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Journal articles on the topic 'MROD'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Liu, D., K. Tian, Y. Yuan, M. Li, M. Zheng, and X. Qiu. "Prokaryotic functional expression and activity comparison of three CYP9A genes from the polyphagous pestHelicoverpa armigera." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000517.

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AbstractCytochrome P450s (CYPs or P450s) have been long recognized as very important enzymes in the metabolism of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, but only a few CYPs have been functionally characterized in insects. The effort in functional characterization of insect P450s is heavily hindered by technical difficulties in preparing active, individual P450 enzymes directly from the target insect. In this paper, we describe the functional expression of two additional pyrethroid resistance-associated CYP9A genes (CYP9A12andCYP9A17) from the polyphagous pestHelicoverpa armigerain the facileEscherichia coli. The functionality ofE. coliproduced CYP9A12, CYP9A14, and CYP9A17 was investigated and activities of these CYP9As were compared against three probe substrates after reconstitution with NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase. The results showed that active forms of CYP9A12 and CYP9A17 were expressed inE. coliwith a content of about 1.0–1.5 nmol mg−1protein in membrane preparations.In vitroassays showed that CYP9A14 was capable of catalyzing O-dealkylation of methoxyresorufin (MROD), ethoxyresorufin (EROD), and benzyloxyresorufin (BROD), while CYP9A12 and CYP9A17 exhibited only MROD and EROD activities. Kinetic studies demonstrated that CYP9A14 had the greatestkcat/Kmvalue for MROD, and CYP9A17 for EROD, while the lowestkcat/Kmvalues for both MROD and EROD were observed for CYP9A12. The distinct biochemical traits suggest that the three paralogous CYP9As may play different roles in xenobiotic metabolism in this important pest.

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2

Gyamfi, M. A., N. Hokama, K. Oppong-Boachie, and Y. Aniya. "Inhibitory effects of the medicinal herb, Thonningia san gunea, on liver drug metabolizing enzymes of rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 11 (November 2000): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700667732543.

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In this study we examined the effect of the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea (T.S.) on 7-ethoxyresorufin 0- deethylase (EROD, CYPlAl), 7-pentoxyresorufin-dealkylase (PROD, CYP2B1/2), 7-methoxyresorufin 0- demethylase (MROD, CYP1A2), aniline hydroxylase (aniline, CYP2E1), p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH, CYP2E1) and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERDM, CYP3A1) in rat liver in vitro and in vivo. Although T.S. extract increased ERDM activity in induced rat liver microsomes, it showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effectin vitro on other P450 monooxygenase activities particularly EROD and PROD, which are mediated primarily by CYPlAl and CYP2B1/2, respectively. PROD, EROD and MROD activities were also decreased by 18%, 19% and 40%, respectively, in hepatic microsomes prepared from rats treated with T.S. extract for 3 days. Kinetic analysis of CYP activity of 3-methylchloranthrene-induced microsomes demonstrated that T.S. inhibited EROD and MROD activities by a noncompetitive and competitive mechanism, respectively. The analysis of alterations produced by T.S. on PROD kinetic parameters in phenobarbital-induced microsomes suggested that the inhibition is noncompetitive. Pretreatment of rats with T.S. prolonged pentobarbital and phenobarbital sleeping time; however, plasma phenobarbital concentration determined on awakening showed no significant difference between control and T.S.-treated rats. T.S. was also found to be a potent inhibitor of the liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferase. These data suggest that selective modulation of CYP isoenzymes by T.S. might con-tribute to protection of the liver from xenobiotic-induced intoxication or to alteration of the action of drug (s) conco-mitantly administered besides its antioxidative properties.

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3

Zamaratskaia, Galia, Martin Rasmussen, Isabelle Herbin, Bo Ekstrand, and Vladimir Zlabek. "In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-011-0014-x.

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In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol Sexually mature pigs are known to possess high concentrations of testicular steroids, which have been shown to change the activities of cytochrome P450 in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the regulation of CYP1A and CYP2E1 activity by the steroids dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3β-androstenol, 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol. Catalytic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) were used as markers of CYP1A activities, while p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) was used as a marker of CYP2E1 activities. Of the steroids tested, only 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol inhibited EROD and MROD activities. This inhibition was observed when a steroid concentration of 100 μM was used, while lower concentrations showed no inhibitory effect. PNPH activities were inhibited only by 100 μM of 17β-estradiol. The significance of these results in vivo is unknown because inhibition was only found when concentrations of estrogens higher than physiological levels were used. Nevertheless, the results provided further evidence on the important role of estrogens in regulation of porcine cytochrome P450 activities.

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4

Ardag Akdogan, H., and A. Sen. "Characterization of drug metabolizing enzymes and assessment of aging in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) liver." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 9 (October 7, 2010): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2982-vetmed.

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Organic anthropogenic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, nitroaromatics, dioxins, various pesticides and natural compounds can enter the aquatic environment. These lipophilic compounds are readily taken up into the tissues of aquatic organisms where biotransformation via Phase I and Phase II metabolism can in part, determine the fate and toxicity of the xenobiotics. In this study on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), penthyloxyresorufin O-depenthylase (PROD), benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), aniline 4-hydroxylase (A4H), N-nitrosodimethylamine N-demethylase (NDMA-DE), aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND), caffeine N-demethylase (CN3D) and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) were determined. A4H, ERND, NDMA-ND, EROD and PROD activities increased in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) liver microsomes of different ages, while CN3D and APND activities decreased. MROD activities were barely detectable in mature fish whereas BROD activities were not detectable at all ages studied. Results were also recorded at the protein level by Western blotting using anti-CYP1A, CYP2E and CYP3A antibodies. In conclusion, elevated levels of gilthead seabream liver microsomal CYP450 enzyme activities might reveal possible exposure to various exogenous compounds, which might affect the desired responses to drugs, hormones and dietary supplements used during breeding.

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5

Vences-Mejía, A., N. Labra-Ruíz, N. Hernández-Martínez, V. Dorado-González, J. Gómez-Garduño, I. Pérez-López, R. Nosti-Palacios, R. Camacho Carranza, and JJ Espinosa-Aguirre. "The Effect of Aspartame on Rat Brain Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 8 (August 2006): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327106het646oa.

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This study demonstrates that chronic aspartame (ASP) consumption leads to an increase of phase I metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 (CYP)) in rat brain. Wistar rats were treated by gavage with ASP at daily doses of 75 and 125 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Cerebrum and cerebellum were used to obtain microsomal fractions to analyse activity and protein levels of seven cytochrome P450 enzymes. Increases in activity were consistently found with the 75 mg/kg dose both in cerebrum and cerebellum for all seven enzymes, although not at the same levels: CYP 2E1-associated 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase (4-NPH) activity was increased 1.5-fold in cerebrum and 25-fold in cerebellum; likewise, CYP2B1-associated penthoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity increased 2.9- and 1.7-fold respectively, CYP2B2-associated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase (BROD) 4.5- and 1.1- fold, CYP3A-associated erythromycin N-demethylase (END) 1.4- and 3.3-fold, CYP1A1-associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) 5.5- and 2.8-fold, and CYP1A2- associated methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) 3.7- and 1.3-fold. Furthermore, the pattern of induction of CYP immunoreactive proteins by ASP paralleled that of 4-NHP-, PROD-, BROD-, END-, EROD- and MROD-related activities only in the cerebellum. Conversely, no differences in CYP concentration and activity were detected in hepatic microsomes of treated animals with respect to the controls, suggesting a brain-specific response to ASP treatment.

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HELVIK, JON V., ØYVIND DRIVENES, TORE H. NÆSS, ANDERS FJOSE, and HEE-CHAN SEO. "Molecular cloning and characterization of five opsin genes from the marine flatfish Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (September 2001): 767–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380118510x.

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Most molecular studies on the visual system in fish have been performed on freshwater teleosts such as goldfish and zebrafish where cones and rods appear simultaneously. Many marine fishes have long larval phase in the upper pelagic zone before transformation into a juvenile and a benthic life style. The retina at the larval stages consists of only single cone cells; later during metamorphosis double cones and rods develop. The flatfish Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is a typical example of a marine species with such a two-step retina development. In this study, we have cloned five different opsins from Atlantic halibut larvae and juvenile retinas. Sequence comparisons with other opsins and phylogenetic analysis show that the five genes belong to the opsins of long-wavelength sensitive (L); middle-wavelength sensitive, MCone and MRod; and short-wavelength sensitive, SBlue and SUltraviolet, respectively. In situ hybridization analysis reveals expression in double cone (L and MCone), single cone (SBlue and SUltraviolet), and rod (MRod) types of photoreceptor cells in juvenile halibut retina. The visual system in Atlantic halibut seems therefore to have all four types of cone photoreceptors in addition to rod photoreceptors. This work shows for the first time molecular isolation of a complete set of retinal visual pigment genes from a marine teleost and describes the first cloning of an ultraviolet-sensitive opsin type from a marine teleost.

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7

Tutelyan, Victor A., Lidia V. Kravchenko, Ilya V. Aksenov, Nikita V. Trusov, Galina V. Guseva, Vera M. Kodentsova, Oksana A. Vrzhesinskaya, and Nina A. Beketova. "Activity of Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Liver of Rats with Multi-Vitamin Deficiency." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 83, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000140.

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The purpose of the study was to determine how multi-vitamin deficiency affects xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme (XME) activities in the rat liver. Vitamin levels and XME activities were studied in the livers of male Wistar rats who were fed for 4 weeks with semi-synthetic diets containing either adequate (100 % of recommended vitamin intake) levels of vitamins (control), or decreased vitamin levels (50 % or 20 % of recommended vitamin intake). The study results have shown that moderate vitamin deficiency (50 %) leads to a decrease of vitamin A levels only, and to a slight increase, as compared with the control, in the following enzyme activities: methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (MROD) activity of CYP1 A2 - by 34 % (p < 0.05), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase - by 26 % (p < 0.05), and quinone reductase - by 55 % (p < 0.05). Profound vitamin deficiency (20 %) led to a decrease of vitamins A, E, B1, B2, and C, and enzyme activities in the liver: MROD - to 78 % of the control level (p < 0.05), 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase - to 74 % (p < 0.05), heme oxygenase-1 - to 83 % (p < 0.05), and quinone reductase - to 60 % (p < 0.05). At the same time, the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity of CYP1A1, pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity of CYP2B1/2 and 6β-testosterone hydroxylase, as well as the total activity of glutathione transferase did not differ from the control levels. The study has demonstrated that profound multi-vitamin deficiency is associated with a decrease in the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 mRNAs to 62 % and 79 %, respectively. These data indicated that a short-term but profound multi-vitamin deficiency in rats leads to a decrease in the activities and expression of the some XME that play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics and metabolism of drugs and antioxidant protection.

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8

Zamaratskaia, Galia, and Vladimir Zlabek. "EROD and MROD as Markers of Cytochrome P450 1A Activities in Hepatic Microsomes from Entire and Castrated Male Pigs." Sensors 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2009): 2134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90302134.

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9

Murphy, M. B., M. Hecker, K. K. Coady, A. R. Tompsett, P. D. Jones, J. L. Newsted, H. L. Wong, et al. "Sediment TCDD-EQs and EROD and MROD Activities in Ranid Frogs from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sites in Michigan (USA)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51, no. 3 (June 20, 2006): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0183-8.

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10

Arslan, Sevki, Ozden Ozgun, Gurbet Celik, Asli Semiz, Olcay Dusen, Ramazan Mammadov, and Alaattin Sen. "Effects of Cyclamen trochopteranthum on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 3 (2011): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1103545a.

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The modulatory effects of the Cyclamen trochopterantum tuber extract on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, including aniline 4-hydroxylase (A4H; CYP2E1), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD; CYP1A), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD; CYP1A), caffeine N-demethylase (C3ND; CYP1A2) aminopyrene N-demethylase (APND; CYP2C6), and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND; CYP3A1), were examined in vivo in rats. The activities of all of these enzymes were induced by the cyclamen extract. In addition, Western-blot and RT-PCR results clearly showed that CYP2E1, CYP1A1/CYP1A2 and CYP2C6 protein and mRNA levels were substantially increased by four different doses of cyclamen. Although, the CYP3A1 protein level was increased significantly, the mRNA level was not changed. These results indicate that cyclamen tuber extract might have a potential not only to inhibit and/or induce the metabolism of certain co-administered drugs but also influence the development of toxicity and carcinogenesis due to the induction of the cytochrome P450-dependent drug-metabolizing enzymes.

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11

Melo de Almeida, Elodie, Floriane Tisserand, Micaela Faria, and Nathalie Chèvre. "Efficiency of Several Cytochrome P450 Biomarkers in Highlighting the Exposure of Daphnia magna to an Organophosphate Pesticide." Toxics 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080482.

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The cytochromes P450 (CYP450) represent a major enzyme family operating mostly in the first step of xenobiotic detoxification in aquatic organisms. The ability to measure these CYP450 enzymes’ activities provides a crucial tool to understand organisms’ response to chemical stressors. However, research on CYP450 activity measurement is still limited and has had variable success. In the present study, we optimize, compile, and compare existing scientific information and techniques for a series of CYP450 biomarkers (EROD, MROD, ECOD, APND, and ERND) used on Daphnia magna. Additionally, we explored these CYP450 biomarkers’ activities through the first 5 days of life of daphnids, providing a link between their age and sensitivity to chemicals. In the experiment, daphnids were exposed to an organophosphate pesticide (diazinon) from birth to measure the molecular response of the detoxification process. Our results suggest EROD as the most applicable biomarker for organisms such as D. magna, with a higher organophosphate detoxification rate in daphnids that are 2 and 5 days old. Additionally, a larger body size allowed a more accurate EROD measurement; hence, we emphasize the use of 5-day-old daphnids when analyzing their detoxification response.

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Torre, C. Della, I. Corsi, L. Alcaro, E. Amato, and S. Focardi. "The involvement of cytochrome P450 system in the fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in European eel [Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)]." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341228.

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TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) was the most common nitro aromatic explosive available in World War II ammunitions. The presence of ordnance dumped at sea might represent a great concern for marine species living close to dumping sites and the toxicological properties of the chemicals released into the marine environments need to be evaluated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the involvement of CYP (cytochrome P450) system in the metabolism of TNT in marine organisms by using the European eel [Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)] as model species. In vivo exposure to sublethal concentration of TNT (0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg/l) leads to a significant decrease in the phase I CYP1A catalytic activities such as EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylase) and MROD (7-methoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylase). On the opposite, a significant increase in NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity as well as phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity is observed. An inhibition at enzyme level is hypothesized for both CYP1A enzymes, also confirmed by a similar decrease observed after in vitro exposure. An active role of NADPH cytochrome c reductase and phase II enzymes in the TNT metabolism may also be hypothesized.

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13

Fhadil, S., P. Wright, and S. Antoniou. "CP-051 An audit to determine the impact of pharmacist medication reconciliation on discharge (MROD) within a tertiary cardiac centre: Abstract CP-051 Table 1." European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 23, Suppl 1 (February 14, 2016): A22.2—A23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000875.51.

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14

Chen, Jin Jun, Guo Sheng Chen, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Inhibition of CYP 1A2-dependent MROD activity in rat liver microsomes: An explanation of the hepatic sequestration of a limited subset of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons." Environmental Toxicology 18, no. 2 (2003): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.10107.

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15

Da Silva Rosa, Taís, Maria Carolina Neves de Souza, Soraia John da Silva, and Cristiane Martins Cardoso. "INFLUÊNCIA DE EXTRATOS DE AÇAÍ (Euterpe oleracea MART.) E PITANGA (Eugenia uniflora L.) NA ATIVIDADE DE ENZIMAS DE BIOTRANSFORMAÇÃO HEPÁTICAS DE RATOS." Inter-American Journal of Development and Research 2, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32916/iadrj.v2i1.75.

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As enzimas Citocromo P450 (CYP) e Glutationa S-transferase (GST) participam do processo de metabolização celular de compostos xenobióticos tornando-os menos tóxicos e facilitando sua eliminação (biotransformação). Durante esse processo, a ação da CYP pode ativar compostos potencialmente tóxicos prejudicando o funcionamento celular. Melhores resultados de desintoxicação podem ser alcançados diminuindo a ação da CYP e aumentando a ação da GST, responsável pela eliminação da maioria destes compostos. Estudos têm sido realizados no intuito de avaliar efeitos que componentes bioativos de vegetais realizam sobre a atividade das enzimas de biotransformação. Há varias frutas ricas em compostos que, isolados, são reportados como moduladores de atividade enzimática incluindo enzimas biotransformadoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de compostos de açaí e pitanga em inibir a atividade de CYP e aumentar a atividade de GST hepática de ratos, buscando otimizar o processo de biotransformação. A atividade de enzimas da família de CYP (PROD, EROD, MROD e ECOD) foi determinada fluorimetricamente utilizando substratos específicos, e a atividade de GST foi realizada por ensaio espectrofotométrico utilizando o substrato CDNB. Foram utilizados nos ensaios extratos de etéreos de açaí e pitanga. Dentre os extratos testados, apenas o extrato etéreo de açaí promoveu modulação parcialmente satisfatória, já que o extrato de pitanga não demostrou influência sobre as enzimas. O extrato de açaí inibiu expressivamente a atividade de CYP, possivelmente diminuindo a ativação de compostos tóxicos, porém também foi inibidor da GST diminuindo a capacidade celular de eliminação destes compostos.

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Murcia, Hansen W., Gonzalo J. Díaz, and Sandra Milena Cepeda. "Enzymatic activity in turkey, duck, quail and chicken liver microsomes against four human cytochrome P450 prototype substrates and aflatoxin B1." Journal of Xenobiotics 1, no. 1 (October 11, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2011.e4.

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Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are a group of monooxygenases able to biotransform several kinds of xenobiotics including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a highly toxic mycotoxin. These enzymes have been widely studied in humans and others mammals, but there is not enough information in commercial poultry species about their biochemical characteristics or substrate specificity. The aim of the present study was to identify CYPs from avian liver microsomes with the use of prototype substrates specific for human CYP enzymes and AFB1. Biochemical characterization was carried out in vitro and biotransformation products were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzymatic constants were calculated and comparisons between turkey, duck, quail and chicken activities were done. The results demonstrate the presence of four avian ortholog enzyme activities possibly related with a CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6 (activity not previously identified) and CYP3A4 poultry orthologs, respectively. Large differences in enzyme kinetics specific for prototype substrates were found among the poultry species studied. Turkey liver microsomes had the highest affinity and catalytic rate for AFB1 whereas chicken enzymes had the lowest affinity and catalytic rate for the same substrate. Quail and duck microsomes showed intermediate values. These results correlate well with the known in vivo sensitivity for AFB1 except for the duck. A high correlation coefficient between 7-ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin- O-deethylase (MROD) activities was found in the four poultry species, suggesting that these two enzymatic activities might be carried out by the same enzyme. The results of the present study indicate that four prototype enzyme activities are present in poultry liver microsomes, possibly related with the presence of three CYP avian orthologs. More studies are needed in order to further characterize these enzymes.

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Dantas, Sônia R. P. E., and M. Luiza Moretti-Branchini. "Impact of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens Colonizing the Respiratory Secretions of Patients in an Extended-Care Area of the Emergency Department." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 5 (May 2003): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502210.

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AbstractObjective:To determine the incidence of acquired infection, and the incidence, risk factors, and molecular typing of multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms (MROs) colonizing respiratory secretions or the oropharynx of patients in an extended-care area of the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary-care university hospital.Methods:A case-control study was conducted regarding risk factors for colonization with MROs in ED patients from July 1996 to August 1998. The most prevalent MRO strains were determined using plasmid and genomic analysis with PFGE.Results:MROs colonized 59 (25.4%) of 232 ED patients and 173 controls. The mean ED length of stay for the 59 cases was 13.9 days versus 9.8 days for the 173 controls. The mean length of stay prior to the first isolation of MROs was 9.9 days. MRO species included Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rate of hospital-acquired infection was 32.7 per 1,000 ED patient-days. The case fatality rate was significantly higher for cases. Univariate analysis identified mechanical ventilation, nebulization, nasogastric intubation, urinary catheterization, antibiotic therapy, and number of antibiotics as risk factors for MRO colonization. Multivariate regression analysis found that mechanical ventilation and nasogastric intubation independently predicted MRO colonization. Endemic clones were identified by PFGE in ED patients and were also found in patients in other parts of the hospital.Conclusions:Prolonged stay in the ED posed a risk for colonization with MROs and for contracting nosocomial infections, both of which were associated with increased mortality. Patients colonized with antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii may serve as a reservoir for spread in this hospital.

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Yazaki, Euki, Keitaro Kume, Takashi Shiratori, Yana Eglit, Goro Tanifuji, Ryo Harada, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Ken-ichiro Ishida, Tetsuo Hashimoto, and Yuji Inagaki. "Barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade with mitochondrion-related organelles predicted to generate no ATP." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 2, 2020): 20201538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1538.

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We here report the phylogenetic position of barthelonids, small anaerobic flagellates previously examined using light microscopy alone. Barthelona spp. were isolated from geographically distinct regions and we established five laboratory strains. Transcriptomic data generated from one Barthelona strain (PAP020) were used for large-scale, multi-gene phylogenetic (phylogenomic) analyses. Our analyses robustly placed strain PAP020 at the base of the Fornicata clade, indicating that barthelonids represent a deep-branching metamonad clade. Considering the anaerobic/microaerophilic nature of barthelonids and preliminary electron microscopy observations on strain PAP020, we suspected that barthelonids possess functionally and structurally reduced mitochondria (i.e. mitochondrion-related organelles or MROs). The metabolic pathways localized in the MRO of strain PAP020 were predicted based on its transcriptomic data and compared with those in the MROs of fornicates. We here propose that strain PAP020 is incapable of generating ATP in the MRO, as no mitochondrial/MRO enzymes involved in substrate-level phosphorylation were detected. Instead, we detected a putative cytosolic ATP-generating enzyme (acetyl-CoA synthetase), suggesting that strain PAP020 depends on ATP generated in the cytosol. We propose two separate losses of substrate-level phosphorylation from the MRO in the clade containing barthelonids and (other) fornicates.

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Zhao, Weishan, Xialian Bu, Hong Zou, Wenxiang Li, Shangong Wu, Ming Li, and Guitang Wang. "The Genome of the Mitochondrion-Related Organelle in Cepedea longa, a Large Endosymbiotic Opalinid Inhabiting the Recta of Frogs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 13472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113472.

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Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) are loosely defined as degenerated mitochondria in anaerobic and microaerophilic lineages. Opalinids are commonly regarded as commensals in the guts of cold-blooded amphibians. It may represent an intermediate adaptation stage between the conventional aerobic mitochondria and derived anaerobic MROs. In the present study, we sequenced and analyzed the MRO genome of Cepedea longa. It has a linear MRO genome with large inverted repeat gene regions at both ends. Compared to Blastocystis and Proteromonas lacertae, the MRO genome of C. longa has a higher G + C content and repeat sequences near the central region. Although three Opalinata species have different morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses based on eight concatenated nad genes indicate that they are close relatives. The phylogenetic analysis showed that C. longa clustered with P. lacertae with strong support. The 18S rRNA gene-based phylogeny resolved the Opalinea clade as a sister clade to Karotomorpha, which then further grouped with Proteromonas. The paraphyly of Proteromonadea needs to be verified due to the lack of MRO genomes for key species, such as Karotomorpha, Opalina and Protoopalina. Besides, our dataset and analyses offered slight support for the paraphyly of Bigyra.

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Mccarthy, B., and D. Macmillan. "The role of the muscle receptor organ in the control of abdominal extension in the crayfish, Cherax destructor." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.11.2253.

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A platform was lowered from beneath suspended crayfish, Cherax destructor, to evoke slow abdominal extension. The movements were filmed and the length between segments plotted as a function of time. Unlike abdominal flexion, which starts posteriorly and progresses anteriorly, extension occurs at all joints simultaneously. Although the duration of extension varied from trial to trial for an individual, the movement was organised in a stereotyped manner: the abdomen achieved a consistent position for any given proportion of the time for complete extension. We examined the role of the abdominal muscle receptor organs (MROs) in extension by cutting the nerves of selected MROs to abolish their input. The extension movement was measured before and after nerve section for animals with either unloaded or loaded abdomens. Removal of MRO input had no significant effect on extension of the unloaded abdomen. In animals with a loaded abdomen, the extension at joints spanned by sectioned MROs was slowed, whereas that at joints with intact MROs was not. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the MRO is an error detector in a servo-loop controlling abdominal position. The results provide the first demonstration that this load-compensating reflex loop operates during naturally evoked extension of the abdomen under constant load.

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Pelt, Maurice, Konstantinos Stamoulis, and Asteris Apostolidis. "Data analytics case studies in the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) industry." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930404005.

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Data analytics seems a promising approach to address the problem of unpredictability in MRO organizations. The Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in cooperation with the aviation industry has initiated a two-year applied research project to explore the possibilities of data mining. More than 25 cases have been studied at eight different MRO enterprises. The CRISP-DM methodology is applied to have a structural guideline throughout the project. The data within MROs were explored and prepared. Individual case studies conducted with statistical and machine learning methods, were successfully to predict among others, the duration of planned maintenance tasks as well as the optimal maintenance intervals, the probability of the occurrence of findings during maintenance tasks.

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Gregg, Shawn J. "Digitization and MRO at ASME Turbo Expo 2018." Mechanical Engineering 140, no. 03 (March 1, 2018): S51—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2018-mar-7.

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This article highlights the introduction of digital and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) at ASME Turbo Expo 2018. The Digital impact begins at the OEM where analytical experiments assess the impact of geometry and boundary conditions on part life/performance. Performance characteristics taken from operational data are integrated with physical characteristics taken from the MRO environment to model and predict new part performance in existing turbomachinery and applied to the design and development of new turbomachinery. Most OEMs today offer an asset monitoring solution based on predictive analytics for their products. Operators and MROs looking for a more universal solution are reaching out to third parties or developing their own asset monitoring systems. Maintenance actions and shop findings are fed back to the asset monitoring solution to provide real time troubleshooting and repair work-scoping, saving valuable time in the operational and MRO environments.

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23

Wallis, E., D. Paul, B. Antonsen, and R. Hollenberg. "Variations on a segmental theme: muscle receptor organs and extensor neuromusculature in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (Anomura, Galatheidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.12.2453.

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Extensor neuromusculature and the muscle receptor organs (MROs) associated with them have been conserved during the evolution of malacostracan crustaceans, despite species-specific differences between homologous segments in divergent taxa. Investigations of these differences could provide insight into how sensory and neuromuscular elements are modified to accommodate changing behavioural patterns. The most obvious differences between squat lobsters (galatheid anomurans) and macruran decapods, such as crayfish, are the greater dorso-ventral flattening of the galatheid abdomen and its flexed resting posture. To investigate whether the evolution of this altered posture affected extensor neuromusculature and MRO morphology and physiology, we used Methylene Blue staining, cobalt backfilling and extracellular recording techniques to describe these elements in the caudal thoracic and six abdominal segments of the squat lobster Munida quadrispina and compared our results with published descriptions of homologous elements in macrurans. In M. quadrispina, there is segmental variation both in the orientation of the MROs along the abdomen and in their physiological responses to stretch: apparent sensitivity is higher in caudal than rostral MROs. Homologues of three of the four accessory neurones found in crayfish occur, but AN#1 has a major dendrite not present in crayfish. Intersegmental differences in size and morphology of extensor motoneurones occur in M. quadrispina, as have been reported in crayfish, but are dissimilar in the two: abdominal ganglion 5 extensor motoneurones are the largest in M. quadrispina and the smallest in crayfish; this difference correlates with the difference in relative size of axial muscles along the abdomen reported previously for these species. M. quadrispina also differs from macrurans in having a single tonic, and no phasic, MRO on each side of the last abdominal segment. Together, these observations suggest that galatheids have evolved modified or additional neurobehavioural control(s) for the abdomen and tailfan.

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24

Lamp, Susan. "MROC Study." Plastic Surgical Nursing 32, no. 2 (2012): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psn.0b013e318253f50b.

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25

Orwoll, E. "MrOS STUDY." Bone 48 (May 2011): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.023.

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26

Barberà, Maria José, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo, Julia Y. A. Tufts, Amandine Bery, Jeffrey D. Silberman, and Andrew J. Roger. "Sawyeria marylandensis (Heterolobosea) Has a Hydrogenosome with Novel Metabolic Properties." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 12 (October 29, 2010): 1913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00122-10.

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ABSTRACT Protists that live under low-oxygen conditions often lack conventional mitochondria and instead possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) with distinct biochemical functions. Studies of mostly parasitic organisms have suggested that these organelles could be classified into two general types: hydrogenosomes and mitosomes. Hydrogenosomes, found in parabasalids, anaerobic chytrid fungi, and ciliates, metabolize pyruvate anaerobically to generate ATP, acetate, CO2, and hydrogen gas, employing enzymes not typically associated with mitochondria. Mitosomes that have been studied have no apparent role in energy metabolism. Recent investigations of free-living anaerobic protists have revealed a diversity of MROs with a wider array of metabolic properties that defy a simple functional classification. Here we describe an expressed sequence tag (EST) survey and ultrastructural investigation of the anaerobic heteroloboseid amoeba Sawyeria marylandensis aimed at understanding the properties of its MROs. This organism expresses typical anaerobic energy metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, and associated hydrogenase maturases with apparent organelle-targeting peptides, indicating that its MRO likely functions as a hydrogenosome. We also identified 38 genes encoding canonical mitochondrial proteins in S. marylandensis, many of which possess putative targeting peptides and are phylogenetically related to putative mitochondrial proteins of its heteroloboseid relative Naegleria gruberi. Several of these proteins, such as a branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, likely function in pathways that have not been previously associated with the well-studied hydrogenosomes of parabasalids. Finally, morphological reconstructions based on transmission electron microscopy indicate that the S. marylandensis MROs form novel cup-like structures within the cells. Overall, these data suggest that Sawyeria marylandensis possesses a hydrogenosome of mitochondrial origin with a novel combination of biochemical and structural properties.

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Lee, Jae-Hyeun, Young-Gun Park, Han-Woong Park, and Seung-Jun Lee. "A Study on Motivation, Execution and Performance of Military MRO." Regional Industry Review 44, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33932/rir.44.4.8.

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28

Werry, John Scott. "Anxiolytics in MRDD." Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 5, no. 4 (1999): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5:4<299::aid-mrdd7>3.0.co;2-v.

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29

Becker, R., and W. B. Herrmannsfeldt. "Why π and mrad?" Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 3 (March 2006): 03B907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2166430.

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30

Holick, Michael F. "MrOs Is D-ficient." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1092–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0388.

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31

Cao, Qunsheng, Yinchao Chen, and P. K. A. Wai. "MRTD electromagnetic scattering analysis." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 28, no. 3 (2000): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2760(20010205)28:3<189::aid-mop12>3.0.co;2-y.

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32

Safavi-naini, R., and C. Charnes. "MRD Hashing." Designs, Codes and Cryptography 37, no. 2 (November 2005): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10623-004-3988-y.

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33

Martz, Lauren. "Sequencing MRD." Science-Business eXchange 5, no. 24 (June 2012): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2012.620.

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34

Shin, Yoon-kyung, and Seong Yong Park. "Relevance of the Link between the Purchasing Company through MRO Companies Selling Products." Journal of Business 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31152/jb.2018.04.3.1.11.

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35

Xiong, Wei, Zhao Hui Kong, and Guo Hui Sun. "Design of Embedded MRFD Controller." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.865.

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According to the particularity of magnetorheological fluid (MRF), provided the design project of embedded magnetorheological fluid damper (MRFD) controller based on ATmega8. The controller adopted Buck converter to achieve input\output power conversion. The feedback loop used voltage and current double feedback adjustment to control PWM drive circuit, so that adjusted the output of Buck converter. According to the set value, the MRFD controller outputted the matching value by the high frequency PWM output. The testing of output responding time was done. The results show that MRFD controller has much higher reliability and faster responding, satisfying the using demand of MRFD.

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36

Meffert, Heribert, and Jesko Perrey. "Marketing Return on Investment (MROI)." Marketing Review St. Gallen 25, no. 1 (February 2008): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11621-008-0011-4.

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37

Cammett, Melani. "Jeanne Jeffers Mrad, 1921-2009." Review of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2 (2009): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100000938.

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38

Kim, Byung-Ju, Yong-Joo Lee, and Kwang-Bae Lee. "The MRO Management of Consumable Materials for Safety in a Steel Company using Logit Model." E-Business Studies 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20462/tebs.2022.2.23.1.59.

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39

Choi, Sejong, and Woojin Kim. "A Study on the Selection of Aircraft MRO using AHP." Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2015.23.4.082.

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40

Kuhn, Joseph. "411 Mrd. €, 11,9 %." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 65, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03539-6.

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41

Borchers, Moritz. "MRD zur Therapiesteuerung?" InFo Onkologie 21, no. 8 (December 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15004-018-6356-1.

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42

Hourigan, Christopher S. "Next Generation MRD." Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 20, no. 9 (September 2014): 1259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.07.002.

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43

G, SAMEERA, and VISHNU VARDHAN R. "Some Aspects on the Utility of Distance Measures in Comparing Two MROC Curves." Mathematical Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences 5, no. 1 (September 5, 2016): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/mjis.2016.51006.

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44

Tsukamoto, R., Giuseppe Pezzotti, M. Ogino, H. Shoji, T. Asano, Takashi Nakamura, and Ian C. Clarke. "Zirconia Knee Wear and Raman Spectroscopy Studies Compares 3.5-Mrad and 7-Mrad UHMWPE Inserts." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.1285.

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We studied the long-term wear behaviour of alumina-doped zirconia femoral condyles against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inserts. The simulator kinematics included 20 degrees of flexion/extension, ± 5 degrees of internal/external rotation, and 6 mm of anterior/posterior translation. All knee components were subjected to 10 million cycles of normal walking (2.6 KN max, freq. 1.8 Hz). Lubricant was 50% alpha-calf serum (20 mg/ml protein) with EDTA. The tibial inserts were from one lot of ram-extruded UHMWPE and sterilized with 3.5-Mrad or 7-Mrad radiation dose. Soak controls were stored unloaded in deionised water for 60 days prior to testing. Implants were studied with high-resolution confocal Raman spectroscopy after 10-Mc duration. The wear of control knees (CoCr/3.5-Mrad) averaged 4.5mm3/Mc while the wear with the ZrO2/7-Mrad combination was unmeasurably low even after 10 million cycle duration. Raman Spectroscopy at 10-Mc duration showed only the presence of the desired tetragonal phase. Thus, the ZrO2/7-Mrad bearing combination should prove excellent for active patients who may otherwise risk high wear rates over many years of use.

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45

Milasta, Sandra, John Pediani, Shirley Appelbe, Steven Trim, Michael Wyatt, Peter Cox, Mark Fidock, and Graeme Milligan. "Interactions between the Mas-Related Receptors MrgD and MrgE Alter Signalling and Trafficking of MrgD." Molecular Pharmacology 69, no. 2 (November 9, 2005): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.105.018788.

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46

Yiwang, Chen, Ni Jiazheng, Liu Yawen, Dong Xiaohua, and Zhang Pin. "The Alternating Direction Implicit Body of Revolution Multiresolution Time Domain Method with Convolution Perfect Matched Layer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2073563.

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Overmuch memory and time of CPU have been taken by multiresolution time domain (MRTD) method in three-dimension issues. In order to solve this problem, the alternating direction implicit body of revolution multiresolution time domain (ADI-BOR-MRTD) scheme is presented. Firstly, based on body of revolution finite difference time domain (BOR-FDTD) method, equations of body of revolution multiresolution time domain (BOR-MRTD) method are implemented. Then alternating direction implicit (ADI) is introduced into BOR-MRTD method. Lastly, convolution perfect matched layer (CPML) is applied for ADI-BOR-MRTD method. Numerical results demonstrate that ADI-BOR-MRTD method saves more memory and time of CPU than FDTD and MRTD methods.

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47

Schmidt, Peter J., and David R. Rubinow. "Role of Gonadal Steroids in MRMD." Neuropsychopharmacology 11, no. 4 (December 1994): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1380203.

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48

Welberg, Leonie. "mROS link metabolism to GABA transmission." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (February 5, 2014): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3694.

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49

Bruccoleri, Christian, and Daniele Mortari. "MRAD: Modified rodrigues vector attitude determination." Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 54, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03256496.

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50

Tarkkanen, Ann-Mari, Benita Westerlund-Wikström, Leena Erkkilä, and Timo K. Korhonen. "Immunohistological Localization of the MrkD Adhesin in the Type 3 Fimbriae of Klebsiella pneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 2356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.5.2356-2361.1998.

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ABSTRACT The adhesive minor protein MrkD of the type 3 fimbria ofKlebsiella pneumoniae was expressed and purified fromEscherichia coli as a fusion protein with an N-terminal polyhistidine tail. Polyclonal antibodies raised against MrkD specifically recognized the MrkD peptide in Western blots of fimbrial preparations. Immunoelectron microscopic analyses showed that the anti-MrkD immunoglobulins bound to the tip of the plasmid-encoded variant of the type 3 fimbria of K. pneumoniae, whereas no binding to the chromosomally encoded MrkD-deficient type 3 fimbrial variant of K. pneumoniae was detected. Immunoglobulins from an antiserum raised against purified type 3 fimbrial filaments bound laterally to both type 3 fimbrial variants. The anti-MrkD antibodies also bound to the tip of a papG deletion derivative of theE. coli P fimbria complemented with mrkD, indicating that MrkD structurally complements a PapG mutation in the P fimbria of E. coli.

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