Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ms. note'

La tesi presenta una nuova edizione critica integrale di "Huon de Bordeaux" in alessandrini. Il lavoro è corredato di capitoli sulla lingua, la metrica, di note di commento, di un glossario e di indici dei nomi dei personaggi e dei luoghi citati nel testo.

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This research intended to answer to the question: how was the implementation of the extension of the obligedness politics of the fundamental schooling given for the six year-old population in municipal schools of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. The objective was to know the local configuration of that politics in relation to municipal and national regulations and orientations, with special attention to the measures taken by the schools concerning the organization of time, space and curriculum. For so much, it was accomplished a qualitative investigation in the three municipal schools that obtained the largest numbers of registrations in the first year in the fundamental teaching during the years of 2007 to 2009. It was used information obtained through interviewing pedagogic coordinators and responsible technicians for the fundamental teaching in the Municipal Bureau of Education of Dourados submitted to content analysis. Those information were compared with national and municipal official legislation, regulation and orientations, by document analysis. The qualitative approach was enriched with statistical data from INEP and by consultation to bibliographical sources about the subject. The results showed that in the observed municipal schools the implementation of the politics in focus is recent, being marked by the improvisation, for the lack of infrastructure and pedagogic conditions that difficult the organization of space, time and curriculum in consonance with national orientations. Few were the changes in the school atmosphere to assist the six year-old child. Thus, the educational installment propitiated by the extension of the fundamental teaching politics implemented in Dourados hasn t been effecting the child's fundamental rights assured in the legal sphere and evidence the scarce local consequence of MEC initiatives
Esta pesquisa buscou responder à pergunta: como se deu a implementação da política de extensão da obrigatoriedade do ensino fundamental para a população de seis anos de idade em escolas municipais de Dourados estado de Mato Grosso do Sul? O objetivo foi conhecer a configuração local dessa política vista em relação às regulamentações e orientações municipais e nacionais, com especial atenção às medidas tomadas pelas escolas no tocante à organização do tempo, espaço e currículo. Para tanto, realizei investigação qualitativa em três escolas municipais, que obtiveram maior número de matrículas no primeiro ano no ensino fundamental entre os anos de 2007 e 2009. Utilizei informações obtidas por meio de entrevistas a coordenadores pedagógicos e técnico responsável pelo ensino fundamental na Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Dourados valendo-me da análise de conteúdo. Essas informações foram cotejadas com legislação, regulamentação e orientações oficiais nacionais e municipais, por meio de análise de documento. A abordagem qualitativa foi enriquecida com dados estatísticos do INEP e pela consulta a fontes bibliográficas que tratam da questão. A pesquisa mostrou que nas escolas municipais observadas a implementação da política em foco é recente, sendo marcada pela improvisação, pela falta de condições infraestruturais e pedagógicas que entravam a organização do espaço, do tempo e currículo em consonância com orientações nacionais. Poucas foram as mudanças ocorridas no ambiente escolar para atender à criança de seis anos de idade. Desse modo, a prestação educacional propiciada pela política de extensão do ensino fundamental implementada no município tem deixado de efetivar direitos fundamentais da criança assegurados na esfera legal e evidenciado a escassa consequência local das iniciativas do MEC.

A Serra da Bodoquena constitui um planalto carbonático desenvolvido nas rochas do Grupo Corumbá (Neoproterozóico III - Faixa Paraguai), que se ressalta topograficamente das planícies do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. A análise morfológica em escala 1:60.000 permitiu compartimentar o carste da Serra da Bodoquena em três unidades principais. A primeira corresponde a um carste de recarga mista (predominantemente autogênica) com formas de carste labiríntico e carste poligonal desenvolvidas em calcários, situada no Planalto da Bodoquena. A segunda corresponde a um carste de recarga essencialmente autogênica, com morfologia de morros residuais e planícies cársticas com dolinas, composta principalmente de dolomitos, situada na Depressão do Rio Miranda. A última consiste de um carste interestratal desenvolvido sob os arenitos da Formação Aquidauana da Bacia do Paraná, no extremo sul da Serra da Bodoquena, situada na Depressão do Rio Miranda, com a presença de dolinas em arenitos. Apesar do sistema cárstico da Serra da Bodoquena possuir um aqüífero de condutos bem desenvolvido, evidenciado pelas nascentes cársticas, vales cegos no setor noroeste, dolinas e poços de abastecimento produtivos, as cavernas são pouco freqüentes e com pequeno desenvolvimento. Observam-se quatro padrões principais de cavernas, que ocorrem associados aos compartimentos de relevo: 1) salões de abatimento irregulares em planta e formando planos inclinados em seção longitudinal, as vezes se estendendo por até 90 m abaixo do nível d\'água, na unidade dos morros residuais dolomíticos; 2) cavernas em rede anastomosada em planta, com condutos circulares a elípticos e ramificações anastomosadas em seção transversal em calcários, na unidade do carste labiríntico e carste poligonal e raramente em morros residuais e planícies; 3) cavernas meandrantes em planta, as vezes associados a sumidouros ativos ou inativos, com injeção alogênica na maioria dos casos em calcários na Unidade do carste labiríntico e carste poligonal; 4) Nascentes do tipo vauclusiana nas planícies de calcários, principalmente junto a escarpa leste do Planalto da Bodoquena. A existência de tectônica recente na Serra da Bodoquena foi constatada a partir de feições como: espeleotemas subaéreos submersos pelo menos a 16 m de profundidade abaixo do nível d\'água mínimo da variação sazonal; planalto escarpado sustentado por calcários e planícies por dolomitos; porção norte do planalto com rios mais entalhados que o sul; estrutura linear relacionada à borda do Pantanal, que cruza a Serra da Bodoquena, observada em escala 1:250.000.
The Bodoquena plateau, developed over the Corumbá Group (Neoproterozoic III - Paraguai Fold Belt), is a carbonate rock highland relative to the non carbonate lowlands of the Mato Grosso do Sul State, mid-western Brazil. Based on 1:60.000 scale morphological analysis of the karst topography, three main compartments were defined. The first one is a mixed recharge karst landforms, developed over limestone of the Bodoquena plateau. The second unit is characterized by essentially autogenic recharge, residual hills and karstic plains with dolines, developed mainly over dolomites of the Miranda river depression (lowlands). The third one, characterizes an interstratatl karst system in proterozoic limestones overlain by sandstones of the Aquidauana Formation of the Phanerozoic Paraná basin. This geomorphological unit is localized at the southern extremity of the Bodoquena plateau, exhibiting flat topography, with frequent dolines in sandstone, of up to 700 m in diameter. Although the Bodoquena karst system is well developed, as can be inferred based on the presence of several vauclusian springs, blind valleys in the northwest border, dolines and a deep conduit aquifer evidenced through productive water wells, the cave incidence is low as are their dimensions, considering the large carbonate rock exposure. Four cave patters were recognized, which are related to the above geomorphological units: 1) large irregular breakdown halls in plain view and dipping planes in longitudinal section (following bedding and joint surfaces), which frequently reach up to 90 m beneath the water table, sometimes with large lakes, as for example, the Lago Azul cave (Bonito municipality). This pattern is the most frequent cave type of the second unit, occurring at the dolomitic residual hills with karst plains; 2) network caves with anastomotic pattern in plan view and circular to elliptical conduits with lateral anastomosis in cross section. They occur mostly associated with the labyrinth and polygonal karst topography of the first morphological unit and rarely with the unit of residual hills and plains; 3) caves with meandering conduits in plan view, sometimes with active or inactive allogenic stream sinks, associated with the polygonal and labyrinth karst topography; 4) Steep dipping phreatic conduits, characterizing vauclusian springs, occurring at the limestone plain along the base of the eastern escarpment of the Bodoquena plateau. The recent tectonic activity along the Bodoquena plateau area was detected by the following features: vadose speleothems submerged at least 16 m beneath the lowest seasonal water level stage; limestone highland with the escarpment beside dolomitic lowlands; northern part of the carbonate plateau with deep entrenched river valleys in contrast with the southern sector of open valleys and less entrenchment; linear structure observed in 1:250.000 scale which marks the border of the Pantanal basin and crosses the Bodoquena plateau.

Cette thèse présente l’édition critique du Mystère des trois doms (1509), d’après un manuscrit unique aujourd’hui conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France sous la cote n.a.f 18995. Ce texte dramatique en moyen français d’environ 11000 vers raconte la conversion puis le martyre des trois saints patrons de la ville de Romans, Séverin, Exupère, et Félicien ; il a été composé en vue d’une représentation, qui eut lieu trois jours durant dans cette même ville les 27, 28 et 29 mai 1509. Notre travail comporte plusieurs aspects distincts et complémentaires : une analyse philologique et historique, une présentation littéraire et une étude linguistique. Après avoir présenté les objectifs de notre travail, nous analysons la préparation de la représentation de 1509, tant du point de vue de l’écriture du mystère (analyse du manuscrit et des différentes étapes de sa composition) que du point de vue de la réalisation matérielle de l’entreprise (construction du théâtre et des décors). Nous possédons en effet également le livre des comptes du mystère, qui contient de précieuses informations sur les modalités d’organisation de sa représentation : il s’agit d’un cas unique, ce texte est donc d’une grande importance pour l’histoire du théâtre en France. Nous proposons ensuite une présentation du texte du mystère, une analyse des sources, de la mise en scène, et quelques éléments de versification et de stylistique. La langue du mystère étant d’une grande richesse, notre étude linguistique s’intéresse à plusieurs aspects : les systèmes graphiques des différents scribes, la régionalité de la langue et la représentation de l’oralité. Nous présentons enfin les principes qui ont guidé l’édition critique des trois journées du mystère. Celle-ci est suivie d’un relevé des nombreuses variantes et corrections contenues dans le manuscrit, de notes portant sur le texte, d’un glossaire et d’une bibliographie ; le volume contient enfin en annexes plusieurs planches du manuscrit
This thesis presents a critical edition of the Mystère des Trois Doms (1509), from a single manuscript now kept in the National Library of France under the reference n.a.f 18995. This drama play in Middle French contains approximately 11,000 verses, and tells the conversion and martyrdom of the three patron saints of the town of Romans, Séverin, Exupère and Félicien; it was composed for a performance, which took place in the city during three days, on 27, 28 and 29 May 1509. Our work includes several distinct and complementary aspects: philological and historical analysis, literary presentation and linguistic study. After presenting the objectives of our work, we analyze the preparation of the 1509 performance, from a writing point of view (analysis of the manuscript and the various stages of its composition) as well as from the material realization of the representation (construction of the theater and scenery). Indeed, we also have the book of accounts of the mystery play, which contains valuable informations on organizational modalities of its representation: it is a unique case, making this text of great importance for the history of the theater in France. We then propose a presentation of the text of the mystery, an analysis of sources, staging, and some elements of versification and stylistics. The language of the mystery being very rich, our linguistic study focuses on several aspects: graphics systems of the different scribes, regionality of the language and representation of orality. Finally, we present the principles that guided our critical edition of the three days of the play, followed by an account of the various variants and corrections contained in the manuscript, some notes on the text, a glossary and a bibliography. The appendices of the volume also contain several boards of the manuscript

O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi a análise dos fósseis, no contexto temporal e paleoambiental, em unidades sedimentares da Faixa Paraguai (grupos Jacadigo e Corumbá, formações Araras e Raizama), nas regiões de Corumbá e Bonito- serra da Bodoquena, MS, e de Cáceres Bauxi/Jangada, MT. O conjunto paleontológico destas sequências é de grande importância para o melhor entendimento cronológico da transição Proterozóico/Cambriano em território brasileiro. Os fósseis presentes incluem megafósseis (metazoários e metáfitas), microfósseis e estromatólitos, embora de ocorrência restrita. No Grupo Jacadigo foram encontrados microfósseis (melanocirilídeos) em clastos carbonáticos, que, no registro mundial estão limitados ao intervalo entre 950 e 700 Ma. A maior diversificação fossilífera está presente na Formação Tamengo, a unidade superior do Grupo Corumbá, com metazoários (Cloudina Iucianoi e Corumbella Werneri), metáfitas (Tyrasotaenia sp.), microfósseis (Sphaerocongregus variabilis) que, em conjunto apontam para uma idade vendiana superior para esta sequência sedimentar. Na Formação Araras, unidade considerada equivalente ao Grupo Corumbá, os quatro tipos de estromatólitos encontrados não fornecem indicações de idade, apenas informações de cunho paleoambiental. Os icnofósseis, pouco conhecidos no registro paleontológico do Pré-Cambriano do Brasil, foram descritos, pela primeira vez, nos sedimentos arenosos da Formação Raizama, e incluem formas horizontais, simples, semelhantes aos assinalados no final do Proterozóico. As análises isotópicas de \'delta\'\'ANTPOT.13 C\' mostraram valores coerentes com os de sequencias mundiais do final do Vendiano e também puderam complementar os estudos paleoambientais, ao lado das evidências fornecidas pelo conjunto litológico e de estruturas sedimentares, e algumas análises de \'delta\'\'ANTPOT.18 O\'. As composições isotópicas de Sr isoladamente concordaram com valores registrados no Proterozóico Superior, mas, associadas às evidências paleontológicas podem sugerir um intervalo de idade mais restrito ao final desse eon.
This dissertation describles fossils and their temporal and paleoenvironmental contexts from the Jacadigo and Corumbá Groups and Araras and Raizama Formations of the Paraguai Belt in the regions of Corumbá and Bonito/serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Cáceres and Bauxi/Jangada in Mato Grosso, in Central-Western Brazil. The paleontologic record of these sequences is of great importance for a better understanding of the Proterozoic Cambrian transition in Brazil. The fossils studied include metazoans, metaphytes, organic-walled microfossils, ichnofossils and stromatolites, all of rather limited occurrence. Within the Jacadigo Group, vase-shaped microfossils apparently restrict the age of the carbonate clasts in which they occur to the interval between 700 and 950 Ma. Greater paleontological diversity is displayed by the overlyng Corumbá Group in the form of metazoans (Cloudina Lucianoi and Corumbella werneri), metaphytes (tyrasotaenia sp.) and microfossils (Sphaerocongregus variabilis), that together point to a latest Vendian age at least for the uppermost part of this sedimentary sequence. In the Araras Formation, a lateral equivalent of the Corumbá Group, stromatolites provide no significant indication of age but are of considerable paleoenvironmental interest and may be useful in local correlation. Above the Araras Formation, in the Raizama Formation, simple, horizontal ichnofossils are here registered for the first time in the Paraguai Belt and are forms known elsewhere from the end of the Proterozoic although not necessarily restricted to this eon. Isotopic analyses of the stable isotopes of C in limestone of the Corumbá Group and Araras Formation furnished \'delta\'\'ANTPOT.18 C\' values consistent with those exhibited by other terminal Vendian sequences in the world, they also complement paleoenvironmental studies, together with evidence derived from study of lithologies, sedimentary structures and a few analyses of \'delta\'\'ANTPOT.18 O\'. Isotopic compositions of Sr for many of the same samples analysed for C and O fall within the general range of values known for the Late Proterozoic, in conjunction with the associated fossil evidence, however, they appear to be consistent with a more restricted interval at the end of this eon.

En premier lieu, nous evoquons le cadre conjonctuel dans lequel ces miracles ont ete representes : il ne peut etre indifferent qu il s agisse de pieces d inspiration religieuse, qu elles aient ete jouees de 1339 a 1382 et que leurs commanditaires aient ete la riche confrerie des orfevres de paris. Aussi evoquerons nous la conjoncture dans laquelle ils sont nes : la guerre de cent ans, la situation economique et surtout le contexte religieux, la montee en puissance de la bourgeoisie parisienne et plus particulierement, la corporation des orfevres. Nous presentons ensuite le recueil du cange et ses principales caracteristiques. Ces quarante mircles possedent un point commun qui apparait d emblee : dieu et ou nd interviennent toujours - quoique a des degres divers - dans leur dramaturgie. Ces interventions divines apparaissent motivees par les liens existant entre createur et creature, par le regard que porte le createur sur l attitude de sa creature : vis a vis du respect qu elle lui doit, mais aussi envers ses semblables, autres creatures de dieu, dont la vie interfere avec la sienne. Il doit toujours avoir a l esprit que son salut eternel est en jeu ; les interventions divines sont destinees a le lui rappeler. Entre eux existe un contrat : l eternel contrat. Nous definissons ensuite la methodologie adoptee pour l analyse individuelle des miracles en vue d etablir les liens existant entre leur dramaturgie et leur propos religieux enfin, a la suite de ces etudes individuelles, nous determinons la nature de la spiritualite qui a
Our purpose is to establish the kinds of bonds existing between the dramatic art of the forty miracles de notre dame par personnages and the spiritual conception of their sleeping partners. At first, we recall the conjoncture space in wich those miracles were played : the religious theme is not unimportant in the plays, as they were stage from 1339 to 1382 and that their sleeping partners were the rich confrerie des orfevres de paris. Thus we evoke the conjoncture in which they were born : the one hundrerd years war, the economic situation and especially the religious context, the increasing power of the parisian burgesses and, more particulary the corporation of goldsmiths. After, the main characteristics of the recueil du cange are presented. Those forty miracles have a striking common point : god and or the virgin always break in - although in varied degrees - on their dramatic art. Those divine interventions always appear justified because of the bonds between creator and creature, by the creator's sight of his creature's attitude : about the respect it should have towards creator and about the others god's creatures from whom life interfere with its one's it always must have in its mind that its eternal salvation is at stake ; the divine interventions are intended to remind them for it. Between them, exist a contract : the eternal contract. Then we define the methodology used for the individual analysis of miracles with a view to

Le manuscrit 4. 123 de la biblioteca nacional de madrid est une collection de soixante-six "bailes", reunie et transcrite pendant la deuxieme moitie du xviie siecle par bernardo lopez del campo, comedien et ecrivain decede a grenade en 1705. Dans la partie introduction, je propose une definition du "baile" aux xvie et xviie siecles, j'expose ensuite les remarques sur la transcription et sur l'edition. Ensuite, je propose une retranscription des trente premiers "bailes" du manuscrit, ainsi qu'un schema metrique et des notes explicatives pour chacun d'eux. Cette edition critique comporte egalement : la liste des ouvrages consultes ; l'index des notes ; l'index des proverbes pour les trente "bailes" retranscrits ; l'index des premiers vers des soixante-six "bailes" du manuscrit, avec les noms des auteurs des "bailes" non anonymes ; l'index des titres des soixante-six "bailes" du manuscrit 4. 123
The manuscript 4. 123 from biblioteca nacional de madrid includes sixty-six "bailes", collected together and transcribed during the second half of seventeenth century by bernardo lopez del campo, actor and writer who died at grenada in 1705. In the introduction part, i suggest a definition for "baile" in the 16th and 17th centuries, then i explain the remarks on the transcription and on the edition. Next, i suggest a transcription for the first thirty "bailes" of the manuscript, metric pattern and critical notes for each of them as well. This critical edition also includes : the list of reference books ; the index of notes ; the index of proverbs for the thirty "bailes" which i have transcribed ; the index of first lines for the sixty-six "bailes" including authors names except for the anonymous "bailes" ; the index of titles for the sixty-six "bailes" of manuscript 4. 123

A região da serra da Alegria, parte do extremo sul do Cráton Amazônico, com extensão de cerca de 830 \'km POT.2\', foi estudada com métodos geológicos de campo, fotogeológicos e laboratoriais, mineralógico-petrográfico e litogeoquímicos, visando o mapeamento regional de reconhecimento (esc. 1:100.000), contribuições à evolução precambriana e verificações iniciais do potencial metalogenético. A área compreende de W para E a transição do Complexo Rio Apa, em partes de sua porção denominadas de Associação Metamórfica do Alto Tererê. A área é constituída em seus setores W e Central por um segmento crustal siálico, regionalmente contínuo, de gnaisses polimetamórficos de alto grau e metagranitóides intrusivos de tipo TTG, incluindo ainda rochas supracrustais compreendidas na Seqüência Metavulcano-Sedimentar Básica com características de tipo greenstone belt, tectonicamente inseridas nas rochas graníticas. Destacam-se nas porções basais dessa seqüência, metabasitos/anfibolitos com estruturas de lavas almofadadas bem preservadas e características geoquímicas de toleiitos de fundo oceânico, associados com xistos de metatufos básicos. A Intrusão Diferenciada Gabro-Anortosito-Granofírica da Serra da Alegria é parte de um vasto corpo magmático e o principal marco geomórfico da área de estudo, localizada no setor Central com extensão além dos seus limites N. Compreende duas séries magmáticas anorogênicas independentes, entretanto envolvidas em processos de mistura e contaminação. A primeira série, de gabros e anortositos predominantes, é toleiítica manto-derivada e sofreu processos de fracionamento durante a ascenção, assim como de diferenciação por cristalização fracionada em câmara magmática crustal relativamente rasa. A segunda compreende granofiros diversos, apresenta tendências alcalinas e é considerada de derivação crustal profunda. Metavulcanitos e Subvulcanitos e Subvulcanitos Ácidos e Metadiabásicos complementam o quadro petrográfico regional. A petrogênese dos metavulcanitos ácidos, dacitos/riodacitos e riolitos é problemática, existindo apenas indícios não-inequívocos, quanto as suas relações mútuas e com os metagranofiros da Intrusão da Serra da Alegria. Os metadiabásios encontrados em duas ocorrências apenas são considerados as rochas precambrianas mais jovens da região. O setor E constitui-se numa associação de gnaisses graníticos e xistos, incluindo possíveis equivalentes de rochas dos setores Central e W, com características tectônicas por excelência. Forma um bloco parautóctone e alóctone transportado de E para W, por processos orogênicos proterozóicos mais jovens de formação de faixa móvel. O metamorfismo regional progressivo (de W para E) de grau médio atingiu no extremo E condições máximas de facies anfibolito média transicionais para superior. Os principais metalotectos regionais são a Seqüência Metavulcano-Sedimentar Básica, com indícios isolados de Cu e potencial para Au emetais base, e a Intrusão Diferenciada da Serra da Alegria em sua parte magmato-estratigráfica inferior, de rochas básico-ultrabásicas e ultramáficas, com ocorrências isoladas de platinóides em gabros heterogêneos mais ricos em Cr e possíveis cromititos estratiformes e sulfetos magmáticos de tipo Ni-Cu-Fe, entre outros. A evolução geotectônica precambriana compreende quatro eventos principais incluindo três ciclos orogenéticos: (1) - formação dos gnaisses polimetamórficos TTG e eventualmente dos metagranitóides TTG intrusivos, em um ou mais processos metamórficos de alto grau e anatexia crustal arqueanos; (2) - formação e colapso tectono-metamórfico da bacia oceânica, possivelmente de tipo retro-arco da Seqüência Metavulcano-Sedimentar Básica arqueana ou paleoproterozóica; (3) - intrusão e diferenciação do complexo magmático gabro-anortosito-granofírico da serra da Alegria, paleo a mesoproterozóico, em regime de ) estabilidade crustal, incluindo eventualmente como fase final as rochas metavulcânicas ácidas, e (4) - desenvolvimento regional da faixa móvel de Associação Metamórfica do Alto Tererê constituindo o setor E da área, com idades mínimas mesoproterozóicas segundo dados geocronológicas da literatura.
The Serra da Alegria region with an area of 830 km² is a part of the southernmost extremity of the Amazon Craton (Cráton Amazônico) located in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. It was studied by fieldwork and photogeology as well as by mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical laboratory methods. A regional lithostructural reconnaissance map at a scale of 1:100.000 and results concerning the Precambrian geological evolution and metallogenesis are presented. From W to E the study area encopasses the transition from stable Archean parts of the Craton to the adjoining portions of the Proterozoic mobile belt comprising the Alto Tererê Metamorphic Association (Associação Metamórfica do Alto Tererê) of the Rio Apa Complex (Complexo Rio Apa). According to the main lithostrutural features, the area was subdivided in into Western, Central and Eastern sectors. The Western and Central sectors are composed a regionally continuous major sialic crustal segment of high-grade polymetamorphic TTG-gneisses and intrusive TTG-metagranitoids. As minor tectonic inliers they host supracrustal rocks having greenstone-belt characteristics named the Basic Metavulcano-Sedimentary Sequence (Seqüência Metavulcano-Sedimentar Básica). Basal portions of the supracrustal sequence include basic metavolcanics, now amphibolites, with well-preserved pillow lava structures and geochemical properties of ocean floor tholeiites, associated with mafic schists derived from basic to intermediate tuffs. The differentiated plutonic to hypabyssal igneous intrusion of the Serra da Alegria forms the most prominent geomorphological marker of the study area. It intruded the sialic basement rocks throughout the northern half of the Central Sector, extending regionally to the north far beyond this sector. There occur two genetically unrelated anorogenic magmatic series locally involved in magmatic mixing and contamination processes. The first one comprises major cumulate and layered gabbros and anorthosites as well as minor felsic differentiates (as veins intruding the gabbros). These rocks formed by magma chamber differentiation through fractional crystallization under rather shallow crustal conditions (as shown by Sr-fractionation in the anorthosite plagioclases), from upper mantle tholeiitic gabbroic parental magmas subjected to the fractionation processes during mantle ascent. The second series consists of a huge amount of younger granophyres. These are felsic rocks of alkaline affinities inferred to have originated from lower-crust magmas. Acid metavolcanics and subvolcanics and metadiabases complete the regional petrographic spectrum. The petrogenesis of the acid metavolcanics, which include decites/rhyodacites and rhyolites, is still problematical, since only ambiguous evidence was found regarding their mutual relationships and those with the metagranophyres of the Serra da Alegria Intrusion. The metadiabases were observed in only two occurrences; they are low-grade metamorphic rocks considered to be the youngest Precambrian rocks of the region. Throughout the Eastern Sector occurs an intimate association of granitic gneisses and metapelitic to quartzose schists prominently tectonized, also including probable equivalents of rocks of the adjoining Central and Western sectors. The Eastern Sector represents a parautochtonous to allochtonous, E-to-W transported block, structured and amplaced in the course of the younger orogenic processes of the Proterozoic mobile belst. Progressive regional metamorphism from W to E in this sector is medium grade and reached - in the extreme E in this sector - maximum conditions, transitional from medium to upper amphibolite facies. The main regional matallotects are the Metabasic Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence of greenstone-belt characteristics and the Differentiated Layered Cu anomalies and an inferred potentiality for gold and base metals. The latter shows traces of platinum minerals in heterogeneous Cr-richer gabbros and an inferred potentiality for stratiform chromities and magmatic sulphides of the Ni-Cu-Fe type, among others, related to basic-ultrabasic and ultramafic lower portions of the intrusion. The Precambrian geotectonic evolution comprises four major events including three orogenic cycles: 1)-formation of the polymetamorphic TTG-gneisses and possibly the intrusive TTG-metagranitoids in the course of one or more Archean processes of high-grade metamorphism and crustal anataxis; 2)-generation and tectiono-metamorphic collapse of the oceanic (possibly back-arc) basin of the Metabasic Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence of greenstone-belt characteristics of Archean or Palaeoproterozoic age; 3)-emplacement and magmatic evolution of the layered intrusion of the Serra da Alegria in a period of crustal stability and tectonic calm of Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic age, including perhaps, as a final stage, the acid metavolcanics, and (4)-regional mobile belt development of the Alto Tererê Metamorphic Association affecting mainly the rocks of the Eastern Sector of the study area, with a Mesoproterozoic minimum age (of 1.7-1.6 Ga), as reported in geochronological studies in the literature.

Este trabalho aborda mapeamento geológico e a estratigrafia dos depósitos associados ao rio Paraná no segmento compreendido entre Porto Primavera (MS), a montante da foz do rio Piquiri. A metodologia empregada para sua elaboração compreendeu as técnicas tradicionais de fotointerpretação geológica adaptadas para formas deposicionais, tendo sido utilizadas imagens MSS e RADAR, e fotografias aéreas. Os trabalhos de campo foram concentrados na metade superior do segmento estudado, no trecho situado a montante da ilha dos Bandeirantes; as informações obtidas originaram-se de descrição de afloramentos, de sondagens a trado e a \"vibro-core\", e de perfis de sondagens fornecidos pela CESP e DALCON. Os dados foram analisados por meio de perfis topográficos, geológicos e estratigráficos, dispostos em posição perpendicular e longitudinal em relação ao traçado do rio. Os depósitos estudados ocorrem em diferentes níveis de terraço e nacalha fluvial. O terraço alto e constituído por níveis seixosos da sequencia fluvial SFa, depositada por canais entrelaçados do tipo Scott, e por camada de areia maciça da sequencia coluvial SCa. O terraço médio é constituído por níveis seixosos da sequencia fluvial SFb, depositados por canais entrelaçados do tipo Donjek; e por camada de areia maciça com \"ponds\" argilosos da sequencia coluvial SCb. O terraço baixo é constituído por corpos de areia de forma acanalada ou tabular, da sequencia fluvial SFc, depositados por canais entrelaçados do tipo Platte. A planície fluvial corresponde ao terraço mais próximo do nível do rio, e compreende uma sucessão de depósitos seixosos, arenosos e argilo-arenosos; esses sedimentos compreendem parte da sequencia fluvial SFd, e foram depositados respectivamente por canais entrelaçados do tipo Donjek, do tipo Platte e por canais anastomosados. O terraço médio o baixo e a planície encontram-se parcialmente cobertos por depósitos coluvio-aluviais da sequencia SCc. Os depósitos ativos são constituídos por areia fina á média, acumulados no leito ou sob forma de barras transversais; tais corpos podem no centro do canal, na sua margem, na parte frontal de ilhas, ou fazendo a ligação entre ilhas e/ou as margens do rio. As características hidrológicas do rio Paraná e de seus depósitos ativos permitem compará-los aos canais entrelaçados do tipo South Saskatchewan. A evolução sedimentar dos depósitos ocorreu por meio da alternância de climas úmidos e de climas secos, quando se desenvolveram respectivamente as sequencias fluviais e as coluviais. Durante esse período de tempo esteve ativa uma tectônica que promoveu basculamento e movimentação diferencial entre blocos estruturais, definidos por meio de critérios geomorfológicos limitam os depósitos ao Pleistoceno e Holoceno, e uma correlação com depósitos do rio Tibagi (PR) permite que a sedimentação tenha-se iniciado pelo menos no Plioceno.
This research deals with geological mapping and stratigraphy of the Parana river deposits on the reach between Porto Primavera (MS) and Guaira (PR). The geological mapping was based on MSS and RADAR image interpretation and aerial-photo analysis, besides field work in which outcrops and cores were analysed. Field work had been concentrated in the area between Porto Rico and Porto Camargo (PR). Additional data have been supplied by well records from CESP (Porto Primavera) and DALCON (Porto Camargo). The available data were analysed through longitudinal and transversal topographic profiles and geological and stratigraphic crossections. The studied deposits occur in four different levels of terraces and in the active channel. The \"high terrace\" is constituted of gravel deposits of braided channel of Scott type (fluvial sequence SFa) covered with massive sands of colluvial sequence SCa. The \"medium terrace\" is constituted of gravel deposits of braided channel of Donjek Type (fluvial sequence SFb) covered with massive sands and mud ponds of colluvial sequence SCb. The \"low terrace\" is constituted of channel shape and tabular sand bed forms deposited by braided channel of Platte type. The fluvial plain is the lowest terrace and contains pebble deposits of Donjek braided channels covered with sand bed forms deposited by Platte braided channels which have been covered by mud and sand deposited in flood plain, channel and natural levee of anastomosed fluvial system. All the terraces may show alluvial fan and colluvial deposits covering parts of their surface (colluvial bars and lag deposits distributes in two levels into the channel). The hydrologic and faciologic present day characteristic of Parana river enable us to compare them South SasKatchewan braided river. The sedimentary deposits have developed through cyclic climatic changes (humid and dry phases) and under tectonic influence. Active than the alluvial systems. On the other hand, in dry periods the situation was reverted. Tectonic events have tilted the block confined by fault strutures and controlling the valley slope. According to geomorphological correlations the deposits are Quaternary in age, but palinological evidence suggests Pliocene age for the oldest deposits.

O presente estudo documenta o registro palinológico da Faixa Paraguai das formações Tamengo, Guaicurus e Araras, nas regiões de Corumbá(MS), e Cáceres(MT) no contexto temporal e paleoambiental. Na Formação Tamengo foi confirmada a importância do microfóssil Bavlinella faveolata, considerado típico do Vendiano. Outros microfósseis descritos pela primeira vez desta sucessão são Eoentophysalis croxfordii, duas espécies de Siphonophycus, Helicothricoides waltheri, Leiosphaeridia crassa, além de um possível acritarca. Na Formação Guaicurus, não foram observados microfósseis, porém, foi identificada a primeira ocorrência de organismos multicelulares preservados nesta formação: Eoholynia mosquensis, Enteromorphites siniansis, metazoa sp. 1 e metazoa sp. 2. Na Formação Araras foram identificados microfósseis inéditos como: Bavlinella faveolata, uma espécie de Siphonophycus sp. ambos também presentes na Formação Tamengo, Symplassophaeridium sp., duas espécies de Leiosphaeridia sp., Soldadophycus bossii, possíveis filamentos cianobacterianos, além de possíveis escamas ou espinhos de metazoários vermiformes. A presença destes fósseis aliado a interpretação de dados estratigráficos e sedimentológicos permitiu correlacionar as pedreiras de Laginha e Ladário da Formação Tamengo. A partir desses dados foi possível também estabelecer a correlação entre as formações Tamengo e Araras tomando como base a presença de capas carbonáticas cronocorrelatas nas unidades basais do Grupo Corumbá e Formação Araras. Em resumo, a sedimentação de grande parte do Grupo Corumbá e da Formação Araras ocorreram penecontemporaneamente no final do Neoproterozóico, especificamente o Vendiano.
The presente study documents the palynological record of the Tamengo, Guaicurus and Araras formations of the Paraguai Belt in the region of Corumbá (MS) and Cáceres (MT), west central Brazil, and interprets its temporal and paleoenvironmental context. In the Tamengo Formation the importance of the microfossil Bavlinella faveolata, considered typical of the Vendian, was confirmed. Other microfossils registered for the first time in this formation are Eonthophysalis croxfordii, two species of Siphonophicus, Helicothricoides waltheri, Leiosphaeridia crassa, as well as additimal possible acritich. In the Guaicurus Formation, no microfossils were observed but four multicellular organismos were registered: the algal Eoholynia mosquensis and Enteromorphites siniansis and two possible metazoans of unknow affinities, metazoan sp. 1 and meazoan sp.2. In the Araras Formation, the following microfossils were found for the first time: Bavlinella favellata, a species Siphonophycus (both of which also acens in the Tamengo Formation), Symplassophaeridum sp., two species of Leiosphaeridia, Soldadophycus bossii, and possible scallesor spikes of a warm like metazoan, plus possible organobacterial filaments. These fossils together with stratigraphic and sedimentologia data, allowed the Tamengo Formation to be correlated in the Laginha and Ladário quarries. They also allow tentative, more specific correlation between the Tameng and A formations, based on the presence of presumably chronocorrelative cap carbonates in the basal part the Corumbá Group and immediately beneath the Arara Formation. It is concluded that sedimentation the graten part of the C.G. And Araras Formation was penecontemporaneos at the and of the Neoproterozoic, specifically during the Vendian.

Mejora del rendimiento de la nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas mediante la incorporación del tiempo de retención cromatografico como una nueva dimensión de datos

La importancia del sentido de olor en la naturaleza y en la sociedad humana queda latente con el gran interés que se muestra en el análisis del olor y el gusto en la industria alimentaria. Aunque las aéreas mas interesadas son las de la alimentación y bebida, también se ha mostrado la necesitad para esta tecnología en otros campos como en el de la cosmética. Lamentablemente, el uso de los paneles sensoriales humanos o paneles caninos son costosos, propensos al cansancio, subjetivos, poco fiables e inadecuados para cuantificar, mientras que el análisis de laboratorio, a pesar de la precisión, imparcialidad y capacidad cuantitativa, necesita una labor intensa, con personal especializado y requiere de mucho tiempo. Debido a estos inconvenientes el concepto de olfato artificial generó un gran interés en entornos industriales.
El término "nariz electrónica" se asocia con una serie de sensores de gases químicos, con una amplia superposición de selectividad para las mediciones de compuestos volátiles en combinación con los instrumentos informáticos de análisis de datos. La nariz electrónica se utiliza para proporcionar una información comparativa en vez de una cualitativa en un análisis, y porque la interpretación puede ser automatizada, el dispositivo es adecuado para el control de calidad y análisis. A pesar de algunos logros prometedores, los sensores de estado sólido de gas no han cumplido con sus expectativas. La baja sensibilidad y selectividad, la corta vida del sensor, la calibración difícil y los problemas de deriva han demostrado serias limitaciones. En un esfuerzo para mejorar los inconvenientes de los sensores de estado sólido, se han adoptado nuevos enfoques, utilizando diferentes sensores para la nariz electrónica. Sistemas de sensores ópticos, la espectrometría de movilidad iónica y la espectrometría infrarroja son ejemplos de técnicas que han sido probadas.
Las narices electrónicas basadas en la espectrometría de masas (MS) aparecieron por primera vez en 1998 [B. Dittmann, S. y G. Nitz Horner. Adv. Food Sci. 20 (1998), p. 115], y representan un salto importante en la sensibilidad, retando a la nariz electrónica basada en sensores químicos. Este nuevo enfoque del concepto de una nariz electrónica usa sensores virtuales en forma de proporciones m/z. Una huella digital compleja y muy reproducible se obtiene en forma de un espectro de masas, que se procesa mediante algoritmos de reconocimiento de patrones para la clasificación y cuantificación. A pesar de que la nariz electrónica basada en la espectrometría de masas supera a la nariz electrónica clásica de sensores de estado sólido en muchos aspectos, su uso se limita actualmente a la instrumentación de laboratorio de escritorio. La falta de portabilidad no representará necesariamente un problema en el futuro, dado que espectrómetros de masas en miniatura se han fabricado ya en una fase de prototipado.
Un inconveniente más crítico de la nariz electrónica basada en MS consiste en la manera en la que se analizan las muestras. La fragmentación simultánea de mezclas complejas de isómeros pueden producir resultados muy similares a raíz de este enfoque. Una nariz electrónica mejor sería la que combina la sensibilidad y el poder de identificación del detector de masas con la capacidad de separación de la cromatografía de gases. El principal inconveniente de este enfoque es de nuevo el coste y la falta de portabilidad de los equipos. Además de los problemas anteriores con la espectrometría de masas, el análisis de cromatografía de gases requiere mucho tiempo de medida.
Para abordar estas cuestiones, se han reportado miniaturizaciones en cromatografía capilar de gases (GC) que hacen posible el GC-en-un-chip, CG-rápido y CG-flash que hacen uso de columnas cortas, reduciendo el tiempo de análisis a los tiempos de elución como segundos y, en algunos casos, se han comercializado. La miniaturización de la espectrometría de masas y cromatografía de gases tiene un gran potencial para mejorar el rendimiento, la utilidad y la accesibilidad de la nueva generación de narices electrónicas.
Esta tesis se dedica al estudio y a la evaluación del enfoque del GC-MS para la nariz electrónica como un paso anterior al desarrollo de las tecnologías mencionadas anteriormente. El objetivo principal de la tesis es de estudiar si el tiempo de retención de una separación de cromatografía puede mejorar el rendimiento de la nariz electrónica basada en MS, mostrando que la adición de una tercera dimensión trae más información, ayudando a la clasificación de las pruebas. Esto se puede hacer de dos maneras:
· comparando el análisis de datos de dos vías de espectrometría de masas con análisis de datos de dos vías de matrices desplegadas y concatenadas para los datos de tres vías y
· comparando el análisis de datos de dos vías del espectrometría de masas con el análisis de datos de tres vías para el conjunto de datos tridimensionales.
Desde el punto de vista de cromatografía, la meta será la de optimizar el método cromatográfico con el fin de reducir el tiempo de análisis a un mínimo sin dejar de tener resultados aceptables.
Un paso importante en el análisis de datos multivariados de vías múltiples es el preprocesamiento de datos. Debido a este objetivo, el último objetivo será el de determinar qué técnicas de preprocesamiento son las mejores para y el análisis de dos y tres vías de datos.
Con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos propuestos se crearon dos grupos de datos. El primero consiste en las mezclas de nueve isómeros de dimetilfenol y etilfenol. La razón de esta elección fue la similitud de los espectros de masas entre sí. De esta manera la nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas sería retada por el conjunto de datos. También teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de retención de los nueve isómeros solos, las soluciones se hicieron, como si el conjunto de datos demostraría el reto si se usaría sólo el tiempo de retención. Por tanto, este conjunto de datos "artificiales" sostiene nuestras esperanzas en mostrar las mejoras de la utilización de ambas dimensiones, la MS (espectros de masas) y la GC (tiempo de retención).
Veinte clases, representando las soluciones de los nueve isómeros se midieron en diez repeticiones cada una, por tres métodos cromatográficos, dando un total de 600 mediciones. Los métodos cromatográficos fueron diseñados para dar un cromatograma resuelto por completo, un pico coeluido y una situación intermediaria con un cromatograma resuelto parcialmente. Los datos fueron registrados en una matriz de tres dimensiones con las siguientes direcciones: (muestras medidas) x (proporción m/z) x (tiempo de retención). Por "colapsar" los ejes X e Y del tiempo de retención cromatográfica y los fragmentos m/z, respectivamente, se obtuvieron dos matrices que representan los espectros de masa regular y el cromatograma de iones totales, respectivamente. Estos enfoques sueltan la información traída por la tercera dimensión y el despliegue por lo que la matriz original 3D y la concatenación de las TIC y el espectro de masa media se han tenido en consideración como una forma de preservar la información adicional de la tercera dimensión en una matriz de dos dimensiones.
Los datos fueron tratados mediante la alineación de picos, con una media de centrado y la normalización por la altura máxima y el área del pico, los instrumentos de pre-procesamiento que también fueron evaluados por sus logros.
Para el análisis de datos de dos vías fueron utilizados el PCA, PLS-DA y fuzzyARTMAP. La agrupación de PCA y PARAFAC fueron evaluados por la relación intervariedad - intravariedad, mientras que los resultados mediante fuzzy ARTMAP fueron dados como el éxito de la las tasas de clasificación en porcentajes.
Cuando PCA y PARAFAC se utilizaron, como era de esperar, el método de cromatografía resuelto (método 1) dio los mejores resultados globales, donde los algoritmos 2D funcionan mejor, mientras que en un caso más complicado (picos más coeluidos del método 3) pierden eficacia frente a métodos 3D.
En el caso de PLS-DA y n-PLS, aunque los resultados no son tan concluyentes como los resultados del PCA y PARAFAC, tratándose de las diferencias mínimas, el modelo de vías múltiples PLS-DA ofrece un porcentaje de éxito en la predicción de ambos conjuntos de datos. También se recomienda el n-PLS en vez de utilizar datos desplegados y concatenados, ya que construye un modelo más parsimonioso.
Para el análisis fuzzyARTMAP, la estrategia de votación empleada ha demostrado que al usar los espectros de masa media y la información del cromatograma de iones totales juntos se obtienen resultados más consistentes.
En el segundo conjunto de datos se aborda el problema de la adulteración del aceite de oliva extra virgen con aceite de avellana, que debido a las similitudes entre los dos aceites es una de las más difíciles de detectar. Cuatro aceites extra virgen de oliva y dos aceites de avellana se midieron puros y en mezclas de 30%, 10%, 5% y 2% con los mismos objetivos mostrando que la adición de la extra dimensión mejora los resultados. Se han hechos cinco repeticiones para cada preparación, dando un total de 190 muestras: 4 aceites puros de oliva, 2 aceites puros de avellana y 32 adulteraciones de aceite de avellana en aceite de oliva, dando un total de 38 clases. Dos métodos cromatográficos fueron utilizados. El primero estaba dirigido a una completa separación de los componentes del aceite de oliva y empleó una separación con temperatura programable, mientras que el objetivo del segundo método fue un pico coeluido, por lo tanto fue contratada una temperatura constante de separación. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la PCA, PARAFAC, PLS-DA y PLS-n.
Como en el conjunto "artificial" de datos, el PCA y PARAFAC se analizaron por medio de la capacidad de clusterización, que mostró que los mejores resultados se obtienen con los datos desplegados seguido por los datos 3D tratados con el PARAFAC.
Desde el punto de vista de optimización de la columna, los logros obtenidos por la columna corta está por debajo del enfoque de la columna larga, pero este caso demuestra una vez más que la adición de los incrementos de tercera dimensión mejoran la nariz electrónica basada en MS.
Para el PLS-DA y n-PLS se evaluaron las tasas de éxito comparativamente, tanto para las corridas cromatográficas largas como para las cortas. Mientras que para la columna larga el mejor rendimiento es para los datos del cromatograma de iones totales (TIC), la columna corta muestra mejor rendimiento para los datos concatenados de los espectros de masa media y TIC. Además, la predicción de las tasas de éxito son las mismas para los datos TIC de columna larga como para los datos concatenados de la columna corta. Este caso es muy interesante porque demuestra que el enfoque PLS de la tercera dimensión mejora los resultados y, por otra parte, mediante el uso de la columna corta el tiempo de análisis se acorta considerablemente.
Se esperan ciertos logros de la nariz electrónica. Por el momento, ninguno de esos enfoques se acercó lo suficiente para producir una respuesta positiva en los mercados. Los sensores de estado sólido tienen inconvenientes casi imposibles de superar. La nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas tiene una falta de portabilidad y a veces sus logros son insuficientes, y el aparato del cromatógrafo de gases-espectrómetro de masas sufre problemas de portabilidad igual que espectrómetro de masas y toma mucho tiempo. El desarrollo de potentes algoritmos matemáticos durante los últimos años, junto con los avances en la miniaturización, tanto para MS y GC y mostrar cromatografía rápida cierta esperanza de una nariz electrónica mucho mejor.
A través de este trabajo podemos afirmar que la adición del tiempo de retención cromatográfica como una dimensión extra aporta una ventaja sobre las actuales tecnologías de la nariz electrónica. Mientras que para los cromatogramas totalmente resueltos no se logran mejoras o la ganancia es mínima, sobre todo en la predicción, para una columna corta la información adicional mejora los resultados, en algunos casos, hacerlos tan bien como cuando una larga columna se utiliza. Esto es muy importante ya que las mediciones en un cromatógrafo de gases - espectrometro de masas se pueden optimizar para tramos muy cortos, una característica muy importante para una nariz electrónica. Esto permitiría el diseño de un instrumento de mayor rendimiento, adecuado para el control de calidad en líneas de productos.

Diploma thesis is dedicate to plan project which task is to improve communication on high school while it is going to use project and change management. The theoretical part is about basic knowledge of project and change management. Analysis of current state is done primarly with strategic analysis. Practical part include Logical Framework approach, risk analysis, budget etc. In this part we also choose and implement chosen IT solution. Benefits of the project and project itself is summarized at the end of thesis.

Cette thèse a pour sujet les « deux Livres de Iéou », un traité chrétien gnostique conservé en copte, daté généralement du quatrième siècle de notre ère et préservé dans le codex Bruce (MS Bruce 96). Les Livres de Iéou mettent en scène un dialogue postrésurrectionnel entre Jésus et ses disciples, au cours duquel Jésus révèle la configuration des sphères célestes, composées d’éons et de trésors, et donne les moyens nécessaires pour que les âmes puissent les traverser. Une fois qu’elles ont traversé tous les lieux et surmonté toutes les embûches posées par les archontes qui les habitent, les âmes parviennent au lieu supérieur où elles peuvent contempler le Dieu inaccessible et lui rendre gloire. Ces révélations de Jésus sont accompagnées par plusieurs diagrammes et dessins, qui illustrent les trésors et les sceaux dont les âmes doivent se marquer. Acquis au dix-huitième siècle par l’explorateur et géographe écossais James Bruce, les Livres de Iéou sont une des plus anciennes sources directes du gnosticisme connues des chercheurs. Paradoxalement, ils figurent aujourd’hui parmi les textes les moins connus de la littérature gnostique. Pour répondre à ce problème, notre projet poursuit plusieurs objectifs. Il vise d’abord à produire une nouvelle édition critique du texte copte des « deux Livres de Iéou », une nouvelle traduction française et une introduction philologique, doctrinale et historique au texte. L’édition et la traduction sont enfin suivies de notes essentiellement philologiques et textuelles, qui discutent de l’établissement du texte, de la langue et des choix de notre traduction. Ce projet a comme particularité de s’intéresser à toutes les facettes, tant externes (le manuscrit, le contenant) qu’internes (les textes, le contenu), des Livres de Iéou.
The subject of this thesis is the « two Books of Jeu », a Christian Gnostic treatise preserved in Coptic, generally dated from the fourth century C. E., and found in the Bruce Codex (MS Bruce 96). The Books of Jeu depicts a postresurrectional dialogue between Jesus and his disciples, in which Jesus reveals the configuration of the heavenly spheres, composed of eons and treasuries, and gives to the souls the means to cross them. Once they have passed through all these places and overcome all the obstacles posed by the archons that dwell there, the souls reach the highest sphere, where they can contemplate the unapproachable God and give glory to him. These revelations of Jesus are accompanied by several diagrams and illustrations, which represent the treasuries and the seals with which the souls must seal themselves. Acquired in the eighteenth century by the Scottish explorer and geographer James Bruce, the Books of Jeu is one of the oldest known direct sources of Gnosticism. Paradoxically, it is now among the least well known and disregarded texts of the Gnostic literature. To address this problem, our project has several objectives. It is primarily aimed at producing a new critical edition of the Coptic text of the « two Books of Jeu », a new French translation, and a philological, doctrinal, and historical introduction of the text. The edition and translation are followed by mainly philological and textual notes, which discuss the establishment of the text, the language and, the choices of our translation. This doctoral project distinguishes itself by its interest in both the external (the manuscript), and internal (the text) aspects of the Books of Jeu.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013.
Cette thèse a pour sujet les « deux Livres de Iéou », un traité chrétien gnostique conservé en copte, daté généralement du quatrième siècle de notre ère et préservé dans le codex Bruce (MS Bruce 96). Les Livres de Iéou mettent en scène un dialogue postrésurrectionnel entre Jésus et ses disciples, au cours duquel Jésus révèle la configuration des sphères célestes, composées d’éons et de trésors, et donne les moyens nécessaires pour que les âmes puissent les traverser. Une fois qu’elles ont traversé tous les lieux et surmonté toutes les embûches posées par les archontes qui les habitent, les âmes parviennent au lieu supérieur où elles peuvent contempler le Dieu inaccessible et lui rendre gloire. Ces révélations de Jésus sont accompagnées par plusieurs diagrammes et dessins, qui illustrent les trésors et les sceaux dont les âmes doivent se marquer. Acquis au dix-huitième siècle par l’explorateur et géographe écossais James Bruce, les Livres de Iéou sont une des plus anciennes sources directes du gnosticisme connues des chercheurs. Paradoxalement, ils figurent aujourd’hui parmi les textes les moins connus de la littérature gnostique. Pour répondre à ce problème, notre projet poursuit plusieurs objectifs. Il vise d’abord à produire une nouvelle édition critique du texte copte des « deux Livres de Iéou », une nouvelle traduction française et une introduction philologique, doctrinale et historique au texte. L’édition et la traduction sont enfin suivies de notes essentiellement philologiques et textuelles, qui discutent de l’établissement du texte, de la langue et des choix de notre traduction. Ce projet a comme particularité de s’intéresser à toutes les facettes, tant externes (le manuscrit, le contenant) qu’internes (les textes, le contenu), des Livres de Iéou.
The subject of this thesis is the « two Books of Jeu », a Christian Gnostic treatise preserved in Coptic, generally dated from the fourth century C. E., and found in the Bruce Codex (MS Bruce 96). The Books of Jeu depicts a postresurrectional dialogue between Jesus and his disciples, in which Jesus reveals the configuration of the heavenly spheres, composed of eons and treasuries, and gives to the souls the means to cross them. Once they have passed through all these places and overcome all the obstacles posed by the archons that dwell there, the souls reach the highest sphere, where they can contemplate the unapproachable God and give glory to him. These revelations of Jesus are accompanied by several diagrams and illustrations, which represent the treasuries and the seals with which the souls must seal themselves. Acquired in the eighteenth century by the Scottish explorer and geographer James Bruce, the Books of Jeu is one of the oldest known direct sources of Gnosticism. Paradoxically, it is now among the least well known and disregarded texts of the Gnostic literature. To address this problem, our project has several objectives. It is primarily aimed at producing a new critical edition of the Coptic text of the « two Books of Jeu », a new French translation, and a philological, doctrinal, and historical introduction of the text. The edition and translation are followed by mainly philological and textual notes, which discuss the establishment of the text, the language and, the choices of our translation. This doctoral project distinguishes itself by its interest in both the external (the manuscript), and internal (the text) aspects of the Books of Jeu.

Cette thèse de doctorat propose l'édition du corpus hagiographique de trois manuscrits du XVème siècle en moyen-anglais : London British Library Harley 2247 (H), London British Library Royal 18 B xxv (R) et Trinity College Dublin 428 (T), témoins d'une révision d'un cycle de sermons compilé aux alentours de 1380 par John Mirk : Le "Festial". L'étude comprend la description, la localisation ainsi que le profil linguistique de chacun des manuscrits. Le commentaire repose sur l'analyse des différents types de corrélations existant entre H, T et R, les sources utilisées ainsi que le choix du texte de base. Une politique éditoriale détaillée contenant une étude des abréviations recensées dans les trois manuscrits clôt la première partie. La seconde partie est composée de quarante textes édités à partir de H et quatorze dont deux exempla à partir de R, accompagnés d'un apparat. Une liste de foliation des sermons, une liste des citations latines, des citations bibliques, et des dates des fêtes ainsi qu'un index des noms de personnes et des noms de lieux, un glossaire et une bibliographie concluent cette thèse. Cette édition vient en complément de l'édition critique présentée par le docteur Susan Powell et permet la consultation de l'ensemble des sermons contenus dans H et R, auxquels viennent s'ajouter les variantes des vingt-quatre textes conservés dans T, inédits à ce jour.

Le manuscrit Gg. 6. 16 de la bibliothèque universitaire de Cambridge est une compilation personnelle datant de la fin du XVe siècle, composée, selon toute vraisemblance, par un prêtre pour son usage propre, ce qui en fait un parfait outil de prédication. Nous nous sommes attachée à mettre en évidence la logique interne de cet outil en nous intéressant tant à ses filiations qu'à la présentation des textes et à leurs sources. Nous éditons ici l'intégralité du manuscrit, non seulement les sermons entiers mais aussi les notes et les fragments. Le texte est assorti des variantes que l'on rencontre dans les manuscrits affiliés ainsi que de notes détaillées pour chacun des sermons. Sont également joints un glossaire des noms communs et un index des noms propres.

Le manuscrit Paris, B. N. Lat. 10508 est composite. Sous la même reliure, sont rassemblés deux ouvrages différents : un cantatorium - tropaire - prosaire, copié à l'usage de l'abbaye de Saint Évroult, en Normandie, datant du XIIème siècle, et un traité de musique, provenant du même lieu, mais, copié très probablement en Italie, à peu près à la même époque, dans une des fondations de l'abbaye. L'étude historique et codicologique du manuscrit est suivie d'une présentation du propre de Saint Évroult, qui témoigne de la présence de quelques formes liturgiques anciennes, et en voie de disparition. Elle nous permet d'observer des usages propres à la Normandie, notamment en ce qui concerne les introïts. La suite est consacrée à la genèse, au développement, et à l'apparition en Normandie, et plus particulièrement dans l'abbaye, des tropes de l'ordinaire et des séquences. L'analyse de leur prosodie montre que les Kírie eléison ne sont pas le résultat de la "verbalisation" de mélismes préexistants, comme dans le cas des séquences, mais une forme de chants dont le texte et la musique ont été composes en même temps. Le tropaire-séquentiaire, dont l'origine est indubitablement normande, contient pourtant des chants provenant d'horizons divers, les œuvres des compositeurs et des poètes du nord - ouest n'entrant que pour un tiers, environ, dans l'élaboration du répertoire de saint Évroult. Les notations musicales utilisées dans le manuscrit vont des neumes in campo aperto à la notation guidonienne, de la notation alphabétique à la notation dasiane. Un expose sur l'interprétation, le sens et l'usage liturgique des tropes et des séquences vient clore cette étude qui aurait pu encore être intitulée : "vie musicale et liturgique en l'abbaye de saint Évroult
The manuscript listed as lat. 10508 in the Paris Bibliotheque Nationale, is made up of two different works bound together in one volume : 1) a cantatorium troper-proser, written for the use of saint Évroult abbey, in Normandy, dating from the early twelfth century, and 2) a musical treatise, from the same abbey, but very probably written at one of the foundations of saint Évroult in Italy, at about the same time. The historical and codicological survey of the manuscript is followed by an introduction to the proper of saint Évroult, which attests the presence of a few ancient liturgical forms that are gradually dying out. It enables us to observe uses peculiar to Normandy, particularly, concerning the introits. The following section is devoted to the genesis, development, and appearance in Normandy, and especially in abbey, of the tropes of ordinary and of sequentias. Analysis of their prosody shows that the Kírie eléison are not the result of laying a text under already existing melismas, as in the case with the sequentias. Rather they are a form of chant in which text and music were composed at the same time. The troper-sequentiary, of undoubted Norman origin, nevertheless contains chants from various other sources, for the works of the composers and poets of the North West make up only about one - third of saint Évroult repertory. The musical notations used in the manuscript run the gamut from neumes in campo aperto to guidonian notation, from alphabetical notation to the dasian. Additions show the evolution of notation on stave. A report on the interpretation, meaning, and liturgical use of the tropes and sequentias brings the survey to a close. It might just as well have been entitled: "musical and liturgical life at the saint Évroult abbey"

Petit Manseng grapes harvested in 2011 and 2012 were fertilized with soil nitrogen at 0, and 30 kgN/ha, foliar nitrogen at 15kg/ha and foliar nitrogen plus sulfur at 15kg/ha and 5kg respectively. Point quadrat analysis demonstrated foliar nitrogen alone and nitrogen plus sulfur treatments increased percent gaps and lower leaf layer numbers. Berry juice samples differed in ammonia, arginine and yeast assimilable nitrogen concentration. Total glycosides were 25 percent higher in the foliar nitrogen treatment versus the control treatment. Electronic nose measurements on field clusters and laboratory berry analyses was different among treatments in volatile content. Harvest samples underwent acid or enzyme hydrolysis of precursor fractions. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis identified 27 free aroma and flavor compounds and 52 bound compounds. Lactones and carboxylic acids were the major components of the free fractions while bound fractions had increased concentrations of alcohols, esters and terpenes compared to the free fraction. With nitrogen fertilization, acid and enzyme hydrolysis had reduced concentrations of some higher alcohols and carboxylic acids. Acid hydrolysis released more terpenes with nitrogen treatments versus enzymatic hydrolysis. Ester content was increased in both acid and enzyme hydrolysis fractions in vines receiving nitrogen treatments. For descriptive analysis, eight trained panelists described aroma, flavor, texture/mouthfeel and aftertaste attributes. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that wines were a significant source of variation with 23 of the 24 attributes used. Wine principal component analysis (PCA) of aroma attributes explained 23.5% of the variation from PC1, while flavor-by-mouth and texture/mouthfeel attributes explained 26.3% of the variation due to PC1. The aim of this study was to develop descriptive terms for Petit Manseng and determine the influence of fruit nitrogen levels on the aroma and flavor profile of this cultivar.
Ph. D.

Control de calidad sensorial de bebidas alcohólicas utilizando rápidos sensores químicos
En la presente tesis Doctoral, han sido aplicados dos sensores artificiales para el análisis de
bebidas alcohólicas: la nariz electrónica basada en la espectrometría de masas (MS) y la lengua
electrónica basada en la espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR). El
propósito fue desarrollar nuevas estrategias para analizar la autenticidad de estos productos,
desde un punto de vista sensorial, por medio de técnicas las espectrales antes mencionadas.
Adicionalmente, ha sido utilizado un espectrofotómetro UV-visible como ojo electrónico. El
trabajo presentado pretende ser un avance significativo hacia el desarrollo de un catador
electrónico mediante la fusión de los tres sensores químicos: nariz electrónica, lengua
electrónica y ojo electrónico.
Sensory quality control of alcoholic beverages using fast chemical sensors
In the present Doctoral Thesis, two chemical artificial sensors are applied to the analysis of
alcoholic beverages: the Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based electronic-noses and Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR)-based electronic-tongue. The aim was developing new strategies to
test the authenticity of these products, from a sensory point of view, by means of the spectral
techniques above mentioned. Additionally, has been used an UV-visible spectrophotometer as
electronic eye. The work presented wants to be a significant advance towards the development
of an electronic taster through the fusion of three chemical sensors: electronic nose, electronic
tongue and electronic eye.

Presented thesis thesis is written for IBM Company, specifically IBM IDC Czech Republic, s.r.o. branch. The thesis describes development of statistic module for work database TIVOLE utilizing Lotus Notes program. The basic aim of the thesis is to ease creation of reports and graphical data outputs in relation to speed of operator´s work while narrowing down the required time of human resources for solving problems.

Les centres respiratoires du tronc cérébral régulent la ventilation. Les signaux qu’ils émettent sont transmis aux muscles inspiratoires. La commande respiratoire peut être monitorée au lit du patient au moyen de l’activité électrique diaphragmatique (Eadi) ou de la pression d’occlusion à 100 ms (P0.1). Le monitorage de ces paramètres devrait permettre d’optimiser l’assistance ventilatoire délivrée.Il n’existe que peu de données relatives aux valeurs normales d’Eadi et de P0.1 et à leurs variations en situations non physiologiques. La question de la fiabilité des mesures réalisables au lit du patient reste également débattue. Ce projet de thèse visait à augmenter les connaissances relatives à l’Eadi et à la P0.1.Les travaux réalisés ont permis de : 1. mieux caractériser l’amplitude de l’Eadi en situations physiologique et non physiologiques, 2. démontrer que la valeur maximale d’Eadi reflète bien l’intensité de la commande, 3. démontrer que le monitorage de l’Eadi est complémentaire à celui du profil ventilatoire et de l’effort inspiratoire, 4. démontrer que Eadi et P0.1 sont bien corrélés,5. démontrer que l’Eadi peut être utilisé pour optimiser les réglages en aide inspiratoire et que ceci améliore la synchronisation patient-ventilateur, 6. démontrer que les variations de P0.1 sont bien reflétées par les mesures de P0.1 réalisées par les ventilateurs et 7. démontrer que les ventilateurs sous-estiment les P0.1 de référence. Des études complémentaires sur de plus grands collectifs et portant sur le devenir des patients doivent être réalisées avant que le monitorage de l’Eadi et de la P0.1 puissent être recommandés comme techniques de routine chez les patients ventilés
The brainstem respiratory centers are in charge of breathing regulation. Their output is transmitted to the inspiratory muscles. Respiratory drive monitoring can be performed using the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Eadi) or the measurement of the occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1). Monitoring these parameters should allow improving the delivered ventilator assist. Few data regarding the normal values of Eadi and P0.1 and their variations in non-physiological situations are available. The question of the reliability of the bedside measurements also remains opened.This thesis project aimed at increasing our knowledge on Eadi and P0.1 measurements. The studies performed allowed 1. better characterizing Eadi and P0.1 normal values in physiological and non-physiological situations. 2. demonstrating that Eadi maximal value well reflects inspiratory drive intensity, 3. demonstrating that Eadi monitoring provides additional information compared to respiratory profile and inspiratory effort monitoring, 4. demonstrating that Eadi and P0.1 are well correlated, 5. demonstrating that Eadi can be used to improve the ventilator settings during pressure support and that this strategy allows improving patient-ventilator synchrony. 6. showing that the P0.1 variations are well reflected by the P0.1 measured by the ventilators, 7. demonstrating that overall the P0.1 measured by the ventilators underestimate the reference P0.1. Additional studies in more patients and studies designed to assess the impact on patient’s outcome of using Eadi and P0.1 monitoring should be perform before recommaending these monitorings as a standard procedure in ventilated patients

Il s'agit d'une reedition d'un mystere hagiographique de 10495 vers, compose en 1482 par le chanoine langrois guillaume flamang. Un avant-propos decrit l'edition carnandet de 1855 et pose la problematique de la presente reedition. Suit une description du ms. No 159 de la b. M. De chaumont (52) qui nous a transmis la piece. Nous developpons ensuite une analyse du mystere avant de passer a l'edition du texte qui comporte l'environnement habituel: notes et eclaircissements, glossaire (100 p. ), tables des noms de personnes, des noms de lieux, des oeuvres citees. Le second volume est consacre aux etudes linguistiques, historique et litteraire. Il se termine par une bibliographie ordonnee et par la preedition de cinq poemes religieux de guillaume flamang
This is a reedition of a hagiographical mystery (10495 verses) composed by guillaume flamang, a langres's cathedral canon, c. 1482. A foreword deals with the former edition by carnandet (1855) and describes the aims of the present one. We begin with a description of the ms. No 159 of the bibliotheque municipale in chaumont (eastern france) which transmitted the mystery. The edition of the text is preceded by a detailed synopsis and followed by the usual notes, glossary (100 pages) and indices. The second volume is dedicated to linguistical, historical and literary ananlysis. After a detailed bibliography, it ends with the preedition of five religious poems by guillaume flamang

Due to its hardness, martensite, perhaps, is the most desirable structure, but at the same time, martensite is very brittle. Balancing between hardness and brittleness is a challenge that steel manufacturers must deal with it. To decrease brittleness and to solve this problem, designers purposely temper the steel. Heat treatment, e.g., slowing down the quenching quota/rate, will form a procedure of martensite formation incomplete phase and consequently a mixture of austenite-martensite. Tempering is another alternative to operate on martensite and make it malleable without losing hardness and preventing brittleness. As its seen, the heat treatment for controlling the mechanical chemical property is crucial. Managing the critical temperature, A1, A3, and Ms) during martensite formation, which influences the transformation process, must be considered. The Prior Austenite Grain Size also has been measured.  This project has examined the critical temperature for three wire steel specimens to determine the martensite start temperature (Ms), microstructure, and hardness. The project has mainly used dilatometry. Besides that, light optical microscopy (LOM), hardness measurement of specimens, and empirical equations for determining the critical temperatures have been used. This work has been made up of two main parts: literature review and experimental work/ project procedure.

Domination in the software application industry has been an issue since its early years. But how do these situations of market domination come into existence? This thesis discusses conventional approaches towards understanding market domination and their inherent weaknesses. As a result a new understanding, based on Actor-Network-Theory and Capital Theory unfolds, which achieves the uncovering of a much deeper complexity on how market domination comes into existence.

Si la sueur fraîchement émise par le corps humain est inodore, la dégradation de celle-ci par la flore bactérienne cutanée produit des composés volatils malodorants, responsables des odeurs de transpiration. Les odeurs de transpiration apparaissent également sur les vêtements au cours de leur utilisation, particulièrement sur les textiles réalisés en fibres synthétiques. Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer la compréhension du phénomène d’émanation d’odeurs en étudiant l’effet du sujet testé, l’effet de la flore bactérienne et l’effet du textile sur les émissions de composés volatils malodorants.L’intérêt de ce travail réside dans l’approche globale de la problématique des odeurs de transpiration et dans la diversité des méthodes de mesure mises en place, tant dans l’étude de la flore microbiologique que dans les méthodes de mesures des composés odorants émis.Dans un premier temps, le dénombrement simultané de la flore bactérienne sur la peau et sur le vêtement a été réalisé sur un échantillon de 15 sujets à l’issue d’un exercice physique. Cette expérimentation a permis d’évaluer le taux de transfert bactérien moyen lors d’une activité sportive et d’étudier son rôle dans l’émission d’odeurs. Ensuite, afin d’affiner ces résultats, une méthode basée sur la biologie moléculaire a été mise en place pour réaliser le suivi qualitatif de la stabilité de la flore commensale axillaire d’un sujet pendant 3 mois. Le transfert bactérien spécifique entre la peau du testeur et le vêtement a été étudié pour 4 matières textiles sélectionnées (dont le coton et le PET). Ceci a permis de déterminer le rôle du transfert bactérien spécifique dans l’émission des odeurs à partir de textile.Enfin, le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de l’émission de composés volatils et odorants à l’aide de mesures olfactives et d’un nez électronique au cours du temps par 8 composants textiles sélectionnés. Après traitement statistique par analyse en composante principale et étude détaillée des mesures, 9 composés chimiques ont été identifiés comme indicateurs d’un comportement textile malodorant. Ces derniers pourraient être utilisés dans la mise en place d’une méthode ciblée de mesure physico-chimique des mauvaises odeurs.Ce travail a permis de déterminer l’impact de chacun des facteurs sujet, flore bactérienne et textile dans l’émission d’odeurs. En outre, ce travail ouvre des perspectives sur l’étude des contaminations bactériennes par contact, mais également dans l’étude des odeurs, sur les phénomènes de désorption de molécules volatiles à partir de différentes matrices textiles et sur les solutions pouvant être envisagées pour limiter les émissions odorantes à partir de textiles
Fresh human sweat is odorless. Odoriferous volatile compounds are produced by the metabolism of bacteria living on the skin, generating strong malodor. Sweaty body odors do also appear on clothes during use, and especially on synthetic fabrics. The aim of this document is to improve understanding of odor emission by investigating subject effect, microbiota effect and fabric effect on the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds.Odors of perspiration are hereby globally approached with a wide use of methods and experimental devices, for microbial flora study as well as for odoriferous volatile compounds emission study.First, microflora enumeration has been simultaneously processed on the skin and on the fabric after exercise for 15 subjects. This experiment allowed an evaluation of the average bacterial transfer yield during physical activity and the beginning of the investigation of its effect on odor emission.A molecular biology methodology has then been developed in order to refine these results. Monitoring of qualitative composition of the microbiota has been performed to study the stability of the armpit’s ecosystem on a subject during 3 months. Specific microbial transfer from subject’s skin to clothe has been performed for 4 textile fabrics (including cotton and PET). This leaded to characterize the effect of specific bacterial transfer on odor emission from fabric.The last chapter is dedicated to the study of the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds over time using olfactory measurements and electronic nose for 8 selected fabrics. Principal component analysis targeted 9 chemical compounds that have been selected as malodorous behavior indicators for a given fabric. Those 9 compounds could be used for setting up a fitted physicochemical method of malodor.To conclude, this study helped to understand the effect of 3 factors in odor perception from a fabric after sport : subject, microbial flora and fabric. Perspectives have been charted on contact microbial contamination, but also on odor, and especially on desorption of odoriferous volatile molecules from a textile or knitted matrix. The solutions that could be used to limit malodorous emission from fabrics have also been discussed

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
99
Freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) is a major cultivated bivalvia in Taiwan. In recent years, it has been used in dietary supplements. The odor of freshwater clam extracts due to processing may smell undesirable to consumer. The purpose of this study was to improve the odor by following the extraction process measuring VBN (volatile basic nitrogen), pH and Brix as indicators of quality of the clam extracts. Electronic nose (E-nose) was used to establish the odor fingerprint, GC-sniffing and GC-MS were used to evaluate and identify the odorous compounds of clam extract. The pH of the clam extracts was 9.2-8.6, it decreased during the batch heating process. The manufacturer-made clam extract had higher pH than the Lab-made extracts. VBN and Brix increased and the quantity of volatiles also increased during batch heating. E-nose sensors PA/2, T70/2, T30/1 showed significantly different plot in the odor fingerprint of clam extracts while sensors LY/LG, P40/1, P10/2, P10/1 did not show any difference. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the volatiles from different batch of clam extracts differed by 99.35%. The volatiles could be divided into heat-generated, heat-decomposed and heat-stable compounds based on GC-sniffing and GC/MS analysis of the extracts from heat process. Volatile aldehydes and alcohols were higher than other types of volatile compounds present in the clam extracts. 2-Pentanal (R.I. < 800, Almond, pungent odor), 4-heptenal (R.I. = 904, biscuit-like odor), benzaldehyde (R.I. = 964, almond, burnt sugar odor), nonanal (R.I. = 1107, fatty, citrus odor), 2-pentenol (R.I. < 800, green, plastic, rubber odor), 2-octanol (R.I. = 985, orange peel-like odor), 2,5-methylpyrazine (R.I. = 915, roasted nut, roasted beef odor) were present in the commercial products and lab-made clam extracts.

A nanoHILIC-MS platform was developed to provide a means for top-down and middle-up analysis of glycoproteins. A mechanistic approach was taken in evaluating characteristics of the stationary phase of the chromatography column. Results from this evaluation informed the selection of a polyacrylamide brush layer-based bonded phase, which was applied to nonporous silica nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopy was used for direct analysis of labeled proteins during nanoHILIC separations, with the platform subsequently adapted for mass spectrometry-based detection of intact and semi-intact glycoproteins. It was found that the standard technique of linking a hollow needle emitter to the capillary chromatography column for mass spectrometry-based detection yielded an unacceptable level of band broadening, necessitating the development of a column with an integrated needle emitter. The resulting nanoHILIC-MS method yielded peak widths as sharp as 3.5 seconds, enabling ultra-sensitive detection and identification of 28 glycoforms of an IgG1κ monoclonal antibody standard.

Aroma is one of the most important quality attributes of bread or any food. It will determine whether the product will be tasted and eaten in the first instance and is a major factor in establishing acceptability and preference. The dominant preference by consumers of bread made from refined flour in contrast to whole wheat flour is at least in part due to the strong and different aroma of whole wheat bread. White wheats may have an advantage over red wheat in this regard according to some industry reports, but the science is extremely limited. The goal of this research was to add more science-based knowledge to this topic via the use of machine olfaction technology, specifically electronic (E) nose and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A state-of-the-art E-nose system (AlphaMOS FOX 3000) with metal oxide sensors (MOS) was used to capture aroma volatiles from crumb, crust and whole slices of breads made from sound Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat as well as representative samples of two hard white wheats, viz. Snowbird, a cultivar belonging to the Canada Western Hard White Spring (CWHWS) class of wheat, and Platte, a U.S. Hard White Winter (HWW) wheat. The same CWRS wheat provided the base flour for all the breads. A commercial formula and size format was used to produce breads from four flours for the study, i.e. refined CWRS wheat, and three whole wheat flours comprising blends of 85% CWRS flour and 15% bran from CWRS wheat, Snowbird and Platte. As there was no established protocol in the literature to evaluate bread aroma by E-nose, one was developed. Five temperatures (35, 40, 45, 50 and 60°C) were tested along with two incubation times (5 and 10 min) and four sample sizes (0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.50 g) of ground bread crumbs. Through optimization using E-nose software including principal component analysis, a procedure was adopted using 40 °C, 5 min incubation time and 0.05 g of sample to acquire MOS data from 12 sensors for crust, crumb and whole slices of refined and whole wheat breads. Multivariate analysis methods were used to evaluate the capabilities of the E-nose system to discriminate and correctly classify samples according to bread type. Data for analysis comprised approximately 24 samples each of crust, crumb and whole slices randomly selected from three loaves each of refined and the three whole wheat breads. Results varied according to the nature of the sample, i.e. crust, crumb or whole slices. For crusts, the greatest distinction in aroma was found between refined and whole wheat breads. Refined bread crust was correctly classified 67% of the time. When refined bread crust was misclassified, samples were confused with whole white wheat crust predominantly from Platte bread. For whole wheat bread crusts, the pattern of classification depended mainly on bran colour. Whole wheat bread crust samples had correct classification scores in the range 54-58%. When misclassified, whole wheat CWRS crust was equally confused with the aroma of crust of the white whole wheat breads, Platte and Snowbird. Whole wheat Platte crust tended to be misclassified with the counterpart white whole wheat Snowbird or refined bread crust. In contrast, Snowbird whole wheat crust tended to be misclassified as either its counterpart HW wheat Platte or whole CWRS wheat. Accordingly, Platte bread crust appeared to possess an aroma more in line with refined wheat bread as opposed to whole wheat bread. For bread crumb, the pattern of E-nose differentiation of samples was different. In this case, CWRS whole wheat bread aroma was clearly and perfectly distinguished from the crumb aroma of all the other breads, either whole white wheat or refined CWRS. The latter tended to cluster on its own, as might be expected, and had a correct classification score of 75%, with the balance of samples largely misclassified as Snowbird crumb. Whole wheat Platte and Snowbird bread crumb had identical correct classification scores of 42%, and were similarly confused with the other’s aroma (average 3 4% classified) or the aroma of refined wheat bread (average 21% classified). E-nose results for crumb indicated a clear distinction in aroma between the hard red and white wheats in this study. E-nose analysis of bread samples representing whole slices produced results that provided unsatisfactory discrimination among bread types likely due to the blending of the different aromas of constituent crust and crumb. For whole slices, discrimination between refined and whole wheat breads was substantially lower than that for either crust and crumb samples. Based on this result, analysis of samples that combine both crust and crumb is not recommended for sensory analysis of bread, whether by instruments or human sensory panel. Further understanding of the differences between different types of bread made from refined wheat flour and whole wheat, and how the inclusion of bran from red and white-grained wheats modifies the composition and content of volatile and non-volatile compounds in crust and crumb was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 50 compounds were found, the greater majority of which have been previously reported in bread. Major Maillard reaction compounds like furfural, 2-furanmethanol, pyranone, maltol and 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furancarboxaldehyde were present in highest concentration in whole CWRS bread. Significantly fewer compounds were found in the crust and crumb of CWRS refined wheat bread compared to the other whole wheat breads. In contrast, whole CWRS bread crumb and crust had the highest number of compounds, and in considerably higher total concentration compared to the other two whole white wheat breads, Snowbird and Platte. The higher concentration and number of compounds in whole CWRS bread was attributed to the wheat bran fraction. White whole wheat breads, Snowbird and Platte, had a total number of compounds in crust and crumb approximately intermediate between refined and whole CWRS bread, although Platte whole wheat bread crust was closer to refined bread crust in compound numbers. In terms of total compound concentrations, crust and crumb samples of the whole white breads were clearly more similar to refined CWRS bread, and in the case of whole wheat Platte bread crust, compound concentrations were much lower. On the whole, these aggregate totals of compound numbers and concentrations by GC-MS mirrored the discrimination and classification results obtained by E-nose, and supported the contention that whole wheat bread made with white wheat bran was milder in aroma compared to bread formulated using red wheat bran. While the number of samples of red and white wheats were very few in this study, results support the contention that different wheat genotypes and specifically, the bran tissue of these genotypes, contain differences in compound composition and/or concentration which when processed by breadmaking, manifest volatiles characteristic of those genotypes even between genotypes possessing the same colour of bran. E-nose instrumentation appears to be very capable of accommodating these sorts of complex tasks on fresh bread. It would be highly beneficial in future research to carry out similar studies in parallel with a human sensory panel, and ideally with many more genotypes of red and white grained wheat with an aim to firmly establish the relative superiority of particular genotypes to produce whole wheat bread with aroma profiles more similar to those of white pan bread. The long term goal of such studies would be to foster increased consumption of whole wheat products and constituent bioactive compounds which confer favourable health benefits in the general population.

LC-MS of protein drugs requires new ideas in bonded phase design rather than adapting bonded phases from the realm of small-molecule drugs. The polymer-shell bonded phase is designed to interact with larger molecules and to shield proteins from the silica substrate. The particles consist of a core of solid silica and a shell of dense polymer brush. The polymer layer is thick enough to protect the protein from interactions with silanols to reduce peak tailing. The polymer contains multiple functional groups that introduce more selectivity. This design gives unprecedented LC resolution and MS sensitivity. Our group has developed polymer shell bonded phases for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC-MS) of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC-MS) of glycoproteins, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC-MS) of monoclonal antibodies. Since HIC is not in-line compatible with MS due to the high salt levels, it is laborious to identify the constituents of HIC peaks. An MS-compatible alternative to HIC is reported here: native reversed phase liquid chromatography (nRPLC). This employs a mobile phase 50 mM ammonium acetate for high sensitivity in MS, and elution with a gradient of water/isopropanol. The nRPLC-MS data show that all ADC species, ranging from drug-to-antibody ratios of 1 to 8, remained intact and native on the column. As we adapt this concept to intact proteins, we find that lysozyme and α-chymotrypsinogen A are both eluted in their native conformations. We also use the polymer-shell concept to resolve IgG1 free thiol variants by RPLC-MS with 0.5% formic acid. Since there are always other variants besides the intended ones, the need for high MS sensitivity is desired to distinguish subtle mass change between disulfide bond and free thiols. Overall, MS sensitivity increases 10X relative while all of the thiol variants are well resolved by the polymethylmethacrylate bonded phase.

no
This study shows that prostaglandins in human FM55 melanoma cells and epidermal melanocytes are produced by COX-1. Prostaglandin production in FM55 melanoma cells was unrelated to that of melanin suggesting that the two processes can occur independently. ¿-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (¿-MSH), which had no effect on melanin production in FM55 cells, stimulated PGD2 production in these cells without affecting PGE2. While cAMP pathways may be involved in regulating PGD2 production, our results suggest that ¿-MSH acts independently of cAMP, possibly by regulating the activity of lipocalin-type PGD synthase. This ¿-MSH-mediated effect may be associated with its role as an immune modulator.
The Wellcome Trust

Different sampling devices for paper spray - mass spectrometry (PS - MS) were investigated to improve the assay’s simplicity and sensitivity over traditional approaches. In the first one, pressure-sensitive adhesive paper was used as both sampling tool to collect drug residues on surfaces and paper substrate in PS - MS analysis. This method showed a significant improvement in drug collection on surfaces leading to low nano-gram level detection limits. Other sampling device being investigated was snap-in solid-phase extraction column, which demonstrated the ability to detect trace amounts of drugs in plasma while allowed easy transportation and the use of PS - MS automated system.

Il presente lavoro è incentrato su due branches del Roman de Renart, delle quali propone la prima traduzione completa del testo in italiano e un’analisi al contempo interpretativa, letteraria e filologico-testuale. Il lavoro risulta diviso in due grandi nuclei contraddistinti. La prima parte, comprensiva di due capitoli, affronta l'analisi della tradizione manoscritta e la traduzione del testo delle due branches in italiano (considerando anche le interpolazioni del ms. M). La seconda parte, nuovamente suddivisa in due capitoli, costituisce il necessario accompagnamento critico-letterario al lavoro di traduzione. Tradizione e traduzione. Prima ancora di affrontare la traduzione del testo e la sua interpretazione, è stato necessario porsi il problema di quale testo tradurre. Il primo capitolo, pertanto, affronta la tradizione – e dunque l’edizione – del Roman de Renart, tenendo in considerazione che per quest’opera medievale è praticamente impossibile stabilire uno stemma codicum che sia utile ad una ricostruzione del testo in senso lachmanniano, e dunque scegliere tra una delle edizioni disponibili significa nei fatti scegliere uno dei codici relatori. Viene altresì discussa la questione riguardante l'ordine in cui restituire le due branches. E' risultato impossibile stabilire quale fosse l’ordine migliore e più fedele alla tradizione. Per questo ci si è arresi all’evidenza che anche la disposizione stessa del testo non possa essere assolutamente neutrale, ma includa elementi interpretativi. Il lavoro di traduzione – che occupa il secondo capitolo – costituisce una parte fondamentale della tesi, sia per la voluminosità del testo originale sia per i numerosi problemi 'tecnici' che necessariamente si susseguono sul cammino di chi affronti l'opera di traduzione-interpretazione di un testo medievale. La traduzione è accompagnata da un apparato di note che rendono conto delle scelte operate nei passaggi più complessi e che forniscono indicazioni utili alla comprensione del testo, soprattutto nel caso di riferimenti sottesi a un’enciclopedia presumibilmente condivisa dall’autore e il suo pubblico ma difficilmente discernibili dal lettore moderno. Il terzo capitolo è interamente dedicato alla branche XXII nella versione ‘indipendente’ (BCL); vengono messe in luce le peculiarità e le caratteristiche che la avvicinano al genere dei fabliaux e vengono avanzate delle ipotesi interpretative che evidenziano quelli che si ritengono essere aspetti unici e significativi dell’episodio all’interno dell'intero ciclo. Viene messo in rilievo come il ricorso a temi relativi alla sfera sessuale e corporea e l’uso di un lessico esplicito e a tratti osceno, sebbene ovviamente non esclusivi di questa branche del Roman de Renart, venga qui presentato in un contesto narrativo unico. L'ultimo capitolo della tesi si concentra invece sui testi tramandati da M delle branches XXII e XXIII. Si è cercato innanzitutto di ricostruire i numerosi legami intertestuali che la branche XXIII intesse innanzitutto con le altre branches del RdR (in particolare I, Va, VI, X) e di analizzare le specifiche tecniche narrative dialogiche e polifoniche impiegate all'interno del testo. Per la prima parte del commento, che riguarda poco più di metà della branche ed è dedicata alla lunga narrazione di uno dei processi giudiziari di cui è protagonista Renart, si è scelto di seguire l’ordine diegetico dell’episodio; la complessità dell'ambiente legale impone infatti di seguire con la massima attenzione il serrato alternarsi di accuse, contro-accuse e testimonianze. Data la concentrazione di diversi nuclei narrativi che caratterizza questa seconda parte, l'analisi del testo si discosta a questo punto dall'impostazione cronologica e procede invece per tematiche. Vengono dunque analizzati la figura e l'inedito ruolo di consigliera di Hermeline. Il commento procede poi con un'analisi delle ulteriori peculiarità presenti nella branche XXIII, nel momento in cui il protaginista si reca a Toledo per apprendere le arti magiche: questo viaggio è l’unico vero viaggio che la volpe compie al di fuori del regno nell’intero Roman. Spiccano, qui, la dimensione quasi epica, arturiana, del viaggio, che si traduce in un percorso di formazione per il personaggio; le nuove qualità acquisite da Renart magicien – un intermediario fra due mondi – e l’importanza delle parole nel veicolare il potere dell’art d’enchantement. L'originalità della branche XXIII ha così una vera e propria evoluzione di Renart, che si presenta come un Renart demiurgo. Il commento prosegue a questo punto tornando nuovamente alla branche XXII, questa volta nella versione del ms. M. Benché il testo di M riporti un’importante lacuna (per la caduta del bifolio centrale di un fascicolo) che impedisce di valutare complessivamente l’operazione di riscrittura, sono state esaminate, per quanto possibile, le modalità con cui il testo è stato interpolato dal codice e avanzato delle ipotesi su come e perché possa essere stata compiuta questa operazione, tenendo presente anche i rapporti che intercorrono tra M e il ms. C della sua stessa famiglia, che operano entrambi importanti scelte di riorganizzazione della materia narrativa e dell’ordine di disposizione delle branches rispetto agli altri codici relatori del Roman de Renart.