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1
Lúčanský, Igor. "Planning and Valuation of Investment Project - MSW Incinerator in Banska Bystrica." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205670.
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The Master Thesis outlines planning and valuation of solid waste incinerator with energy recovery. The focus of due diligence, made before valuation, is on the assessment of the input data in regard to current and future market situation. The beginning of the thesis explains the valuation process with methods used later on. The two subsequent parts describe respectively current market situation and define data for valuation process made in Excel sheet attached. Before concluding the outcomes are compared with other possibilities with changes in financing structure.
2
Chan, Chris Chi-Yet. "Behaviour of metals in MSW incinerator fly ash during roasting with chlorinating agents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ27620.pdf.
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Wasantakorn, Aran. "Efficient power generation by integrating a MSW incinerator with a combined cycle gas turbine plant." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369938.
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Toller, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9155.
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Tritz, Audrey. "Oxydation de pyrolyse du dibenzofurane à trés faibles concentrations : application à la réduction des émissions de dioxines." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0014/document.
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"Les dioxines" (PCDD/F : polychlorodibenzodioxines/furanes) sont des polluants organiques persistants émis dans l'atmosphère, provenant de combustions incomplètes. Cette étude concerne l'oxydation et la pyrolyse du dibenzofurane (DBF) choisie comme molécule modèle des PCDF. La réaction est étudiée dans un réacteur parfaitement agité entre 500 et 950°C, pour un temps de passage de 3 à 5s et à très faible concentration de DBF (~2 ppm) pour se rapprocher des conditions des incinérateurs (UIOM). Les espèces intermédiaires, formées lors de la décomposition du DBF, sont identifiées par GC/MS puis quantifiées par TD/GC/FID. Ces produits sont des dérivés du benzofurane, des composés aromatiques et poly-aromatiques. A partir de ces résultats, un mécanisme cinétique détaillé a pu être développé et validé. Ce mécanisme est ensuite utilisé pour simuler d'autres conditions opératoires et optimiser la zone de postcombustion des UIOM"Dioxins" (PCDD/F) are persistent organic pollutants which are emitted in the atmosphere by several combustion and thermal processes. The present study concerns the oxidation and the pyrolysis of dibenzofuran which is chosen as a model molecule of polychrorodibenzofurans. The reaction is studied at very low concentration of dibenzofuran (~2 ppm) in a continuous perfectly stirred reactor between 3s and 5s, whereas temperature is ranging from 500°C to 950°C. During dibenzofuran decomposition, several intermediary species are formed; they are identified by GC/MS and then quantified by TD/GC/FID. The main products are derivatives of benzofuran, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds. Taking into account our experimental results and the literature data, we have proposed and validated a detailed mechanism of DBF reaction. This mechanism is used to model the abatement of dioxins by total oxidation in the postcombustion area of a municipal waste incinerator
6
Borooah, Rohit. "Investigations into Incineration of Sanitary Napkin Waste Using Single Chamber Incinerator." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5462.
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Commercially available disposable sanitary napkins are the most common method of menstrual hygiene management in most urban regions of India (van Eijk, 2016) (Mathiyalagen et al., 2017). It is estimated that in India a waste of 58,500 million sanitary napkins can be generated each year (Garg et al., 2012). A typical sanitary napkin consists of several layers made from cellulosic fibres, polypropylene fibres, superabsorbent polymer, etc. (Das & Pourdeyhimi, 2014). Due to non-biodegradability of certain materials, disposal of such napkins is a major environmental concern. Among other issues, soiled napkins contain human blood and endometrial tissue which attract stray dogs and other pests posing a threat to human and environmental safety. Such napkins can be completely destroyed through incineration leaving behind only incombustible ash. Institution-based commercially available incinerators have been gaining popularity in urban cities as it is a convenient and safe method of source destruction of soiled napkins. However, they can contribute to significant air pollution within the city limits and at present there are no emission standards in India for such incinerators.
The present study investigates into the performance of two commercially available sanitary napkin incinerators (Incinerator-1 and Incinerator-2). The emphasis is on quantification of combustion efficiency and emissions, basically CO and CO2 to assess the quality of combustion. The emission values are used to evaluate the systems’ baseline performance under controlled conditions and compare the same with Indian (CPCB) standards for MSW incinerators (upper limit of 100 mg/m3 for CO when corrected to 11 % oxygen in the stack gas and minimum combustion efficiency of 99 %). From preliminary studies on Incinerator-1, it was determined that the average values of CO and CO2, emitted from combustion of one napkin were 465 mg/m3 and 0.19 % respectively (15,505 mg/m3 and 6.33 % when corrected to 11 % oxygen). In the case of Incinerator-2, the average values of CO and CO2 emitted from combustion of one napkin were 148 mg/m3 and 0.23 % respectively (3,432 mg/m3 and 5.35
% when corrected to 11 % oxygen). The combustion efficiencies did not exceed 84 % for Incinerator-1 and 95 % in the case of Incinerator-2.
Further, parametric analysis was carried out to determine the role of parameters like batch size and combustion chamber temperature in the formation of product species. The evaluation clearly established the shortcomings in the combustion chambers to handle five-napkin batches and the need for quick heating to temperatures above 600 °C. In addition, the need for air supply directed in the primary combustion zone for reducing CO emissions was explored. Experimental studies were conducted by injecting atmospheric air at locations above and under the burning fuel bed to determine the effect of air flow rate on the product gas emissions. The results obtained are used to optimize the air flow rate and location within the chamber to achieve maximum air-fuel mixing to facilitate better quality combustion. The effect of air supply to the incinerator on the product gas emissions have been addressed. Through the improved design, the CPCB emission standards for MSW incinerators have been met in the case of incineration of a single napkin with resulting combustion efficiency over 99 %. The emissions of CO have been reduced to 48 mg/m3 (94 mg/m3 when corrected to 11 % oxygen). However, the systems still had certain shortcomings especially its inability to handle larger batch sizes.
Based on the findings an alternate method of incineration using LPG was investigated and preliminary tests conducted with LPG shower promising results. The CO emissions for 1-napkin batches was reduced by over 90 % when compared to cold-start electric resistance incineration and by over 45 % compared to pre-heated condition. Additionally, combustion efficiencies of over 99 % were obtained in the case of 5-napkin batch size. There is scope to further optimize this LPG incineration with extensive investigations into various operational and design parameters like air supply rate, residence time and combustion chamber design.
7
Lee, Cheng-Long, and 李承龍. "Chemical Compositions and Emission Factors of PM10 and PM2.5 Emitted from MSW Incinerators." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95831589486042782816.
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碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
100
In the past, most research only focused the sampling of PM (Particulate Matter) from incinerator stack and investigated the chemical species of dioxins, acid gases and heavy metals. However very few informations were related to the chemical compositions of PM10 and PM2.5 from stack emissions. Therefore, in this study, PM10 and PM2.5 samples emitted from two incinerators in central Taiwan were collected and further analyzed for carbonaceous compounds (EC, OC), water-soluble ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and trace metal elements ( Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, Mn, Cu, Sb, Mo, Ba, Cd, As, Se, Co, and V). The purpose of these works were to establish the source profiles of PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from municipal solid waste incinerator. The results showed that EC, OC, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe, Ca, K and Zn were the major chemical components (abundance greater than 1 %) in PM10 and PM2.5. Higher Ca concentration was found in PM10 and PM2.5 due to the injection of lime spray to remove acid gas in semi-dry scrubber. In this study, the concentrations of the emitted particulate matter and heavy metal concentrations were lower than the domestic and international regulations and standards. The emission factors were also lower than those in the literatures. These results indicated that the air pollution control devices of the incinerators had effectively removed the pollutants. In addition, the concentration of the emitted Cr concentration was higher than that from the Beitou incinerator, which indicated that the treated waste in this area might contain more Cr than those in the other area.
8
Lin, Fong-Nien, and 林豐年. "Environmental Impact of a MSW Incinerator in Operation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fhcp7c.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
104
This research using a life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to Simapro 8.0.2 software garbage recycling (incineration) plant life cycle assessment study, a comparison of the northern part of the original design value A incineration plants, mass and energy balance of the results of the environmental impact of projected , with the results of actual operation, the environmental impact of the difference is the use of LCA techniques described incineration plant for environmental impact situation. The results show that when the northern part of the actual functioning of a A incineration plant, in order to assess the efficiency of power generation is the subject, the bottom ash and fly ash produced by incineration plants produce more than the original design value estimate to 101 annual operating result shows that when the annual actual processing 189,724.75 tonnes of waste, excess operating 1.92%, while the year no violations of environmental laws and regulations violations, an average of 187 kg per tonne of waste generated in the amount of ash, bottom ash which produces an amount of 133.32 kg, more than the original design value bottom ash produced 5.2 times the amount of fly ash to produce an amount of 53.75 kg, more than the original design value of 4.1 times, and the remaining inventory found that the incineration plant in the results of the actual operation, are in line with the original design value incineration plant design, in order to understand incineration plant in the actual situation of excessive operating condition for environmental impact. In this study, the LCA method to explain the operation of incineration plants for environmental health impacts, described the situation for the estimated environmental impact of incineration plant design, while incineration plant for health differences when comparing the environmental impact of the actual operation, in which the Eco-Indicator 95 model simulations, incineration plants meet the estimated actual operating results of the environmental impact of the original design, have a single point of comparison analysis showed that the cumulative impact on the environment as 0.0408Pt, designed in line with expected results 1.77Pt, to heavy metals, acidification and eutrophication the environmental impact results for the incineration plant environmental impact of major projects; when EPS 2000 model simulations, the results of the actual operation of the incineration plant impact on the environment, in line with the original design estimate incineration plant, wherein affect human health, a health, the actual operation of incineration plants cumulative impact on the environment as 2.98Pt, far below the estimated design time 9.05Pt, for the stock of a non-living resources, the actual operation of the incineration plant is the cumulative impact on the environment - 32.7Pt, also better than the design of the estimated -17.1Pt, based on the results of the environmental impact of the design projected situation when the actual incineration plant operation, can meet.
9
Cuou, Shin-Hui, and 周信輝. "Heavy Metal Stabilization of MSW Incinerator Fly ash." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95311499174395294020.
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碩士國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
90
The purpose of this research is stabilization and non-hazardous for municipal solid waste (MSW). At first, due to MSW contains some active chemical materials like CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2, so it can be treated by chemical agent and stabilization methods. Therefore, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate are used individually to react with active calcium for solidification operation that can form low solubility calcium silicate, calcium silicate and ferrite compounds. These compounds structure can effectively depress heavy resolute again in liquid. The experiment procedures are according to composed elements, crystal phase, microstructure and TCLP test to realize properties of reaction ash. And the stabilization effect of treated samples can realize bynew crystal phase production elements distribution on particle surface, multiple TCLP test and stress strength. We hope these results may be useful in domestic. Reaction ash analyze results reveal some characters that are tiny particle and high pH value. The importance is lead concentration in TCLP test exceed limitation. So the ash must be suitable treated and prevented pollution again. The results show that the dissolve of heavy metals can be restrained by adding sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate. The compressive strength of solidified component are reach to 10kg/cm2 and the TCLP results of solidified component are below the regulated values when the adding ratio of sodium silicate are more than 10%, moisture content is 60% and curing time is 1 day. Besides, XRD spectrums show that calcium silicate hydrate and insoluble heavy metal silicate are formed. SEM observation and EPMA mapping also show that the calcium silicate is formed on the particle surface. The TCLP results of stabilized component are also below the regulated values when the adding ratio of sodium carbonate is 10%. XRD spectrums show that calcium carbonate is formed. SEM observation and EPMA mapping also show that the calcium carbonate is formed on the particle surface. Nevertheless, the results of compressive strength are not reached to 10kg/cm2 even if the curing time are up to 21 days. As a comparison to the other two experiments, the TCLP results of stabilized component are also below the regulated values when the adding ratio of ferrous sulfate is 6.8% and ferric sulfate is 9.6%. XRD spectrum show that zinc sulfate and gypsum are formed. SEM observation and EPMA mapping also show that gypsum is formed on the particle surface. Nevertheless, the results of compressive strength are not reached to 10kg/cm2 even if the curing time are up to 21 days. As a matter of fact, sodium silicate has batter effect of stabilization and solidification among the three inorganic chemical reagents. The results are very informative in treating MSW incinerator reaction ash.
10
Ying-MingLin and 林毅銘. "Leaching of Valuable Metals from MSW Incinerator Fly Ash." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/eq7394.
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Liao, Yuan-Lung, and 廖元隆. "Biostabilization assessment of MSW co-disposed with MSW incinerator bottom ash and fly ash in landfill bioreactor." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4dkk86.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
94
Due to the economical development, municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased to a greater amount as the increase of higher consumption and living standard in Taiwan. MSW treatment has evolved to incineration from landfill due to the difficulty of finding appropriate landfill site in Taiwan. However, residues such as bottom ash and fly ash will still remain 15 % of its original MSW volume. Therefore, residues have become another important issue and need to treat them to prevent secondary pollution in Taiwan. Bottom ash has been utilized as backfill, soil amendment, aggregate and landfill cover. Among them, landfill cover has played a major part for the utilization. However, the baseline data of landfill cover practice is still not fully understood. Thus, using bottom ash as landfill cover needs a deep theoretical and experimental investigation for the understanding of landfill mechanisms. For convenience, fly ash was tested and compared as well. For a short term simulation, six landfill bioreactors with 1 m high and 20 cm wide with working volume of 32 L were used to conduct the experiment. Among them, two was used as control bioreactors containing only the mixture of MSW and seeded sludge. The remained four ones were employed as tested bioreactors the same packing as control ones but with the designated bottom ash and fly ash added ratios of 100 and 200 g l-1 and 10 and 20 g l-1 respectively. These six bioreactors were maintained in a homeostatic oven of 35℃ suitable for the anaerobic digestion. For performance assessment of bioreactors, leachates with 100 mL were sampled for pH, conductivity, salinity, Cl-1, SO4-2 (IC) and metals analyses (ICP-OES). Another 100 mL leachates were recirculated. From the results, it showed that pHs were maintained between 6.5 and 7.5 throught the bioreactor operation with the exception of the first two weeks. 100 g l-1 bottom ash added and 10 and 20 g l-1 fly ash added bioreactors were found to enhance the gas production rate with the highest gas accumulation by 20 g l-1 fly ash added bioreactor. Released alkali metals, heavy metals and trace metals such as Ca, Mg, Ni, Co, Mo etc have been found to have potential beneficial rather than detrimental effects on MSW digestion. Thus, it indicated that proper MSW incinerator bottom and fly ash addition on MSW could increase the MSW decomposition and gas production rate and therefore increased the landfill MSW biostabilization.
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Kuan-Hong, Ho, and 何寬宏. "Feasibility of MSW Incinerator Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Chromate Removal." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32598557380398723423.
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碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系
88
The feasibility of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator bottom ashes as adsorbent to remove chromate from dilute aqueous solution was investigated in this research. MSW incinerator bottom ashes used were sampled from several large MSW incinerators in Taiwan. In first step, to realize the basic characteristics of sampled ashes for proper pretreatment, physical, chemical and leaching characteristics of the sampled ashes were tested. Second, batch chromate adsorption experiments were executed with water-washed and acid-washed ashes. And the behavior of chromate removal by MSW bottom ashes was also discussed in this research with adsorption experiments using the main oxide composites of MSW bottom ash - silica, iron and aluminum oxides. The experimental results show that MSW bottom ash had high pHzpc (about 10.5), and high pHzpc favors the removal of anion from dilute aqueous solution. When the dosage of MSW bottom ash was 5 g/L and the initial concentration of chromate solution was 10 ppm, the chromate removal was 44.3 % with equilibrium pH at 4.96 and the specific adsorption capacity was 0.886 mg/g. The result of chromate removal by oxides shows that aluminum oxide has better removal efficiency than other oxides used and the optimum pH range for chromate removal is between 4 to 6. When the dosage of aluminum oxide increased to 25 g/L, the chromate removal was 37.3 % and the specific adsorption capacity was 11.09 mg/g. The water-washed and acid-washed pretreatments show that the specific adsorption capacity of MSW bottom ash was improved. Moreover, water-washed ash expands the optimum removal pH for chromate removal from about 5 to the range of 5 to 7. Acid-wash ash not only improves the specific adsorption capacity from 0.886 to 1.14 mg/g but also expands the optimum pH to the range higher than 4.
13
Wu, Chen Chih, and 吳政治. "Partition of Major Metals for the Ashes Discharged From MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54041782356520648937.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
91
For the restricted and overpopulated Taiwan, the way we dispose of ashes by adopting traditional method of landfill may not only result in serious waste of soil and resources, but also lead to infiltration and pollution of the nature soil and groundwater as well. Through long and periodical sampling and analysis about twelve months the research contains the analytic characteristics of ashes composed of the elements in the municipal solid waste incinerator (including Al2O3 and CaO for general metals and Lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Chromium for heavy metals of bottom ash, fly ash, and reacted ash), variation of time, and connection of their influence factors. According to results of the research, the paper finds that an average content of aluminum oxide in bottom ash and fly ash is about 20%, and we can try to recycle the metal by smelting. For heavy metals in the ashes, lead is primarily distributed in reacted ash (for 30~60% approximately), Cadmium in fly ash (for 30~70%) and reacted ash (for 20~60%), and Chromium mainly in fly ash(for 30~60%); comparatively, Copper has a more normal distribution. Besides, because the physical composition of plastics in the trash feeding is positively related to the quantity of lead and Cadmium in the ashes, we can substantially reduce the quantity of Pb and Cd in the ashes in the municipal solid waste incinerator and then be able to lower its TCLP leaching quantity by controlling the feeding of plastics. As to the total quantity(x) and TCLP leaching quantity(y) of lead in reacted ash and the total quantity(x) and TCLP leaching quantity(y) of Chromium in fly ash and reacted ash in incinerator discussed in this research, we can conclude in terms of the following induction functions: y=0.073x-3.9971(R2=0.6884), y=0.003x+1.2797(R2=0.7685), y=0.0068x+0.6914(R2=0.6154), etc. Hence, we can roughly evaluate TCLP leaching quantity of reacted ash and fly ash by checking total quantity of lead and Chromium in reacted ash and total quantity of Chromium in fly ash; in the meanwhile, the increase of temperature and total amount of air for combustion in the incinerator will also contribute to a more well-mixed distribution of heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium in fly ash.
14
Lee, Kuan-Jen, and 李冠蓁. "Stabilization Treatment for Fine-Particle MSW Incinerator Bottom Ash by Phosphoric Acid." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41667184988557640479.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
91
Municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator bottom ash was used to be disposed of in the landfill directly, or be recovered to act as the aggregates in the construction. However, according to the previous studies, heavy metals leaching potential of the fine-particle MSW incinerator bottom ash was still high. For the sake of the environmental safety, proper stabilization treatment should be executed before its reuse or disposal. This research was focused on the dissolution ratio and the bounded pattern of the heavy metals in the bottom ash, including Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd. The experiments included the phosphoric acid and phosphate stabilization treatment both in wet process and dry process. The samples were analyzed by sequential extraction XRD, SEM, and ICP analyzer. The heavy metals leaching potential are affected by the pH value, but no obvious relationship was observed between the dissolution ratio and particle size. According to the sequential extraction procedure analysis, the mainly bounded pattern of the Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd is bound to carbonates phase, while Cr is bound to the residuals. After stabilized by phosphate solution, the bounded pattern tends to changed from the easily dissolution states to the difficult dissolution states. The best stabilization condition is wet stabilization treatment (L/S=5:1) by 0.25 M phosphate solution and in this condition the bounded fraction is changed to residual state. The concentration of heavy metals is all pass the TCLP regulation and the wastewater are also fulfills the effluent standard. The calcium ion and phosphate will form the stabilized metal phosphate by XRD analysis identification. SEM analysis also shows the pillar crystal forming on the surface. The dissolution ratio of bottom ash is even higher than fly ash because of the operational pH of TCLP experiment. The results showed that the heavy metals in the bottom ash could be successfully stabilized with phosphoric acid or phosphate solution.
15
Chang, Yung-Wei, and 張詠薇. "Study On Emission Characteristics of Dioxins With Affecting Factors for MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07621949213022625759.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
93
For the practice of life and incomplete refuse recycle work in Taiwan, the character of refuse is complicated and not well mixed. It will generate dioxins by way of incineration process. The entire incinerators in Taiwan absorb dioxins by activated carbon injection system except MU-ZHA incinerator destroys dioxins by selective catalyst technology. To keep the fixed activated carbon injection amount does not mean that Dioxins emission could comply with emission standards; furthermore, all incinerators do not have a reliable real time monitoring technology for Dioxins emission now. This study investigates the dry type flue gas treatment system of one MSW plant of Taipei County. It inject 5.0 kg/hr（50mg/Nm3）fixed amount activated carbon to absorb Dioxins. According to sampling result and related operation parameters, to investigate the relationship between Dioxins concentration and affecting factors. The study of 17 PCDDS/PCDFS of dioxins reaches following conclusions: (1) the major Dioxins concentration is contributed from high chlorine materials, OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDF in order. The total inspect concentration is 618.67 pg/Nm3（for 60.92％）；（2）the major capacity in the toxicity equivalent quantity is 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD、1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF，the total toxicity equivalent quantity is 40.05 pg-TEQ/Nm3（for 64.97％）；（3）the major toxicity of dioxins is from PCDFS, especially from 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF that the construction of chemistry is more stable and the toxicity equivalent factor is 0.5 (only less than 2,3,7,8-TCDD) , the alarm threshold is 35.29 pg-TEQ/Nm3。 The conclusions of study as following, (1) the heat value of refuse（x）appears significant positive relationship with toxicity equivalent quantity of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF（y）. The regression formula is y = 1x10-5exp（1.5x10-3x）（R2＝0.8664）；（2）for operation parameters, alkalinity absorbent （Ca(OH)2）（x）appears significant positive relationship with toxicity equivalent quantity of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF（y）. The regression formula is y = 1.95x - 289.88（R2＝0.6339）；（3）for emission concentration, the concentration of HCl （x）appears significant positive relationship with toxicity equivalent quantity of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF（y）. The regression formula is y = 0.73exp（0.11x）（R2＝0.7681）。 In addition to adsorb dioxins by activated carbon, this study fined that when the concentration of HCl near 35.80 ppm, the toxicity equivalent quantity of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF also reach 35.29 pg-TEQ/Nm3. And then the minimum injection amount of alkalinity absorbent（Ca(OH)2）is around 181.00 kg/hr. For control the concentration of HCl to be 15.00~25.00 ppm, the injection amount of alkalinity absorbent （Ca(OH)2）is 149.00~164.00 kg/hr usually. And the toxicity equivalent quantity of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF is 3.70~10.94 pg-TEQ/Nm3. To add the appropriate alkalinity absorbent（Ca(OH)2）is not only can control the concentration of HCl, but also can restrain the dioxin arriving, reduce operation cost and avoid the second pollutions.
16
Chung, Yun-Tai, and 鍾昀泰. "A Study of Dioxins Content and Characteristics of MSW Incinerator Fly Ash." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67970163776637532569.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程學系
85
Incineration is the mainstream technology for solving municipal solid waste (MSW) problems in Taiwan due to the limited land resources and the increasing waste generation. However, MSW incineration potentially generates various toxics such as heavy metals and dioxins that may pose serious threats to human health and the living environment. Potential release of dioxins from MSW incinerator has caused much public concerns in Taiwan since the concept of separation and recycling of refuse is not generally adopted and the hazardous wastes may present in MSW incinerators , thus enhance the degree of pollution. In this study, collected ashes were segregated into different fractions for determining the physical and chemical properties. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F were then analyzed with a high resolution gas chromatograph / low resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/LRMS). In addition, Pearson correlation test was applied to resolve the correlation between dioxins and ashes'' characteristics including BET surface area, density, chloride, carbon, and heavy metal contents. Preliminary results indicated that dioxins homologue component of ashes generated from large-scale mass burn MSW incinerator was less toxic and contained less non-2,3,7,8 PCDD/Fs than that from small-scale batch incinerators. Major species found in the ashes included 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- HpCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, and OCDD, while 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF contributed most of the toxicological equivalent amount (TEQ). Congener profile of PCDD/Fs from these ashes was different from that of typical combustion process. Generally speaking, ashes collected from MSW incinerators contained less OCDD in comparison with the ashes collected from typical combustion process. As indicated by each fraction'' s ashes, fine particles usually had higher dioxins content in comparison with large particles. In the correlation analysis, marked relation was not observed between dioxins content and ashes'' physical properties. However, strong positive correlation was found between dioxins content and chlorine content. Positive correlation between dioxins content and copper and zinc contents in the fly ash were also established.
17
Yeh, Chung-Chih, and 葉宗智. "The Effects of Particle Size on Sintering of MSW Incinerator Fly Ash." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04522354981624074206.
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碩士國立中央大學
環境工程學系
85
Sintering of municipal solid wastes incinerator ashes can produce a ceramic-like solid which is characterized by high compressive strength and low metal leachability. These products not only can be disposed of safely but also can provide an opportunity for recycling as construction materials. However, the particle sizes of the fly ash canaffect the extent of sintering and the compressive strength of the sintered compacts, consequently influencing the methods of disposal and the feasibility of recycling the ash as construction materials. The object of this study was to explore the grain size effects of fly ash on the physical properties and leachability of the sintered compacts. The results indicate that judging from the apparent density, compressive strength, and moisture absorption, the sintering temperature to achieve a state of being sintered for the compacts appears to decrease with the decreasing of particle size. When sintered at fixed temperature, the compressive strength increase with the decreasing particle size. however, the compressive strengths increase at temperature from 400-800℃ (ranged from 300-400 kgf/cm2) while decrease at temperature 800-1000℃ (ranged from 500-300 kgf/cm2). Although all compacts after sintering in this study show a compressive strength higher than150 kgf/cm2, the compacts sintered at temperature less than 800℃ tend to crack when stayed overnight after the adsorption of moisture, showing insufficient sintering temperature to attain a sintered state. On the other hand, the total metal concentrations remaining in the compacts after sintering vary with sintering temperature and particle sizes. The total concentrations for Pb and Cd decreases with decreasing particle size when sintered at 400-800℃; while at 800-1000℃, the trend seems reversed. The total concentration for Cr increases with decreasing particle size. All compacts sintered at 400-1000℃ for 0.5-4.0 hour, show leachabilities range from 0.2-0.7, 0.04-2.0, and 0.23-12.92 mg/L for Pb, Cd and Cr respectively. Of the leachability, Cr shows an increasing tendency with decreasing particle size, while Pb and Cd show no significant trends. Evaluated by the moisture absorption of the sintered compacts, a sintering time ranged from 0.5-4 hour for compacts sintered at 800 degree C shows that the compacts has attained the state of being sintered and process sufficient compressive strength (300-500 kgf/cm2). However, at higher temperature the compressive strengths of the sintered compacts tend to decrease and the process has becoming energy-intensive.
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Shih, Cheng-hsiang, and 施承享. "Enhancement of ageing reaction of MSW incinerator bottom ash by water washing process." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25622416541159498362.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
96
This research investigates that enhancement of the ageing reaction efficiency of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash by water washing process and feasibility of reusing of the washed MSWI bottom ash. The experiments were conducted at liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio 5:1~50:1 and 1 hour or 2 hours washing time. The accelerated carbonation reaction of washed MSWI bottom ash was also evaluated in this research by controlling 0% (air), 5% and 10% CO2.. According to the extraction results of water soluble ions extracted from MSWI bottom ash by water washing process, extraction efficiencies of chlorine (Cl-) and sulfate (SO42-) of MSWI bottom ash were 45.63% and 33.13%, respectively. Meanwhile, the extraction efficiencies of Na+ and K+ extracted from MSWI bottom ash were 45.63% and 33.13%, respectively. However, for the extraction efficiencies of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn were far below 5%. On the other hand, the TCLP concentrations of Cr and Cd were far below the detection limit. The TCLP concentrations of Pb ranged from 0.67 to 1.31mg/l. The TCLP concentrations of tested metals were all in compliant with Taiwan regulation thresholds. Besides, the major speciation of washed MSWI bottom ash were quartz and calcite. Based on the results of surface characteristics of washed MSWI bottom ash by SEM analysis, the water washing process could remove some fine particles from MSWI bottom ash and improve the characteristics of MSWI bottom ash. To assess the efficiency of accelerated carbonation reaction, the speciation transformation in this research was discussed by differential thermal analysis. In case of ageing reaction by air, the Ca(OH)2 would be transformed to CaCO3 and the carbonate content was approximately 4%. Meanwhile, pH value decrease insignificantly from 11.62 to 10.73. However, in case of ageing reaction by 5% and 10% CO2, the pH decreased significantly from 11.14~11.62 to 8.07~8.23. The carbonate content of washed MSWI bottom ash increased from 4% to 7~9%. The surface characteristics of aged MSWI bottom ash indicated that the washed MSWI bottom ash was covered with angular crystals containing with Si, Al and Ca before ageing reaction, and then the like granular texture species (calcite) was identified after ageing reaction. In this study, the aged index (△pH/[CO2 mass(g)/Ca(g)]) was used to evaluate the efficiency of ageing reaction. The results indicated that the ageing reaction was occurred quickly during first reaction day. The aged efficiency increased with an increase in L/S. The aged index increased from 0.92~2.41 to 1.13~5.59 with L/S increased from 5 to 50. However, in case of unwashed MSWI bottom ash, the index was approximately 0.71~2.43. That is, the water washing process could enhance the ageing efficiency of MSWI bottom ash. The assessment for environmental safety of sintered products was conducted by the toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration and acid neutralization capacity (ANC). the results indicated that the alkaline of MSWI bottom ash decreased from 0.8meq/g to 0.54meq/g in ageing reaction. Besides, the released amounts of Cd and Cr of aged MSWI bottom ash were far below detection limit. The released amounts of tested metals, such as Pb, Cu and Zn, were 1.66E-04∼2.85E-04mg/meq-g, 0.002∼0.005 mg/meq-g and 0.034∼0.276 mg/meq-g, respectively. These findings provide important information about the reduction in CO2 emission from MSW incineration plants and feasibility of reusing MSWI bottom ash.
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Huang, Jiunn-Jyh, and 黃俊智. "Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions in Air Collected Near a MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50922907412086266932.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系
90
Thermal destruction is one of the most effective processes to treat organic waste in view of the volume reduction. Proper control of the incineration process with respect to operating parameters to produce flue gases acceptable to the environment is essential for the success of this approach. Some products of incomplete combustion (PICs), due to their specific toxicological potential, may represent a risk for the human health. Typical hazardous air pollutants for example PAHs, VOC, SVOC and PCDD/F were monitored in air samples collected near a MSW incinerator facility. Concentrations of PM10 and TSP were also investigated in the ambient air. Characteristic PCDD/F homologue patterns were classified using statistical analyses and compared with the model results by ISCST3 calculation. The primary compounds including aromatics, substituted aromatics, polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCDD/F were correlated with each other. The trends of the stereotype PICs formation based on the seasonal effect were reported. There are some comprehensive studies making a direct comparison between the representative environmental samples taken in the vicinity of the incinerator. The air pollutants levels measured near the operating incinerator are summarized as follow:(1) SOx concentrations are 9~25 ppb, NOx concentrations are 15~50ppb, CO concentrations are 0.52~1.09ppm and O3 concentrations are 46~120ppb. (2) TSP concentrations ranged between 50 and 150 ug/m3. PM10 ranged between 40 and 120 ug/m3. (3) PAHs concentrations ranged under 60.9 ng/m3 consistented with other studies. (4) Most of the VOC and SVOC compounds are under detection level in the ambient air samples. (5) The PCDD/F conger and homologue patterns detected in the vicinity provid insight into the mechanism of their fingerprint information of the sources and their fate in the environment. PCDD/F concentrations show the seasonal effects on the formation of total concentration. (6) ISCST3 model predicts the consistent trend with the measured results about TSP and PCDD/F distribution on the surrounding incinerator environment.
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Liu, Chung-Yu, and 劉宗諭. "Sintering Characteristics of Incinerator Fly Ash from MSW in An Atmosphere of Reduced Air." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28120137538513669936.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程學系
86
The fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) may be classified as hazardous because it contains high concentrations of leachable heavy metals and salts. As regulations have been tended to impose ever tightening restrictions, this hazardous ash often requires detoxification or other proper treatment before it can be landfilled, or in some instances, recycled as construction products. In the face of the development of many new solidification / stabilization technologies for MSWI fly ash, the sintering of ash offers, in many cases, a potential alternative to treat and even to further recycle the toxic residues. The sintering atmosphere of reduced pressure may provide a less oxidative atmosphere and an enhanced densification for the ash in sintering, thereby altering the properties of the sintered ash. This study investigated the sintering of ash in air atmosphere of normal and reduced pressure comparatively, focusing on the partitions of heavy metal between the sintered ash and the offgas, the heavy metal content and the leachability of the sintered ash, and also the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths. The results indicated that sintering in reduced- air atmosphere for less than 30 minutes increased the compressive strength of the sintered monolith as compared with the normal air atmosphere, whereas longer sintering time tended to decrease the compressive strength. The atmosphere of reduced air also tended to enhance faster densification at the surface of the monolith as compared with an atmosphere of normal air, thus resulting in a higher metal content and a lower leachability for most target metals (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu) except Cr. Contrary to the other target heavy metals, the increase in the total Cr content and the concentration in TCLP leachate after sintering was identified in experiments spiked with Cr2O3 and CrCl3, showing that almost all or only part of the total Cr content measured was of hexavalent form in the previous spiked experiments respectively. The hexavalent compound was later recognized by XRD techniques as K2CrO4. Therefore, sintering in an atmosphere of reduced air pressure tended to decrease the oxidation of Cr from an insoluble trivalent from into a more soluble hexavalent form, accordingly decreased the total Cr content and leaching concentration measured. Key Words : Sintering, MSWI Fly Ash, Reduced Pressure Atmosphere, Heavy Metals, Cr Oxidation
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Lin, Kae-Long, and 林凱隆. "Feasibility Study on Pozzolanic Reactivity of Eco-Cement Incorporating Slags from MSW Incinerator Ashes." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84278066528487277683.
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Teng-Yueh, Wu, and 吳騰月. "Pb Stabilization in Fly Ash and Bottom Residue of MSW Incinerator with Apatite Amendment." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45138631452366899624.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
96
The research studies the lead concentration and distribution of trash ash applying commercial wastes toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) in order to understand the physical properties of trash ash in Taiwan. Phosphorite and Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) are adopted and because the heavy metal components of trash ash are formed including copper, the stabilization of lead, chromium, cadmium, and zinc, etc…in trash ash, produced and the heavy metal is converted into tsumebite. This situation can avoid the release of heavy metal from ash. In addition, the research also controls the surface temperature of polyphosphate in phosphorite within 75 to 100 ℃. In about one month, the loose structure of phosphorite is formed the dough structure. This shows the temperature can be controlled by means of incinerator wasted heat.
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Li, Meng-Han, and 李孟翰. "The pre-treatment process for recovery of MSW incinerator fly ash as cement substitute." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13102868246411566948.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
97
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ashes (reaction fly ash and boiler fly ash) are hazardous wastes that contained complex compositions cause difficult treating. Recycling of the fly ash will be a future tendency in many countries. Fly ash displaced part of cement as a structure material is a potential technique. However, fly ash contains some adverse materials during recycling process, such as chloride, heavy metals, and sulfur, must be removed or stabilized in the fly ash before recycling. In this study, water extraction and phosphoric acid stabilization with wet ball milling process were used to treat the MSWI fly ash. The water extraction could extract a great quantity of chloride. The phosphoric acid stabilization with wet ball milling process can reduce the particle size of fly ash and stabilize the heavy metals in the fly ash. The analytic methods were used to test the characteristic of the paste as following: the compress strength test and soundness test used to understand the effect of the stabilized finer particles filled the pore of cement paste when the fly ash displaced a part of cement. The XRD and SEM analysis were used to observe the pozzolanic reaction and the hydration development. From the results of the experiment, after the water extraction process, the chloride, heavy metals, and sulfur could be removed from the fly ash. The TCLP concentrations of heavy metals were reduced at the same time. The boiler fly ash still remains 13.49% of SO3 after the water extraction, which brings on the expansion of the paste, it is not suitable for displaced the cement. The 10 minutes of the milling could reduce the particle size below 10μm. 10% additive of treated fly ash could raise 6~24 % and 18% of the compress strength and soundness, respectively. But the long terms of milling, the CaCO3 would be produced and have an adverse effect on the hydration developing. The reaction fly ash through the water extraction, phosphoric acid stabilization, and 10 minutes milling processes, the TCLP concentration can meet the regulatory limit and the soundness could be raise 11-22%, which can reach the aim of non hazardous and recycling.
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Shih, Chung-Hsien, and 施忠賢. "Effect of Physical Composition on Pb Metal Content in Flyash Discharged from MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9s54f2.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
94
Because there are a lot of people in the narrow Taiwan, the capacity of existing landfill site gradually become saturated. The technique of incineration replaces landfill site. While using the technology of municipal waste usually results about 20% ash. The value of dissolve about 3% ~ 7% will go beyond the standard of「Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure , TCLP」. However produced ash after incineration exceeds the control of the standard, especially the heavy metal of lead concentration in the flyash . The flyash emitted from a large-scale refuse incinerator in Taipei was sampled and analysis in this research. Due to the TCLP result, it was discovered that the concentration of lead exceeded the standard most frequently (up to 11 times while studying), and therefore lead was targeted mainly in this study. So, how to make heavy metal of lead content in reaction ash droping to accords with TCLP standard in order to reaching the Harmless Have is necessary and urgent. This research is expected with the control method of the source, direct proportion of amount of material entered physical composition in the paper、textiles、plastics、leather-rubber, discuss reaction ash in lead content of heavy metal in study. The result of study shows, when the paper amount of material entered reduces from 17.06wt% to 10.0wt%, reaction ash TCLP leaching concentration is 4.83mg/L；Or when the textiles amount of material entered reduces from 11.84wt% to 4.5wt%, reaction ash TCLP leaching concentration is 4.96 mg/L；Or when the plastics amount of material entered reduces from 24.35wt% to 4.0 wt%, reaction ash TCLP leaching concentration is 4.94 mg/L；Or when the leather-rubber amount of material entered reduces from 6.54wt% to 3.9wt%, reaction ash TCLP leaching concentration is 3.93mg/L , and the TCLP leachate could keep under the regulation control standards (＜5mg/ L).
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Huang, Wei-Chen, and 黃唯哲. "Study on Characteristics of Dioxins Emitted form Co-burning Industrial Waste in MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8yfp7s.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
Aiming at how to control and reduce dioxins emissions after incineration has been the main point focused by many researchers. The elemental composition of refuse is varied between countries, main differences between domestic and abroad market are contents of heavy metal, moisture, heating value of the refuse, plastics and many more, which all presented with higher value than foreign refuse. It will be insufficient to achieve desire result by using foreign data directly; therefore developing a Dioxins decrement technology suitable for incinerated characteristic of domestic refuse will be the more efficient way to control Dioxins emission from the incinerator. The large scale incineration plant in internal is the study objective; the incineration is mixed by co-burning from industrial waste and common waste. According to the statistic between 2006~2007, the co-burning rate on municipal solid waste (MSW) account for 69.48%, industrial waste account for 30.52%. Exhaust fume of dioxins is treated with the dry type treatment system; injected with activated carbon to absorb Dioxins. According to the historical data of the Dioxins concentration and its toxicity equivalent quantity, to probe into 17 PCDD/Fs exhaust fume of Dioxins distributing situation, in order to comprehend emission characteristics of Dioxins from co-burning industrial waste incineration system. The concluded result as follow: (1) 17 PCDD/Fs exhaust fume of Dioxins concentration distributed, OCDD,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,OCDF in order. The total concentration combined into 234.68 pg/Nm3, accounts for 76.60%.(2) 17 PCDD/Fs exhaust fume of Dioxins its toxicity equivalent quantity distributed, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF,1,2,3,,7,8-PeCDD,1,2,3,6,7,8- HxCDF in order. The total toxicity equivalent quantity combined into 6.93 pg-TEQ/Nm3, accounts for 59.82%.(3) PCDDs average ratio to the total toxicity equivalent quantity is 0.34, PCDFs average ratio to the total toxicity equivalent quantity is 0.66, especially from 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF that because of chemical bond that chemical constitution appear stability relatively high, and the toxic equivalent factor is 0.5, can be taken as a indicator that the toxicity equivalent quantity of dioxins, its alarm value is 32.77 pg-TEQ/Nm3.(4) Co-burning solid waste rate on the organic chlorine account for 0.11%, should be the plastics has less content. (5) Co-burning solid waste the concentration of Dioxins is relatively low, conjecture should be less plastics that difficult to burn in the solid waste, the reason that to lead to lower in proportion of the organic chlorine. And co-burning the common waste, does not influence the distributing situation of Dioxins and the contribution of PCDDs and PCDFs.
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Peng, Uei-Ruey, and 彭威叡. "Study on Mercury Contents in The Fly Ash Discharged from MSW Incinerator with Risk Assessment." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56032426255725014129.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
91
The vapor pressure of Mercury（Hg）is generally higher than other heavy metal. Hence, Mercury may vaporize with fly ash easily in the high temperature situations. Incinerators have become the second Mercury pollution sources. People should treat well-arranged of Mercury in fly ash, otherwise, Mercury will pass through air pollution control devices and emissions to the atmosphere circumstances. Emissions of Mercury mat have a huge impacts on human health and environment. The objective of this study was to analysis the content characteristics of Mercury in fly ash and composition of municipal solid wastes（MSW）. As a result, we can inspect the incinerator operating factors which effect Mercury in fly ash. Furthermore, the MSW composition were also characterized for better understanding of their potential effects on the concentration of Mercury in fly ash. According to the results, more research could be based on this study as to investigate the way for further risk assessment of Mercury and its chemical compounds. From the analysis of the results, the content of Mercury in fly ash is 1.434±1.058 mg/kg, the content of Mercury in reacted ash is 2.036mg/kg. The Mercury concentration by TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure，TCLP) in fly ash is 0.0636±0.0329 mg/L, and that in reacted ash is 0.0982±0.0706 mg/L. The paper also studies the risk potential of Mercury by Industrial Source Complex Short Term model Version 3（ISCST3）, and hence evaluates the total emissions nearby the incinerator. It can help us to locate the areas of high concentration place. For example, The maximum emission value is 3,158 μg/day and located on the southeast 1 kilometers of the incinerator.
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HSU, CHIA-YANG, and 徐嘉陽. "Study on heavy metal concentration distribution of fly ash and reacted ash from MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41949241655948978142.
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碩士國立新竹教育大學
應用科學系碩士班
100
Fly ash and reacted ash were collected from MSW Incinerator,collected twice a month after a year and analysis,water content was measured before each sample,and then were digested by aqua regia digestion and microwave digestion pre-treatment method,then detect the digestion of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr and Ni concentration of six heavy metal elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),and to discuss differences in the sample water content,heavy metals concentration distribution and the amount of MSW Incinerator of relevance. The water content of fly ash samples were less than 5%,the distribution range of about between 0.63% to 4.54%;the water content of reacted ash were higher than 5%,the distribution range of about between 5.12% to 25.88%,and the water content of more than 20% of the parts are distributed in April 2009 to June 2009,presumably due to the more humid climate at that time.Fly ash was detected in the Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr and Ni of six heavy metals,this result of MSW Incinerator distribution of the amount is broadly in line,suggesting that heavy metals in fly ash concentration distribution should be MSW Incinerator of the capacity-related;In the reacted ash,there is no special ups and downs,and the MSW Incinerator the distribution of processing capacity than the unrelated,presumably due to semi dry scrubber for the rear section of the air pollution control equipment,resulting in the product(reacted ash) of the more even distribution of heavy metals concentration.
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Chiu, Chia-Chuan, and 邱嘉川. "Effects of Incineration Temperature on the Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal in the MSW Incinerator Ashes." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69577444737532171759.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
92
The purpose of the study is probe into the effect of the different incineration temperature to cause the distribute of the heavy metal in the ash and explore the effect of the different incineration temperature to cause the distribute of the heavy metal in the ash by means of one year sampling and analysis. According to the different physics and chemical characteristics and heavy metal types to use as the Free Energy of Thermodynatics and chemical superiority theorem to find out the chemical compound of the heavy metal under dissimilar incineration temperature as a tool to find the effect of the distribute of the heavy metal in the ash. Under high incineration temperature（950 ~ 1050℃）, Pb and Cd always formed metal oxide（PbCl2、CdCl2）with a volatility higher then other metal oxide. Otherwise, the low volatility metal Cr always formed metal oxide（Cr2O3）in the incinerate. The result of the study shows that while the incineration temperature raise from 944℃ to 1086℃ and the temperature difference more then 100℃, cause an apparent influence of Pb and Cd distribution ratio, the distribution ratio of Pb in the bottom ash reduce 18﹪and Cr reduce 19﹪, besides the distribution ratio of Pb and Cr in the fly ash increase 6﹪and 16﹪, moreover the distribution ratio of Pb in the reacted ash increase11﹪and Cr reduce 4﹪. Otherwise the distribution ratio of Cd in the bottom ash increase 26﹪, the distribution ratio of fly ash and reacted ash reduce14﹪and 12﹪separately. It prove the influence of the incineration temperature on the distribution ratio of heavy metal Pb、Cd、Cr in ash. Beside the incineration temperature influence , Cd’s ash distribution ratio also affect serious by itself. Generally speaking, the influence level of the incineration temperature to the heavy metal is Pb＞Cd＞Cr. While the incineration temperature between 944~1086℃, Pb、Cd、Cr formed different chemical compound species and the higher temperature the higher probability formed chloride, cause thechlorine consistency increased and go along with the high leachability consistency of the heavy metal Pb、Cd、Cr. The analysis result could make use of a site incinerator to adjust incineration temperature to control the excess heavy metal of the fly ash.
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Chiou, Ming-Jong, and 丘明中. "A Study on Mass Balance Analysis of Fly Ash and Its Heavy Metals of MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78907712954107863405.
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Wu, Guan-Shing, and 吳冠興. "Feasibility of lightweight materials manufactured from MSW incinerator fly ash and water purification sludge by autoclaving technology." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2az286.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
環境工程與科學學系
103
This study investigates the characteristics of lightweight material produces from MSW incinerator fly ash and water purification sludge by autoclaving technology by controlling autoclaving pressure 5~8 kg/cm2 and curing time 4~12 hr. The hydration reaction product and the characteristics of lightweight material were also discussed. The experimental results indicated that the bulk density of specimens was slightly decreased with an increase in Ca/Si ratio. The bulk density of all specimens was ranged between 1.5 g/cm3 and 1.8 g/cm3. However, in the case of high Ca/Si ratio (more than 0.66), the bulk density of specimens was significantly decreases with the curing time increasing. According to the results of water absorption, the water absorption of specimens was decreased with an increase in Ca/Si ratio However, water absorption of specimens was increased with curing time increasing when higher Ca/Si ratio was tested. This is due to the products were formed by hydration reaction. The products of hydration reaction and compressive strength of lightweight materials were significantly influenced by Ca/Si ratio. In the case of low Ca/Si ratio (0.02), that is only water purification sludge used as a test material, the compressive strength of specimens was decreased with an increase in curing time as all autoclaving pressure conditions were tested. The lower compressive strength of specimens was resulted in insufficient hydration reaction and water was filled in the pores of specimen. In the case of Ca/Si ratio 0.66, the compressive strength of specimens was increased with an increase in curing time. It could be related to characteristics of hydration reaction product. However, when Ca/Si ratio addition was higher than 1.3, the compressive strength of specimens was significantly decreased resulting in the products with fragile characteristics that formed by excess amounts of calcium compounds reacted with water. According to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) identification, the major species of hydration reaction were Dellaite, Killalaite, and Gismondine. In summary, the analysis results of co-autoclaving of MSW incinerator fly ash and water purification sludge, it could conclude that the specimens with the lower bulk density and higher compressive strength were produced when the Ca/Si ratio controlled between 0.66 and 1.3. The results also could provide important information for application of relevant lightweight materials.
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Wang, Chi-tsung, and 王啟宗. "Kinetics and materials characteristics of sintered products manufactured from MSW incinerator fly ash and water treatment plant sludge." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47728632559784869829.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
96
This study investigates using MSW incinerator fly ash co-sintered with water treatment plant (WTP) sludge for ceramic materials applications. The experiments were conducted at temperatures ranged from 1060 to 1100℃ and basicity ranged from 0.08 to 0.27, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the ceramic products sintered at 1060℃ were not in compliant with the criteria for application. The bending strengths of sintered products were approximately 29.57±7.76 kgf/cm2. However, in case of sintering temperature 1100℃, the water absorption and bending strength of sintered products were 0.84±0.17% and 185±22 kgf/cm2, respectively. The characteristics of sintered products all complied with the relevant ceramic materials criteria for construction work. According to the results of basicity effect on materials characteristics of products, the total porosity and water absorption of ceramic products decreased with basicity decreased, ranged from 60.89±0.25% to 1.54±1.18% and from 27.15±0.40% to 0.12±0.04%, respectively. However, the apparent density and bending strength of products increased with a decrease in basicity. Meanwhile, the major speciation of sintered products was anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) that enhanced mechanical strength of ceramic products. To assess the reaction rate of sintering, the activation energy of reaction was analyzed by dilatometer analysis. The experimental results indicated that the activation energy of sintering decreased from 423.44±280.85 kJ/mol to 140.44±24.73kJ/mol with basicity decreased from 0.27 to 0.08. Besides, the sintering rate of ceramic products increased from 0.04 %/min to 0.14 %/min with a decrease in basicity. In case of 100% WTP sludge, the densification of ceramic products occurred at 1015℃ and it could concluded that the WTP sludge addition will enhance the densification of ceramic products occurred. The assessment for environmental safety of sintered products was conducted by the toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration and acid neutralization capacity. The TCLP concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu ,and Zn were all in compliant with Taiwan regulation thresholds. According to the results of residual rate of tested metals of ceramic products, the residual rate of Cu and Zn were 81.04% and 60.62%, respectively, and the residual rate increased with basicity decreased. That is, the tested metals, Cu and Zn, could be fixed in the matrix of sintered products. Meanwhile, the released amounts of Cr and Pb of ceramic products were below than the detection limit, and the released amounts of Cu and Zn were approximately 0.23 mg/meq.g and 0.57 mg/meq.g, respectively. In conclusion, the useful ceramic materials manufactured from 30% MSWI fly ash and 70% WTP sludge (basicity 0.19) and sintered at 1100℃.The results of this research also confirm the feasibility of co-sintering of WTP sludge and MSWI fly ash and promote the potential application in ceramic materials manufacturing. Keyword: MSW incinerator fly ash；water treatment plant sludge；sintering rate；activation energy；residual rate
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Cheng, Chi-Ming, and 鄭志明. "Comparison of Microwave Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction of PCBs in Fly Ash and Bottom Ash From MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66025505985918570912.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
84
(1) Comparison of Microwave Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction of PCBs inFly Ash and Bottom Ash form MSW Incinerator Because the physical and chemicalproperty of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are very stable, not resolved bymicroorganism, and they have accumulative toxicity, the EPA announeced thatPCBs is the first place of toxic chemicals, applied and producted areprohibited. But the large number use of PCBs in the early time, they wereenough to harm the health of humanity. When the solid waste contained PCBssuch as capacitors and transfermers were burned in the MSW Incinerators, thetrace PCBs would be producted by clinging to fly ash or bottom, they would beexhausted to pollute the environment. It is first step to extract PCBsefficiently from fly ash and botom ash to the solution before analysing PCBsin them. In this study, a method for sample preparation of halides-organic infly ash and bottom will be assessed, developed and established. In this study,the advatages of the traditional extraction method-Soxhlet extraction andmicrowave extraction method to extract PCBs in fly ash and bottom ash will bediscussed, those depend on the quantitative recovery of PCBs which weredetected by GC/ECD. In the result, the quantitative revocery of PCBs isbetween 42.7 ％ and 75.6 ％ in using the soxhlet extraction method, the otheris betwween 51.6 ％ and 85.8 ％ in using the microwave extraction method. Inthe comparison of efficiency, microwwave extraction method is only cost 10minutes and 30mL solvent. In the analysis of real sample experiment, there arefive fly ash and Bottom ash from MSW Incinerator to be analysed by microwaveextraction. The detective values of PCBs from they is between 0.001ng and9.34ng.(2) Modify Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) －Microwave Extraction the Heavy Metals of Fly Ash Because of the research traceheavy metals of solid waste generally used the toxicity characteristicleaching procedure (TCLP) is required 16-20 hours, it very waste time. In thisstudy, we try to use a noval and rapid method - microwave extraction method tocompare with TCLP. In the result of experiment, Zn is the maximum among allmetals in any kind of fly ash. The lower pH of extraction solution, the moreof leaching metals from fly ash. In the TCLP experiment, there is a verystrange phenomenon. That is the amount of metals which leaching 18 hours isless than which leaching 3 hours, 1hour, and 5 seconds. The reason of thisphenomenon still needs to study after. In the experiment of microwaveextraction, we found that the time is increasing, the amount of metals isdecreasing.
33
Lei, Yi Hua, and 李怡華. "Feasibility of Detoxification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash by Geopolymer." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bhyxz3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
106
This research investigates the feasibility of non-hazardous treatment of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash by using geopolymer. The ceramic fiber (0~20%) and silt generated from gravel washing plant (25%~100%) were used as amendments to adjust Si/Al ratio of geopolymer. The alkaline activate agents (sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), extraction time (30~120 minutes), curing temperature and humidity were also discussed. Meanwhile, to improve the efflorescence of geopolymer and to enhance the mechanic strengths of geopolymer were major objectives of this research. The experimental results showed the efflorescence in geopolymer was significantly eliminated and compressive strength was reached to 30.5±1.7 kgf/cm2 under the Si/Al ratio controlled at 1.88 and cured at 20℃ and 65% of humidity. Ceramic fiber was used as amendment could effectively enhance the mechanic strength of geopolymer. That is, the compressive strength of geopolymer was increased with an increase in ceramic fiber addition. In the case of 20 % ceramic fiber addition and KOH used as alkaline active agent, the compressive strength of geopolymer was approximately 49.4±2.2 kgf/cm2 at 28 curing days. Extraction time was also a critical parameter for evaluating performance of geopolymer. When the extraction time increased to 120 minutes, the compressive strength of geopolymer was increased to 68.5±8.9 kgf/cm2 at 28 curing days. On the other hand, in the case of detoxification of MSWI fly ash, the PCDD/Fs toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) concentration of MSWI fly ash was significantly decreased from 1.68 ng I-TEQ/g to 0.44 ng I-TEQ/g by geopolymer controlled at KOH addition, 20 % ceramic fiber amendment and extraction time 120 minutes. It could not only comply with current Taiwan regulation thresholds, but also destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of PCDD/Fs could approximately reach to 74.12%. Meanwhile, all tested heavy metals TCLP concentrations of geopolymer were also all in compliance with current Taiwan regulation thresholds. In summary, this study has successfully conducted the reduction in leaching concentrations of tested heavy metals and dioxin in MSWI fly ash, and that resulted in the detoxification of MSWI fly ash by geopolymer technology. Geopolymer technology could be good potential for development and application of MSWI fly ash detoxification in the future.
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Che, DerShyr, and 陳得時. "Ⅰ. A study on semi-continuous microwave process for removal of heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineratorⅡ. Determination of lead content in blood by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography (SPME-GC)." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50499512263392237062.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
89
Ⅰ. A study on semi-continuous microwave process for removal of heavy metal in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator The incineration was wildly used in the pretreatment of the municipal solid waste ( MSW ). But the incinerated fly ash contained heavy metals, and considered to be harmful material. The purpose of this study is to extract heavy metal in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator using microwave. The traditional leaching or shaking method was used to remove the heavy metals in fly ash . The whole processes were time-consuming. In this study, the microwave extraction methods was presented, and the extraction time was decreased to minites. The dilute HCl solution was as an extraction reagent to extract the fly ash, and the experiments were designed to use mix level orthogonal array to find the optimized extracting condition. The optimized conditions were microwave power: 546 W; extract time, 25 sec; extracting solution, 0.3 M HCl; solid / liquid ratio, 1 / 20. The results showed that the removal rate of metals were 89.6% of Pb, 97.2% of Cu, 79.1% of Zn, 92.8 of Cd in fly ash by the microwave extraction treatment. Ⅱ. Preliminary determination of lead content in blood by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography (SPME-GC) Traditional method for the determination of lead in whole blood was by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extracting procedure for determination of lead in whole blood by SPME-GC with flame ionization detector (FID). The solution 0.1% Triton-X100 was used to release lead from the erythrocytes. Corpuscles and protein were precipitated by adding 10% trichloracetic acid. The four factors of mix level orthogonal array design for SPME were used in this work and found the following conditions to be optimal: sample pH, 4.0 and 1M acetic acid buffer volume, 1 mL (pH 4.0); extraction time,15 mins; 2% sodium tetraethylborate (STEB) solution,0.2ml; with SPME fiber, 100m poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS). The lead ion was first derivatized with STEB to form tetraethyllead, which is then absorbed on SPME fiber in the headspace over the sample. After sampling, the fiber was withdrawn into the needle and the SPME device was transferred to the GC. The needle in the SPME device is introduced into the GC injector which the absorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column,5% phenyl 95% dimethyl-polysiloxame (30m×0.25mm I.D×0.25m, DB-5 MS), and finally organic lead was detected by FID. The conecntration of lead blood was found, 5.96 ug / dL