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Han, Sushan, Junzo Norimine, and Brown C. Wendy. "Rapid deletion of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells following infection represents a strategy of immune evasion and persistence for Anaplasma marginale (133.36)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 133.36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.133.36.
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Abstract We reported the rapid and permanent deletion of immunization-induced bovine CD4 T cell responses to Anaplasma marginale major surface proteins (MSPs) after infection. To determine if antigen-specific T cells were anergic, sequestered, or deleted, CD4 T cells specific for a MSP1a T cell epitope were enumerated with a DRB3*1101 tetramer. The pre-challenge frequency of tetramer+ CD4+ cells of 0.025% dropped rapidly at the peak of infection to control levels of 0.0003%, paralleling loss of antigen specific T cell responses. Background frequencies of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells in spleen and lymph node indicated lack of sequestration. We hypothesize that this rapid and long-term deletion of specific T cells is driven by high antigen load during acute and persistent infection. To test this, cattle immunized with MSP1a and MSP2 of A. marginale will be challenged with A. marginale or A. centrale, a subspecies in which MSP2 but not MSP1a epitopes are conserved with those in A. marginale. We predict deletion of CD4+ T cells specific for MSP1a and MSP2 after infection with A. marginale, but only deletion of MSP2-specific T cells after infection with A. centrale, as MSP1a-specific T cells will not be exposed to high antigen load in the latter cattle. This experiment will determine if infection-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion is dependent on the presence of specific antigen in the infecting pathogen.
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Kesmen, H., A. K. Cengiz, A. Bilgici, G. Alayli, and D. Durmus. "FRI0616-HPR SOCIAL SUPPORT WORKS BETTER IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS THAN FIBROMYALGIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 913.3–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5673.
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Background:Social support is defined as a helpful resource that can meet an individual’s urgent needs and is provided by a network of others, such as family members, friends, colleagues and other communities. Perceived social support (PSS) is the subjective support that individuals may experience, emphasizing the individual’s self-understanding, experience and feelings of social support from different sources. Social support directly exerts beneficial effects on the health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients.Objectives:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of perceived social support on quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients. The effect of social support from family, friends and significant others are examined separately.Methods:Fifty-eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis, fifty patients with fibromyalgia and fifty healhy controls were enrolled in the study. Short form 36 (SF-36) was used to determine the quality of life and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) was used to determine the percieved social support. The effect of three factors in MSPSS (family, friends, significant others) on quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients were examined seperately.Results:Fibromyalgia patients had lower scores than the rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls regarding the physical function, pain, social functioning and mental health subscales of SF-36 (p<0.05). Regarding the all MSPSS scores, there was no significant difference between the three groups (p>0.05). In rheumatoid arthritis patients, MSPSS-friend and MSPSS-significant others scores were positively correlated with all subscales of SF-36. MSPSS-family score was only correlated with pain, social functioning and mental health subscales of SF-36. But in fibromyalgia patients none of the three MSPSS scores had significant correlation with SF-36 subscales (Table-1).Conclusion:Perceived social support especially from friends and significant others, has an important positive effect on the quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients. For fibromyalgia patients the effect of perceived social support on quality of life is lower than that is seen in rheumatoid arthritis.References:[1] De Maria M, Vellone E, Durante A, Biagioli V, Matarese M. Psychometric evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) in people with chronic diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2018; 54(4):308-315.Table 1.The effect of perceived social support on quality of life in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis patients (FMS: Fibromyalgia, RA: Rheumatoid arthritis, *p<0.05 **p<0.01)SF-36Physical functioningSF-36PainSF-36General healthSF-36Social functioningSF-36MentalhealthFMS-MSPSSr-0.0340.015-0.187-0.121-0.115Familyp0.8160.9150.1940.4010.428FMS-MSPSSr0.1540.1920.2210.1820.089Friendp0.2850.1810.1230.2060.539FMS-MSPSSr0.1630.2480.1190.175-0.004Significant othersp0.2580.0820.4120.2250.976RA-MSPSSr0,1810,2900,2250,4480,340Familyp0,1730,027 *0,0890,001**0,009**RA-MSPSSr0,3570,3520,3330,3760,389Friendp0,006*0,007**0,011*0,004**0,003**RA-MSPSSr0,3100,3100,3290,3150,463Significant othersp0,018*0,018**0,012*0,016*0,001*RA-MSPSSr0,3340,3660,3500,4320,487Totalp0,010*0,005**0,007**0,001**0,001**FMS-MSPSSr0.1440.2510.0930.1530.024Totalp0.3200.2790.5190.2900.867Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Barbet, A. F., R. Blentlinger, Jooyoung Yi, A. M. Lundgren, E. F. Blouin, and K. M. Kocan. "Comparison of Surface Proteins of Anaplasma marginale Grown in Tick Cell Culture, Tick Salivary Glands, and Cattle." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.102-107.1999.
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ABSTRACT Anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle, infects bovine erythrocytes, resulting in mild to severe hemolytic disease that causes economic losses in domestic livestock worldwide. Recently, the Virginia isolate of A. marginalewas propagated in a continuous tick cell line, IDE8, derived from embryonic Ixodes scapularis. Development of A. marginale in cell culture was morphologically similar to that described previously in ticks. In order to evaluate the potential of the cell culture-derived organisms for use in future research or as an antigen for serologic tests and vaccines, the extent of structural conservation of the major surface proteins (MSPs) between the cell culture-derived A. marginale and the bovine erythrocytic stage, currently the source of A. marginale antigen, was determined. Structural conservation on the tick salivary-gland stage was also examined. Monoclonal and monospecific antisera against MSPs 1 through 5, initially characterized against erythrocyte stages, also reacted with A. marginale from cell culture and tick salivary glands. MSP1a among geographic A. marginaleisolates is variable in size because of different numbers of a tandemly repeated 28- or 29-amino-acid peptide. The cell culture-derivedA. marginale maintained the same-size MSP1a as that found on the Virginia isolate of A. marginale in bovine erythrocytes and tick salivary glands. Although differences were observed in the polymorphic MSP2 antigen between culture and salivary-gland stages, MSP2 did not appear to vary, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, during continuous passage in culture. These data show that MSPs of erythrocyte-stage A. marginale are present on culture stages and may be structurally conserved during continuous culture. The presence of all current candidate diagnostic and vaccine antigens suggests that in vitro cultures are a valuable source of rickettsiae for basic research and for the development of improved diagnostic reagents and vaccines against anaplasmosis.
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Lee, Sung-Hoon, Kack-Kyun Kim, and Bong-Kyu Choi. "Upregulation of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines by the Major Surface Proteins of Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum, the Phylogenetic Group IV Oral Spirochetes Associated with Periodontitis and Endodontic Infections." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.268-276.2005.
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ABSTRACT Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum belong to the group IV oral spirochetes and are associated with endodontic infections, as well as periodontitis. Recently, the genes encoding the major surface proteins (Msps) of these bacteria (MspA and MspTL, respectively) were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of these proteins showed significant similarity. In this study we analyzed the functional role of these homologous proteins in human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary cultured periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using recombinant proteins. The complete genes encoding MspA and MspTL without the signal sequence were cloned into Escherichia coli by using the expression vector pQE-30. Fusion proteins tagged with N-terminal hexahistidine (recombinant MspA [rMspA] and rMspTL) were obtained, and any possible contamination of the recombinant proteins with E. coli endotoxin was removed by using polymyxin B-agarose. Flow cytometry showed that rMspA and rMspTL upregulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in both THP-1 and PDL cells. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, was also induced significantly in both cell types by the Msps, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas IL-1β synthesis could be detected only in the THP-1 cells. The upregulation of ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with an NF-κB activation inhibitor, l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. This suggests involvement of NF-κB activation. The increased ICAM-1 and IL-8 expression in the THP-1 cells obtained with rMsps was not inhibited in the presence of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a natural inhibitor of IL-1. Our results show that the Msps of the group IV oral spirochetes may play an important role in amplifying the local immune response by continuous inflammatory cell recruitment and retention at an infection site by stimulation of expression of ICAM-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Graham, Alister W. "Black hole and nuclear cluster scaling relations: Mbh ∝ Mnc2.7±0.7." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S312 (August 2014): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315008017.
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AbstractThere is a growing array of supermassive black hole and nuclear star cluster scaling relations with their host spheroid, including a bent (black hole mass)–(host spheroid mass) Mbh–Msph relation and a different (massive compact object mass)–(host spheroid velocity dispersion) Mmco–σ relations for black holes and nuclear star clusters. By combining the observed Mbh ∝ σ5.5 relation with the observed Mnc ∝ σ1.6–2.7 relation, we derive the expression Mbh ∝ Mnc2–3.4, which should hold until the nuclear star clusters are eventually destroyed in the larger core-Sérsic spheroids. This new mass scaling relation helps better quantify the rapid evolutionary growth of massive black holes in dense star clusters, and the relation is consistently recovered when coupling the observed Mnc ∝ Msph0.6–1.0 relation with the recently observed quadratic relation Mbh ∝ Msph2 for Sérsic spheroids.
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Gao, Yangjun, and Guangyun Li. "Two Regional Deployment Algorithms of Distributed GNSS Forwarding Spoofer for Multiple Receiver Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207793.
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Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing technology is an effective way to protect sensitive facilities and control foreign objects. To realize effective distributed GNSS forwarding spoofing for multiple receiver sensors in the area, the following research work is carried out: first, the GNSS forwarding spoofing model is established, including a forwarding spoofing mathematical model and an asynchronous traction spoofing method; second, the function scope of forwarding spoofing is fully evaluated; third, two forwarding spoofer area deployment algorithms for multi-spoofer multi-target (MSMT) are proposed—the multi-target same-point spoofing algorithm (MSPSA) is suitable for the same-point spoofing of multiple receiver sensors, and the multi-target different-point spoofing algorithm (MDPSA) is suitable for the different-point spoofing of multiple receiver sensors; and four, the experimental tests of MSPSA and MDPSA for MSMT were carried out. The experimental results show that MSPSA and MDPSA can respectively give the most appropriate deployment scheme of spoofing according to the various needs of the spoofer. For example, the number of spoofing devices is 1, the total distance between each spoofer and each receiver is 40,345.1 m, and the critical spoofing rate (CSR) and spoofing success rate (SSR) are both 100%. The performance of the spoofing deployment scheme can meet the needs of the spoofer.
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Garcia-Garcia, Jose C., José de la Fuente, Gianna Bell-Eunice, Edmour F. Blouin, and Katherine M. Kocan. "Glycosylation of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a and Its Putative Role in Adhesion to Tick Cells." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 5 (May 2004): 3022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.5.3022-3030.2004.
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ABSTRACT Anaplasma marginale, the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis, is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that multiplies in erythrocytes and tick cells. Major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) and MSP1b form the MSP1 complex of A. marginale, which is involved in adhesion of the pathogen to host cells. In this study we tested the hypothesis that MSP1a and MSP1b were glycosylated, because the observed molecular weights of both proteins were greater than the deduced molecular masses. We further hypothesized that the glycosylation of MSP1a plays a role in adhesion of A. marginale to tick cells. Native and Escherichia coli-derived recombinant MSP1a and MSP1b proteins were shown by gas chromatography to be glycosylated and to contain neutral sugars. Glycosylation of MSP1a appeared to be mainly O-linked to Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal repeated peptides. Glycosylation may play a role in adhesion of A. marginale to tick cells because chemical deglycosylation of MSP1a significantly reduced its adhesive properties. Although the MSP1a polypeptide backbone alone was adherent to tick cell extract, the glycans in the N-terminal repeats appeared to enhance binding and may cooperatively interact with one or more surface molecules on host cells. These results demonstrated that MSP1a and MSP1b are glycosylated and suggest that the glycosylation of MSP1a plays a role in the adhesion of A. marginale to tick cells.
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Arulkanthan, Appudurai, Wendy C. Brown, Travis C. McGuire, and Donald P. Knowles. "Biased Immunoglobulin G1 Isotype Responses Induced in Cattle with DNA Expressing msp1a of Anaplasma marginale." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 3481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.7.3481-3487.1999.
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ABSTRACT Immunization with the native major surface protein 1 (MSP1) (a heterodimer containing disulfide and noncovalently bonded polypeptides designated MSP1a and MSP1b) of the erythrocytic stage ofAnaplasma marginale conferred protection against homologous challenge (G. H. Palmer, A. F. Barbet, W. C. Davis, and T. C. McGuire, Science 231:1299–1302, 1986). The MSP1a polypeptide possesses a conserved neutralization-sensitive epitope. In the present study, the immune response to DNA-mediated immunization using msp1a was studied. The plasmid pVCL/MSP1a, which encodes the complete msp1a gene of A. marginaleunder the control of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter and intron A, was constructed. The immune responses elicited by immunization with pVCL/MSP1a into cardiotoxin-induced regenerating muscle were evaluated in mice and cattle. Antibody reactive with native MSP1a was detected in pooled sera of immunized BALB/c mice 3 weeks following primary immunization. Two calves seronegative for A. marginale were immunized four times, at weeks 0, 3, 7, and 13, with pVCL/MSP1a. By 8 weeks, both calves responded to MSP1a with an antibody titer of 1:100, which peaked at 1:1,600 and 1:800 by 16 weeks after the initial immunization. Interestingly, immunoblotting with anti-immunoglobulin G1 (anti-IgG1) and anti-IgG2 specific monoclonal antibodies revealed a restricted IgG1 anti-MSP1a response in both animals. T-lymphocyte lines, established after the fourth immunization, proliferated specifically againstA. marginale homogenate and purified MSP1 in a dose-dependent manner. These data provide a basis for an immunization strategy to direct bovine immune responses by using DNA vaccine vectors containing single or multiple genes encoding major surface proteins ofA. marginale.
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Porter, Ben, Claire A. Kolaja, Teresa M. Powell, Jacqueline C. Pflieger, Valerie A. Stander, and Richard F. Armenta. "Reducing the Length of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 5 (September 2020): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000553.
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Abstract. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a widely used 12-item measure that assesses perceived social support from three sources: friends, family, and significant others. Previously published psychometric properties indicate that a shorter version of this scale may adequately assess perceived social support and reduce participant burden. The current studies sought to develop such a reduced scale across two studies. Study 1 examined a sample of spouses of US military personnel ( N = 5,436) randomly separated into exploratory and confirmatory samples. In the exploratory sample, we developed a 6-item reduced MSPSS using multidimensional item response theory. In the confirmatory sample, the reduced MSPSS fit the hypothesized structure and was highly correlated with the full MSPSS. Study 2 administered the full and reduced MSPSS separately within a sample of undergraduate students ( N = 188). The reduced MSPSS had high correlations with the full measure ( r = .90) and fit the hypothesized factor structure. Across both studies, correlations with related constructs were similar between the reduced and full MSPSS, demonstrating almost no loss of construct validity. Overall, the reduced MSPSS captured perceived social support with little loss of information. This reduced scale may be useful for minimizing survey length and participant burden.
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Islam, Nurul. "Psychometric properties of the Bangla version of multidimensional scale of perceived social support." Psihologija, no. 00 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi200319026i.
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The Bangla version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-B) is a popular psychological assessment tool in Bangladesh. It has largely been used to measure perceived social support of Bangladeshi people. In spite of its popularity, it had not gone through an extensive validation procedure yet. Even its psychometric properties were not tested before, except for the test-retest reliability. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of MSPSS-B through a questionnaire survey among 812adult Bangladeshi people. The MSPSS-B revealed a three-factor structure through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the first split sample (n = 403), explaining 71.64% of the total variance. Acceptable goodness of fit indices (?2/df = 4.293, p = .000, GFI = .920, CFI = .926, TLI = .904, SRMR = .063, and RMSEA = .078) in the MSPSS-B were obtained through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second split sample (n = 409). The three-factor structure of the MSPSS-B was the same as the original English MSPSS. Acceptable internal item consistencies, significant test-retest reliabilities, reliabilities between two scale versions, convergent and discriminant validities, and measurement invariance between two gender groups were also established in the MSPSS-B through different statistical analyses. Thus, the MSPSS-B with its three factors can be used as a valid and reliable measure to assess the perceived social support of Bangladeshi people.
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Duru, Erdinç. "RE-EXAMINATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALE OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.443.
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The effectiveness of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988) was investigated with a sample of 340 Turkish university students. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the 3-subscale structure of the MSPSS was valid. In addition, the results verified that the MSPSS has high internal and test-retest reliability. These results indicate that the MSPSS and its subscales can be used in research related to university students in Turkey.
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Li, Yan, and Zhi Run Xiao. "A Constraint-Based Approach for Multi-Skilled Project Scheduling Problem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 681 (October 2014): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.681.265.
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The problem of multi-skilled project scheduling (MSPSP) is a complex problem of task scheduling and resource assignment that comes up in the daily management of many software company. In this paper we present a constraint programming (CP) approach for the MSPSP. We extend the project scheduling literature by developing a project scheduling model that accounts for differing skills among workers. The computational results for the MSPSP show that the constraint programming approach increases the performance of the model solving processes. The results for the MSPSP is effective in solving the proposed problem.
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Teh, Wen Lin, Shazana Shahwan, Edimansyah Abdin, Yunjue Zhang, Rajeswari Sambasivam, Fiona Devi, Swapna Verma, Siow Ann Chong, and Mythily Subramaniam. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Young Psychiatric and Non-Psychiatric Asians." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 48, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v48n10p314.
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Introduction: Studies of the 3-factor (family, friends and significant others) Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) have shown mixed results in non-Western and/or psychiatric populations due to factorial inconsistencies in its structure. Our study aimed to replicate and expand previous findings of MSPSS through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance analysis in a young Asian population of psychiatric and non-psychiatric subjects. Materials and Methods: Data on 209 subjects were examined. The majority were Chinese (66.5%) followed by Malays (17.2%), Indians (14.4%) and other ethnicities (1.9%). Subjects in the non-psychiatric group (n = 100) did not report any psychiatric illnesses. Subjects in the psychiatric group (n = 109) were outpatients of a tertiary hospital in Singapore who had been diagnosed with depressive disorders. Results: The 3-factor models of MSPSS showed better fit indices than the 2-factor models (friends/significant others and family, or family/significant others and friends) which indicated that the 3-factor structure of MSPSS was valid. Multigroup CFA demonstrated metric invariance, indicating MSPSS scores can be compared across groups. In the psychiatric group, descriptive and weighted univariate analyses revealed significantly lower levels of perceived social support in every domain of MSPSS. Conclusion: The 3-factor model of MSPSS can be used to compare psychiatric and non-psychiatric subjects locally. Since psychiatric patients reported lower MSPSS scores, future research could examine the causative factors that contribute to lower perceived social support in young adults seeking psychiatric intervention. Key words: Factorial validity, Multiethnic, Southeast Asia
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Martins Oliveira, Iris, Maria do Céu Taveira, Erik J. Porfeli, and Randolph C. Grace. "Confirmatory Study of the Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy with Children." Universitas Psychologica 17, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy17-4.csms.
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The social cognitive career theory suggests that the development of career self-efficacy expectations begins during the childhood period. The Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy (MSPSE) has been used to assess adolescents and adults’ career self-efficacy. This study extends this research by assessing the psychometric characteristics of the MSPSE with children. The MSPSE factorial structure, invariance, and concurrent validity were examined with data from 313 fifth- and sixth-grade girls and boys (M age = 10.8). Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a good fit of a hierarchical measurement model. Multi-group analyses suggested configurational and metric invariance across grade levels and across gender for the low-order factors. Still, variability in high-order factor loadings was found across gender. The MSPSE was positively correlated with career exploration and academic achievement. This study supports the use of the MSPSE with children, instills future research on children’s career self-efficacy, and advances practices promoting career preparedness.
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Brown, Wendy C., Guy H. Palmer, Harris A. Lewin, and Travis C. McGuire. "CD4+ T Lymphocytes from Calves Immunized withAnaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1 (MSP1), a Heteromeric Complex of MSP1a and MSP1b, Preferentially Recognize the MSP1a Carboxyl Terminus That Is Conserved among Strains." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 6853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.11.6853-6862.2001.
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ABSTRACT Native major surface protein 1 (MSP1) of the ehrlichial pathogenAnaplasma marginale induces protective immunity in calves challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. MSP1 is a heteromeric complex of a single MSP1a protein covalently associated with MSP1b polypeptides, of which at least two (designated MSP1F1 and MSP1F3) in the Florida strain are expressed. Immunization with recombinant MSP1a and MSP1b alone or in combination fails to provide protection. The protective immunity in calves immunized with native MSP1 is associated with the development of opsonizing and neutralizing antibodies, but CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses have not been evaluated. CD4+ T lymphocytes participate in protective immunity to ehrlichial pathogens through production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which promotes switching to high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) and activation of phagocytic cells to produce nitric oxide. Thus, an effective vaccine for A. marginaleand related organisms should contain both T- and B-lymphocyte epitopes that induce a strong memory response that can be recalled upon challenge with homologous and heterologous strains. This study was designed to determine the relative contributions of MSP1a and MSP1b proteins, which contain both variant and conserved amino acid sequences, in stimulating memory CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses in calves immunized with native MSP1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T-cell lines from MSP1-immunized calves proliferated vigorously in response to the immunizing strain (Florida) and heterologous strains of A. marginale. The conserved MSP1-specific response was preferentially directed to the carboxyl-terminal region of MSP1a, which stimulated high levels of IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells. In contrast, there was either weak or no recognition of MSP1b proteins. Paradoxically, all calves developed high titers of IgG antibodies to both MSP1a and MSP1b polypeptides. These findings suggest that in calves immunized with MSP1 heteromeric complex, MSP1a-specific T lymphocytes may provide help to MSP1b-specific B lymphocytes. The data provide a basis for determining whether selected MSP1a CD4+ T-lymphocyte epitopes and selected MSP1a and MSP1b B-lymphocyte epitopes presented on the same molecule can stimulate a protective immune response.
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Araújo, Flábio R., Cláudio R. Madruga, Cleber O. Soares, and Raul H. Kessler. "Progressos na imunização contra Anaplasma marginale." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23, no. 4 (December 2003): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2003000400001.
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Até o presente momento, as imunizações contra anaplasmose em rebanhos bovinos utilizam organismos vivos ou mortos. No entanto, esforços têm sido realizados nos últimos anos com o objetivo de desenvolver uma nova geração de vacinas. A membrana externa de Anaplasma marginale é capaz de induzir reposta imune protetora contra desafio homólogo e parcialmente protetora contra desafio heterólo-go. Nela foram identificadas seis proteínas principais de superfície (MSPs), as quais têm sido alvo de estudos para o desenvolvimento de imunógenos contra a anaplasmose. Destas proteínas, MSP1a e MSP2 têm demonstrado maior potencial como imunógenos, protegendo os animais contra desafio com isolados virulentos homólogos e heterólogos de A. marginale, apesar do polimorfismo de tamanho da primeira proteína e variabilidade do gene que codifica a segunda. Uma outra alternativa para a imunização contra A. marginale é o cultivo in vitro dessa riquétsia. Organismos inativados provenientes de cultivo em células IDE8 de Dermacentor variabilis foram testados como imunógeno. Os animais apresentaram uma significativa diferença na redução do volume globular após desafio e não apresentaram sinais clínicos de anaplasmose. Além da proteção conferida por este tipo de imunógeno, os organismos provenientes de cultura de células de carrapato são livres de células e patógenos de bovinos, o que é uma vantagem significativa quando comparado aos processos tradicionais de imunização.
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KOCAN, K. M., J. DE LA FUENTE, E. F. BLOUIN, and J. C. GARCIA-GARCIA. "Anaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia." Parasitology 129, S1 (October 2004): S285—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004700.
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The tick-borne intracellular pathogenAnaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. While erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. Many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. In this chapter we review recent research on the host–vector–pathogen interactions ofA. marginale. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction ofA. marginalewith host cells. The MSP1a protein, which is an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, is differentially regulated and affects infection and transmission ofA. marginalebyDermacentorspp. ticks. MSP2 undergoes antigenic variation and selection in cattle and ticks, and contributes to the maintenance of persistent infections. Phylogenetic studies ofA. marginalegeographic isolates usingmsp4andmsp1α provide information about the biogeography and evolution ofA. marginale:msp1α genotypes evolve under positive selection pressure. Isolates ofA. marginaleare maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection exclusion in cattle and ticks allows for only the infection of one isolate per animal. Prospects for development of control strategies by use of pathogen and tick-derived antigens are discussed. TheA. marginale/vector/host studies described herein could serve as a model for research on other tick-borne rickettsiae.
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Zdiri, Sami, Jaouher Chrouta, and Abderrahmen Zaafouri. "An Expanded Heterogeneous Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Adaptive Inertia Weight." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 12, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4194263.
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In this study, a modified version of multiswarm particle swarm optimization algorithm (MsPSO) is proposed. However, the classical MsPSO algorithm causes premature stagnation due to the limitation of particle diversity; as a result, it is simple to slip into a local optimum. To overcome the above feebleness, this work presents a heterogeneous multiswarm PSO algorithm based on adaptive inertia weight strategies called (A-MsPSO). The MsPSO’s main advantages are that it is simple to use and that there are few settings to alter. In the MsPSO method, the inertia weight is a key parameter affecting considerably convergence, exploration, and exploitation. In this manuscript, an adaptive inertia weight is adopted to ameliorate the global search ability of the classical MsPSO algorithm. Its performance is based on exploration, which is defined as an algorithm’s capacity to search through a variety of search spaces. It also aids in determining the best ideal capability for searching a small region and determining the candidate answer. If a swarm discovers a global best location during iterations, the inertia weight is increased, and exploration in that direction is enhanced. The standard tests and indications provided in the specialized literature are used to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, findings of comparisons between A-MsPSO and six other common PSO algorithms show that our proposal has a highly promising performance for handling various types of optimization problems, leading to both greater solution accuracy and more efficient solution times.
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Feng, Haixia, Chao Chen, Heng Dong, Jinliang Wang, and Qingye Meng. "Modified Shortwave Infrared Perpendicular Water Stress Index: A Farmland Water Stress Monitoring Method." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 9 (September 2013): 2024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0164.1.
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AbstractCrop water stress monitoring by remote sensing has been the focus of numerous studies. In this paper, specifically red (630–690 nm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR; 1550–1750 nm) wavelength bands are identified to monitor farmland water stress, and a method [modified shortwave infrared perpendicular water stress index (MSPSI)] is developed that is based on the spectral space constructed by SWIR − Red (Rd) and SWIR + Red (Rs). The MSPSI stayed at mostly the same water stress level for full vegetation coverage cases with high vegetation water content and saturated bare soil as well as full vegetation coverage with extremely low vegetation water and dry bare soil in the Rs–Rd spectral feature space. This approach makes the water stress conditions between different covers comparable and the MSPSI applicable to farmland water stress monitoring in different vegetation covers throughout the growing season. To validate the proposed index, the MSPSI calculated from Thematic Mapper images and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 500-m reflectance products (from March to October) in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was compared with the ground-measured soil moisture content at different depths. It is evident from the results that the MSPSI derived from satellite imageries is highly correlated with ground-measured soil moisture at different depths (7.6 and 10 cm), with coefficients of determination R2 of 0.666, 0.512, 0.576, 0.361, 0.383, 0.391, 0.357, 0.410, and 0.418. The paper concludes that MSPSI is a promising index for crop water stress monitoring throughout the growing season.
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Sulistiani, Wiwik, Fajrianthi Fajrianthi, and Ika Febrian Kristiana. "Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS): A Rasch Model Approach." Jurnal Psikologi 21, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jp.21.1.89-103.
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Scale adaptation in different cultures is needed to ensure that the scale measures the intended target. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) has been adopted in several countries, but no Indonesian language adaptation has been made so far. This study aims to test the construct validity of the Indonesian MSPSS that measures one’s level of social support. Rasch analysis was used to examine the psychometric properties of the scale. The subject in this study was 495 Indonesian marine cadets with an average age of 19.32 (41% Engineering, 52.7% Nautical, and 5.5% Electro). In terms of gender, 94.3% were male and 5.7% female. Findings from the Rasch analysis support the one-dimensionality of the 12-items MSPSS in measuring marine cadets’ level of social support. This finding differs from similar MSPSS studies that show the scale’s structure to be multidimensional. The 12-items MSPSS showed excellent internal consistency (person-item interaction index = .85) and fulfilled all the Rasch model requirements. No item misfit was detected from the MNSQ score (.5 < MNSQ < 1.5). Also, there was no item bias based on gender was detected from the scale (.0949 - .9687) > .05. Future studies are advised to test the scale with different samples to further confirm this study’s findings.
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Liu, Fei, Shan Lu, Weihong Cao, Juncheng Huang, Yi Sun, Yiting Xu, Meiling Chen, Haining Na, and Jin Zhu. "Using Cellulose-graft-Poly(L-lactide) Copolymers as Effective Compatibilizers for the Preparation of Cellulose/Poly(L-lactide) Composites with Enhanced Interfacial Compatibility." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173449.
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Cellulose-grafte-poly(L-lactide) (C-g-PLLA) copolymers synthesized in a CO2-switchable solvent are proposed for use as effective compatibilizers for the preparation of cellulose–PLLA composites with enhanced interfacial compatibility. The effect of the molar substitution (MSPLLA) of the grafted PLLA side chain in the C-g-PLLA copolymer and the feeding amount of this copolymer on the mechanical and thermal properties and hydrophilicity of the composites was investigated. The composites had a largely increased impact strength with the incorporation of the compatibilizer. With the increasing of MSPLLA and the feeding amount of the copolymer, the resulting composites had an increased impact strength. When 5 wt% C-g-PLLA with MSPLLA of 4.46 was used as a compatibilizer, the obtained composite containing 20 wt% cellulose presented an impact strength equal to that obtained for the neat PLLA. The composites had a slightly decreased melting temperature and thermal decomposition temperature, but increased hydrophilicity due to the incorporation of the compatibilizer. This work suggests an effective method to improve the interfacial compatibility between cellulose and PLLA for the fabrication of fully bio-based composites with high performance.
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Peng, Kang, Hongyang Guo, and Xueyi Shang. "EEMD and Multiscale PCA-Based Signal Denoising Method and Its Application to Seismic P-Phase Arrival Picking." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165271.
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Signal denoising is one of the most important issues in signal processing, and various techniques have been proposed to address this issue. A combined method involving wavelet decomposition and multiscale principal component analysis (MSPCA) has been proposed and exhibits a strong signal denoising performance. This technique takes advantage of several signals that have similar noises to conduct denoising; however, noises are usually quite different between signals, and wavelet decomposition has limited adaptive decomposition abilities for complex signals. To address this issue, we propose a signal denoising method based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and MSPCA. The proposed method can conduct MSPCA-based denoising for a single signal compared with the former MSPCA-based denoising methods. The main steps of the proposed denoising method are as follows: First, EEMD is used for adaptive decomposition of a signal, and the variance contribution rate is selected to remove components with high-frequency noises. Subsequently, the Hankel matrix is constructed on each component to obtain a higher order matrix, and the main score and load vectors of the PCA are adopted to denoise the Hankel matrix. Next, the PCA-denoised component is denoised using soft thresholding. Finally, the stacking of PCA- and soft thresholding-denoised components is treated as the final denoised signal. Synthetic tests demonstrate that the EEMD-MSPCA-based method can provide good signal denoising results and is superior to the low-pass filter, wavelet reconstruction, EEMD reconstruction, Hankel–SVD, EEMD-Hankel–SVD, and wavelet-MSPCA-based denoising methods. Moreover, the proposed method in combination with the AIC picking method shows good prospects for processing microseismic waves.
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Zhou, Shangbo, Yuxiao Han, Long Sha, and Shufang Zhu. "A multi-sample particle swarm optimization algorithm based on electric field force." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18, no. 6 (2021): 7464–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021369.
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<abstract><p>Aiming at the premature convergence problem of particle swarm optimization algorithm, a multi-sample particle swarm optimization (MSPSO) algorithm based on electric field force is proposed. Firstly, we introduce the concept of the electric field into the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The particles are affected by the electric field force, which makes the particles exhibit diverse behaviors. Secondly, MSPSO constructs multiple samples through two new strategies to guide particle learning. An electric field force-based comprehensive learning strategy (EFCLS) is proposed to build attractive samples and repulsive samples, thus improving search efficiency. To further enhance the convergence accuracy of the algorithm, a segment-based weighted learning strategy (SWLS) is employed to construct a global learning sample so that the particles learn more comprehensive information. In addition, the parameters of the model are adjusted adaptively to adapt to the population status in different periods. We have verified the effectiveness of these newly proposed strategies through experiments. Sixteen benchmark functions and eight well-known particle swarm optimization algorithm variants are employed to prove the superiority of MSPSO. The comparison results show that MSPSO has better performance in terms of accuracy, especially for high-dimensional spaces, while maintaining a faster convergence rate. Besides, a real-world problem also verified that MSPSO has practical application value.</p></abstract>
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Chrouta, Jaouher, Abdelrrahmen Zaafouri, and Mohamed Jemli. "System Identification Using Gray-Based Adaptive Heterogeneous Multi-Swarm PSO Algorithm: Application to an Irrigation Station." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 04 (December 6, 2017): 1850059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500597.
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In this paper, a modified methodology to find an optimal T-S fuzzy model based on an extended heterogeneous Multi-swarm PSO (MsPSO) algorithm is developed in order to enhance search ability of the classical MsPSO algorithm. However, this simple MsPSO algorithm search behavior is not always optimal to find the potential solution to a special problem, and it may trap the individuals into local regions leading to premature convergence. To overcome this drawback, two parameter automation strategies (inertia weight and acceleration coefficients) are introduced based on gray relational analysis in MsPSO to guarantee a highly accurate model. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by adopting standard tests and indicators which are reported in the specialized literature. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is significantly better than the original MsPSO algorithm and the rest of compared algorithms according to mean and standard deviation (std) tests. Next, to further validate the generalization ability of the Improved OptiFel approach, the proposed algorithm is secondly applied on the BoxJenkins Gas Furnace system. Then, the improved OptiFel method is applied to an irrigation station process in order to provide an optimal T-S fuzzy model. Compared to the other existing methods, we achieve the result that the improved OptiFel can generate good fuzzy model with high accuracy and strong generalization ability.
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Alexe, Dan Iulian, Anișoara Sandovici, Viorel Robu, Rafael Burgueño, Dragoș Ioan Tohănean, Alin Cornel Larion, and Cristina Ioana Alexe. "Measuring Perceived Social Support in Elite Athletes: Psychometric Properties of the Romanian Version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support." Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 1197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125211005235.
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The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a brief measure designed to capture individuals’ perceptions of the support received from their social networks. It has been translated into several languages and adapted for various cultural contexts. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties of the Romanian version of the MSPSS, using a sample of young elite athletes. To assess its validity and reliability, 282 Romanian elite athletes (176 males, 106 females; 19 – 25 years old) completed the MSPSS together with questionnaires measuring life satisfaction, negative emotional disposition, and perceived stress. A confirmatory factor analysis underpinned a 12-item three-factor correlated model that was invariant over gender. Cronbach’s alpha and Raykov’s composite reliability coefficients together with average variance extracted showed adequate values for each factor. Correlational analysis displayed that three sources of social support positively correlated with life satisfaction and negative emotional disposition and negatively correlated with perceived stress. Altogether, the MSPSS is a valid and reliable short measure for Romanian elite athletes to explore perceived social support from their family, friends, or significant others.
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Brown, Wendy C., Travis C. McGuire, Waithaka Mwangi, Kimberly A. Kegerreis, Henriette Macmillan, Harris A. Lewin, and Guy H. Palmer. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DR-Restricted Memory CD4+ T Lymphocytes Recognize Conserved Immunodominant Epitopes of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 10 (October 2002): 5521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.10.5521-5532.2002.
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ABSTRACT Native major surface protein 1 (MSP1) of Anaplasma marginale, composed of covalently associated MSP1a and MSP1b proteins, stimulates protective immunity in cattle against homologous and heterologous strain challenge. Protective immunity against pathogens in the family Anaplasmataceae involves both CD4+ T cells and neutralizing immunoglobulin G. Thus, an effective vaccine should contain both CD4+ T- and B-lymphocyte epitopes that will elicit strong memory responses upon infection with homologous and heterologous strains. Previous studies demonstrated that the predominant CD4+ T-cell response in MSP1 vaccinates is directed against the MSP1a subunit. The present study was designed to identify conserved CD4+ T-cell epitopes in MSP1a presented by a broadly represented subset of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules that would be suitable for inclusion in a recombinant vaccine. Transmembrane protein prediction analysis of MSP1a from the Virginia strain revealed a large hydrophilic domain (HD), extending from amino acids (aa) 1 to 366, and a hydrophobic region extending from aa 367 to 593. The N terminus (aa 1 to 67) includes one 28-aa form A repeat and one 29-aa form B repeat, which each contain an antibody neutralization-sensitive epitope [Q(E)ASTSS]. In MSP1 vaccinates, recombinant MSP1a HD (aa 1 to 366) stimulated recall proliferative responses that were comparable to those against whole MSP1a excluding the repeat region (aa 68 to 593). Peptide mapping determined a minimum of five conserved epitopes in aa 151 to 359 that stimulated CD4+ T cells from cattle expressing DR-DQ haplotypes common in Holstein-Friesian breeds. Peptides representing three epitopes (aa 231 to 266, aa 270 to 279, and aa 290 to 319) were stimulatory for CD4+ T-cell clones and restricted by DR. A DQ-restricted CD4+ T-cell epitope, present in the N-terminal form B repeat (VSSQSDQASTSSQLG), was also mapped using T-cell clones from one vaccinate. Although form B repeat-specific T cells did not recognize the form A repeat peptide (VSSQS_EASTSSQLG), induction of T-cell anergy by this peptide was ruled out. The presence of multiple CD4+ T-cell epitopes in the MSP1a HD, in addition to the neutralization-sensitive epitope, supports the testing of this immunogen for induction of protective immunity against A. marginale challenge.
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Dionne-Odom, J. Nicholas, Dheeraj Raju, Jay Hull, Imatullah Akyar, Kathleen Lyons, Andres Azuero, Jennifer Frost, and Marie Bakitas. "Characteristics and outcomes of persons with advanced cancer associated with having a family caregiver: A classification tree analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.29.
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29 Background: Little is known about the impact that having a family caregiver (FCG) has on individuals with advanced cancer. We examined patient characteristics and outcomes most associated with having versus not having a primary FCG. Methods: Secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial of an early palliative care intervention (Project ENABLE [Educate, Nuture, Advise, Before Life Ends]) for patients with advanced cancer and their primary FCGs (10/2010-9/2013). Sociodemographic and patient reported outcomes data were abstracted from the baseline questionnaires of 122 patients who enrolled with FCG and 85 patients who enrolled without a FCG. Sociodemographic variables included age, gender, education, race, social support (MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, score range: 12-84), and Karnofsky Functional status. Patient reported outcomes included symptom impact (QUAL-E Symptom Impact, score range: 4-20), quality of life (QOL) (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care, score range: 0-184), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, score range: 0-60), perceived quality of care (Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care, score range: 20-100), and hospital days and emergency department visits in the past 3 months. Structured tree analysis was used to identify a set of variables strongly associated with the presence or lack of a FCG. Results: In the final model, for patients with MSPSS scores <52.5 (N=12), none had a FCG. For male patients with MSPSS scores >52.5 (N=105), 73% (N=77) had a FCG. For female patients with MSPSS scores >77.5 (N=29), 69% (N=20) had a FCG. For female patients with MSPSS scores <77.5 and QOL scores >126.1 (N=25), 20% (N=5) had a FCG. For female patients with MSPSS scores <77.5, QOL scores <126, and depression scores >26 (N=10), 20% (N=2) had a FCG. For female patients with MSPSS scores <77.5, QOL scores <126, and depression scores <26 (N=26), 77% (N=20) had a FCG. Conclusions: The final model suggests that having a FCG is highly associated with having high levels of perceived social support, being male, and lower levels of depression despite having lower QOL.
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Macmillan, Henriette, Junzo Norimine, Kelly A. Brayton, Guy H. Palmer, and Wendy C. Brown. "Physical Linkage of Naturally Complexed Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins Enhances Immunogenicity." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 3 (December 17, 2007): 1223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01356-07.
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ABSTRACTThe outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of bacterial pathogens are essential for their growth and survival and especially for attachment and invasion of host cells. Since the outer membrane is the interface between the bacterium and the host cell, outer membranes and individual OMPs are targeted for development of vaccines against many bacterial diseases. Whole outer membrane fractions often protect against disease, and this protection cannot be fully reproduced by using individual OMPs. Exactly how the interactions among individual OMPs influence immunity is not well understood. We hypothesized that one OMP rich in T-cell epitopes can act as a carrier for an associated OMP which is poor in T-cell epitopes to generate T-dependent antibody responses, similar to the hapten-carrier effect. Major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) and MSP1b1 occur as naturally complexed OMPs in theAnaplasma marginaleouter membrane. Previous studies demonstrated that immunization with the native MSP1 heteromer induced strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to both proteins, but only MSP1a stimulated strong CD4+T-cell responses. Therefore, to test our hypothesis, constructs of CD4+T-cell epitopes from MSP1a linked to MSP1b1 were compared with individually administered MSP1a and MSP1b1 for induction of MSP1b-specific IgG. By linking the T-cell epitopes from MSP1a to MSP1b1, significantly higher IgG titers against MSP1b1 were induced. Understanding how the naturally occurring intermolecular interactions between OMPs influence the immune response may lead to more effective vaccine design.
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Zheng, Yanling, and Zhankui Wang. "Multi-scale cooperative search simplified particle swarm optimization algorithm and performance analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2245, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2245/1/012012.
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Abstract A multi-scale cooperative searching simplified PSO (MSPSO) was put forward to avoid the standard PSO (SPSO) premature, which was put forward by simulating ants working cooperatively in nature. Its particles trajectories were analyzed and its convergence was proved. The numerical experiment indicates that the MSPSO has better searching performance, especially in solving the higher dimensional optimization problems.
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Başol, Gülşah. "Validity and Reliability of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support-Revised, with a Turkish Sample." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 10 (November 1, 2008): 1303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1303.
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An examination was carried out of the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support-Revised (MSPSS-R; Eker, Arkar, & Yaldız, 2001) with 433 Turkish school administrators. Although it has been used often, there were no studies on the reliability and validity of the MSPSS-R for this group. The MSPSS-R measures social support from Family (FA), Friends (FR), and Significant Other (SO). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is conducted to examine the factor structure underlying the data and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the three-factor structure of the scale. In our study, the internal consistency of the total and subscale scores were satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = .93) confirming three dimensions and satisfactory reliability.
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Shumaker, Shannon C., Susan K. Frazier, Debra K. Moser, and Misook L. Chung. "Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Patients With Heart Failure." Journal of Nursing Measurement 25, no. 1 (2017): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.25.1.90.
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Background and Purpose: Low social support is associated with worse outcomes in patients with heart failure. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of registry data from patients (n = 475) with confirmed heart failure. Results: The MSPSS demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability. Factor analysis yielded 3 factors that explained 83% of the variance in perceived social support. More than half of the sample had depressive symptoms (56%). Hypothesis testing demonstrated that worse perceived social support was a predictor of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The MSPSS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure perceived social support in patients with heart failure.
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Wongpakaran, Tinakon, Nahathai Wongpakaran, and Ruk Ruktrakul. "Reliability and Validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS): Thai Version." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 7, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901107010161.
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This study examines the Thai version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) for its psychometric properties. Methods: In total 462 participants were recruited - 310 medical students from Chiang Mai University and 152 psychiatric patients, and they completed the Thai version of the MSPSS, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Thai Depression Inventory (TDI). Test-retest reliability was conducted over a four week period. Results: Factor analysis produced three-factor solutions for both patient (PG) and student groups (SG), and overall the model demonstrated adequate fit indices. The mean total score and the sub-scale score for the SG were statistically higher than those in the PG, except for ‘Significant Others’. The internal consistency of the scale was good, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 for the SG and 0.87 for the PG. After a four week retest for reliability exercise, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was found to be 0.84. The Thai-MSPSS was found to have a negative correlation with the STAI and the TDI, but was positively correlated with the RSES. Conclusion: The Thai MSPSS is a reliable and valid instrument to use.
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Li, Xiaolu, Xi Zhang, Peng Zhang, and Guangyu Zhu. "Fault Data Detection of Traffic Detector Based on Wavelet Packet in the Residual Subspace Associated with PCA." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173491.
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To improve the accuracy and efficiency of fault data identification of traffic detectors is crucial in order to decrease the probability of unexpected failures of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Since convolutional fault data recognition based on traffic flow three-parameter law has a poor capability for multiscale of fault data, PCA (principal component analysis) is adopted for traffic fault data identification. This paper proposes the fault data detection models based on the PCA model, MSPCA (multiscale principal component analysis) model and improved MSPCA model, respectively. In order to improve the recognition rate of traffic detectors’ fault data, the improved MSPCA model combines the wavelet packet energy analysis and PCA to achieve traffic detector data fault identification. On the basis of traditional MSPCA, wavelet packet multi-scale decomposition is used to get detailed information, and principal component analysis models are established on different scale matrices, and fault data are separated by wavelet packet energy difference. Through case analysis, the feasibility verification of traffic flow data identification method is carried out. The results show that the improved method proposed in this paper is effective for identifying traffic fault data.
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Žáčik, Nikolas, Andrej Novák, Andrés Soto, and Grzegorz Drupka. "SASS-C processing capability of MSPSR data." Transportation Research Procedia 28 (2017): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.171.
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Velázquez, Claudia Lizeth Gil, Talina Merit Olvera Mejía, and Erik Gerardo Jiménez Proa. "Municipal Services Performance Index for Hidalgo (MSPIH)." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2022): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.76.27.
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The action evaluation of the Public Administration emphasizes the compromise with the appropriate management and results; therefore, it is necessary to get the instruments that evaluate it. In Mexico, the inclusion of the evaluating process has been differentiated in the local area since heterogeneity of the municipal governments, and the capacities of the institutions have caused as a consequence that at this level there are no specific instruments that help the evaluating processes, in this way information becomes learning. In the case of performance, indexes can contribute to strengthening decision-making, because they are based on the information gathered from these instruments, so the results of actions are related directly to the increase in the quality of people’s lives. The main objective of this article is to do a diagnostic evaluation of the public services of the 84 municipals of Hidalgo State. Consequently, in constructing the performance index, it was possible to identify through three sub-indexes the services with a greater supply. According to the literature checked, the reasons or motives that caused the public administrations to have better attention were explained through the identification of the generation of own resources, symbolic value, and the importance of taking care of the inhabitants’ health with the correct benefit.
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Chrouta, Jaouher, Abderrahmen Zaafouri, and Mohamed Jemli. "An improved heterogeneous multi-swarm PSO algorithm to generate an optimal T-S fuzzy model of a hydraulic process." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 6 (March 29, 2017): 2039–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217696348.
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In this paper, a new methodology to develop an Optimal Fuzzy model (OptiFel) using an improved Multi-swarm Particle Swarm Optimization (MsPSO) algorithm is proposed with a new adaptive inertia weight based on Grey relational analysis. Since the classical MsPSO suffers from premature convergence and can be trapped into local optima, which significantly affects the model accuracy, a modified MsPSO algorithm is presented here. The most important advantage of the proposed algorithm is the adjustment of fewer parameters in which the main parameter is the inertia weight. In fact, the control of this parameter could facilitate the convergence and prevent an explosion of the swarm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by adopting standard tests and indicators which are reported in the specialized literature. The proposed Grey MsPSO is first applied to solve the optimization problems of six benchmark functions and then, compared with the other nine variants of particle swarm optimization. In order to demonstrate the higher search performance of the proposed algorithm, the comparison is then made via two performance tests such as the standard deviation and central processing unit time. To further validate the generalization ability of the Improved OptiFel approach, the proposed algorithm is secondly applied on the Box–Jenkins Gas Furnace system and on a irrigation station prototype. A comparative study based on Mean Square Error is then performed between the proposed approach and other existing methods. As a result, the improved Grey MsPSO is well adopted to find an optimal model for the real processes with high accuracy and strong generalization ability.
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Wongpakaran, Nahathai, and Tinakon Wongpakaran. "A Revised Thai Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (November 2012): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39434.
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In order to ensure the construct validity of the three-factor model of the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and based on the assumption that it helps users differentiate between sources of social support, in this study a revised version was created and tested. The aim was to compare the level of model fit of the original version of the MSPSS against the revised version - which contains a minor change from the original. The study was conducted on 486 medical students who completed the original and revised versions of the MSPSS, as well as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Beck Depression Inventory II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to compare the results, showing that the revised version of MSPSS demonstrated a good internal consistency - with a Cronbach's alpha of .92 for the MSPSS questionnaire, and a significant correlation with the other scales, as predicted. The revised version provided better internal consistency, increasing the Cronbach's alpha for the Significant Others sub-scale from 0.86 to 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable model fit: χ2 128.11, df 51, p < .001; TLI 0.94; CFI 0.95; GFI 0.90; PNFI 0.71; AGFI 0.85; RMSEA 0.093 (0.073-0.113) and SRMR 0.042, which is better than the original version. The tendency of the new version was to display a better level of fit with a larger sample size. The limitations of the study are discussed, as well as recommendations for further study.
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Regev, S., G. Goren, D. Schwartz, R. Sergienko, M. Friger, A. Nemirovsky, D. Greenberg, et al. "P543 The role of social support on psychological distress and health-related quality of life in adults with mild to moderately active Crohn’s disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S513—S514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.664.
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Abstract Background Medical and psychological factors contribute to the heightened psychological distress and reduced health-related quality of life in patients with Crohn’s disease. Whether Social Support plays a role in this scenario is unknown. We used the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to investigate whether Social Support associates with psychological distress and quality of life in Crohn’s disease. Methods Consecutive adult patients with Crohn’s disease, presenting at specialist gastroenterology services or recruited by advertising, with mild to moderate disease activity by the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), were enrolled into the study. Patients completed the 12-item MSPSS questionnaire that measures psychological support in three categories: Family, Friends and Significant Other, and provides individual category scores and a total score (range of all scores 1–7; a higher score indicates more social support). Patients also completed the following questionnaires: psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory, with Global Severity Index, GSI), quality of life (Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, SIBDQ), satisfaction with life (SWLS), family stress (Family Assessment Device, FAD), coping strategies (Brief-COPE), and presenteeism and work activity (WPAI). Statistics: Spearman rho. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. Results The cohort comprised 126 patients, mean (SD) age 33.7 (10.6) years, females 79%, HBI 8.4 (2.5), CRP 1.2 (2.3), calprotectin 394 (674). MSPSS scores were as follows: Total score 5.72 (1.14), Friends 5.36 (1.34), Family 5.73 (1.14), and Significant Other 6.07 (1.15); Cronbach’s α ≥ .877. MSPSS scores correlated negatively with family stress measure FAD: Friends -.258**, Family -.732**, Significant Other -.401**; and with GSI psychological stress measure: Friends -305**, Family -.352**, Significant Other -.245**. MSPSS correlated positively with SIBDQ quality of life: Friends .300**, Family .188*, Significant Other .200*; and with satisfaction with life SWLS: Friends .379**, Family .333**, Significant Other .245**. MSPSS correlations with emotion-focused coping were: Friends -.337**, Family -.263**, Significant Other -.329**. MSPSS Family score correlated negatively with WPAI presenteeism -.270*, and WPAI work activity -.294**. Conclusion In mild to moderate Crohn’s disease, strong social support was associated with better quality of life, more satisfaction with life, and better performance in the work arena. Social support was associated with reduced psychological distress, reduced family stress, and less use of emotion-focused coping. This research shows the importance of social support in improving the psychological condition of patients with Crohn’s disease.
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Xóchitl Santos-Vega, María, Patricia Ortega-Andeane, and Filiberto Toledano-Toledano. "Validez y confiablidad de la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MSPSS)." Psicooncología 18, no. 2 (September 2, 2021): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/psic.77756.
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Introducción: Existe evidencia de que el apoyo social es una variable fundamental en la investigación y en la intervención con familias en contextos de salud y enfermedad crónica. Objetivo: Obtener las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MSPSS) en cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes con cáncer. Método: Estudio instrumental, en el que se entrevistó a 257 cuidadores primarios informales (CPI) que acudían a consulta externa en un Instituto Nacional de Salud en la Ciudad de México para el tratamiento contra el cáncer. Los participantes fueron seleccionados de manera no probabilística, de los cuales 227 eran mujeres (83,7%); con un rango de edad de 18 a 65 años (M =31, DT = 9,06); el 45,6% estaban casados, 61,11% tenían hijos y dedicaban más de 30 horas a la semana al cuidado del paciente. Los cuidadores respondieron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, la MSPSS (versión traducida al español) y la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler (K-10). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y un análisis de confiabilidad (Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach). Resultados: El AFC obtuvo índices de ajuste para la MSPSS (CMIN 55,23; GFI 0,997; AGFI 0,995; NFI 0,996; RMR 0,053), y un coeficiente confiabilidad para la escala completa α=0,908. Además, se probó la validez de criterio divergente mediante la correlación de los puntajes de la MSPSS y los puntajes de la K-10. Conclusiones: Este estudio aporta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad satisfactorias para la MSPSS y, por tanto, es un instrumento sensible para la medición de apoyo social en poblaciones de cuidadores familiares de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas.
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Ermis-Demirtas, Hulya, Joshua C. Watson, Mehmet A. Karaman, Paula Freeman, Ajitha Kumaran, Abdulkadir Haktanir, and Ashley M. Streeter. "Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Within Hispanic College Students." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 40, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986318790733.
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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) within a sample of Hispanic college students. The sample of 223 Hispanic or Latino/a college students consisting of 142 women (65%) and 79 men (35%) was recruited from a Hispanic serving institution in the southern United States. The results of factor analysis confirmed the three-subscale structure of the MSPSS: family, friend, and a significant other.
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Li, Ying, Juan Qin, Yinghui Cheng, Dong Lv, Meng Li, Yanxia Qi, Jing Lan, Qiancheng Zhao, and Zhibo Li. "Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides: Preventive and Therapeutic Effects on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review." Marine Drugs 19, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19110608.
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Metabolic syndrome is the pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. With the prevalence of modern lifestyles, the incidence of metabolic syndrome has risen rapidly. In recent years, marine sulfate polysaccharides (MSPs) have shown positive effects in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, and they mainly come from seaweeds and marine animals. MSPs are rich in sulfate and have stronger biological activity compared with terrestrial polysaccharides. MSPs can alleviate metabolic syndrome by regulating glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, MSPs prevent and treat metabolic syndrome by interacting with gut microbiota. MSPs can be degraded by gut microbes to produce metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and free sulfate and affect the composition of gut microbiota. The difference between MSPs and other polysaccharides lies in the sulfation pattern and sulfate content, therefore, which is very important for anti-metabolic syndrome activity of MSPs. This review summarizes the latest findings on effects of MSPs on metabolic syndrome, mechanisms of MSPs in treatment/prevention of metabolic syndrome, interactions between MSPs and gut microbiota, and the role of sulfate group and sulfation pattern in MSPs activity. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on human body. It may be a better choice to develop new functional foods containing MSPs for dietary intervention in metabolic syndrome.
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Navarro-Loli, Jhonatan Steeven, Cesar Merino-Soto, Sergio Dominguez-Lara, and Abilio Lourenço. "Estructura interna de la Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) en adolescentes peruanos." Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento 11, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v11.n1.21532.
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El objetivo del presente estudio es identifcar las evidencias de validez de la estructura interna y en relación con otras variables de la MSPSS. Las muestras fueron conformadas por 242 estudiantes (M<sub>edad</sub>=14.02; DE<sub>edad</sub>=1.272) y 271 estudiantes (M<sub>edad </sub>= 15.94; DE<sub>edad</sub> = 1.192). En la fase uno se replicó la estructura factorial original de tres factores oblicuos (familia, amigos y otros significativos), y en la segunda fase se corroboró que las dimensiones de la MSPSS son predictoras de las puntuaciones de eutimia (afecto positivo) y distimia (afecto negativo) del Inventario de Depresión Estado/Rasgo. Además, los indicadores de confiabilidad de las puntuaciones y del constructo son favorables. Se concluye que la MSPSS es un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y que puede ser utilizado en el contexto educativo.
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Kulmon, Pavel. "Reversible Jump MCMC for Deghosting in MSPSR Systems." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144815.
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This paper deals with bistatic track association and deghosting in the classical frequency modulation (FM)-based multi-static primary surveillance radar (MSPSR). The main contribution of this paper is a novel algorithm for bistatic track association and deghosting. The proposed algorithm is based on a hierarchical model which uses the Indian buffet process (IBP) as the prior probability distribution for the association matrix. The inference of the association matrix is then performed using the classical reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm with the usage of a custom set of the moves proposed by the sampler. A detailed description of the moves together with the underlying theory and the whole model is provided. Using the simulated data, the algorithm is compared with the two alternative ones and the results show the significantly better performance of the proposed algorithm in such a simulated setup. The simulated data are also used for the analysis of the properties of Markov chains produced by the sampler, such as the convergence or the posterior distribution. At the end of the paper, further research on the proposed method is outlined.
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STANLEY, M. A., J. G. BECK, and B. J. ZEBB. "Psychometric properties of the MSPSS in older adults." Aging & Mental Health 2, no. 3 (August 1998): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607869856669.
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Lin, Hsiao-Chung, Ping Wang, Wen-Hui Lin, and Yu-Hsiang Huang. "A Multiple-Swarm Particle Swarm Optimisation Scheme for Tracing Packets Back to the Attack Sources of Botnet." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031139.
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Network intrusion detection systems that employ existing IP traceback (IPTBK) algorithms are generally unable to trace multiple attack sources. In these systems, the sampling mechanism only screens parts of the routing information, which leads to the tracing of the neighbour of the attack source and fails to identify the attack source. Theoretically, the multimodal optimisation problem cannot be solved for all of its multiple solutions using the traditional particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm. The present study focuses on the use of multiple-swarm PSO (MSPSO) for recursively tracing attack paths back to a botnet’s multiple attack sources using the subgroup strategy. Specifically, the fitness of each path was calculated using a quasi-Newton gradient descent method to confirm the crucial path for successfully tracing the attack source. For multimodal optimisation problems, the MSPSO algorithm achieves an effective balance between individual particle exploitation and multiswarm exploration when premature convergence occurs. Thus, this algorithm accurately traces multiple attack sources. To verify the effectiveness of identifying Distributed Denial-Of-Service (DDoS) control centres, networks with various topology sizes (32–64 nodes) were simulated using ns-3 with the Boston University Representative Internet Topology Generator. The proposed A* search algorithm (minimal cost pathfinding algorithm) and MSPSO were used to identify the sources of simulated DDoS attacks. Compared with commonly available systems, the MSPSO algorithm performs better in multimodal optimisation problems, improves the accuracy of traceability analysis and reduces false responses for IPTBK problems.
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Zhao, Jiaqi, and Craig O. Heinke. "A census of X-ray millisecond pulsars in globular clusters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 511, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 5964–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac442.
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ABSTRACT We present a comprehensive census of X-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in 29 Galactic globular clusters (GCs), including 68 MSPs with confirmed X-ray luminosities and 107 MSPs with X-ray upper limits. We compile previous X-ray studies of GC MSPs, and add new analyses of six MSPs (PSRs J1326–4728A, J1326–4728B, J1518+0204C, J1717+4308A, J1737–0314A, and J1807–2459A) discovered in five GCs. Their X-ray spectra are well described by a single blackbody model, a single power-law model, or a combination of them, with X-ray luminosities ranging from 1.9 × 1030to 8.3 × 1031 erg s−1. We find that most detected X-ray MSPs have luminosities between ∼1030 and 3 × 1031 erg s−1. Redback pulsars are a relatively bright MSP population with X-ray luminosities of ∼2 × 1031–3 × 1032 erg s−1. Black widows show a bimodal distribution in X-ray luminosities, with eclipsing black widows between ∼7 × 1030 and 2 × 1031 erg s−1, while the two confirmed non-eclipsing black widows are much fainter, with LX of 1.5–3 × 1030 erg s−1, suggesting an intrinsic difference in the populations. We estimate the total number of MSPs in 36 GCs by considering the correlation between the number of MSPs and stellar encounter rate in GCs, and suggest that between 600 and 1500 MSPs exist in these 36 GCs. Finally, we estimate the number of X-ray-detectable MSPs in the Galactic bulge, finding that 1–86 MSPs with LX > 1033 erg s−1, and 20–900 MSPs with LX > 1032 erg s−1 should be detectable there.
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Baumann, Carsten, Markus Rapp, and Antti Kero. "Secondary electron emission from meteoric smoke particles inside the polar ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 6 (June 23, 2016): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-573-2016.
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Abstract. The charging by secondary electron emission (SEE) from particles is known as a significant charging process in astrophysical plasmas. This work aims at evaluating the significance of SEE for charging of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) in the Earth's polar atmosphere. Here, the atmosphere is subject to a bombardment of energetic electrons from the magnetosphere (and partly the sun). We employ the SEE formalism to MSPs in the upper mesosphere using electron precipitation fluxes for three different precipitation strengths. In addition, we address the possible effect of tertiary electron emission (TEE) from MSPs induced by atmospheric secondary electrons for one precipitation case. The SEE and TEE rates from MSPs of different sizes are compared to plasma attachment and photodetachment and photoionization rates of MSPs. The needed concentration of electrons and ions have been modeled with the Sodankylä Ion and Neutral Chemistry (SIC) model with included electron precipitation spectra as an additional ionization source. We find that secondary electron emission from MSPs is not a relevant charging mechanism for MSPs. The electron attachment to MSPs and photodetachment of negatively charged MSPs are the most important processes also during energetic electron precipitation.
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Derrington, Ian, Tom Butler, M. Pavlenok, Marcus Collins, Michael Niederweis, and Jens Gundlach. "Nanopore Sequencing with MspA." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 316a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1581.
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Myrvang, Margaretha, Carsten Baumann, and Ingrid Mann. "Modelling the influence of meteoric smoke particles on artificial heating in the D-region." Annales Geophysicae 39, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1055-2021.
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Abstract. We investigate if the presence of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) influences the electron temperature during artificial heating in the D-region. By transferring the energy of powerful high-frequency radio waves into thermal energy of electrons, artificial heating increases the electron temperature. Artificial heating depends on the height variation of electron density. The presence of MSPs can influence the electron density through charging of MSPs by electrons, which can reduce the number of free electrons and even result in height regions with strongly reduced electron density, so-called electron bite-outs. We simulate the influence of the artificial heating by calculating the intensity of the upward-propagating radio wave. The electron temperature at each height is derived from the balance of radio wave absorption and cooling through elastic and inelastic collisions with neutral species. The influence of MSPs is investigated by including results from a one-dimensional height-dependent ionospheric model that includes electrons, positively and negatively charged ions, neutral MSPs, singly positively and singly negatively charged MSPs, and photochemistry such as photoionization and photodetachment. We apply typical ionospheric conditions and find that MSPs can influence both the magnitude and the height profile of the heated electron temperature above 80 km; however, this depends on ionospheric conditions. During night, the presence of MSPs leads to more efficient heating and thus a higher electron temperature above altitudes of 80 km. We found differences of up to 1000 K in electron temperature for calculations with and without MSPs. When MSPs are present, the heated electron temperature decreases more slowly. The presence of MSPs does not much affect the heating below 80 km for night conditions. For day conditions, the difference between the heated electron temperature with MSPs and without MSPs is less than 25 K. We also investigate model runs using MSP number density profiles for autumn, summer and winter. The night-time electron temperature is expected to be 280 K hotter in autumn than during winter conditions, while the sunlit D-region is 8 K cooler for autumn MSP conditions than for the summer case, depending on altitude. Finally, an investigation of the electron attachment efficiency to MSPs shows a significant impact on the amount of chargeable dust and consequently on the electron temperature.
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Piggott, Veronica M., Scott C. Lloyd, James I. Matchynski, Shane A. Perrine, and Alana C. Conti. "Traumatic Stress, Chronic Ethanol Exposure, or the Combination, Alter Cannabinoid System Components in Reward and Limbic Regions of the Mouse Brain." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072086.
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The cannabinoid system is independently affected by stress and chronic ethanol exposure. However, the extent to which co-occurrence of traumatic stress and chronic ethanol exposure modulates the cannabinoid system remains unclear. We examined levels of cannabinoid system components, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, fatty acid amide hydrolase, and monoacylglycerol lipase after mouse single-prolonged stress (mSPS) or non-mSPS (Control) exposure, with chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor or without CIE vapor (Air) across several brain regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry or immunoblotting. Compared to mSPS-Air mice, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the anterior striatum were increased in mSPS-CIE mice. In the dorsal hippocampus, anandamide content was increased in Control-CIE mice compared to Control-Air, mSPS-Air, or mSPS-CIE mice. Finally, amygdalar anandamide content was increased in Control-CIE mice compared to Control-Air, or mSPS-CIE mice, but the anandamide content was decreased in mSPS-CIE compared to mSPS-Air mice. Based on these data we conclude that the effects of combined traumatic stress and chronic ethanol exposure on the cannabinoid system in reward pathway regions are driven by CIE exposure and that traumatic stress affects the cannabinoid components in limbic regions, warranting future investigation of neurotherapeutic treatment to attenuate these effects.