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MARCHESE, ELENA. "X-ray absorption in Active Galactic Nuclei." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/89114.
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I Nuclei Galattici Attivi (AGN) sono tra le sorgenti più luminose dell’Universo e sono osservati in circa 10-20% delle galassie nell’Universo locale. Il meccanismo di generazione dell’energia di queste sorgenti è l’accrescimento di materia su un buco nero supermassivo (SMBH). Secondo il paradigma del Modello Unificato (UM) il SMBH è circondato da un assorbitore uniforme e anisotropo di gas e polveri, con geometria toroidale, che si estende da 1pc a 100pc. Anche se a livello generale l’UM è corretto, lavori recenti hanno evidenziato la necessità di formulare modelli alternativi per spiegare ad esempio la presenza di molteplici assorbitori disomogenei, a diverse distanze dal SMBH e in diversi stati fisici.
Tra le argomentazioni in conflitto con l’UM vi è la variabilità spesso osservata negli spettri X degli AGN. Quando non deriva da una variazione intrinseca dell’emissione nucleare, essa implica che l’assorbitore è ‘’clumpy’’ e non è uniforme. Vari studi hanno anche mostrato che l’assorbitore non è sempre neutro: sono stati osservati outflow di grandi quantità di materiale parzialmente ionizzato (noti come “warm absorbers”) con velocità di outflow tra 100 e 1000 km/s, in circa il 50% degli AGN di tipo 1. Un’ulteriore complessità è rappresentata dalle osservazioni di assorbitori altamente ionizzati con alte velocità di outflow (vout>3000 km/s) noti come “ultrafast outflows”.
La mia tesi si occupa della variabilità di assorbimento osservata negli spettri X degli AGN, fondamentale per testare le dimensioni, la struttura e la composizione della materia circumnucleare. In dettaglio, ho analizzato lo spettro X di due AGN, NGC 454E e Mrk 348, per cui sono disponibili dati dei satelliti Swift-BAT, Suzaku e XMM-Newton. NGC 454E è una galassia di Seyfert 2, parte di un sistema di galassie interagenti, a z=0.0122. Confrontando gli spettri di Suzaku e XMM, con distanza temporale di 6 mesi, ho notato un forte cambiamento della curvatura spettrale tra 3 keV e 6 keV. La sua origine è riconducibile a una variazione importante della densità colonnale dell’assorbitore neutro, che ha permesso di classificare NGC 454E come “changing-look AGN”. Inoltre, lo spettro di XMM mostra segni della presenza di un assorbitore ionizzato, assente durante l’osservazione di Suzaku, con un limite superiore sulla distanza di circa 0.001 pc.
Mrk 348 è una galassia classificata come Seyfert 2, a z=0.015. Il suo spettro è caratterizzato da tre diversi assorbitori, uno neutro e due ionizzati, con diverse densità e stati di ionizzazione, ma con circa la stessa velocità di outflow (∼0.05c). Le distanze degli assorbitori ionizzati dal SMBH sono probabilmente differenti, in quanto i limiti superiori sono trovati essere di 0.026pc per l’assorbitore di più alta ionizzazione e 2.72pc per quello di media ionizzazione. Anche Mrk 348 presenza una variazione della densità colonnale tra Suzaku e XMM, sia per l’assorbitore neutro che per quello di media ionizzazione. Questi studi costituiscono un passo in avanti per definire un modello alternativo all’UM, per cui ci sono sempre più prove che la regione circumnucleare è composta da diversi assorbitori, a diverse distanze e stati di ionizzazione.Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are among the most energetic sources in the Universe, and they are observed in about 10-20% of the galaxies in the local Universe. Their energy generation mechanism is accretion of matter on a central Supermassive Black Hole (SMBH). According to the most accredited paradigm, the Unified Model (UM), the SMBH is surrounded by an anisotropic uniform absorber of gas and dust, with a toroidal geometry, extending from 1 pc to 100 pc. Even if on a basic level the UM is correct, the need for alternative models was highlighted by the detection of several dishomogeneous absorbers, located at different distances from the SMBH, and at different physical states. Among the arguments in conflict with the UM there is the variability often observed in the X-ray spectra of AGN. When not resultant from an intrinsic variation of the nuclear emission, it implies that the underlying absorber is clumpy and not uniform. Many studies also showed that, besides being clumpy, the absorbing material is not always completely neutral. Significant amounts of outflowing partially-ionized material have been detected in about ∼50% of Type 1 AGN. These ionized absorbers are called “warm absorbers” and have outflow velocities in the range ∼100−1000 km/s. Furthermore, highly ionized absorbers with high outflow velocities (vout>3000 km/s, “ultrafast outflows”) have been observed. This thesis focuses on observations of absorption variability in the X-ray spectra of AGN, as a useful “tool” to test the size, structure and composition of the circumnuclear medium. In detail, I analysed the X-ray spectra of two AGN, NGC 454E and Mrk 348, for which X-ray data from Swift-BAT, Suzaku and XMM-Newton were available. NGC 454E is a red elliptical Seyfert galaxy in an interacting system, at z=0.0122. When comparing the Suzaku and XMM-Newton spectra, observed with 6 months delay, I noticed a dramatic change in the spectral curvature between 3 keV and 6 keV. The origin of the variability was due to a strong change of the column density of a neutral absorber, that allowed to classify NGC 454E as a “changing-look AGN”. Moreover, the XMM-Newton spectrum showed clear signatures of the presence of an ionised absorber, absent during Suzaku observation. An upper limit on its distance was inferred to be ∼0.001 pc. Mrk 348 is a bright Compton-thin Seyfert 2 galaxy at z=0.015. I found that its spectrum is characterized by three different absorbers, one neutral and two ionised, with different densities and ionisation states, but with approximately the same outflow velocity (∼0.05c). The distances of the ionised absorbers from the central emitting region are likely to be different, indeed the upper limits I find are 0.026 pc for the highly ionised absorber, and 2.72 pc for the mildly ionised one. A variation of the column density is present also for Mrk 348, both for the neutral absorber and for the mildly ionized. Both these studies are a step forwards in the definition of an alternative model to the UM, for which more and more evidences are being collected, denoting that the absorbing material is composed by multiple absorbers at different distances, densities and ionization states.
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Santoja, Jakub. "The sense of a beginning : Bakhtinian dialogic criticism on 'the Gospel' in Mark." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3489/.
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Contemporary literary approaches have caused paradigm shifts in Biblical Studies in the last two decades as it appears in a great deal of Markan studies using narrative, reader-response, deconstructive, feminist, and new historicist approaches. However, literary studies on the Gospel of Mark have not taken into account theoretical questions underlying those approaches. As a result biblical critics are driven by new trends without ever having a chance to examine the critical baggage of the approaches. Consequently, there is a gap of communication between the old and the new one. Therefore this thesis is an attempt to meet the need of enhancing the quality of critical endeavour in biblical studies. In the light of most recent competing critical theories of literature, the first contribution of this thesis is the methodological finding that Bakhtinian dialogic criticism contains the most profound philosophical and practical foundations for solving some crucial theoretical problems in contemporary literary theories. It is a critique to a Saussurian linguistic system of language which becomes the very foundation of modern and postmodern literary criticism. Bakhtinian literary theory shifts the foundation of literary criticism on linguistic signs into the creative activity of the socio-cultural production of human communication. The shift into socio-cultural reality of language communication makes the notion of 'genre' very important to unlock the problem of text and context in literary studies. Since the Gospel of Mark has fascinated most literary critics in Biblical Studies, the problem of 'genre' of this gospel is chosen as the focus of this study. Secondly, as no agreement is reached as to what 'genre' the Gospel of Mark belongs, this thesis makes its contribution to the discussion by locating the problem of 'genre' of Mark in the context of genre theories and argues that the Bakhtinian suggestion to find genre in the socio-cultural sphere by analysing artistic intercourse between narrative agents in Mark has freed the competing analysis from the unresolved problem between the kerygmatic (content oriented) approach and the analogical (form oriented) approach. To achieve finding 'genre' in the socio-cultural sphere, this thesis focuses on Bakhtinian analysis of the process of artistic intercourse between narrative agents. The narrative communicative interrelationships between narrative agents is constructed in this thesis as a 'stereophonic' Bakhtinian model of dialogic communication. This model is an original contribution of this thesis for revising the traditional two dimensional model of narrative communication. Based on this dialogical model of communication, a special role is given to the Bakhtinian 'author-creator' in the realization process of genre through the interaction of polyphonic voices. Through the interaction of voices of the author-artist and the hero we are led to discover a relatively stable type of portraying and controlling reality in Mark, known as the genre of Roman 'satire'. The closest literary affinity is Satyrica by Petronius. This narrative strategy of 'satire' in Mark has its root in the prophetic discourse of the Old Testament which is saturating the speech of the narrator, John the Immerser, the centurion, the people, and even Jesus. Finally, the whole search for Markan 'genre' culminates in the analysis of the realization of genre through the analysis of Bakhtinian chronotope. The reality of the genre of Mark is its social reality that is in its role as dpxrj/ 'beginning'. As the Gospel of Mark proclaims itself as 'a beginning', it defines its claim of socio-cultural 'authority' in early Christianity. It is this 'sense of beginning' which enables the narrating and the narrated world of Mark to interact dialogically.
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Yang, Guojun. "Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements in rice - origin and function." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/318.
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Transposable elements (TEs) are interspersed repetitive sequences that are present in most genomes. Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are the most numerous Class II elements in higher eukaryotes. Little is known about their origin, transposition and function. In this study, three novel MITE families (Kiddo, MDM1 and MDM2) were identified in the rice genome. They bear terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and show target site duplications (TSDs) at the insertion sites. Each family is present in hundreds of copies with length that range from 200 bp to 400 bp. An evolutionary relationship between Mutator elements and MDM1 and MDM2 family was established. The absence of an observed transposition event, together with the mutated ancestral elements identified by in silico analysis, led to a conclusion that Kiddo and its autonomous elements are not presently active.
To overcome laborious and time consuming manual analysis of MITEs on a genomic scale, MAK, a computational tool kit, was developed to automatically retrieve MITE sequences, their neighboring genes and ancestral elements from genome sequences. MAK has been functionally tested and is now available to the research community.
Studies on the effect of MITE (Kiddo and MDM1) insertions into a rice ubiquitin (rubq2) promoter revealed a two-edged role of MITEs on gene regulation. While Kiddo and MDM1 contribute ~40% to rubq2 promoter activity, they also induce progressive silencing of this promoter. The evolutionary implications of the two-edged role of MITEs in gene regulation are discussed.
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Simpson, Richard. "How to Tell a Story: Mark Twain and the Short Story Genre." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/378.
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This study examines the short fiction of Mark Twain in relation to major theories concerning the short story genre. Despite his popularity as a novelist and historical figure, Twain has not been recognized as a major figure in the development of the short story genre. This study attempts to show that the short fiction produced by Twain deserves greater regard within studies specific to the short story, and calls for a reconsideration of Twain as a dynamic figure in the development of the genre. The introductory chapter lays the groundwork for understanding how the short story genre has developed since its inception as an actual literary genre, and outlines the existing Twain scholarship concerning his short fiction. Differences between the traditional and modern forms of the short story are defined, and Twain's chronological position in the evolution of the genre is briefly explained. Chapter one examines two of Twain's short stories—"The $30,000 Bequest" and "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg"—in relation to the compositional theories of the first major short story theorist: Edgar Allan Poe. This chapter shows how these two Twain stories abide by Poe's rules concerning unity of effect. Chapter two explores Twain's "Journalism in Tennessee" and "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" in relation to the modern short story, and examines these two stories through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of genre. This chapter closely examines Twain's use of various dialects to show that these two stories contain an unrealized complexity and are very closely related to the ostensibly "plotless" short fiction that developed in the twentieth century. The final chapter takes Twain's "The Mysterious Stranger" and examines it with respect to both old and new theories of the short story genre. This chapter shows how "The Mysterious Stranger" fuses both traditional and modern forms of the short story genre. The conclusion to this chapter reiterates the argument for a greater appreciation of Twain as a short story artist.
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Li, Gang. "Robotic System Development for Precision MRI-Guided Needle-Based Interventions." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/341.
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"This dissertation describes the development of a methodology for implementing robotic systems for interventional procedures under intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) guidance. MRI is an ideal imaging modality for surgical guidance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, thanks to its ability to perform high resolution, real-time, and high soft tissue contrast imaging without ionizing radiation. However, the strong magnetic field and sensitivity to radio frequency signals, as well as tightly confined scanner bore render great challenges to developing robotic systems within MRI environment. Discussed are potential solutions to address engineering topics related to development of MRI-compatible electro-mechanical systems and modeling of steerable needle interventions. A robotic framework is developed based on a modular design approach, supporting varying MRI-guided interventional procedures, with stereotactic neurosurgery and prostate cancer therapy as two driving exemplary applications. A piezoelectrically actuated electro-mechanical system is designed to provide precise needle placement in the bore of the scanner under interactive MRI-guidance, while overcoming the challenges inherent to MRI-guided procedures. This work presents the development of the robotic system in the aspects of requirements definition, clinical work flow development, mechanism optimization, control system design and experimental evaluation. A steerable needle is beneficial for interventional procedures with its capability to produce curved path, avoiding anatomical obstacles or compensating for needle placement errors. Two kinds of steerable needles are discussed, i.e. asymmetric-tip needle and concentric-tube cannula. A novel Gaussian-based ContinUous Rotation and Variable-curvature (CURV) model is proposed to steer asymmetric-tip needle, which enables variable curvature of the needle trajectory with independent control of needle rotation and insertion. While concentric-tube cannula is suitable for clinical applications where a curved trajectory is needed without relying on tissue interaction force. This dissertation addresses fundamental challenges in developing and deploying MRI-compatible robotic systems, and enables the technologies for MRI-guided needle-based interventions. This study applied and evaluated these techniques to a system for prostate biopsy that is currently in clinical trials, developed a neurosurgery robot prototype for interstitial thermal therapy of brain cancer under MRI guidance, and demonstrated needle steering using both asymmetric tip and pre-bent concentric-tube cannula approaches on a testbed."
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Sicard, Kenneth M. "Multimodal MRI, Behavioral Testing, and Histology in a Rat Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia : A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2006. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/318.
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Cerebral ischemia is defined as a decrease in blood flow to the brain. It is most often caused by obstruction of a cerebral blood vessel, and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the leading cause of serious adult disability and one of the top three causes of adult death worldwide. Most survivors demonstrate partial restitution of function over time, but the underlying recovery mechanism(s) remain unclear especially in a subset of patients with persistent neurological morbidities despite normal-appearing brain on neuroimaging. The optimal way to understand any human disease state is via clinical studies. Unfortunately, well-controlled experiments in humans are difficult due to small patient populations, the presence of numerous confounding variables, and ethical issues associated with invasive or discomforting experimental procedures. Anesthetized animal models of cerebral ischemia afford a means of avoiding the above difficulties. However, anesthesia and physiological perturbations that occasionally follow brain ischemia may affect the reliability of certain tools used to study this disease, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Therefore, the central goals of this thesis were: 1) to evaluate the feasibility of performing fMRI in anesthetized and awake animals, 2) to assess fMRI responses under various perturbations of cerebral perfusion and tissue oxygenation in order to identify key factors that may modulate functional signal changes following ischemia, and 3) to utilize fMRI, behavioral tests and histology in an anesthetized animal model of transient focal cerebral ischemia to explore postischemic changes in brain pathology/function and how they relate to changes in behavior.
In the first study of this dissertation, I report the evaluation of fMRI responses in anesthetized and awake animals. Anesthesia is frequently used in animal models of cerebral ischemia, but is known to alter brain perfusion and metabolism which may, in turn, affect fMRI responsivity. Perfusion-based fMRI was used to evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to hypercapnia in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Hypercapnia produced significant CBF and BOLD fMRI signal changes throughout the cerebrum in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized groups. These results show that perfusion-based fMRI can successfully detect stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in the brains of both conscious and isoflurane-anesthetized animals.
The second study of this dissertation: 1) investigates the effects of alterations in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation on fMRI signal changes, and 2) examines the self-consistency of an imaging-based formalism for the calculation of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). Functional MRI responses to a stimulus can be described in terms of relative or absolute signal change. A relative fMRI response is defined as a percent-change relative to its own respective baseline value. An absolute fMRI response is defined as a quantitative change relative to a single fixed baseline value that serves as a control. Thus, an absolute fMRI signal change is largely independent of the baseline state and may more accurately index brain activity when baseline fMRI signals change significantly over time due to, for example, hemodynamic-metabolic disturbances that occur during and/or after brain ischemia. To address these issues, the effects of inspired hypoxic, normoxic, hyperoxic, and hypercapnic gases on baseline and forepaw stimulation-evoked changes in BOLD and CBF fMRI signals were examined in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Relative fMRI responses to forepaw stimulation varied-whereas. absolute responses were similar--across gas conditions. These results demonstrate that absolute measurements of fMRI signal change may lend a more accurate measure of brain activity during states of altered basal physiology as well as support the self-consistency of the imaging-based CMRO2 formalism under these conditions.
The third and last study of this dissertation utilized multimodal MRI, behavioral tests, and histology at acute to chronic periods following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in the rat to examine the evolution of pathological, functional, and behavioral parameters following transient focal cerebral ischemia. MRI was used to track the evolution of brain pathology and function following cerebral ischemia, and it was found that the cerebral sensorimotor network, critical for sensory and motor behavioral functions, showed profoundly abnormal signal changes that required up to one day to normalize. Adhesive removal, forepaw placement and beam-walk behavioral tests demonstrated sensorimotor dysfunctions that gradually improved but remained long after the recovery of MRI parameters. Postmortem histology confirmed the presence of selective neural cell death within the sensorimotor network at time points when behavior was abnormal. These results suggest that subtle postischemic pathological changes in the brain undetectable by MRI may be responsible for persistent behavioral deficits-a finding which may be relevant to a clinical subset of patients with persistent neurological morbidities despite negative MRI results following cerebral ischemia.
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Pardo, Pardo Raül. "Studies on the molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation: phosphatidylcholine-derived lipids and lithium modulation of the MEK/ERK pathway." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3488.
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Las fosfolipasas D (PLDs) son enzimas regulables que catalizan la hidrólisis de la fosfatidilcolina, un fosfofolípido mayoritario de las membranas de células eucariotas, para dar lugar a fosfatidato (PtdOH), molécula capaz de funcionar como segundo mensajero y que se ha implicado en procesos celulares como el tráfico vesicular, la reorganización del citoesqueleto y la proliferación celular. Los alcoholes primarios, como el 1-butanol, pueden derivar la formación de PtdOH por la PLD hacia la formación de los correspondientes fosfatidilalcoholes (moléculas inactivas). Es por ello que los alcoholes primarios son ampliamente usados en el estudio de las funciones celulares en las que se hayan implicados enzimas PLD. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de procesos celulares en los que intervienen enzimas PLD, y en particular, el estudio de su implicación en el ondulamiento de la membrana plasmática (membrane ruffling) y en la proliferación celular.El ondulamiento de la membrana plasmática es un proceso dinámico que requiere del reordenamiento del citesqueleto de actina. Es fácilmente observable en células especializadas en secreción e indicativo de que la célula está exocitando activamente. Tanto mastocitos como línias celulares relacionadas responden a la estimulación por antígenos con una reorganización profunda de su citoesqueleto cortical y con la exocitosis de sus gránulos de secreción. Nosotros hemos observado que la inhibición de la formación de PtdOH por la PLD mediante la incubación con 1-butanol se traduce en la inhibición de la ondulación de la membrana plasmática en células RBL-2H3 (una línea celular mastocitaria). Dicha inhibición por 1-butanol es totalmente reversible: si se elimina el 1-butanol del medio las células recuperan la capacidad de ondular su membrana plasmática en respuesta a la estimulación por antígeno. Medidas de la actividad PLD en respuesta a antígeno indican que la ondulación de la membrana requiere de la producción continua de PtdOH por la PLD. Tanto PLD1 como PLD2 son expresadas por células RBL. En estudios de transfección con PLD1 y PLD2 marcadas con GFP (green fluorescent protein) se observa la colocalización de PLD2 en las ondulaciones de membrana de células RBL estimuladas con antígeno. Por contra, GFP-PLD1 muestra una distribución intracelular localizada en vesículas citoplasmáticas. Por ello asumimos que la isoforma PLD2 es esencial en los cambios a nivel de citoesquelto que se observan en respuesta a la estimulación por antígeno.
En el estudio de la implicación de la PLD en la proliferación celular se emplearon astrocitos en cultivo como modelo celular. Se determinó la activación de la PLD en respuesta a una batería de estímulos incluyendo el promotor de tumores PMA, factores de crecimiento y agonistas de receptores metabotrópicos. Asimismo, se deteminó la estimulación de la incorporación de timidina al DNA como reflejo de la actividad mitogénica en respuesta a los mismos estímulos. Observamos una clara ausencia de correlación entre la activación de la PLD y la magitud de la respuesta mitogénica. De este dato concluimos que la formación de PtdOH por la PLD no parece ser un mecanismo comunmente implicado en la transducción de señales proliferativas. Por otra parte, la inhibición de la formación de PtdOH (por incubación en presencia de alcoholes primarios) no se traduce en la reducción de la actividad proliferativa en respuesta a diversos mitógenos, apoyando la conclusión anterior.
Tras concluir que la activación de la PLD no era un requerimiento necesario en la transducción de señales mitogénicas, nos propusimos explorar mecanismos moleculares implicados en la proliferación de astrocitos. Observamos que concentraciones de litio en el rango milimolar inducen un bloqueo en el ciclo celular a nivel de G2/M en astrocitos proliferantes. Asimismo, el litio retrasa la progresión a través del ciclo celular en astrocitos deprivados de suero y estimulados por el mitógeno endotelina-1. La adición exógena de myo-inositol no es capaz de revertir los efectos del litio sobre el ciclo celular y estos no se reproducen por la inhibición selectiva de la glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3 (GSK3). Estos resultados sugieren que los efectos del litio no son mediados ni por inhibición de inositol monofosfatasas ni por inhibición de GSK3, dos de sus dianas farmacológicas reconocidas. Por contra, el pretratamiento con litio de astrocitos proliferantes reduce la activación de ERK1/2 (extracellular regulated kinase 1/2) y de su quinasa reguladora MEK 1/2. El litio priviene también la activación de dichas quinasas en respuesta a endotelina-1 en astrocitos deprivados de suero. En células granulares de cerebelo concentraciones milimolares de litio promueven la activación de MEK y ERK. Los efectos opuestos del litio en neuronas y astrocitos nos llevan a proponer su uso terapeútico en situaciones de daño traumático en el sistema nervioso central.
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are regulated enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphatydylcholine, a major lipid contituent of eukaryotic cell membranes, and generate phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), a putative second messenger molecule implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganisation and cell proliferation. Primary alcohols such as butan-1-ol can divert the production of PtdOH generated by PLD to the correspondent phosphatydylalcohol (inactive molecule) and therefore constitute useful tools in the study of cellular functions of PLD enzymes. The present thesis aims to explore the role of PLD in different cellular events, in particular in membrane ruffling and in cell proliferation.
Membrane ruffling is a dynamic phenomenon taking place at the plasma membrane that requires the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. It is very prominent in cells specialised in secretion and is indicative of ongoing exocytosis. Mast cells and related cell lines, when stimulated with antigen, show a dramatic alteration of their cytoskeleton required for the release of secretory granules by exocytosis. We have observed that inhibition of PLD-derived PtdOH fomation by butan-1-ol results in the halt of antigen-stimulated membrane ruffling in a mast cell line (RBL-2H3 cells). Inhibition by butan-1-ol was completely reversible because its removal restored membrane ruffling. Measurements of PLD activation by antigen indicate a requirement for continual PtdOH formation during ruffling. PLD1 and PLD2 are both expressed in RBL cells and green fluorescent-tagged (GFP) proteins were used to identify PLD2 localizing to membrane ruffles in antigen-stimulated RBL cells. In contrast, GFP-PLD1 localised in intracellular vesicles and remained in this location after stimulation with antigen. We therefore assume that PLD2 is essential for actin cytoskeletal rearrangements triggered by antigen.
The role of PLD in cell proliferation was studied in cultured astrocytes. We monitored PLD activation elicited by a set of different stimuli including the tumour promoter PMA, growth factors and G protein-coupled receptor agonists. As an index of the mitogenic response, thymidine incorporation into DNA in response to these stimuli was also monitored. We observed a lack of correlation between PLD activation and the extent of the mitogenic response, suggesting that PtdOH formation was not a common mechanism involved in mitogenic signal transduction. In agreement with this conclusion, primary alcohol inhibition of PtdOH formation by PLD does not result in the inhibition of the mitogen-stimulated incorporation of thymidine into DNA.
Having observed that PLD may not be part of the mitogenic signal transduction machinery, we further explored molecular mechanims involved in astrocyte proliferation. We observed that millimolar lithium concentrations induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest in proliferating astrocytes and also delays cell cycle reentry by the mitogen endothelin-1. Myo-inositol supplementation of the culture medium could not overcome lithium-induced cell cycle arrest and selective inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) by compound SB216763 could not reproduce lithium effects on cell cycle distribution. This results indicate that lithium effects are unlikely mediated by inhibition of inositol monophosphate phosphatases nor GSK3 inhibition, two pharmacological targets mediating lithium actions in other settings. Interestingly, lithium pretreatment of proliferating astrocytes results in reduced phosphorylaton of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the upstream kinase MEK1/2. Lithium also prevents endothelin-1-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 in serum-deprived astrocytes. In cerebellar granule cells millimolar lithium enhanced ERK and MEK phosphorylation. We propose that he opposing effects of lithium in neurons and astrocytes make lithium treatment a promising strategy to favour neuronal repair and reduce reactive gliosis after traumatic injury.
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Lye, Mark A. [Verfasser]. "Der gutgläubige Erwerb der streitbefangenen Sache / Mark A. Lye." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122004079/34.
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Psarras, Alkiviadis C. "Trade mark licensing in England and Greece : a comparative approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358920.
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Hays, Thomas Edward. "The parallel importation of trade mark protected goods under European Union law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619934.
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Naru, Amar Singh. "Digital image analysis of the human bite mark." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338566.
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Gramlich, Thomas Mark [Verfasser]. "Das rückwirkend fingierte Verschulden im Rahmen der Erbenhaftung / Thomas Mark Gramlich." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185347291/34.
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Lorenz, Mark [Verfasser]. "Der Ausgleichsanspruch des Kfz-Vertragshändlers gemäß § 89b HGB analog. / Mark Lorenz." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1238363393/34.
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Birkner, Mark Tomas [Verfasser]. "Der Rechtsstatus des gemischtwirtschaftlichen Verkehrsflughafenbetreibers : Überprüfung des Rechtsstatus als dogmatische Figur / Mark Tomas Birkner." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/104240917X/34.
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Jaeschke, Mark A. [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Ahrens, and Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Lipp. "Anmeldung und Feststellung von Forderungen im Insolvenzverfahren / Mark A. Jaeschke. Gutachter: Martin Ahrens ; Volker Lipp. Betreuer: Martin Ahrens." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1043666249/34.
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Mackenrodt, Mark-Oliver [Verfasser]. "Denationalisierung und Europäisierung im Informationsmodell des UWG. : Die Irreführung durch Unterlassen zwischen Transparenzgebot und Wahrheitsgebot. / Mark-Oliver Mackenrodt." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1238440029/34.
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Cole, Mark D. [Verfasser]. "Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht indigener Völker. : Eine völkerrechtliche Bestandsaufnahme am Beispiel der Native Americans in den USA. / Mark D. Cole." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1238347622/34.
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Roncone, Natalie Maria. "Jackson Pollock, 1930-1955 : the influence of the Old Masters." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3048.
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The imagery in Jackson Pollock's three extant sketchbooks which date from c.1934-1939 is dependent on that of other artists, especially El Greco, Rubens and Tintoretto. By 1947 however, the painter achieved a mature synthesis, distinctly his, which influenced contemporary painting, and was seminal for the work of a number of artists of the succeeding era. This dissertation is an attempt to document the phases of Pollock's artistic style from the early 1930s through to the middle 1950s, and to investigate the forces which may have catalyzed his temperament and precipitated his late style. The early sketchbooks begun in c.1934 represent Pollock's engagement with the art of the Old Masters and the teaching techniques of Thomas Hart Benton that utilized works from the Renaissance. The third sketchbook from c.1937-1939 induced him to re-examine the work of the Old Masters in a dialectical approach which incorporated new masters with old, but remained preoccupied with the sacred imagery found in the first two books. It is a resolution of these seemingly opposing modes of representation which produced several influential paintings in the early 1940s, including Guardians of the Secret and Pasiphae. At the same time these works display structural emulations related to those of Old Master paintings that would become increasingly prominent in Pollock's art. The canvases of 1947-1950, produced in what is commonly termed the “Classic Poured Period,” appear to represent a quantum leap beyond the concerns of Old Master works and European precedents. By this point Pollock had developed a fluency and assurance in his use of color and line that seems to extend further than the studied paradigmatic repetitions of his early sketchbooks. However, despite the radically new technique his paintings still exhibit pictorial and formal infrastructures derived from Renaissance paintings which were absorbed into Pollock's new idiom with surprising ease. In 1951 Pollock enters what Francis V.O'Connor termed as ‘his fourth phase'. The Black paintings of 1951-1953 betray a further exploration and adaptation of Old Master ideas, both iconographic and aesthetic and were created in Triptychs and Diptychs, typical altarpiece formats. With these paintings Pollock's forms acquired a confident plasticity and invention derived from the sculptural practices of Michelangelo, and progressively fewer individual images are quoted verbatim. An understanding of Pollock's early preoccupation with old Master painting is essential to comprehend the formation of the aesthetics of much of his later art. Significantly the underlying infrastructure remains fixed to old Master precedents and it was precisely these models of Renaissance and Baroque art which became the medium through which his mature synthesis was achieved.
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Orthmann, Mark Verfasser], Hans-Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schwintowski, and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Koch. "Der Informationsanspruch zum Nachweis des Kartellschadens aus der Perspektive des Rechtsanwalts / Mark Orthmann. Gutachter: Hans-Peter Schwintowski ; Harald Koch." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060425343/34.
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Orthmann, Mark [Verfasser], Hans-Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwintowski, and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Koch. "Der Informationsanspruch zum Nachweis des Kartellschadens aus der Perspektive des Rechtsanwalts / Mark Orthmann. Gutachter: Hans-Peter Schwintowski ; Harald Koch." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060425343/34.
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Bukatz, Tamara. "The practical difficulties of applying current trade mark law, actions for passing off and copyright law to literary fictional characters per se, independent of the original work." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-practical-difficulties-of-applying-current-trade-mark-law-actions-for-passing-off-and-copyright-law-to-literary-fictional-characters-per-se-independent-of-the-original-work(a440313e-8f53-43ad-8c44-7ee1f5426011).html.
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Fictional characters have a gigantic commercial and social appeal. Fans create fanfiction and other transformative works. Professionals create films, plays and artwork or literary, musical, and other works based on the underlying work by another author. These professionals as well as third parties are involved in character merchandising. Disney reported a revenue of USD 45.2 billion just for retail sales of worldwide licensed products in 2014. The appeal of fictional characters is not limited to artistic fictional characters (AFCs), but also encompasses literary fictional characters (LFCs), such as ‘Harry Potter’ and ’The Doctor’. The plot-independent protection of LFCs is more challenging than AFCs, because of their representation in words instead of images. Non-graphic representation inevitably leaves more to the imagination of the reader. Regardless, authors’ interests in their LFCs are worth protecting. Copyright is more appropriate than trade mark law and actions for passing off when it comes to the protection of authors against unauthorized exploitation of LFCs per se for new professional literary and other works, fanfiction, mash-ups or other transformative works by amateur content creators, as well as unauthorized character merchandise. Copyright vests in the author automatically. No formalities are required. No cost is involved. Moreover, under copyright law LFCs would benefit from a set of moral rights, which could protect the LFC per se i.a. against unsavoury distortion or attribution to another than its creator. Trade mark law is ill equipped for the protection of LFCs, i.a. because names of LFCs are often devoid of distinctiveness and are descriptive of posters, notebooks, and similar products which feature the characters. Passing off actions are also suboptimal. Like trade marks, an action for passing off is also trader orientated instead of author orientated. This leads to an imbalance favouring whoever fulfils the criteria for a claim that the tort passing off has been committed. Thus, even a free-riding trader can claim protection against the author who actually created the LFC. However, in order to accommodate copyrightability of LFCs per se, a combination of judicial re-interpretation and changes to the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 are required. These are set out in this thesis. The effect of the ‘new‘ originality standard (‘the author’s own intellectual creation‘) on LFC copyrightability shall be discussed as well. Both foreign common law jurisdictions (namely Canada and the USA) as well as civil law jurisdictions (namely Germany and France) provide insights into the protection of LFCs by copyright. Each country has its own strong points to offer: In Canada, LFCs are copyrightable, if they are distinct and recognized by the public. Moreover, an exception concerning user-generated content, which affects fanfiction, was introduced into the Canadian Copyright Act 1985 by the Copyright Modernization Act 2012. In the USA, LFCs have been protected since 1930 and two tests have been developed to judge LFC copyrightability. In Germany, quite a number of copyright cases concerning LFCs, in particular with regard to character merchandising, have been decided. Even the Supreme Court held that LFCs can attract copyright. In France, LFCs can enjoy copyright protection even after the economic rights have expired, because the moral rights last indefinitely. In addition to critically evaluating how LFCs could be protected by copyright plot-independently, this thesis also considers how further legal certainty could be provided for parties intending to reuse existing LFCs. In this regard, this thesis looks i.a. into the viability of an extension of PLSclear in collaboration with the Copyright Hub to licensing of LFCs via this system.
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Ammar, Jamil. "Think consumer : the enforcement of the trade mark quality guarantee revisited : a legal and economic analysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5492.
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The availability of a wide range of branded products makes the selection of the right type of good a difficult process. This is particularly true in the case of goods whose characteristics consumers do not have complete information about, which they can only learn about after purchasing (experience goods). A trade mark quality guarantee facilitates consumers’ choice by sending quality signals. It also enables a trader of branded goods to differentiate the quality of his goods from those of his competitors. Accordingly, trade mark protection is said to enhance economic efficiency, and thus the production of quality goods, and reduce consumer search costs. In order for this to work, however, among other conditions, the trader must maintain consistent quality over time and across consumers. Otherwise, trade mark protection will enhance artificial product differentiation, and thus distort competition. To date, despite its profound significance, the quality guarantee is seen as performing an economic function that trade mark law is ill equipped to deal with. As a result, this function is not enforced under trade mark law. Contrary to mainstream thinking, this thesis argues that the quality function of a trade mark should be recognised and enforced through trade mark law. What is at stake is far from insignificant: it is about bridging the ever increasing gap between the legal rationales for trade mark protection and the economic consequences of this protection in practice. The thesis is also about how consumers should shape their relationship with trade marks and what role law should play in constructing that relationship. By giving independent legal substance to the quality function, trade mark law encourages a trader to improve the quality of his goods instead of simply improving the persuasive or advertising value of the mark, which, in turn, enhances artificial product differentiation, increases rather than decreases consumer search costs, and distorts competition.
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Shin, Sang-Hyun [Verfasser], and Mark [Akademischer Betreuer] Deiters. "Die Notwendigkeit der gerichtlichen Kontrolle nach Anklageerhebung der Staatsanwaltschaft : Eine Untersuchung zur effektiven Kontrolle durch das strafprozessuale Zwischenverfahren unter Heranziehung des koreanischen Rechts / Sang-Hyun Shin ; Betreuer: Mark Deiters." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231359307/34.
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Lohmann, Mark [Verfasser]. "Rechtsfragen einer "Dual Consolidated Loss"-Regelung de lege lata und de lege ferenda : Am Beispiel des § 14 Abs. 1 S. 1 Nr. 5 KStG / Mark Lohmann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220162663/34.
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Hacker, Mark [Verfasser]. "Gibt es "Gerechtigkeit" in der Steuerpolitik? : der politisch-philosophische Diskurs über Recht und Gerechtigkeit am Beispiel der Entstehung des modernen Einkommensteuerrechts in der Weimarer Republik / Mark Hacker." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103110044X/34.
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Ambrosia, Michael Gerald. "7D CARDIAC FLOW MRI – TECHNIQUES & AUTOMATION OF RECONSTRUCTION." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1355495510.
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Bois, Julien Raymond Florent [Verfasser], Mark [Akademischer Betreuer] Dawson, and Ramses [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessel. "The Uncertain World of the Court of Justice of the European Union. A Multidisciplinary Approach of the Legitimacy of the EU Judiciary in the 21st century / Julien Raymond Florent Bois ; Mark Dawson, Ramses Wessel." Berlin : Hertie School, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-40844.
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Rumple, John Glenn. "Take up the cross (Mark 8:34 and par.) : the history and function of the cross saying in earliest Christianity." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3476.
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The principal contention of this thesis is that the earliest Christians viewed the crucifixion of Jesus as paradigmatic for discipleship, confirmation of which can be found in the history and function of a particular saying ascribed to Jesus, namely the ‘cross saying’ (Mk 8:34 and par.). To verify this claim, I explore both the literary tradition and material culture of early Christianity as they relate to the cross saying, explicating the various ways that “taking up the cross” functioned to ensure unwavering loyalty to Jesus. Taking a traditional exegetical approach, I also engage recent work on sapiential literature (mainly Q) and Historical Jesus studies, observing the diverse ways in which the first several generations of Jesus’ followers adapted this saying—both as an aphorism for inclusion in gospels, and in the development of cognate versions useful in more theological settings (e.g., Gal 2:20). Proceeding diachronically via a textual analysis of the cross saying in Q, the Synoptics, and then the Gospel of Thomas, I trace the ways in which the composers of these texts addressed the different social situations of their audiences in an effort to secure commitment to Jesus (or, in the case of Gos. Thom., conformity to his enlightened teachings). Then, turning from the literature to the social and political environment of the New Testament, I note the radical reversal, occurring early in Christian thought, which transformed the crucifixion of Jesus from a shameful social experience into one of honour, and worthy of emulation. Even more significant in terms of current research, I break from the opinions of several New Testament scholars in finding little evidence that the cross saying (presuming it was dominical) functioned as a call to political insurrection. Rather, as evidenced in Christian material culture from the second and third centuries (symbols, the orant prayer posture, making the ‘sign of the cross,’ and so on), the association of crucifixion with discipleship was understood primarily in terms of religious devotion to Jesus.
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Mok, Daniel P. [Verfasser]. "Partitionierte Lösungsansätze in der Strukturdynamik und der Fluid-Struktur-Interaktion / Institut für Baustatik der Universität Stuttgart. Von Daniel Pinyen Mok." Stuttgart : Inst. für Baustatik, 2001. http://d-nb.info/963146122/34.
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Vega, Barón María Auxiliadora. "La propiedad industrial como herramienta para el diseño de productos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385739.
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The research area of this doctoral thesis is determined by the interaction between legal and technical disciplines such as the Industrial Property (IP) and the industrial or product design respectively. The area they have in common awakens interest from the perspective of identifying a resource that contributes to the key aspect of design and creativity in the search for different and innovative products.
One of the main features is that while industrial design can incorporate into a single product ornamental, distinctive and technical functions, the IP system manages these aspects separately. That is why we can say that industrial design is related to the IP through the different types of protection: industrial design, marks (three-dimensional) and patents.
In this regards, IP governs the aspects related to the protection of creative methods, additionally it has available the resources of patent databases, identified and consolidated by companies that traditionally considered the industrial property in theirs process design. However, in this research it has been detected additional contributions from judicial interpretations and administrative clarifications of the legal affairs in patents, trademarks and designs.
The aforementioned contributions have an impact on the design process in the research phase (analysis of information, establishment of legal-technical, legal-ornamental and legal-distinctive requirements); in the identification of new guidelines for developing conceptualization phase (variation or addition of new ornamental, functional or distinctive features), and in the validation phase (innovation). Additionally, the structure of the patent document has provided guidance for the inclusion of additional information in the documentation phase (technical report on innovation).
Furthermore, feedback from professionals and students groups linked to the area of design has been a key factor when developing guidelines for the implementation of the proposed legal tools. Likewise, the opinion of many companies, considered under this study, associated to the design that has had about the IP and design, which has determined that innovation is a highly valued criteria, therefore a methodology that helps to identify the contribution to the "state of the art" of their proposals would be very well accepted; similarly a design methodology that allows companies to minimize the risks of industrial property.
The research findings can be summarized with the following products:
1. Study on the role of design and industrial property, applied to the consuming design companies associated to the Industrial Design School of the Faculty of Architecture and Design, University of Los Andes, Venezuela.
2. Value Added Method (MEVA) based on legal considerations such as the identification of common and different elements.
3. Guidelines: Legal-distinctive related to the subject of three-dimensional marks; legal-ornamental related to the subject of industrial design; legal-technical related to patent, extrapolated as design guidelines.
Finally, it can be concluded that Industrial Property joins the disciplines that work with product design, illustrating their contribution through the MEVA, which seeks to promote innovation and the registration process to guide the designer in developing new concepts, validating their contribution with respect to competing products, substantiating the emphasis (distinctive, ornamental, technical) of the product and familiarizing it with legal-distinctive, legal-ornamental, legal-technical guidelines of the Industrial Property.El área de investigación de esta tesis doctoral se determina por la interacción entre las disciplinas jurídicas y técnicas, como la propiedad intelectual (IP) y el diseño industrial o producto, respectivamente. El área que tienen en común despierta interés desde el punto de vista de la identificación de un recurso que contribuye al aspecto clave del diseño y la creatividad en la búsqueda de diferentes e innovadores productos. Una de las principales características es que mientras que el diseño industrial puede incorporar en un solo producto ornamental, funciones distintivas y técnicos, el sistema IP gestiona estos aspectos por separado. Es por ello que se puede afirmar que el diseño industrial está relacionada con la propiedad intelectual a través de los diferentes tipos de protección: diseño industrial, marcas (tridimensionales) y patentes. En este respecto, IP regula los aspectos relacionados con la protección de los métodos creativos, además, tiene a disposición los recursos de bases de datos de patentes, identificados y consolidadas por las empresas que tradicionalmente se consideran la propiedad industrial en el diseño de procesos de ellos. Sin embargo, en esta investigación se ha detectado contribuciones adicionales de interpretaciones judiciales y aclaraciones administrativas de los asuntos legales en patentes, marcas y diseños. Los aportes antes mencionados tienen un impacto en el proceso de diseño en la fase de investigación (análisis de la información, el establecimiento de los requisitos técnico-jurídica, legal-ornamental y jurídico-distintivos); en la identificación de nuevas directrices para el desarrollo de la fase de conceptualización (variación o adición de nuevas características ornamentales, funcionales o distintivos), y en la fase de validación (innovación). Además, la estructura del documento de patente ha proporcionado orientación para la inclusión de información adicional en la fase de documentación (informe técnico sobre la innovación). Por otra parte, la opinión de los profesionales y los grupos de estudiantes vinculados al área de diseño ha sido un factor clave en el desarrollo de directrices para la aplicación de los instrumentos jurídicos propuestos. Del mismo modo, la opinión de muchas empresas, considerado en este estudio, asociada al diseño que ha tenido sobre la propiedad intelectual y el diseño, lo que ha determinado que la innovación es un criterio de gran valor, por lo tanto, una metodología que ayuda a identificar la contribución al "estado del arte "de sus propuestas serían muy bien aceptado; igualmente una metodología de diseño que permite a las empresas para minimizar los riesgos de la propiedad industrial. Los resultados de la investigación pueden resumirse con los siguientes productos: 1. Estudio sobre el papel del diseño y de la propiedad industrial, aplicado a las empresas de diseño de consumo asociados a la Escuela de Diseño de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela Industrial. 2. Valor Método Agregado (MEVA) en base a las consideraciones legales, tales como la identificación de los elementos comunes y diferentes. 3. Directrices: Jurídico-distintivo en relación con el tema de las marcas tridimensionales; jurídico-ornamentales relacionados con el tema del diseño industrial; técnico-jurídica en relación con las patentes, extrapolado como pautas de diseño. Por último, se puede concluir que la Propiedad Industrial se une a las disciplinas que trabajan con el diseño del producto, lo que demuestra su contribución a través de la MEVA, que busca promover la innovación y el proceso de registro para guiar al diseñador en el desarrollo de nuevos conceptos, validando su contribución con respecto a la competición productos, que justifique el énfasis (distintivo, ornamental, técnica) del producto y familiarizarse con las directrices legales distintivo, legales ornamental, jurídico-técnicos de la Propiedad Industrial.
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Chamberlain, Peter. "Moaning like a dove : Isaiah's dove texts as the background to the dove in Mark 1:10." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7916.
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There is no consensus regarding the interpretation of the "Spirit like a dove" comparison in Jesus' baptism (Mk 1:10). Although scholars have proposed at least fifty different interpretations of the dove comparison, no study appears to have considered Isaiah's three dove texts as the background for the Markan dove (cf. Is 38:14; 59:11; 60:8). This neglect is surprising considering the abundance of Isaianic allusions in Mark's Prologue (Mk 1:1-15), and the growing awareness that Isaiah is the hermeneutical key for both the Markan Prologue and Jesus' baptism within it. Indeed, Mark connects the dove image inseparably to the Spirit's "descent" from heaven, which alludes to Yahweh's descent in a New Exodus deliverance in Isaiah 63:19 [MT]. Furthermore, each Isaianic dove text uses the same simile, "like a dove" or "like doves," which appears in Mark 1:10, and shares the theme of lament and restoration which fits the context of Mark's baptism account. This study therefore argues that the dove image in Mark 1:10 is a symbol which evokes metonymically Isaiah's three dove texts. So the Spirit is "like a dove" not because any quality of the Spirit resembles that of a dove, but because the dove recalls the Isaianic theme of lament and restoration associated with doves in this Scriptural tradition. After discussing the Markan dove in terms of simile, symbol, and metonymy, the study examines the Isaianic dove texts in the MT and LXX and argues that they form a single motif. Next, later Jewish references to the Isaianic dove texts are considered, while an Appendix examines further dove references in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature. Finally, the study argues that the Markan dove coheres in function with the Isaianic dove motif and symbolizes the Spirit's effect upon and through Jesus by evoking metonymically the Isaianic dove texts.
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Sidonie, Djofack. "Análisis del impacto del sistema de calidad ISO 9001 y del sistema de calidad turística española en empresas y organizaciones turísticas: un estudio empírico en Baleares." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84131.
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En la literatura encontramos muchos trabajos acerca de los efectos de la implantación de la certificación ISO 9001, en los que se destaca mayoritariamente sus numerosos beneficios. Sin embargo, son bastante escasos los que analizan el Sistema de Calidad Turística Española (marca Q). Por tanto, nos proponemos establecer un análisis comparativo entre estos dos modelos preponderantes en el sector turístico. Primero, pretendemos averiguar los determinantes de la implantación de estos dos modelos de calidad, y segundo, los factores que influyen en la elección de uno u otro, siendo unos internacional y genérico (ISO 9001) y el otro nacional y específico (Q) en las empresas turísticas situadas en Baleares. El trabajo de campo se realizó en febrero 2011 con la participación de 120 empresas certificadas con la ISO 9001 y 52 certificadas con la Q. Los principales resultados nos muestran que existen importantes beneficios y satisfacción generada por los certificados y que la ISO 9001 es elegida por los beneficios organizativos y de control y la Q, por el posicionamiento, ganar cuota de mercado y competir.
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Gobert, Perle. "La genèse de la propriété industrielle en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0136/document.
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Le droit de la propriété industrielle peut apparaître comme un droit assez récent dans le pay-sage juridique français, mais ce présupposé n’est qu’un leurre. Sa présence est attestée dès le commencement des pratiques artistiques et artisanales pendant l’Antiquité. La prise de conscience de son existence et de son utilité au sein de la société a toutefois été exacerbée au XVIIIe siècle, notamment lors de la révolution française de 1789, moment de sa construc-tion et de sa reconnaissance juridiques.Le droit de la propriété industrielle, à partir des événements révolutionnaires devient en effet l’enjeu d’une élaboration aussi bien intellectuelle que juridique. De nombreux débats de la part des créateurs et inventeurs font rage auprès des institutions politiques afin que ce droit soit reconnu et normalisé. L’aboutissement de ces combats intellectuels, grâce aux multiples ré-flexions de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence transforme le droit de la propriété industriel en un droit normatif s’inscrivant dans l’ordonnancement juridique.Au-delà de cette organisation législative, le droit de la propriété industrielle est également le sujet de nombreuses interrogations quant aux circonstances politiques et économiques qui ont permis son éclosion. Le droit de la propriété industrielle se module selon l’ensemble des lois, des jurisprudences, de la doctrine, de la politique et de l’économie qui tente de lui donner des structures juridiques stables. Il s’affirme comme un droit protéiforme, dont la portée na-tionale relative aux inventeurs et aux créateurs dans la reconnaissance de leur droit, prend une dimension internationale, aspirant à organiser et harmoniser les relations économiques des Nations: The right of the industrial property seems like a recent right in the French legal landscape, but this assumption is wrong. Its presence was confirmed as of the beginning of the artistic and artisanal practices during the Antiquity. The awakening of its existence and its utility wi-thin the company however was intensified at the XVIIIth century, in particular at the time of the French revolution of 1789, during the moment of its legal construction and its recognition.The right of the industrial property, starting from the revolutionary events became the chal-lenge of an intellectual development as well as a legal development. Many debates on behalf of the creators and inventors show rage regarding the political institutions, so that this right is acknowledged and standardized. The result of these intellectual combats, thanks to the mul-tiple reflections of the doctrines and jurisprudence transforms the patent right into a normative right falling under legal scheduling.Next to this legislative organization, the right of the industrial property is also the subject of many interrogations as for the political and economic circumstances, which allowed it's blos-soming. The right of the industrial property modulated according to the whole set of laws; ju-risprudences; the doctrines; politics and economics, tries to give him stable legal structures. He affirms himself as a protean right, whose national range relating to the inventors and the creators in the recognition of their right, takes an international dimension, trying to organize and harmonize the economic relations of the Nations
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Ngorn, Rothna. "La construction de la propriété intellectuelle au Cambodge." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3002.
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La construction de la propriété intellectuelle au Cambodge remonte à une date récente. Cetteconstruction se traduit, d’une part, par l’adoption d’un cadre juridique consacrant la notionjuridique de la propriété intellectuelle et, d’autre part, par l’élaboration des mécanismes deprotection de la notion consacrée.Comme la législation de la propriété intellectuelle a été adoptée pour assurer la conformité dudroit cambodgien aux exigences de l’OMC, il n’est pas surprenant de constater que la notion et lerégime juridique de la propriété littéraire et artistique et ceux de la propriété industriellecambodgiennes sont presque identiques à ceux qui sont prévus dans l’Accord ADPIC et dans lesTraités et Conventions administrés par l’OMPI. À cause des obstacles d’ordre juridique,économique et social, la plupart des lois cambodgiennes de la propriété intellectuelle ne connaitpas encore une application effective et correcte dans la pratique. En conséquence, la notion de lapropriété intellectuelle cambodgienne est très peu développée.Pour faire respecter le titre de propriété littéraire et artistique et celui de la propriété industrielle,les mécanismes légaux et judiciaires visant à prévenir les atteintes au droit exclusif dont disposentles titulaires du droit, à préserver les éléments de preuves et à réprimer des atteintes sont prévusdans la législation cambodgienne portant sur la propriété intellectuelle. Par ailleurs, le recours auxmodes alternatifs de règlements de litiges tels que l’arbitrage commercial, la médiation et laPreliminary Alternative Disputes Resolution est également possible. L’efficacité et l’effectivitéde la mise en oeuvre de ces mécanismes pour la protection de la propriété intellectuelle sur leterritoire cambodgien sont une question d’actualitéThe construction of intellectual property rights in Cambodia dates back to a recent time. This construction implies, on the one hand, the adoption of a specific legal framework that establishes the notion of intellectual property and, on the other hand, the elaboration of protection mechanisms of the established notion. As the legislation on intellectual property was adopted to ensure the conformity of Cambodian law with WTO requirements, it is not surprising that the notion and legal regime of literary and artistic property and that of industrial property are almost identical to what is provided under TRIPS Agreement and other Treaties and Conventions administered by the WIPO. Because of legal, economic and social barrier, most of Cambodian laws relating to intellectual property have not been effectively and correctly applied in practice. Consequently, the notion of intellectual property has not been well developed.To enforce the exclusive right of literary and artistic property and that of industrial property, the legal and judicial mechanisms aiming at preventing infringement, preserving the proofs and punishing the infringement are provided under Cambodian legislation relating to intellectual property. Moreover, utilization of alternative disputes resolutions mechanisms such as commercial arbitration, mediation and Preliminary Alternative Disputes Resolution, is also possible. The efficiency of these mechanisms for the protection of intellectual property in Cambodia is, however, a topical question
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Heikel, Julie Anne. "Constructing chivalry: the symbolism of King Mark in Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde"." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3148.
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Despite Tristan’s place as a cornerstone of the operatic repertory, there has been surprisingly little scholarship on King Mark, whom scholars often overlook in favour of the title characters. This study examines Wagner’s adaptation of his source, the Tristan of Gottfried von Strassburg, to construct a character that represents the courtly chivalric society of the opera in opposition to the new order represented in Tristan’s passionate pursuit of love and, ultimately, of death. Building on literary scholarship of the Tristan tradition, this study explores issues of duality and decline in Mark’s character and the elements of his chivalric friendship with Tristan within the homosocial constructs of the courts. Through his use of traditional operatic lament form, associative orchestration, and text expression, Wagner constructs a king who is more nuanced that any of his predecessors: one cleansed by tragedy and capable of forgiveness.
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Reidt, Kelley Marie. "The Texas cyclone: the life of educator-activist Anna J. H. Pennybacker." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3478.
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Wachowsky, Mark [Verfasser]. "Rechtliche Begutachtung des organisierten Golfsports in Deutschland / vorgelegt von Mark Wachowsky." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985965460/34.
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Wilke, Mark [Verfasser]. "Prozessführung in administrierten internationalen Handelsschiedsverfahren : eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung der internationalen Schiedsordnung der AAA sowie der Schiedsordnungen der DIS und der ICC / vorgelegt von Mark Wilke." 2006. http://d-nb.info/978321804/34.
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Kühnel, Mark Philipp [Verfasser]. "Biology of mycobacteria containing phagosomes : acidification, fusion and actin nucleation ; with an emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis / von Mark Philipp Kühnel." 2002. http://d-nb.info/966096770/34.
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Merk, Sylvia [Verfasser]. "Einfluss von Probenaufbereitung und Probenmatrix auf die PCR-Diagnostik von bakteriellen Zoonoseerregern am Beispiel der Modellpathogene Burkholderia cepacia und Yersinia enterocolitica / vorgelegt von Sylvia Merk." 2000. http://d-nb.info/959772464/34.
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Meyer, Wilhelm Henry. "Reading Mark 4:35-41 : a study of student discourses in the School of Theology, The University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3016.
Full textAbstract:
In this study I present the results of interviews conducted with thirty-four students in the School of Theology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. In the following eight chapters I have provided a description of the discourses and discourse communities in the School of Theology which have emerged from my analysis of the data collected from these interviews. These discourses fall into three categories: The primary discourse, which is the result of the students' socialisation within their family and the primary community structures of their childhood, the secondary discourse ensuing from their educational and denominational backgrounds and their relationships with their teachers and the hierarchy of their denominations and the tertiary discourse of critical biblical exegesis which they encounter in their studies in the School of Theology. The product of this encounter is a clash of discourses which challenges the students both academically, leading to poor academic performance on the part of many students, and spiritually, leading to such dire consequences as nervous breakdowns or the loss of faith and vocation. In describing this clash of discourses I include a plea for the management and staff of the School of Theology to provide both academic and spiritual support for the students' in their attempt to face and overcome the considerable challenges of studying in the School of Theology.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg,2001.
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Holsteg, Mark [Verfasser]. "Softwareadaptation und begleitende Evaluation des Hämatologiesystems ADVIA 120 für die Tierart Rind : Erstellung von hämatologischen Referenzbereichen für die Rinderrassen schwarzbunte Holstein und deutsches Fleckvieh / eingereicht von Mark Holsteg." 2002. http://d-nb.info/965426122/34.
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Παπαδάκου, Ευγενία. "Παθοβιοχημεία της εκφύλισης μηνίσκου στον άνθρωπο : συμμετοχή του σηματοδοτικού άξονα p38 MARK-NF-kB και της Κυκλο-οξυγενάσης 2 (COX-2)." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4123.
Full textAbstract:
Οι μηνισκικές ρήξεις διακρίνονται σε τραυματικές και εκφυλιστικές. Κλινικά δεδομένα υποδηλώνουν ότι η εκφύλιση των μηνίσκων συσχετίζεται με την οστεοαρθρίτιδα του γόνατος. Παρ’ όλα αυτά, τα μοριακά γεγονότα που καθορίζουν την παθογένεια της εκφύλισης των μηνίσκων σε ανθρώπους παραμένουν αδιευκρίνιστα.
Στη μελέτη εξετάστηκε ανοσοϊστοχημικά η έκφραση της p38 MAPKινάσης, της ενεργού φωσφορυλιομένης μορφής της p-p38, του στόχου NF-kB (με τα διμερή p50-p65) καθώς και της COX-2 σε μηνισκικές ρήξεις, και διερευνήθηκε η συμμετοχή τους στην ανάπτυξη εκφύλισης. Τα ευρήματα απέδειξαν αυξημένη έκφραση του άξονα p38-NF-kB και της COX-2 στον αποδιοργανωμένο και εκφυλισμένο ινοχόνδρινο μηνισκικό ιστό, υποδεικνύοντας ένα ρόλο των μορίων αυτών στην παθοβιοχημεία της εκφύλισης και της επακόλουθης ρήξης.
Η μελέτη είχε σκοπό να διερευνήσει και να χαρακτηρίσει την έκφραση και την ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της p38 MAPK-NF-kB και της COX-2 στα ινοχονδροκύτταρα των ανθρώπινων μηνίσκων με ρήξη. Επιπρόσθετα συσχετίσαμε τα επίπεδα έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών αυτών με παθολογοανατομικές και κλινικές παραμέτρους, όπως η ύπαρξη εκφύλισης και η συνύπαρξη κλινικά εξακριβωμένης ΟΑ.
Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 57 ανθρώπινοι μηνίσκοι. 43 (75,4%) άνδρες και 14 (24,6%) γυναίκες, με μέσο όρο ηλικίας 32,6 έτη, με διάρκεια πόνου 17,36 μήνες. Σε 39 ασθενείς (68,4%) η ρήξη αποδόθηκε σε τραύμα και σε 18 (31,6%) σε προϋπάρχουσα κλινικά διαγνωσμένη ΟΑ. Η ιστοπαθολογοανατομική διευκρίνιση της μηνισκικής εκφύλισης βασίστηκε σε καθιερωμένα μικροσκοπικά κριτήρια. Εκφύλιση παρατηρήθηκε σε 34 μηνίσκους (59,4%).
Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα αντισώματα, anti p38, anti p-p38 (μονοκλωνικά αντισώματα έναντι της ενεργοποιημένης μορφής), anti NF-kB, p50 πολυκλωνική, anti NFkBp65 πολυκλωνική και antiCOX-2.
Η ένταση της χρώσης και η αναλογία των ανοσοθετικών ινοχονδροκυττάρων εκτιμήθηκε μικροσκοπικά και βαθμολογήθηκε σε κλίμακα 0-3 (0= χωρίς ανοσοδραστικότητα, 1= ήπια, 2= μέτρια, 3= ισχυρή).
Στατιστική ανάλυση έγινε με τη δοκιμασία Mann-Whitney και η ισχύς της συσχέτισης των μεταβλητών με το Kendall’s T test, χρησιμοποιώντας το SPSS.
1.Η έκφραση της p38 ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικά υψηλότερη στους εκφυλισμένους συγκριτικά με μη εκφυλισμένους μηνίσκους. Μηνίσκοι σε ασθενείς με προϋπάρχουσα ΟΑ έδειξαν επίσης στατιστικά σημαντικά αυξημένη p38 σε σύγκριση με αυτούς με μη προϋπάρχουσα ΟΑ.
2.Η p-p38 είχε σημαντικά αυξημένη έκφραση σε εκφυλισμένους μηνίσκους έναντι μη εκφυλισμένων και σε ραγέντες μηνίσκους με ΟΑ σε σχέση με μη ΟΑ.
3.Οι υπομονάδες p50 και p65 ως τροποποιητές του άξονα p38-NFkB έδειξαν σημαντικά υψηλότερα επίπεδα στην εκφύλιση και την οστεοαρθρίτιδα.
4.Τα επίπεδα της COX-2 ήταν σημαντικά διαφορετικά μεταξύ εκφυλισμένων και μη εκφυλισμένων και σε οστεοαρθριτικές και μη αρθρώσεις, και συσχετίζονται απόλυτα με τη διακύμανση των προηγούμενων βημάτων του άξονα.
5.Η στατιστική ανάλυση αποκάλυψε σημαντική και θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ COX-2 και p38-NF-kB και παράλληλη διακύμανσή της.Meniscal tears are attributed to either trauma or degeneration processes. Clinical data suggest that meniscal degeneration (MD) is associated with knee osteoarthritis; however, the molecular events underpinning the pathogenesis of MD in humans remain elusive. Here we immunohistochemically examined the expression of p38 MAPK, its phosphorylated activated form p-p38, its target NF-kB (p50-p65 dimer), and COX-2 in ruptured menisci and investigated their involvement in MD development. Our findings demonstrate increased expression of the p38-NF-kB axis elements and COX-2 in disintegrated fibrocartilage suggesting a role of these molecules in the pathobiochemistry of MD and consequential rupture. We undertook this study to explore and characterize the expression and/or activation profile of the p38 MAPK-NF-kB signaling path away constituents and COX-2 in the fibrochondrocytes of human torn menisci. Furthermore we correlated the expression levels of the examined proteins with pathologic and clinical parameters, such as the presence of fibrocartilaginus degeneration and the coexistence of clinically identified OA. 57 human menisci were used for this study. Among the patients 43 (75,4%) were male and 14 (24,6%) female with mean age 32,6 years, with pain duration 17,36 months. In 39 patients (68,4%) meniscal tearing was attributed to trauma and in 18 (31,6%) to a background of clinically diagnosed OA. The histopathologic identification of meniscal degeneration (MD) was based on established microscopy criteria. MD was observed in 34 (59,4%) of the menisci. The following available antibodies were employed (anti-p 38), anti p-p38 (activated form monoclonal), anti NF-kB, p50 polyclonal, anti NFkBp65 polyclonal and anti COX-2. Strain intensity and proportion of immunopositive fibrochondrocytes was assessed by light microscopy and graded on a scale 0-3 (0= no immunoreachivity, 1= mild, 2= moderate, 3= strong). Statistical analysis was made with Mann-Whitney tests and the strength of association between the variables by Kendall’s T test, using SPSS for Windows. 1.Expression of p-38 was significantly higher in degenerated compared with non degenerated menisci. Menisci from patients with preexisting OA showed significantly increased p38 expression levels compared to those with no preexisting OA. 2.p-p38 expression was considerably elevated in degenerated compared with non degenerated and in OA compared with non OA ruptured menisci. 3.The downstream effectors of p38 NF-kB subunits p50 and p65, exhibited significantly higher levels in degenerated and OA fibrocartilage. 4.COX-2 levels were significantly different between degenerated and non degenerated menisci, as well as between OA and non OA joints. 5.Statistical analysis revealed significant and positive correlation between COX-2 and p-38 and NF-kB.