. "Physiological basis to climb Mt. Everest in one day." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 166, no. 1 (March 2009): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.12.012.

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27

Wagner, Dale R. "Improved lipid profile following an ascent of Mt. Everest." Journal of Men's Health 8, no. 1 (March 2011): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2010.12.001.

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28

Junyong, Chen, Zhang Yanping, Yuan Janli, Guo Chunxi, and Zhang Peng. "Height Determination of Qomolangma Feng (MT. Everest) in 2005." Survey Review 42, no. 316 (April 2010): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003962610x12572516251565.

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29

Riley, N. D. "XVIII. The Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 70, no. 3-4 (April 24, 2009): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1923.tb02842.x.

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30

Karliner, Joel S., Frank F. Sarnquist, David J. Graber, Richard M. Peters, and John B. West. "The electrocardiogram at extreme altitude: Experience on Mt. Everest." American Heart Journal 109, no. 3 (March 1985): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(85)90555-1.

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31

Chen, Xuelong, Zhongbo Su, Yaoming Ma, and Fanglin Sunt. "Analysis of Land-Atmosphere Interactions Over the North Region of Mt. Qomolangma (Mt. Everest)." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 44, no. 4 (November 2012): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.4.412.

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32

Bajracharya, Sambuddha, Anish Ghimire, and Mohan Bahadur Dangi. "Generation, characterization, and environmental implications of solid waste and its management in the Everest region." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 9, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v9i2.37381.

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Managing solid waste is becoming a rather challenging task in remote areas, including the Mt. Everest region in Nepal, due to its cold climate, complex topography, and extreme environmental factors. Using published and unpublished literature and personal communications to key informants, this paper analyzes the situation of solid waste management in the Everest region as it relates to increasing tourism and possible environmental implications in the region. The study revealed that combined efforts from people of all levels associated with the mountain region would create a circular waste management system. The paper also reports the existing practices and planned activities for the essential process such as source segregation of waste, collection, use of material recovery facility, and recycling which could lead to sustainable solid waste management in the Everest region and beyond with similar context.

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33

Malconian, Mark, Paul Rock, Herbert Hultgren, Howard Donner, Allen Cymerman, Bertron Groves, John Reeves, et al. "The electrocardiogram at rest and exercise during a simulated ascent of mt. Everest (operation everest II)." American Journal of Cardiology 65, no. 22 (June 1990): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)91358-d.

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34

Zafren, Ken. "Life and Death on Mt Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 2005): e13-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[e13c:br]2.0.co;2.

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35

Burtscher, Martin, and Ginés Viscor. "How important is V̇O2max when climbing Mt. Everest (8,849 m)?" Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 297 (March 2022): 103833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103833.

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36

Gelsor, Norsang, Liu Juan, Tsoja Wangmo, Lagba Tunzhup, and Nuozhen Gelsor. "Measurements on Solar Energy Resources in the Mt. Everest Region." American Journal of Physics and Applications 9, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20210901.11.

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37

Kollin, S. "Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/7.2.286.

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38

West, John B. "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: new data and physiological significance." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062.

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Barometric pressures (Pb) near the summit of Mt. Everest (altitude 8,848 m) are of great physiological interest because the partial pressure of oxygen is very near the limit for human survival. Until recently, the only direct measurement on the summit was 253 Torr, which was obtained in October 1981, but, despite being only one data point, this value has been used by several investigators. Recently, two new studies were carried out. In May 1997, another direct measurement on the summit was within ∼1 Torr of 253 Torr, and meteorologic data recorded at the same time from weather balloons also agreed closely. In the summer of 1998, over 2,000 measurements were transmitted from a barometer placed on the South Col (altitude 7,986 m). The mean Pbvalues during May, June, July, and August were 284, 285, 286, and 287 Torr, respectively, and there was close agreement with the Pb-altitude (h) relationship determined from the 1981 data. The Pb values are well predicted from the equation Pb = exp (6.63268 − 0.1112 h − 0.00149 h2), where h is in kilometers. The conclusion is that on days when the mountain is usually climbed, during May and October, the summit pressure is 251–253 Torr.

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39

Miner, Kimberley R., Paul A. Mayewski, Saraju K. Baidya, Kenneth Broad, Heather Clifford, Aurora Elmore, Ananta P. Gajurel, et al. "An Overview of Physical Risks in the Mt. Everest Region." One Earth 3, no. 5 (November 2020): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.10.008.

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40

Stevens, Stan. "Tourism and deforestation in the Mt Everest region of Nepal." Geographical Journal 169, no. 3 (September 2003): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00089.

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41

Dillon, Michael E., and Robert Dudley. "Surpassing Mt. Everest: extreme flight performance of alpine bumble-bees." Biology Letters 10, no. 2 (February 2014): 20130922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0922.

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Animal flight at altitude involves substantial aerodynamic and physiological challenges. Hovering at high elevations is particularly demanding from the dual perspectives of lift and power output; nevertheless, some volant insects reside and fly at elevations in excess of 4000 m. Here, we demonstrate that alpine bumble-bees possess substantial aerodynamic reserves, and can sustain hovering flight under hypobaria at effective elevations in excess of 9000 m, i.e. higher than Mt. Everest. Modulation of stroke amplitude and not wingbeat frequency is the primary means of compensation for overcoming the aerodynamic challenge. The presence of such excess capacity in a high-altitude bumble-bee is surprising and suggests intermittent behavioural demands for extreme flight performance supplemental to routine foraging.

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42

Abramson, Allen. "Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering." American Ethnologist 30, no. 2 (May 2003): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2003.30.2.330.

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43

Shichang, Kang, Qin Dahe, Paul A. Mayewski, Cameron P. Wake, and Ren Jiawen. "Climatic and environmental records from the Far East Rongbuk ice core, Mt. Qomolangma (Mt. Everest)." Episodes 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/004.

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44

Windsor, Jeremy S., and George W. Rodway. "English Air—The Story of the 1922 Mt Everest Oxygen Apparatus." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 20, no. 1 (March 2009): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/08-weme-lh-204.1.

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Somos-Valenzuela, M. A., D. C. McKinney, D. R. Rounce, and A. C. Byers. "Changes in Imja Tsho in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 8, 2014): 2375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2375-2014.

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Abstract. Imja Tsho, located in the Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park of Nepal, is one of the most studied and rapidly growing lakes in the Himalayan range. Compared with previous studies, the results of our sonar bathymetric survey conducted in September 2012 suggest that the maximum depth has increased from 98 m to 116 ± 0.25 m since 2002, and that its estimated volume has grown from 35.8 ± 0.7 million m3 to 61.6 ± 1.8 million m3. Most of the expansion of the lake in recent years has taken place in the glacier terminus–lake interface on the eastern end of the lake, with the glacier receding at about 52.6 ± 0.3 m yr−1 and the lake expanding in area by 0.039 ± 0.0195 km2 yr−1. A ground penetrating radar survey of the Imja-Lhotse Shar glacier just behind the glacier terminus shows that the ice is over 217 ± 12.71 m thick in the center of the glacier. The volume of water that could be released from the lake in the event of a breach in the damming moraine on the western end of the lake has increased from 21 million m3 in 2002 to 34.8 ± 0.54 million m3 in 2012.

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Lin, Mang, Shichang Kang, Robina Shaheen, Chaoliu Li, Shih-Chieh Hsu, and Mark H. Thiemens. "Atmospheric sulfur isotopic anomalies recorded at Mt. Everest across the Anthropocene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (June 18, 2018): 6964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801935115.

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Increased anthropogenic-induced aerosol concentrations over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau have affected regional climate, accelerated snow/glacier melting, and influenced water supply and quality in Asia. Although sulfate is a predominant chemical component in aerosols and the hydrosphere, the contributions from different sources remain contentious. Here, we report multiple sulfur isotope composition of sedimentary sulfates from a remote freshwater alpine lake near Mount Everest to reconstruct a two-century record of the atmospheric sulfur cycle. The sulfur isotopic anomaly is utilized as a probe for sulfur source apportionment and chemical transformation history. The nineteenth-century record displays a distinct sulfur isotopic signature compared with the twentieth-century record when sulfate concentrations increased. Along with other elemental measurements, the isotopic proxy suggests that the increased trend of sulfate is mainly attributed to enhancements of dust-associated sulfate aerosols and climate-induced weathering/erosion, which overprinted sulfur isotopic anomalies originating from other sources (e.g., sulfates produced in the stratosphere by photolytic oxidation processes and/or emitted from combustion) as observed in most modern tropospheric aerosols. The changes in sulfur cycling reported in this study have implications for better quantification of radiative forcing and snow/glacier melting at this climatically sensitive region and potentially other temperate glacial hydrological systems. Additionally, the unique Δ33S–δ34S pattern in the nineteenth century, a period with extensive global biomass burning, is similar to the Paleoarchean (3.6–3.2 Ga) barite record, potentially providing a deeper insight into sulfur photochemical/thermal reactions and possible volcanic influences on the Earth’s earliest sulfur cycle.

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WEST, JOHN B. "Human Limits for Hypoxia: The Physiological Challenge of Climbing Mt. Everest." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 899, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06173.x.

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Elvin, Sandra, Pete Athans, Paul Mayewski, Jiban Ghimire, Aurora C. Elmore, and Valerie Craig. "Behind the Scenes of a Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to Mt. Everest." One Earth 3, no. 5 (November 2020): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.10.006.

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Mu, Yang, Sanjay K. Nepal, and Po-Hsin Lai. "Tourism and sacred landscape in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal." Tourism Geographies 21, no. 3 (January 10, 2019): 442–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1558454.

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Némethy, Mária, Andrew B. Pressman, Luanne Freer, and Scott E. McIntosh. "Mt Everest Base Camp Medical Clinic “Everest ER”: Epidemiology of Medical Events During the First 10 Years of Operation." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 26, no. 1 (March 2015): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.07.011.

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