Journal articles on the topic 'MSEA languages'
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Romski, MaryAnn, Juan Bornman, Rose A. Sevcik, Kerstin Tönsing, Andrea Barton-Hulsey, Refilwe Morwane, Ani Whitmore, and Robyn White. "Language Assessment for Children With a Range of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Four Languages in South Africa." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-17-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is (a) to examine the applicability of a culturally and linguistically adapted measure to assess the receptive and expressive language skills of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in South Africa and then (b) to explore the contributions of 2 additional language measures. Method In Part 1, 100 children with NDD who spoke Afrikaans, isiZulu, Setswana, or South African English were assessed on the culturally and linguistically adapted Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Clinicians independently rated the children's language skills on a 3-point scale. In Part 2, the final 20 children to be recruited participated in a caregiver-led interaction, after which the caregiver completed a rating scale about their perceptions of their children's language. Results Performance on the MSEL was consistent with clinician-rated child language skills. The 2 additional measures confirmed and enriched the description of the child's performance on the MSEL. Conclusions The translated MSEL and the supplemental measures successfully characterize the language profiles and related skills in children with NDD in multilingual South Africa. Together, these assessment tools can serve a valuable function in guiding the choice of intervention and also may serve as a way to monitor progress.
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Kutanan, Wibhu, Dang Liu, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Suparat Srithawong, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Sukrit Sangkhano, et al. "Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 8 (April 27, 2021): 3459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab124.
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Abstract Thailand and Laos, located in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), harbor diverse ethnolinguistic groups encompassing all five language families of MSEA: Tai-Kadai (TK), Austroasiatic (AA), Sino-Tibetan (ST), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Austronesian (AN). Previous genetic studies of Thai/Lao populations have focused almost exclusively on uniparental markers and there is a paucity of genome-wide studies. We therefore generated genome-wide SNP data for 33 ethnolinguistic groups, belonging to the five MSEA language families from Thailand and Laos, and analyzed these together with data from modern Asian populations and SEA ancient samples. Overall, we find genetic structure according to language family, albeit with heterogeneity in the AA-, HM-, and ST-speaking groups, and in the hill tribes, that reflects both population interactions and genetic drift. For the TK speaking groups, we find localized genetic structure that is driven by different levels of interaction with other groups in the same geographic region. Several Thai groups exhibit admixture from South Asia, which we date to ∼600–1000 years ago, corresponding to a time of intensive international trade networks that had a major cultural impact on Thailand. An AN group from Southern Thailand shows both South Asian admixture as well as overall affinities with AA-speaking groups in the region, suggesting an impact of cultural diffusion. Overall, we provide the first detailed insights into the genetic profiles of Thai/Lao ethnolinguistic groups, which should be helpful for reconstructing human genetic history in MSEA and selecting populations for participation in ongoing whole genome sequence and biomedical studies.
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Verhoef, Kim M. W., Ardi Roelofs, and Dorothee J. Chwilla. "Electrophysiological Evidence for Endogenous Control of Attention in Switching between Languages in Overt Picture Naming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 8 (August 2010): 1832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21291.
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Language switching in bilingual speakers requires attentional control to select the appropriate language, for example, in picture naming. Previous language-switch studies used the color of pictures to indicate the required language thereby confounding endogenous and exogenous control. To investigate endogenous language control, our language cues preceded picture stimuli by 750 msec. Cue-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured while Dutch–English bilingual speakers overtly named pictures. The response language on consecutive trials could be the same (repeat trials) or different (switch trials). Naming latencies were longer on switch than on repeat trials, independent of the response language. Cue-locked ERPs showed an early posterior negativity for switch compared to repeat trials for L2 but not for L1, and a late anterior negativity for switch compared to repeat trials for both languages. The early switch–repeat effect might reflect disengaging from the nontarget native language, whereas the late switch–repeat effect reflects engaging in the target language. Implications for models of bilingual word production are discussed.
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Changmai, Piya, Kitipong Jaisamut, Jatupol Kampuansai, Wibhu Kutanan, N. Ezgi Altınışık, Olga Flegontova, Angkhana Inta, et al. "Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): e1010036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036.
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The great ethnolinguistic diversity found today in mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) reflects multiple migration waves of people in the past. Maritime trading between MSEA and India was established at the latest 300 BCE, and the formation of early states in Southeast Asia during the first millennium CE was strongly influenced by Indian culture, a cultural influence that is still prominent today. Several ancient Indian-influenced states were located in present-day Thailand, and various populations in the country are likely to be descendants of people from those states. To systematically explore Indian genetic heritage in MSEA populations, we generated genome-wide SNP data (using the Affymetrix Human Origins array) for 119 present-day individuals belonging to 10 ethnic groups from Thailand and co-analyzed them with published data using PCA, ADMIXTURE, and methods relying on f-statistics and on autosomal haplotypes. We found low levels of South Asian admixture in various MSEA populations for whom there is evidence of historical connections with the ancient Indian-influenced states but failed to find this genetic component in present-day hunter-gatherer groups and relatively isolated groups from the highlands of Northern Thailand. The results suggest that migration of Indian populations to MSEA may have been responsible for the spread of Indian culture in the region. Our results also support close genetic affinity between Kra-Dai-speaking (also known as Tai-Kadai) and Austronesian-speaking populations, which fits a linguistic hypothesis suggesting cladality of the two language families.
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Clarkson, Tessa, Jocelyn LeBlanc, Geneva DeGregorio, Vanessa Vogel-Farley, Katherine Barnes, Walter E. Kaufmann, and Charles A. Nelson. "Adapting the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for a Standardized Measure of Development in Children With Rett Syndrome." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 55, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.6.419.
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Abstract Rett Syndrome (RTT) is characterized by severe impairment in fine motor (FM) and expressive language (EL) function, making accurate evaluations of development difficult with standardized assessm ents. In this study, the administration and scoring of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) were adapted to eliminate the confounding effects of FM and EL impairments in assessing development. Forty-seven girls with RTT were assessed with the Adapted-MSEL (MSEL-A), a subset (n = 30) was also assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition (Vineland-II) and a further subset (n = 17) was assessed using an eye-tracking version of the MSEL (MSEL-ET). Participants performed better on the visual reception (VR) and receptive language (RL) domains compared to the FM and EL domains on the MSEL-A. Individual performance on each domain was independent of other domains. Corresponding MSEL-A and Vineland-II domains were significantly correlated. The MSEL-ET was as accurate as the MSEL-A in assessing VR and RL, yet took a 44% less time. Results suggested that the MSEL-A and the MSEL-ET could be viable measures for accurately assessing developmental domains in children with RTT.
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Marie, Céline, Franco Delogu, Giulia Lampis, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, and Mireille Besson. "Influence of Musical Expertise on Segmental and Tonal Processing in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 2701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21585.
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A same–different task was used to test the hypothesis that musical expertise improves the discrimination of tonal and segmental (consonant, vowel) variations in a tone language, Mandarin Chinese. Two four-word sequences (prime and target) were presented to French musicians and nonmusicians unfamiliar with Mandarin, and event-related brain potentials were recorded. Musicians detected both tonal and segmental variations more accurately than nonmusicians. Moreover, tonal variations were associated with higher error rate than segmental variations and elicited an increased N2/N3 component that developed 100 msec earlier in musicians than in nonmusicians. Finally, musicians also showed enhanced P3b components to both tonal and segmental variations. These results clearly show that musical expertise influenced the perceptual processing as well as the categorization of linguistic contrasts in a foreign language. They show positive music-to-language transfer effects and open new perspectives for the learning of tone languages.
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Cao, Yuzhen, and Qiongpeng Luo. "The semantics of scalar equatives in Mandarin Chinese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 24, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00127.cao.
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Abstract The article presents a formal analysis of the xiang……yiyang scalar equative construction in Mandarin Chinese (MSEs). In the standard degree-based approach, scalar equatives are widely assumed to express an asymmetrical linear ordering between two degree-denoting descriptions such that the degree to which the comparee possesses is at least as great as the degree to which the standard possesses. However, this standard analysis would fall short of MSEs, which display a cluster of properties that are unexpected on the standard account: (i) MSEs disallow differentials; (ii) MSEs cannot take measure phrases as the standard; (iii) MSEs in general do not license NPIs in the standard phrases, and (iv) MSEs disallow factor phrases that express multiplication of numerical values. We propose that unlike scalar equatives in English (ESEs), where the comparison of equality is based on asymmetrical linear ordering of the degrees as points, MSEs recur to degrees as kinds, and consequently, the comparison of equality in the latter is based on instantiation of the degree-kinds, namely, equality of properties. The commonalities and differences between MSEs and ESEs suggest that, despite the fact that degrees and properties are semantic objects of distinct types, the underlying connection between them runs deep and fundamental.
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Shtyrov, Yury, Teija Kujala, and Friedemann Pulvermüller. "Interactions between Language and Attention Systems: Early Automatic Lexical Processing?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 7 (July 2010): 1465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21292.
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An ongoing debate is whether and to what extent access to cortical representations is automatic or dependent on attentional processes. To address this, we modulated the level of attention on auditory input and recorded ERPs elicited by syllables completing acoustically matched words and pseudowords. Under nonattend conditions, the word-elicited response (peaking at ∼120 msec) was larger than that to pseudowords, confirming early activation of lexical memory traces. However, when attention was directed toward the auditory input, such word–pseudoword difference disappeared. Whereas responses to words seemed unchanged by attentional variation, early pseudoword responses were modulated significantly by attention. Later on, attention modulated a positive deflection at ∼230 msec and a second negativity at ∼370 msec for all stimuli. The data indicate that the earliest stages of word processing are not affected by attentional demands and may thus possess certain automaticity, with attention effects on lexical processing accumulating after 150–200 msec. We explain this by robustness of preexisting memory networks for words whose strong internal connections guarantee rapid full-scale activation irrespective of the attentional resources available. Conversely, the processing of pseudowords, which do not have such stimulus-specific cortical representations, appears to be strongly modulated by the availability of attentional resources, even at its earliest stages. Topography analysis and source reconstruction indicated that left peri-sylvian cortices mediate attention effects on memory trace activation.
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Nobre, Anna C., and Gregory McCarthy. "Language-Related ERPs: Scalp Distributions and Modulation by Word Type and Semantic Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (July 1994): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.233.
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Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp to investigate the processing of word stimuli. Three tasks were used: (1) a task comparing words that provided an anomalous or normal sentence ending, (2) a word-list task in which different word types were examined, and (3) a word-list task in which semantic priming was examined. ERPs were recorded from a 50-channel montage in an attempt to dissociate overlapping ERP features by their scalp distributions. The focus of these studies was the N400, an ERP previously associated with language processing (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). The temporal interval typically associated with N400 (250–500 msec) was found to contain overlapping ERP features. Two of these features were common to both sentence and word-list tasks—but one appeared different. Anomalous sentence endings and words with semantic content in lists both showed coincident negative left frontotemporal and midline-anterior ERP foci, peaking at 332 msec for sentences and 316 msec for word lists. The most negative voltage obtained in the sentence task peaked at 386 msec and had a midline-posterior focus. A right frontotemporal focus developed after the midline-posterior focus and outlasted its duration. The most negative voltage for content words in lists was reached at 364 msec. The distribution of this ERP was extensive over the midline and appeared to differ from that observed in the sentence task. Modulation of language-related ERPs by word type and semantic priming was investigated using the word-list tasks, which required category-detection responses. Two novel findings were obtained: (1) The ERP distributions for words serving grammatical function and content words differed substantially in word lists. Even when devoid of any sentence context, function words presented significantly attenuated measures of N400 compared to content words. These findings support hypotheses that suggest a differential processing of content and function words. (2) Semantic priming functionally dissociated two ERP features in the 250–500 msec range. The later and most negative midline ERP feature (peaking at 364 msec) was attenuated by semantic priming. However, the earlier left frontotemporal feature (peaking at 316 msec) was enhanced by semantic priming. The isolation of this novel language-related ERF' that is sensitive to semantic manipulations has important consequences for temporal and mechanistic aspects of theories of language processing.
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Boudelaa, Sami, Friedemann Pulvermüller, Olaf Hauk, Yury Shtyrov, and William Marslen-Wilson. "Arabic Morphology in the Neural Language System." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (May 2010): 998–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21273.
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There are two views about morphology, the aspect of language concerned with the internal structure of words. One view holds that morphology is a domain of knowledge with a specific type of neurocognitive representation supported by specific brain mechanisms lateralized to left fronto-temporal cortex. The alternate view characterizes morphological effects as being a by-product of the correlation between form and meaning and where no brain area is predicted to subserve morphological processing per se. Here we provided evidence from Arabic that morphemes do have specific memory traces, which differ as a function of their functional properties. In an MMN study, we showed that the abstract consonantal root, which conveys semantic meaning (similarly to monomorphemic content words in English), elicits an MMN starting from 160 msec after the deviation point, whereas the abstract vocalic word pattern, which plays a range of grammatical roles, elicits an MMN response starting from 250 msec after the deviation point. Topographically, the root MMN has a symmetric fronto-central distribution, whereas the word pattern MMN lateralizes significantly to the left, indicating stronger involvement of left peri-sylvian areas. In languages with rich morphologies, morphemic processing seems to be supported by distinct neural networks, thereby providing evidence for a specific neuronal basis for morphology as part of the cerebral language machinery.
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van Oorschot, Paul C. "Toward Unseating the Unsafe C Programming Language." IEEE Security & Privacy 19, no. 2 (March 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msec.2020.3048766.
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Helzer, Jenny R., Craig A. Champlin, and Ronald B. Gillam. "Auditory Temporal Resolution in Specifically Language-Impaired and Age-Matched Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3f.1171.
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Recently there has been renewed interest in the auditory processing capabilities of children with specific language impairment. In this study, eight children with specific language impairment and eight nonimpaired, age-matched peers completed a task to assess temporal resolution abilities. Children were asked to detect a tone in three masking conditions wherein the masker contained silent gaps of 0 msec., 40 msec., or 64 msec. in duration. Thresholds were measured in each masking condition at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz. Across the groups, thresholds decreased (improved) significantly as a function of increases in the duration of the gaps. Children in the two groups exhibited remarkably similar thresholds for the three masking conditions. However, children with specific language impairment required a significantly greater number of ascending trials to achieve the threshold criterion than did age-matched children. Results suggest that language-impaired children perceive temporal aspects of acoustic stimuli as well as their normally developing peers. Attentional mechanisms may play an important role in the difficulties they exhibit in auditory processing.
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Asafo-Adjei, Ramos, Ernest Kwesi Klu, and Albert Agbesi Wornyo. "English Language Component of the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations into Ghanaian Universities: Placement, Diagnostic or Both?" Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0110.
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One way that Ghanaian universities admit undergraduate students is an examination organised for candidates who are twenty-five years and above. This examination is known as the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations (MSEE). This paper argues that the English language component of the MSEE should not only be used for placement purposes, but, also, for diagnostic purposes. A desk survey approach to research was adopted involving 43 relevant literature which were reviewed and synthesised. The study indicates that academic writing, referred to as Communication Skills, falls under the domain of English for Academic Purposes in an English as a Second Language setting like Ghana. It is further advanced that Communication Skills is essential for the performance of students in school. The paper, therefore, argues for the English language component of the MSEE to be used not only for placement purposes but for diagnostic purposes. The study recommends that the latter approach should be included since it will help improve the performances of students in Communication Skills.
Received: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Ali mohamed taher, Youssef. "Using local Beja Language in English as a foreign language EFL writing Achievement of primary stage pupils with learning disabilities at Halayeb City in Egypt." مجلة العلوم التربویة بکلیة التربیة بالغردقة 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mseg.2021.91373.1037.
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Asafo-Adjei, Ramos. "Benchmarking of the English Language Component of the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations in Ghana against the WASSCE English Language Component." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0037.
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This paper was purposed on benchmarking the English language component of the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations (MSEE) (administered in Ghana by universities to select undergraduate candidates) to the English language component of the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) which constitutes the mainstream Ghanaian university undergraduate entrance examination. The qualitative design (specifically, multiple case study design) was employed for this study. Using the multi-stage sampling technique, six Ghanaian universities (from whom eighteen English language component of the MSEE past questions were elicited) and three sets of the WASSCE English language component past questions administered in 2016, 2017 and 2018) were used for the study. O’Leary’s (2014) eight steps of conducting document analysis were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that there are major mismatches between the two sets of examinations in the areas of the test types, the basic language skills tested and the competences tested. The study advanced, to policy makers, suggestions such as testing Speaking and Listening for the improvement of the two sets of examinations. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Friederici, Angela D., and Kerry Kilborn. "Temporal Constraints on Language Processing: Syntactic Priming in Broca's Aphasia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1, no. 3 (July 1989): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1989.1.3.262.
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This study tests the hypothesis that agrammatic comprehension is due to a computational rather than a structural language deficit. It is claimed that grammatic Broca's aphasics do not meet the temporal constraints in the activation of different types of linguistic information necessary for normal parsing. These temporal constraints are investigated in two experiments using a crossmodal syntactic priming paradigm. Each experiment tests the effect on recognition of grammatical versus ungrammatical links between an auditory sentence fragment (the prime) and a visually presented word (the target). The experiments differ in the interstimulus interval (ISI i.e., the amount of time provided between the offset of the auditory prime and the onset of the visuai target. Experiment 1, with an ISI of 0 msec, reveals that Broca patients — much like the control groups — show a grammaticality effect. In contrast to normal students and age matched controls, however, these patients are in general much slower in making lexical decisions when auditory context is present as compared to when visual targets are presented in isolation. Experiment 2 with an ISI of 200 msec demonstrates that when additional time is given to process the syntactic context, Broca's aphasics in contrast to age matched controls show faster decision times on the target than when the ISI is 0 msec. The results are in accord with the view that agrammatic Broca's aphasics have not lost their syntactic knowledge, but that their a grammatic comprehension behavior is due to the inability to process the linguistic information within a given time frame. More generally, the findings suggest that language processing can break down once activation of different types of linguistic information does not follow the normal time pattern.
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Vidal Meló, Anna. "Modelos matemáticos en un problema de epidemias." Modelling in Science Education and Learning 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/msel.2016.4426.
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<span style="line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">La introducción de conceptos matemáticos a través del desarrollo y estudio de modelos ha sido tratado en numerosos trabajos. La introducción de los modelos suele hacerse básicamente desde el discurso del professor y el trabajo del alumno suele reducirse a la experimentación con el modelo dado. La aproximación a un problema mediante modelos IBM (Individual Based Model) resulta más comprensible para el alumno, permite justificar y complementar otras aproximaciones a la solución (modelos diferenciales continuos y/o modelos discretos). En este trabajo se presenta una experiencia docente basada en afrontar un mismo problema mediante enfoques complementarios en base a modelos continuos, discretos e IBM. Finalmente se presenta una propuesta metodológica para ponerla en práctica utilizando el Aprendizaje Cooperativo y el Problem/Project Based Learning.</span>
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Tizón, Juan M., Pablo Sierra, and Emilio Navarro. "Utilización de herramientas de cálculo complejas en el aula: desarrollo de LPRES Library." Modelling in Science Education and Learning 9, no. 2 (July 24, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/msel.2016.4771.
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<span style="line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Normalmente, en el aula se resuelven problemas con modelos sobre-simplificados que permiten obtener la solución manualmente. Sin embargo, estos problemas en la industria se abordan con paquetes de software muy sofisticados que tienen curvas de aprendizaje largas. Por razones obvias de tiempo y espacio, no se pueden abordar en el aula actividades que necesiten el uso de estas herramientas. En este trabajo se propone la construcción de la librería LPRES que emula el funcionamiento de la librería profesional ESPSS que permite al programa EcosimPro simular motores cohete de propulsante líquido. La librería LPRES emplea los modelos sencillos que el alumno maneja en la resolución de problemas de aula pero permite abordar la simulación de sistemas reales con muchos elementos.</span>
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Shtyrov, Yury, and Maria Lenzen. "First-pass neocortical processing of spoken language takes only 30 msec: Electrophysiological evidence." Cognitive Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (May 6, 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2016.1156663.
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Belin, Pascal, Monica Zilbovicius, Sophie Crozier, Lionel Thivard, and Anne Fontaine, Marie-Cécile Masure, and Yves Samson. "Lateralization of Speech and Auditory Temporal Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 4 (July 1998): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562834.
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To investigate the role of temporal processing in language lateralization, we monitored asymmetry of cerebral activation in human volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET). Subjects were scanned during passive auditory stimulation with nonverbal sounds containing rapid (40 msec) or extended (200 msec) frequency transitions. Bilateral symmetric activation was observed in the auditory cortex for slow frequency transitions. In contrast, left-biased asymmetry was observed in response to rapid frequency transitions due to reduced response of the right auditory cortex. These results provide direct evidence that auditory processing of rapid acoustic transitions is lateralized in the human brain. Such functional asymmetry in temporal processing is likely to contribute to language lateralization from the lowest levels of cortical processing.
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Jr., Adalberto Aguirre,. "Language Use and Media Orientations in Bilingual Mexican-Origin Households in Southern California." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.1988.4.1.03a00050.
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Chaidez, Virginia, Robin L. Hansen, and Irva Hertz-Picciotto. "Autism spectrum disorders in Hispanics and non-Hispanics." Autism 16, no. 4 (March 7, 2012): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361311434787.
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Objectives To compare differences in autism between Hispanic and non-Hispanics. We also examined the relationship between multiple language exposure and language function and scores of children. Methods The Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study is an ongoing population-based case-control study with children sampled (n=1061) from three strata: those with autism (AU) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD); developmental delay (DD); or the general population (GP). Results Non-Hispanic cases demonstrated higher cognitive composite scores for the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). There were significant associations between multiple language exposure and MSEL subscales for receptive language and expressive language, in both cases (AU/ASD) and TD controls, but not DD controls. Results of multivariate regression analyses suggest several predictors to be associated with lower Mullen expressive language scores including: diagnosis of ASD/AU, speaking to the child in a second language 25-50% of the time and Hispanic ethnicity; while maternal college education was associated with higher scores. Conclusion Overall, the CHARGE Hispanic group displayed more similarities than differences compared to non-Hispanics in terms of autistic phenotypes and maladaptive & adaptive scores for cases. The relationship between multiple language use and cognitive scores warrants a closer look.
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Brady, Nancy C., Rebecca E. Swinburne Romine, Alison Holbrook, Kandace K. Fleming, and Connie Kasari. "Measuring Change in the Communication Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Communication Complexity Scale." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 125, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-125.6.481.
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Abstract Changes in minimal verbal communication by children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were measured with the Communication Complexity Scale (CCS) and other communication assessments. The CCS measures complexity of preverbal and beginning verbal communication used to communicate behavior regulation and joint attention. The purpose was to investigate if the CCS was responsive to changes associated with a behavioral intervention aimed at improving communication skills. Changes were detected with CCS scores, rates of initiating joint attention, and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Expressive Language subscale. Significant changes in CCS scores were also detected for a subgroup of participants who did not show significant changes on the MSEL Expressive Language subscale, demonstrating that CCS scores are sensitive to changes associated with a behavioral intervention.
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Asafo-Adjei, Ramos. "Testing the Four Basic Language Skills in the English Language Component of the Mature Students' Entrance Examinations: The Case of Six Ghanaian Universities." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2022-0010.
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This study focused on the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations (MSEE) which is a commonly used Ghanaian university placement examination. The fundamental aim was to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the English language component of the examination in the area of the four basic language skills (Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening) tested. A second objective of the study was to explore the reasons behind the choices of the basic language skills tested in the MSEE. The multiple case study design was employed for this study, and the sources of data used were responses from in-depth interviews and the past questions. The data were subjected to analysis via thematic content analysis and document analysis respectively. The analysis highlights the specific contents of the past questions and their related basic language skills tested, as well as the reasons underlying the basic language skills tested. The results revealed that only two of the basic language skills (Reading and Writing) were tested, and time limitations and logistical challenges informed lecturers’ decisions not to test Speaking and Listening. The study recommends that Listening and Speaking tasks be incorporated into the examination to make it comprehensive.
Received: 2 September 2021 / Accepted: 16 November 2021 / Published: 5 January 2022
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Morán-Soto, Gustavo, Juan Antonio Valdivia Vázquez, and Omar Israel González Peña. "Adaptation Process of the Mathematic Self-Efficacy Survey (MSES) Scale to Mexican-Spanish Language." Mathematics 10, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10050798.
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Trained professionals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are needed for a robust, science-based economy that incorporates various technologies’ design, construction, and commercialization to address societal problems. However, keeping students interested in STEM subjects and achieving optimal performance is a challenging task. Math self-efficacy has shown to be one of the most important factors affecting students’ interest in STEM majors and assessing this factor has been a great challenge for education researchers around the world due to the lack of calibrated and culturally adapted instruments. Observing this need, this seminal study conducted psychometric validation tests and cultural adaptations to the Mathematic Self-Efficacy Survey (MSES) aiming to measure this instrument in Spanish-speaking students in different STEM areas in Mexico. Data collected from 877 students were tested for validity using sequential exploratory factor analyses, and contextual modifications were performed and analyzed aiming to achieve cultural equivalency. Suggestions for continuing the adaptation and validation process of the MSES to Spanish language and STEM students’ context are presented with the results of the exploratory factor analyses.
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Freudenburg, William R. "1995 MSSA plenary address: The crude and the refined: Sociology, obscurity, language, and oil." Sociological Spectrum 17, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1997.9982148.
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Zelm, Martin. "Towards standardization during research – the Service Modelling Language." Journal of Innovation Management 2, no. 1 (November 2, 2014): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_002.001_0003.
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Research and standardization are often considered concepts that exclude each other or follow one another with a time distance of years. On the other hand standards can be very beneficial to ease all kinds of interoperability problems in and between enterprises to integrate system components. Since based on consensus between many stakeholders, the time to develop standards is high. The article presents an example of early involvement in standardisation of product related services in Future Manufacturing Ecosystem during its research and development phase in the European project MSEE.
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Proverbio, Alice Mado, Barbara Čok, and Alberto Zani. "Electrophysiological Measures of Language Processing in Bilinguals." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 7 (October 1, 2002): 994–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902320474463.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate how multiple languages are represented in the human brain. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from right-handed polyglots and monolinguals during a task involving silent reading. The participants in the experiment were nine Italian monolinguals and nine Italian/Slovenian bilinguals of a Slovenian minority in Trieste; the bilinguals, highly fluent in both languages, had spoken both languages since birth. The stimuli were terminal words that would correctly complete a short, meaningful, previously shown sentence, or else were semantically or syntactically incorrect. The task consisted in deciding whether the sentences were well formed or not, giving the response by pressing a button. Both groups read the same set of 200 Italian sentences to compare the linguistic processing, while the bilinguals also received a set of 200 Slovenian sentences, comparable in complexity and length, to compare the processing of the two languages within the group. For the bilinguals, the ERP results revealed a strong, left-sided activation, reflected by the N1 component, of the occipito-temporal regions dedicated to orthographic processing, with a latency of about 150 msec for Slovenian words, but bilateral activation of the same areas for Italian words, which was also displayed by topographical mapping. In monolinguals, semantic error produced a long-lasting negative response (N2 and N4) that was greater over the right hemisphere, whereas syntactic error activated mostly the left hemisphere. Conversely, in the bilinguals, semantic incongruence resulted in greater response over the left hemisphere than over the right. In this group, the P615 syntactical error responses were of equal amplitude on both hemispheres for Italian words and greater on the right side for Slovenian words. The present findings support the view that there are inter- and intrahemispheric brain activation asymmetries when monolingual and bilingual speakers comprehend written language. The fact that the bilingual speakers in the present study were highly fluent and had acquired both languages in early infancy suggests that the brain activation patterns do not depend on the age of acquisition or the fluency level, as in the case of late, not-so-proficient L2 language learners, but on the functional organization of the bilinguals' brain due to polyglotism and based on brain plasticity.
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宁, 丽婷. "Probabilistic Language Multi-Attribute Evaluation Method Based on Online Reviews." Management Science and Engineering 09, no. 04 (2020): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mse.2020.94031.
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Leóón-Portilla, Miguel. "Lengua y cultura Nahuas." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 20, no. 2 (2004): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2004.20.2.221.
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During the last twenty years, as never before, there has been increasing interest in the study and research of Nahuatl language and culture. In this respect, the Seminario de Cultura nááhualt at UNAM has exercised considerable influence through its teaching and publications. Moreover, other Mexican institutions, such as the universities of Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima and the Veracruzana as well as the Escuela Nacional de Antropologíía e Historia, have centers where this research and teaching is conducted. The study of Nahuatl language and culture has also grown in the United States as well as in various European countries, such as France, Germany, Spain, Holland and Italy. The principal focus of this work has been linguistic as well as the publication and translation of Nahuatl texts. The “Nueva Palabra,”that is the expression in Nahualt by persons for whom it is its mother language, has also flourished during this period. Como nunca antes, durante los últimos veinte añños se ha incrementado el interéés por los trabajos de investigacióón en torno a la lengua y cultura nahuas. Considerable influencia ha tenido el Seminario de Cultura nááhuatl (UNAM) en sus aspectos de docencia y publicaciones. Hay ademáás otros centros en Mééxico donde se labora en este campo, como las universidades de Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima y la Veracruzana, asíí como la Escuela Nacional de Antropologíía e Historia. En los Estados Unidos se han desarrollado mucho estos estudios y otro tanto puede decirse de varios paííses europeos, en particular, Francia, Alemania, Españña, Holanda e Italia. Los trabajos principales han sido, unos de caráácter lingüíístico o de publicacióón de textos en nááhuatl con sus correspondientes versiones. En este lapso ha florecido la que se conoce como “Nueva Palabra”, es decir la expresióón en nááhuatl de personas que tienen esta lengua como materna.
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محمد عبد العاطی أحمد, لمیاء. "Using a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Based Program on Developing Preservice Science Terachers' Semantic Awareness." مجلة العلوم التربویة بکلیة التربیة بالغردقة 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mseg.2021.62074.1012.
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Cho, Seoyoon, Ziliang Zhu, Tengfei Li, Kristine Baluyot, Brittany R. Howell, Heather C. Hazlett, Jed T. Elison, et al. "Human milk 3’-Sialyllactose is positively associated with language development during infancy." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab103.
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ABSTRACT Background Genetic polymorphisms leading to variations in human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition have been reported. Alpha-Tetrasaccharide (A-tetra), an HMO, has been shown to only be present (>limit of detection; A-tetra+) in the human milk (HM) of women with blood type A, suggesting genetic origins determining the presence or absence (A-tetra-) of A-tetra in HM. Objectives This study aimed to determine whether associations exist between HMO concentrations and cognitive development, and whether the associations vary between A-tetra+ and A-tetra- groups in children (<25 months old). Methods We enrolled typically developing children (2–25 months old; mean, 10 months old) who were at least partially breastfed at the study visit. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) were used as the primary outcome measure to assess early cognitive development. Linear mixed effects models were employed by stratifying children based on A-tetra levels (A-tetra+ or A-tetra-) to assess associations between age-removed HMO concentrations and both MSEL composite scores and the 5 subdomain scores. Results A total of 99 mother-child dyads and 183 HM samples were included (A-tetra+: 57 samples, 33 dyads; A-tetra-: 126 samples, 66 dyads). No significant association was observed between HMOs and MSEL when all samples were analyzed together. The composite score and 3’-sialyllactose (3’-SL) levels were positively associated [P = 0.002; effect size (EF), 13.12; 95% CI, 5.36–20.80] in the A-tetra + group. This association was driven by the receptive (adjusted P = 0.015; EF, 9.95; 95% CI, 3.91–15.99) and expressive (adjusted P = 0.048; EF, 7.53; 95% CI, 2.51–13.79) language subdomain scores. Furthermore, there was an interaction between 3’-SL and age for receptive language (adjusted P = 0.03; EF, -14.93; 95% CI, -25.29 to -4.24). Conclusions Our study reports the association of 3’-SL and cognition, particularly language functions, in typically developing children who received HM containing detectable A-tetra during infancy.
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Jagadeesan, Priyanka, Adam Kabbani, and Andrey Vyshedskiy. "Parent-Reported Assessment Scores Reflect the ASD Severity Level in 2- to 7-Year-Old Children." Children 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9050701.
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We investigated the relationship between parent-reported assessments and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity level. Parents evaluated 9573 children with ASD on five subscales—combinatorial receptive language, expressive language, sociability, sensory awareness, and health—using the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and Mental Synthesis Evaluation Checklist (MSEC). The scores in every subscale improved with age, and there were clear differences between the three diagnostic categories. The differences between mild and moderate ASD, and moderate and severe ASD reached statistical significance in each subscale and in every age group in children 3 years of age and older. These findings demonstrate a consistent relationship between children’s diagnoses and their assessments and provide evidence in support of the reliability of parent-report evaluations for ASD. Additionally, this is the first investigation of the relationship between ASD severity level and the ATEC/MSEC scores for the age range from 2 to 7 years.
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Pulvermüller, Friedemann, Yury Shtyrov, and Risto Ilmoniemi. "Brain Signatures of Meaning Access in Action Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054021111.
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The brain basis of action words may be neuron ensembles binding language-and action-related information that are dispersed over both language-and action-related cortical areas. This predicts fast spreading of neuronal activity from language areas to specific sensorimotor areas when action words semantically related to different parts of the body are being perceived. To test this, fast neurophysiological imaging was applied to reveal spatiotemporal activity patterns elicited by words with different action-related meaning. Spoken words referring to actions involving the face or leg were presented while subjects engaged in a distraction task and their brain activity was recorded using high-density magnetoencephalography. Shortly after the words could be recognized as unique lexical items, objective source localization using minimum norm current estimates revealed activation in superior temporal (130 msec) and inferior frontocentral areas (142-146 msec). Face-word stimuli activated inferior frontocentral areas more strongly than leg words, whereas the reverse was found at superior central sites (170 msec), thus reflecting the cortical somatotopy of motor actions signified by the words. Significant correlations were found between local source strengths in the frontocentral cortex calculated for all participants and their semantic ratings of the stimulus words, thus further establishing a close relationship between word meaning access and neurophysiology. These results show that meaning access in action word recognition is an early automatic process reflected by spatiotemporal signatures of word-evoked activity. Word-related distributed neuronal assemblies with specific cortical topographies can explain the observed spatiotemporal dynamics reflecting word meaning access.
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Rogić, Maja, Vedran Deletis, and Isabel Fernández-Conejero. "Inducing transient language disruptions by mapping of Broca's area with modified patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 5 (May 2014): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.jns13952.
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Object Until now there has been no reliable stimulation protocol for inducing transient language disruptions while mapping Broca's area. Despite the promising data of only a few studies in which speech arrest and language disturbances have been induced, certain concerns have been raised. The purpose of this study was to map Broca's area by using event-related navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to generate a modified patterned nTMS protocol. Methods Eleven right-handed subjects underwent nTMS to Broca's area while engaged in a visual object-naming task. Navigated TMS was triggered 300 msec after picture presentation. The modified patterned nTMS protocol consists of 4 stimuli with an interstimulus interval of 6 msec; 8 or 16 of those bursts were repeated with a burst repetition rate of 12 Hz. Prior to mapping of Broca's area, the primary motor cortices (M1) for hand and laryngeal muscles were mapped. The Euclidian distance on MRI was measured between cortical points eliciting transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle. Results On stimulating Broca's area, transient language disruptions were induced in all subjects. The mean Euclidian distance between cortical spots inducing transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle was 17.23 ± 4.73 mm. Conclusions The stimulation paradigm with the modified patterned nTMS protocol was shown to be promising and might gain more widespread use in speech localization in clinical and research applications.
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Peña, Marcela, and Lucia Melloni. "Brain Oscillations during Spoken Sentence Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 5 (May 2012): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00144.
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Spoken sentence comprehension relies on rapid and effortless temporal integration of speech units displayed at different rates. Temporal integration refers to how chunks of information perceived at different time scales are linked together by the listener in mapping speech sounds onto meaning. The neural implementation of this integration remains unclear. This study explores the role of short and long windows of integration in accessing meaning from long samples of speech. In a cross-linguistic study, we explore the time course of oscillatory brain activity between 1 and 100 Hz, recorded using EEG, during the processing of native and foreign languages. We compare oscillatory responses in a group of Italian and Spanish native speakers while they attentively listen to Italian, Japanese, and Spanish utterances, played either forward or backward. The results show that both groups of participants display a significant increase in gamma band power (55–75 Hz) only when they listen to their native language played forward. The increase in gamma power starts around 1000 msec after the onset of the utterance and decreases by its end, resembling the time course of access to meaning during speech perception. In contrast, changes in low-frequency power show similar patterns for both native and foreign languages. We propose that gamma band power reflects a temporal binding phenomenon concerning the coordination of neural assemblies involved in accessing meaning of long samples of speech.
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Khayeat, Ali Retha Hasoon, Ashwan A. Abdulmunem, Rafeef Fauzi Najim Al-Shammari, and Xianfang Sun. "Traffic Sign Detection and Classification based on Combination of MSER Features and Multi-language OCR." Webology 17, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v17i2/web17040.
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Road signs are so important because they help preserve safe driving conditions; they also influence the safety of drivers and pedestrians. Without these signs, no one would know the driving speed limit, on which direction to drive down a road, any upcoming hazard, or whether they are approaching a merge. It would be chaotic to drive in such situations. Moreover, these signs help new drivers to find their way in the absence of navigators. Therefore, traffic sign recognition takes a critical place in computer vision applications to develop an effective algorithm. In order to tackle this challenge, we proposed the use of Multi-language Traffic Sign Detection and Classification. One of our contributions in this work is that, instead of using the standard grayscale image, we used the RGB colored image. This image is converted into the 2D highest-level grayscale image using the largest values of each pixel in the RGB channels. The novel generated image has the strongest features of the RGB image that make the features distinct and more informative in the classification step. Consider that, in general, the traffic sign has two colors only, the foreground (text location) and background (non-text location). The Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) used to extract features from the 2D image where the locations of interest are well-identified exclusively by an extremal property of the intensity function in the location and on its outer boundary. The geometrical properties and thinning operations were used to remove the non-text locations. A multi-language OCR was used to understand multi-language. This proposed method has been tested using 240 images which were collected from the Internet and two datasets. The experimental results demonstrated the performance of the proposed method where the traffic sign detected in 92% of the tested images with a very high percentage of localization.
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Strijkers, Kristof, Daisy Bertrand, and Jonathan Grainger. "Seeing the Same Words Differently: The Time Course of Automaticity and Top–Down Intention in Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 8 (August 2015): 1542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00797.
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We investigated how linguistic intention affects the time course of visual word recognition by comparing the brain's electrophysiological response to a word's lexical frequency, a well-established psycholinguistic marker of lexical access, when participants actively retrieve the meaning of the written input (semantic categorization) versus a situation where no language processing is necessary (ink color categorization). In the semantic task, the ERPs elicited by high-frequency words started to diverge from those elicited by low-frequency words as early as 120 msec after stimulus onset. On the other hand, when categorizing the colored font of the very same words in the color task, word frequency did not modulate ERPs until some 100 msec later (220 msec poststimulus onset) and did so for a shorter period and with a smaller scalp distribution. The results demonstrate that, although written words indeed elicit automatic recognition processes in the brain, the speed and quality of lexical processing critically depends on the top–down intention to engage in a linguistic task.
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Krishnan, Ananthanarayan, Jayaganesh Swaminathan, and Jackson T. Gandour. "Experience-dependent Enhancement of Linguistic Pitch Representation in the Brainstem Is Not Specific to a Speech Context." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1092–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21077.
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Neural representation of pitch is influenced by lifelong experiences with music and language at both cortical and subcortical levels of processing. The aim of this article is to determine whether neural plasticity for pitch representation at the level of the brainstem is dependent upon specific dimensions of pitch contours that commonly occur as part of a native listener's language experience. Brainstem frequency following responses (FFRs) were recorded from Chinese and English participants in response to four Mandarin tonal contours presented in a nonspeech context in the form of iterated rippled noise. Pitch strength (whole contour, 250 msec; 40-msec segments) and pitch-tracking accuracy (whole contour) were extracted from the FFRs using autocorrelation algorithms. Narrow band spectrograms were used to extract spectral information. Results showed that the Chinese group exhibits smoother pitch tracking than the English group in three out of the four tones. Moreover, cross-language comparisons of pitch strength of 40-msec segments revealed that the Chinese group exhibits more robust pitch representation of those segments containing rapidly changing pitch movements across all four tones. FFR spectral data were complementary showing that the Chinese group exhibits stronger representation of multiple pitch-relevant harmonics relative to the English group across all four tones. These findings support the view that at early preattentive stages of subcortical processing, neural mechanisms underlying pitch representation are shaped by particular dimensions of the auditory stream rather than speech per se. Adopting a temporal correlation analysis scheme for pitch encoding, we propose that long-term experience sharpens the tuning characteristics of neurons along the pitch axis with enhanced sensitivity to linguistically relevant variations in pitch.
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Olson, Daniel, Molly Lamb, Amy Connery, Kathryn Colborn, Muktha S. Natrajan, Jesse Waggoner, Alejandra Paniagua-Avila, et al. "2801. Post-Natal Zika Virus Infection and Impact on Neurodevelopment Among a Cohort of Children in Rural Guatemala." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S990—S991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2478.
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Abstract Background The impact of early post-natal Zika virus (ZIKV) infection on neurodevelopment (ND) is unknown. A prospective study of post-natal ZIKV infection in rural Guatemala (ZIKV study) enrolled a cohort of children ages 1–5 years, including children previously enrolled in a dengue virus (DENV) study during the 2015–2016 ZIKV epidemic. We evaluated ND outcomes by age and ZIKV infection status. Methods Subjects enrolled in the ZIKV study June 2017–April 2018 underwent ND testing using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at baseline and 12 months later. ZIKV/DENV-1/2 FRNT50 was performed on enrollment and on banked serum samples from the 2015 to 2016 subset. ZIKV serostatus and MSEL scores were correlated using multiple linear mixed models, adjusted for age and gender when appropriate, to evaluate their association. Geolocation was used to explore clustering of ZIKV serostatus and MSEL score. Results We enrolled 183 children (43% female, mean age 3.2 years). Of these, 38 (21%) were classified as ZIKV-positive (+), 111 (61%) ZIKV-negative (-), 31 (17%) ZIKV-possible, and 3 (2%) ZIKV-indeterminate. ZIKV(+) cases and higher composite MSEL scores clustered in more densely populated areas (Figure 1). ZIKV(+) serostatus was associated with higher MSEL composite (increase in log score 0.09, P = 0.003) and subdomain scores: fine motor (0.13, P = 0.011), visual reception (0.15, P = 0.002), receptive language (0.09, P = 0.041), gross motor (0.14, P = 0.09), and expressive language (0.09, P = 0.058) (Figure 2). Of the 78 children (43%) with 2015–2016 samples, 46 (59%) remained ZIKV(−), 16 (21%) seroconverted from ZIKV(−) or possible/indeterminate to ZIKV(+), and 16 (21%) were indeterminate when enrolled in the ZIKV study. ZIKV seroconversion was associated with higher composite (0.13, P = 0.02) MSEL scores compared with ZIKV(−). Conclusion In this exploratory analysis, post-natal ZIKV infection was not associated with adverse ND outcomes in children age 1–5 years. Overall, ZIKV(+) status was associated with higher average ND scores than ZIKV(−), and scores decreased with age for most children, independent of ZIKV status. The correlation of ZIKV(+) status and higher MSEL scores may be confounded by geographic-related factors or other confounders. NIAID Contract HHSN272201300015I Task Order HHSN27200013 (Co-PIs: FMM & EJA). Disclosures Flor M. Munoz, M.D, Biocryst: Grant/Research Support; CDC: Research Grant; Moderna: Other Financial or Material Support, Safety Monitoring Board Member/Chair; NIH: Research Grant; Novavax: Research Grant; UP to Date: Author and Editor - Royalties, Other Financial or Material Support.
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Boulenger, Véronique, Alice C. Roy, Yves Paulignan, Viviane Deprez, Marc Jeannerod, and Tatjana A. Nazir. "Cross-talk between Language Processes and Overt Motor Behavior in the First 200 msec of Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1607.
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A recently emerging view sees language understanding as closely linked to sensory and motor processes. The present study investigates this issue by examining the influence of processing action verbs and concrete nouns on the execution of a reaching movement. Fine-grained analyses of movement kinematics revealed that relative to nouns, processing action verbs significantly affects overt motor performance. Within 200 msec after onset, processing action verbs interferes with a concurrent reaching movement. By contrast, the same words assist reaching movement when processed before movement onset. The cross-talk between language processes and overt motor behavior provides unambiguous evidence that action words and motor action share common cortical representations and could thus suggest that cortical motor regions are indeed involved in action word retrieval.
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Srivastava, Siddharth, Anna K. Prohl, Benoit Scherrer, Kush Kapur, Darcy A. Krueger, Simon K. Warfield, and Mustafa Sahin. "Cerebellar volume as an imaging marker of development in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex." Neurology 90, no. 17 (March 23, 2018): e1493-e1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005352.
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ObjectiveIn this cohort analysis, we studied 1-year-old infants with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), correlating volumes of cerebellar structures with neurodevelopmental measures.MethodsWe analyzed data from a prospective biomarker study in infants with TSC (ClinicalTrials.govNCT01780441). We included participants aged 12 months with an identified mutation of TSC1 or TSC2. Using MRI segmentation performed with the PSTAPLE algorithm, we measured relative volumes (structure volume divided by intracranial contents volume) of the following structures: right/left cerebellar white matter, right/left cerebellar exterior, vermal lobules I–V, vermal lobules VI–VII, and vermal lobules VIII–X. We correlated relative volumes to Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) scores.ResultsThere were 70 participants (mean age 1.03 [0.11] years): n = 11 had a TSC1 mutation; n = 59 had a TSC2 mutation. For patients with TSC2 mutation, for every percentage increase in total cerebellar volume, there was an approximate 10-point increase in MSEL composite score (β = 10.47 [95% confidence interval 5.67, 15.27], p < 0.001). For patients with TSC1 mutation, the relationship between cerebellar volume and MSEL composite score was not statistically significant (β = −10.88 [95% confidence interval −22.16, 0.41], p = 0.06). For patients with TSC2 mutation, there were positive slopes when regressing expressive language and visual reception skills with volumes of nearly all cerebellar structures (p ≤ 0.29); there were also positive slopes when regressing receptive language skills, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills with volumes of cerebellar right/left exterior (p ≤ 0.014).ConclusionsCerebellar volume loss—perhaps reflecting Purkinje cell degeneration—may predict neurodevelopmental severity in patients with TSC2 mutations.
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Nieuwland, Mante S., and Andrea E. Martin. "Neural Oscillations and a Nascent Corticohippocampal Theory of Reference." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 5 (May 2017): 896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01091.
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The ability to use words to refer to the world is vital to the communicative power of human language. In particular, the anaphoric use of words to refer to previously mentioned concepts (antecedents) allows dialogue to be coherent and meaningful. Psycholinguistic theory posits that anaphor comprehension involves reactivating a memory representation of the antecedent. Whereas this implies the involvement of recognition memory or the mnemonic subroutines by which people distinguish old from new, the neural processes for reference resolution are largely unknown. Here, we report time–frequency analysis of four EEG experiments to reveal the increased coupling of functional neural systems associated with referentially coherent expressions compared with referentially problematic expressions. Despite varying in modality, language, and type of referential expression, all experiments showed larger gamma-band power for referentially coherent expressions compared with referentially problematic expressions. Beamformer analysis in high-density Experiment 4 localized the gamma-band increase to posterior parietal cortex around 400–600 msec after anaphor onset and to frontotemporal cortex around 500–1000 msec. We argue that the observed gamma-band power increases reflect successful referential binding and resolution, which links incoming information to antecedents through an interaction between the brain's recognition memory networks and frontotemporal language network. We integrate these findings with previous results from patient and neuroimaging studies, and we outline a nascent corticohippocampal theory of reference.
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Morán-Soto, Gustavo, and Omar Israel González Peña. "Second Phase of the Adaptation Process of the Mathematics Self-Efficacy Survey (MSES) for the Mexican–Spanish Language: The Confirmation." Mathematics 10, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10162905.
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There are great economic benefits and qualities of life when a country invests in the development of professionals in STEM areas. Unfortunately, there is a gender gap, as women are lagging behind their peers, as well as minority groups such as Hispanics, who are grossly underrepresented in these careers. Therefore, it is a priority to generate assessing instruments that are adapted to the cultural context of Latino students in their language to attract a more diverse population to STEM areas. This study presents a thorough validation process of the adaptation of the Self-Efficacy Survey (MSES) to the Spanish language and Mexican engineering context. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with data collected from 683 Mexican engineering students to analyze its validity. The results highlight that the original three dimensions of the MSES still show a sound structure to assess math self-efficacy, and the confirmatory factor analysis eliminated items that were outdated and out of the context of this specific population. As a result, this study presents a 12-item adaptation that could help Latino researchers to collect reliable math self-efficacy data to better understand how their students feel when they learn and practice mathematics.
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Lacroix, Véronique, Andrée Pomerleau, and Gérard Malcuit. "Properties of adult and adolescent mothers' speech, children's verbal performance and cognitive development in different socioeconomic groups: a longitudinal study." First Language 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206503.
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The research analysed longitudinally the properties of maternal utterances and their relation with child's language and cognitive development. The sample consisted of 125 mother-child dyads divided in three groups: 32 adolescent mothers, 54 adult mothers of low socioeconomic status (LSES), and 39 adult mothers of middle socioeconomic status (MSES). The form and function of each mother's utterances to her child at 18, 30 and 36 months of age were evaluated during a free-play session in the laboratory. Results showed differences between the three groups in the properties of maternal utterances. Adolescent and adult LSES mothers used more utterances that controlled or directed what the child was doing, and fewer utterances that informed or questioned the child. During their second and third year of life, children from the MSES group obtained higher scores than children of adolescent and adult LSES mothers on measures of language and cognitive development. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the forms and functions of maternal utterances were important predictors of child development. Most importantly, the forms and functions of maternal utterances from 18 to 36 months explained 45% of the variance in the children's score on the Stanford-Binet.
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Page, J., R. Walters, R. Gould, L. Wakschlag, and E. Norton. "0989 Examining The Role Of Toddler Sleep Quality On Wake EEG And Language Ability." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A375—A376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.985.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep and the development of language are prominent concerns of many parents and until recently, many have examined these concerns tangentially. Children with developmental delays/disabilities have shown to have impaired sleep and poor sleep quality, and impairments or changes in sleep quality may play a prominent role in the acquisition of language and neuronal oscillatory patterns. This study examines the role of child sleep quality paired with a normed measure of language and wake electroencephalography (EEG). Examining the role of child sleep quality with language ability and wake EEG may provide nascent incremental utility to understanding the influences of sleep on healthy development. Methods Data from 109 toddlers (age range 24 to 30.5 m, M = 26.83 ± 1.58 m, 52% male) from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and continuous EEG were collected and analyzed. EEG was recorded (32 electrode cap BioSemi) while toddlers sat in a booster seat and watched a silent video. Data were analyzed in RStudio and Matlab to examine toddler’s sleep quality (infant sleep and parent behaviors) and relations with the MSEL and EEG (controlling for child age and gender). Results Means and standard deviations appeared within expected limits based on the range of each variable. Toddlers with slow-developing language were associated with relatively poor sleep quality, explaining 9.75% of the variance. We find preliminary evidence to suggest a potential sleep disruption around the time when a child is undergoing a rapid expansion in their vocabulary (expressive language). Toddler’s sleep quality and language acquisition were also correlated with wake EEG (alpha and beta). Conclusion Sleep is regarded as an essential component supporting the myriad changes observed in early development. Sleep quality fundamentally influences healthy development across domains. Here, we showed child sleep quality is highly associated with toddler’s language ability, and wake EEG, providing new insights into the developing brain. Support National Institutes of Health R01DC016273, R01MH107652-03S1, and Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA.
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Osterhout, Lee, Richard McKinnon, Michael Bersick, and Vicka Corey. "On the Language Specificity of the Brain Response to Syntactic Anomalies: Is the Syntactic Positive Shift a Member of the P300 Family?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, no. 6 (November 1996): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.507.
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Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 13 scalp electrodes while subjects read sentences, some of which contained either a verb that disagreed in number with the subject noun (syntactic anomaly) or a word in uppercase letters (physical anomaly). Uppercase words elicited the P300 complex of positivities, whereas agreement violations elicited a late positive shift with an onset around 500 msec and a duration of several hundred msec. These effects differed in their morphology, temporal course, amplitude, and scalp distribution. Furthermore, manipulations of the probability-of-occurrence and task relevance of the anomalies had robust effects on the response to uppercase words, but not on the response to agreement violations. Finally, these anomalies had additive effects when agreement-violating uppercase (doubly anomalous) words were presented. These results are taken to be an initial indication that the positive shift elicited by agreement violations is distinct from the P300 response to unexpected, task-relevant anomalies that do not involve the violation of a grammatical rule.
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Neville, Helen, Janet L. Nicol, Andrew Barss, Kenneth I. Forster, and Merrill F. Garrett. "Syntactically Based Sentence Processing Classes: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.151.
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Theoretical considerations and diverse empirical data from clinical, psycholinguistic, and developmental studies suggest that language comprehension processes are decomposable into separate subsystems, including distinct systems for semantic and grammatical processing. Here we report that event-related potentials (ERPs) to syntactically well-formed but semantically anomalous sentences produced a pattern of brain activity that is distinct in timing and distribution from the patterns elicited by syntactically deviant sentences, and further, that different types of syntactic deviance produced distinct ERP patterns. Forty right-handed young adults read sentences presented at 2 words/sec while ERPs were recorded from over several positions between and within the hemispheres. Half of the sentences were semantically and grammatically acceptable and were controls for the remainder, which contained sentence medial words that violated (1) semantic expectations, (2) phrase structure rules, or (3) WH-movement constraints on Specificity and (4) Subjacency. As in prior research, the semantic anomalies produced a negative potential, N400, that was bilaterally distributed and was largest over posterior regions. The phrase structure violations enhanced the N125 response over anterior regions of the left hemisphere, and elicited a negative response (300-500 msec) over temporal and parietal regions of the left hemisphere. Violations of Specificity constraints produced a slow negative potential, evident by 125 msec, that was also largest over anterior regions of the left hemisphere. Violations of Subjacency constraints elicited a broadly and symmetrically distributed positivity that onset around 200 msec. The distinct timing and distribution of these effects provide biological support for theories that distinguish between these types of grammatical rules and constraints and more generally for the proposal that semantic and grammatical processes are distinct subsystems within the language faculty.
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Damjanić, Katarina. "VAGUENESS AND DISSOCIATION IN ENGLISH POLITICAL NEWS DISCOURSE." MEDIA STUDIES AND APPLIED ETHICS 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/msae.2.2021.05.
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The main goal of this paper is to indicate the importance of the issues of vagueness and dissociation in discourse interpretation. The discourse that is taken into consideration is the discourse of political news written in the English language. This particular discourse is widely available to readers and deals with important political issues, which is why the choice of words and phrases should ideally be unbiased and accurate. If not, the readers may misinterpret the discourse and have a wrong impression of the political issue. In this research, newspaper articles are taken as an example of political news discourse. All articles analyzed were written in online British and American broadsheet and tabloid newspapers and they all dealt with the migrant crisis and 2019 Hong Kong protests. By taking into consideration the political context and the theoretical framework used in this research, 44 instances considered to be examples of vagueness and dissociation were identified, which were found in 14 newspaper articles.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., Marina Kilintari, Roozbeh Rezaie, Shalini Narayana, and Abbas Babajani-Feremi. "The Role of the Primary Sensory Cortices in Early Language Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (October 2017): 1755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01147.
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The results of this magnetoencephalography study challenge two long-standing assumptions regarding the brain mechanisms of language processing: First, that linguistic processing proper follows sensory feature processing effected by bilateral activation of the primary sensory cortices that lasts about 100 msec from stimulus onset. Second, that subsequent linguistic processing is effected by left hemisphere networks outside the primary sensory areas, including Broca's and Wernicke's association cortices. Here we present evidence that linguistic analysis begins almost synchronously with sensory, prelinguistic verbal input analysis and that the primary cortices are also engaged in these linguistic analyses and become, consequently, part of the left hemisphere language network during language tasks. These findings call for extensive revision of our conception of linguistic processing in the brain.