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Journal articles on the topic 'MRI probe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 February 2025

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1

Periyathambi, Prabu, Alien Balian, Zhangjun Hu, Daniel Padro, Luiza I. Hernandez, Kajsa Uvdal, Joao Duarte, and Frank J. Hernandez. "Activatable MRI probes for the specific detection of bacteria." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 30 (October 27, 2021): 7353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03710-z.

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AbstractActivatable fluorescent probes have been successfully used as molecular tools for biomedical research in the last decades. Fluorescent probes allow the detection of molecular events, providing an extraordinary platform for protein and cellular research. Nevertheless, most of the fluorescent probes reported are susceptible to interferences from endogenous fluorescence (background signal) and limited tissue penetration is expected. These drawbacks prevent the use of fluorescent tracers in the clinical setting. To overcome the limitation of fluorescent probes, we and others have developed activatable magnetic resonance probes. Herein, we report for the first time, an oligonucleotide-based probe with the capability to detect bacteria using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The activatable MRI probe consists of a specific oligonucleotide that targets micrococcal nuclease (MN), a nuclease derived from Staphylococcus aureus. The oligonucleotide is flanked by a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) at one end, and by a dendron functionalized with several gadolinium complexes as enhancers, at the other end. Therefore, only upon recognition of the MRI probe by the specific bacteria is the probe activated and the MRI signal can be detected. This approach may be widely applied to detect bacterial infections or other human conditions with the potential to be translated into the clinic as an activatable contrast agent.

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Faas, Henryk M., James L. Krupa, Alexander J. Taylor, Francesco Zamberlan, Christopher J. Philp, Huw E. L. Williams, Simon R. Johnson, Galina E. Pavlovskaya, Neil R. Thomas, and Thomas Meersmann. "Accelerated 19F·MRI Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 through Responsive Deactivation of Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2019 (February 28, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4826520.

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Paramagnetic gadolinium ions (GdIII), complexed within DOTA-based chelates, have become useful tools to increase the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast in tissues of interest. Recently, “on/off” probes serving as 19F·MRI biosensors for target enzymes have emerged that utilize the increase in transverse (T2∗ or T2) relaxation times upon cleavage of the paramagnetic GdIII centre. Molecular 19F·MRI has the advantage of high specificity due to the lack of background signal but suffers from low signal intensity that leads to low spatial resolution and long recording times. In this work, an “on/off” probe concept is introduced that utilizes responsive deactivation of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) to generate 19F longitudinal (T1) relaxation contrast for accelerated molecular MRI. The probe concept is applied to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of enzymes linked with many inflammatory diseases and cancer that modify bioactive extracellular substrates. The presence of these biomarkers in extracellular space makes MMPs an accessible target for responsive PRE deactivation probes. Responsive PRE deactivation in a 19F biosensor probe, selective for MMP-2 and MMP-9, is shown to enable molecular MRI contrast at significantly reduced experimental times compared to previous methods. PRE deactivation was caused by MMP through cleavage of a protease substrate that served as a linker between the fluorine-containing moiety and a paramagnetic GdIII-bound DOTA complex. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI and, alternatively, short echo times in standard gradient echo (GE) MRI were employed to cope with the fast 19F transverse relaxation of the PRE active probe in its “on-state.” Upon responsive PRE deactivation, the 19F·MRI signal from the “off-state” probe diminished, thereby indicating the presence of the target enzyme through the associated negative MRI contrast. Null point 1H·MRI, obtainable within a short time course, was employed to identify false-positive 19F·MRI responses caused by dilution of the contrast agent.

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Antonios, Joseph P., Horacio Soto, Richard G. Everson, Diana L. Moughon, Anthony C. Wang, Joey Orpilla, Caius Radu, et al. "Detection of immune responses after immunotherapy in glioblastoma using PET and MRI." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (September 5, 2017): 10220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706689114.

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Contrast-enhanced MRI is typically used to follow treatment response and progression in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, differentiating tumor progression from pseudoprogression remains a clinical dilemma largely unmitigated by current advances in imaging techniques. Noninvasive imaging techniques capable of distinguishing these two conditions could play an important role in the clinical management of patients with GBM and other brain malignancies. We hypothesized that PET probes for deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) could be used to differentiate immune inflammatory responses from other sources of contrast-enhancement on MRI. Orthotopic malignant gliomas were established in syngeneic immunocompetent mice and then treated with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and/or PD-1 mAb blockade. Mice were then imaged with [18F]-FAC PET/CT and MRI with i.v. contrast. The ratio of contrast enhancement on MRI to normalized PET probe uptake, which we term the immunotherapeutic response index, delineated specific regions of immune inflammatory activity. On postmortem examination, FACS-based enumeration of intracranial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes directly correlated with quantitative [18F]-FAC PET probe uptake. Three patients with GBM undergoing treatment with tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccination and PD-1 mAb blockade were also imaged before and after therapy using MRI and a clinical PET probe for dCK. Unlike in mice, [18F]-FAC is rapidly catabolized in humans; thus, we used another dCK PET probe, [18F]-clofarabine ([18F]-CFA), that may be more clinically relevant. Enhanced [18F]-CFA PET probe accumulation was identified in tumor and secondary lymphoid organs after immunotherapy. Our findings identify a noninvasive modality capable of imaging the host antitumor immune response against intracranial tumors.

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4

Pulyer Yuly, M., and Samuel Patz. "5572132 MRI probe for external imaging." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 15, no. 4 (January 1997): XVII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0730-725x(97)89062-5.

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5

Kotera, Naoko, Nawal Tassali, Estelle Léonce, Céline Boutin, Patrick Berthault, Thierry Brotin, Jean-Pierre Dutasta, et al. "A Sensitive Zinc-Activated129Xe MRI Probe." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51, no. 17 (March 12, 2012): 4100–4103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201109194.

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6

Kotera, Naoko, Nawal Tassali, Estelle Léonce, Céline Boutin, Patrick Berthault, Thierry Brotin, Jean-Pierre Dutasta, et al. "A Sensitive Zinc-Activated129Xe MRI Probe." Angewandte Chemie 124, no. 17 (March 12, 2012): 4176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201109194.

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7

Hillery, Terence. "Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation Before and After Magnetic Resonance Imaging Anatomical Mapping: Case Study." Pain Medicine Case Reports 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2023): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2023.7.183.

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Background: Chronic knee pain is a significant cause of morbidity for which radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of genicular nerves (GN) may be considered. However, treatment effectiveness depends on accurate placement of RFA probes, and there remains uncertainty on GN anatomical location. Case Report: A 21-year-old man presented with 2 months of severe knee pain following a canoe trip. Hoffa’s fat impingement was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a subsequent fat pad injection was unsuccessful. After GN blocks, RFA provided 90% relief for 4 weeks. At this time, RFA was performed with probe placement determined by the patient’s MRI-mapped GN neurovascular bundle location. At 8 weeks, the patient continues to have 100% left knee pain relief. Conclusion: This case suggests that MRI-mapped GNs may assist in planning genicular RFA to improve probe and nerve apposition. Key words: Genicular nerve, magnetic resonance imaging, radiofrequency ablation

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8

Pinggera, Daniel, Paul Rhomberg, Ronny Beer, Claudius Thomé, and Ondra Petr. "Brain Tissue Damage Induced by Multimodal Neuromonitoring In Situ during MRI after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Incidence and Clinical Relevance." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113169.

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Both neuromonitoring and early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide crucial information for treatment management and prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). So far, neuromonitoring in situ impedes the routine implementation of MRI due to safety concerns. We aimed to evaluate the brain tissue damage induced by inserted neuromonitoring devices and its clinical relevance. Nineteen patients with sTBI and being exposed to at least one MRI with neuromonitoring in situ and one follow-up MRI after neuromonitoring removal were analyzed. All MRIs were reviewed for specific tissue damage. Three females and sixteen males (aged 20–74 years, mean 42.8 years) with an initial median GCS of 5 (range 3–8) were analyzed. No lesion was observed in six patients (31.6%), whereas another six patients (31.6%) demonstrated a detectable probe trajectory. Probe-related tissue damage was visible in seven patients (36.8%) with the size of the lesion prone to further enlarge with increasing cumulative duration of MRI examinations. Upon interdisciplinary evaluation, the lesions were not considered clinically relevant. Neuromonitoring probes in situ during MRI examinations may cause local brain tissue damage, yet without any clinical implications if placed correctly. Therefore, indications must be strictly based on joint decision from all involved disciplines.

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9

Kim, Ji Min, Ah Yung Han, Ha Young Lee, So Ra Lee, and Dae Cheol Kweon. "Measurement of MRI Monitor Luminance and MRI Room Illuminance with a Light Probe." Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society 26, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4283/jkms.2016.26.5.168.

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10

Jain, Amit L., Abhinav Sidana, Zachary Stanik, Mahir Maruf, Brian P. Calio, Dordaneh Sugano, Kai Hans Hammerich, et al. "Training and skills assessment for MRI/TRUS fusion-guided prostate biopsy: End-fire vs. side-fire ultrasound probes." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2017): e540-e540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.e540.

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e540 Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion-guided prostate biopsy (FBx) has rapidly proliferated in prostate cancer evaluation. FBx success may be dependent on multiple factors, including skills learned with user experience and the type of ultrasound (US) probe used. Our objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of the MRI/TRUS FBx technique utilizing an end fire versus a side fire US probe on an FBx platform. Methods: The participants of the study consisted of three different experience levels (expert ( > 1000 FBx), Urology fellows with none to minimal FBx experience, Urology residents with no FBx experience). Each participant performed three trials of the FBx with the UroNav System in separate phantom models of the prostate. Each trial involved targeting the same set of fiducials through FBx platform and then using US only; first using an end fire US probe, and then using a side fire US probe. Fusion registration error (FRE) was defined as the distance between MR target and transformed core location from the US only biopsy. Results: Six users with 3 different experience levels performed the FBx. Mean FRE with the end fire probe for the residents, fellows, expert was 7.42(±0.11), 5.10(±0.73) & 3.75(±0.75) respectively. Mean FRE with the side fire probe for the residents, fellows, expert was 6.08(±0.09), 4.76(±0.68) & 3.46(±0.08) respectively. There was no significant difference between the FRE averages for end fire vs. side fire. There was an inverse relationship of mean FRE with user experience level (corr. coefficient (r) = -0.79, p = 0.011 for end fire; r = -0.84, p = 0.004 for side-fire). Conclusions: We report the results of a pilot study comparing the efficacy of side fire and end fire US probes in MRI/TRUS FBx. Our preliminary results suggest the type of US probe used does not significantly affect FRE and FBx performance. As expected, FRE decreases with increased user experience. A larger study with more participants will be needed to compare these probes with adequately powered analysis and will dictate the practice in clinical settings as minimization of FRE will improve diagnostic accuracy of this technique in detecting clinically significant cancer.

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11

Rubinson, Kenneth A., and Michael Boska. "A novel topical probe for MRI: The flat, truncated line probe." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 2 (January 1995): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(94)00112-g.

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12

Yang, Lei, Mohammad Javad Afshari, Jianxian Ge, Dandan Kou, Lei Chen, Dandan Zhou, Cang Li, et al. "Functionalized Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 6929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206929.

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Hypoxia is a common biological condition in many malignant solid tumors that plays an imperative role in regulating tumor growth and impacting the treatment’s therapeutic effect. Therefore, the hypoxia assessment is of great significance in predicting tumor development and evaluating its prognosis. Among the plenty of existing tumor diagnosis techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers certain distinctive features, such as being free of ionizing radiation and providing images with a high spatial resolution. In this study, we develop a fluorescent traceable and hypoxia-sensitive T1-weighted MRI probe (Fe3O4-Met-Cy5.5) via conjugating notable hypoxia-sensitive metronidazole moiety and Cy5.5 dye with ultrasmall iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The results of in vitro and in vivo experiments show that Fe3O4-Met-Cy5.5 has excellent performance in relaxivity, biocompatibility, and hypoxia specificity. More importantly, the obvious signal enhancement in hypoxic areas indicates that the probe has great feasibility for sensing tumor hypoxia via T1-weighted MRI. These promising results may unlock the potential of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as T1-weighted contrast agents for the development of clinical hypoxia probes.

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13

Zradziński, Patryk, Jolanta Karpowicz, Thomas Quirin, Dominic Jeker, Joris Pascal, Andrzej Stępniewski, and Krzysztof Gryz. "Evaluation of the head exposure to a static magnetic field while walking around 1.5T and 7T MRI magnets using single and spatially distributed Hall probes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1320, no. 1 (November 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1320/1/012007.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the use of static magnetic field (SMF) body-worn exposure monitors equipped with single or spatially distributed probes. The SMF exposure monitor allow to study the time-pattern of head movement-related exposure to SMF (B, mT; dB/dt, mT/s) while active near 1.5 T and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets. When analysing the distribution of B-field samples recorded during a simple walk around MRI magnets, using relevant statistical tests it was found that the results recorded by various probes are statistically significantly different. The observed scale of differences between the results from various probes revealed the possible misclassification of localised exposure of particular head sections when only a single probe is used to evaluate exposure (especially with respect to dB/dt values). Larger differences between probes were found in recordings near MRI magnets of smaller dimensions (1.5 T).

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14

Parrott, Daniel, W. Shirangi Fernando, and Andre F. Martins. "Smart MRI Agents for Detecting Extracellular Events In Vivo: Progress and Challenges." Inorganics 7, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020018.

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Many elegant inorganic designs have been developed to aid medical imaging. We know better now how to improve imaging due to the enormous efforts made by scientists in probe design and other fundamental sciences, including inorganic chemistry, physiochemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. However, despite several years being invested in the development of diagnostic probes, only a few examples have shown applicability in MRI in vivo. In this short review, we aim to show the reader the latest advances in the application of inorganic agents in preclinical MRI.

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Tam, Jenny, Alexander Pilozzi, Umar Mahmood, and Xudong Huang. "Simultaneous Monitoring of Multi-Enzyme Activity and Concentration in Tumor Using a Triply Labeled Fluorescent In Vivo Imaging Probe." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093068.

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The use of fluorescent imaging probes that monitor the activity of proteases that experience an increase in expression and activity in tumors is well established. These probes can be conjugated to nanoparticles of iron oxide, creating a multimodal probe serving as both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent and an indicator of local protease activity. Previous works describe probes for cathepsin D (CatD) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) protease activity grafted to cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO). Herein, we have synthesized a triply labeled fluorescent iron oxide nanoparticle molecular imaging (MI) probe, including an AF750 substrate concentration reporter along with probes for cathepsin B (CatB) sand MMP2 protease activity. The reporter provides a baseline signal from which to compare the activity of the two proteases. The activity of the MI probe was verified through incubation with the proteases and tested in vitro using the human HT29 tumor cell line and in vivo using female nude mice injected with HT29 cells. We found the MI probe had the appropriate specificity to the activity of their respective proteases, and the reporter dye did not activate when incubated in the presence of only MMP2 and CatB. Probe fluorescent activity was confirmed in vitro, and reporter signal activation was also noted. The fluorescent activity was also visible in vivo, with injected HT29 cells exhibiting fluorescence, distinguishing them from the rest of the animal. The reporter signal was also observable in vivo, which allowed the signal intensities of the protease probes to be corrected; this is a unique feature of this MI probe design.

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Matsunaga, Tadao, Yuichiro Matsuoka, Masayoshi Nakazono, Kagayaki Kuroda, Masayoshi Esashi, and Yoichi Haga. "Intraluminal MRI Probe Using Small Size Variable Capacitor." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 136, no. 5 (2016): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.136.153.

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17

Delli Castelli, Daniela, Lorenzo Tei, Fabio Carniato, Silvio Aime, and Mauro Botta. "[Yb(AAZTA)(H2O)]−: an unconventional ParaCEST MRI probe." Chemical Communications 54, no. 16 (2018): 2004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00193f.

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18

Rhinehart Edward, J., and A. Spohn Michael. "5365928 Endorectal probe with planar moveable MRI coil." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 5 (January 1995): XXXI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(95)98096-9.

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19

Senanayake, P. Kanthi, Nicola J. Rogers, Katie-Louise N. A. Finney, Peter Harvey, Alexander M. Funk, J. Ian Wilson, Dara O'Hogain, Ross Maxwell, David Parker, and Andrew M. Blamire. "A new paramagnetically shifted imaging probe for MRI." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 77, no. 3 (February 28, 2016): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26185.

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20

Tomanek, Boguslaw, David I. Hoult, Xiaoman Chen, and Richard Gordon. "Probe with chest shielding for improved breast MRI." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 43, no. 6 (2000): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2594(200006)43:6<917::aid-mrm22>3.0.co;2-i.

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21

Shankaranarayanan, Ajit, Jeffrey L. Duerk, and Jonathan S. Lewin. "Developing a multichannel temperature probe for interventional MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1880080133.

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22

Blank, Aharon, Shlomo Ish-Shalom, Lazar Shtirberg, and Yuval Zur. "Ex situ endorectal MRI probe for prostate imaging." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 62, no. 6 (September 25, 2009): 1585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22151.

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23

MATSUNAGA, TADAO, YUICHIRO MATSUOKA, MASAYOSHI NAKAZONO, KAGAYAKI KURODA, MASAYOSHI ESASHI, and YOICHI HAGA. "Intraluminal MRI Probe Using Small Size Variable Capacitor." Electronics and Communications in Japan 100, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11932.

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24

Doan, Thi Kim Dung, Masakazu Umezawa, Kazunobu Ohnuki, Karina Nigoghossian, Kyohei Okubo, Masao Kamimura, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Hirofumi Fujii, and Kohei Soga. "The influence of Gd-DOTA conjugating ratios to PLGA-PEG micelles encapsulated IR-1061 on bimodal over-1000 nm near-infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging." Biomaterials Science 10, no. 5 (2022): 1217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1bm01574e.

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The bimodal OTN-NIR/MRI probe is developed from Gd-DOTA conjugating to PLGA-PEG micelles encapsulated IR-1061. The introduction ratios of Gd-DOTA regulate the interactions between the probe and the biological microenvironments.

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Hu, Yuxuan, Yuqi Wang, Xidan Wen, Yifan Pan, Xiaoyang Cheng, Ruibing An, Guandao Gao, Hong-Yuan Chen, and Deju Ye. "Responsive Trimodal Probes for In Vivo Imaging of Liver Inflammation by Coassembly and GSH-Driven Disassembly." Research 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/4087069.

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Noninvasive in vivo imaging of hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels is essential to early diagnosis and prognosis of acute hepatitis. Although GSH-responsive fluorescence imaging probes have been reported for evaluation of hepatitis conditions, the low penetration depth of light in liver tissue has impeded reliable GSH visualization in the human liver. We present a liver-targeted and GSH-responsive trimodal probe (GdNPs-Gal) for rapid evaluation of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute liver inflammation via noninvasive, real-time in vivo imaging of hepatic GSH depletion. GdNPs-Gal are formed by molecular coassembly of a GSH-responsive Gd(III)-based MRI probe (1-Gd) and a liver-targeted probe (1-Gal) at a mole ratio of 5/1 (1-Gd/1-Gal), which shows high r1 relaxivity with low fluorescence and fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopic (19F-MRS) signals. Upon interaction with GSH, 1-Gd and 1-Gal are cleaved and GdNPs-Gal rapidly disassemble into small molecules 2-Gd, 2-Gal, and 3, producing a substantial decline in r1 relaxivity with compensatory enhancements in fluorescence and 19F-MRS. By combining in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRI) with ex vivo fluorescence imaging and 19F-MRS analysis, GdNPs-Gal efficiently detect hepatic GSH using three independent modalities. We noninvasively visualized LPS-induced liver inflammation and longitudinally monitored its remediation in mice after treatment with an anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone (DEX). Findings highlight the potential of GdNPs-Gal for in vivo imaging of liver inflammation by integrating molecular coassembly with GSH-driven disassembly, which can be applied to other responsive molecular probes for improved in vivo imaging.

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Nikiforova, Alena, and Igor Sedov. "Molecular Design of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents Binding to Amyloid Deposits." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 11152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311152.

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The ability to detect and monitor amyloid deposition in the brain using non-invasive imaging techniques provides valuable insights into the early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease and helps to evaluate the efficacy of potential treatments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely available technique offering high-spatial-resolution imaging. It can be used to visualize amyloid deposits with the help of amyloid-binding diagnostic agents injected into the body. In recent years, a number of amyloid-targeted MRI probes have been developed, but none of them has entered clinical practice. We review the advances in the field and deduce the requirements for the molecular structure and properties of a diagnostic probe candidate. These requirements make up the base for the rational design of MRI-active small molecules targeting amyloid deposits. Particular attention is paid to the novel cryo-EM structures of the fibril aggregates and their complexes, with known binders offering the possibility to use computational structure-based design methods. With continued research and development, MRI probes may revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, ultimately improving the lives of millions of people worldwide.

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Zhang, Songbai, Vega Lloveras, Yufei Wu, Juan Tolosa, Joaquín C. García-Martínez, and José Vidal-Gancedo. "Fluorescent and Magnetic Radical Dendrimers as Potential Bimodal Imaging Probes." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 6 (June 20, 2023): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061776.

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Dual or multimodal imaging probes have emerged as powerful tools that improve detection sensitivity and accuracy in disease diagnosis by imaging techniques. Two imaging techniques that are complementary and do not use ionizing radiation are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical fluorescence imaging (OFI). Herein, we prepared metal-free organic species based on dendrimers with magnetic and fluorescent properties as proof-of-concept of bimodal probes for potential MRI and OFI applications. We used oligo(styryl)benzene (OSB) dendrimers core that are fluorescent on their own, and TEMPO organic radicals anchored on their surfaces, as the magnetic component. In this way, we synthesized six radical dendrimers and characterized them by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, MALDI-TOF, SEC, EPR, fluorimetry, and in vitro MRI. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the new dendrimers present two properties: on one hand, they are paramagnetic and show the ability to generate contrast by MRI in vitro, and, on the other hand, they also show fluoresce emission. This is a remarkable result since it is one of the very few cases of macromolecules with bimodal magnetic and fluorescent properties using organic radicals as the magnetic probe.

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Tanifum, Eric A., Laxman Devkota, Conelius Ngwa, Andrew A. Badachhape, Ketan B. Ghaghada, Jonathan Romero, Robia G. Pautler, and Ananth V. Annapragada. "A Hyperfluorinated Hydrophilic Molecule for Aqueous 19F MRI Contrast Media." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2018 (November 12, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1693513.

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Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential for a wide range of in vivo applications but is limited by lack of flexibility in exogenous probe formulation. Most 19F MRI probes are composed of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) or perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) with intrinsic properties which limit formulation options. Hydrophilic organofluorine molecules can provide more flexibility in formulation options. We report herein a hyperfluorinated hydrophilic organoflourine, ET1084, with ∼24 wt. % 19F content. It dissolves in water and aqueous buffers to give solutions with ≥8 M 19F. 19F MRI phantom studies at 9.4T employing a 10-minute multislice multiecho (MSME) scan sequence show a linear increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with increasing concentrations of the molecule and a detection limit of 5 mM. Preliminary cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessments suggest it is safe at concentrations of up to 20 mM.

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Gambino, Giuseppe, Tanja Gambino, and Goran Angelovski. "Combination of bioresponsive chelates and perfluorinated lipid nanoparticles enables in vivo MRI probe quantification." Chemical Communications 56, no. 66 (2020): 9433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc04416d.

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We used lipid nanoparticles with a perfluorinated core as a platform for a responsive nanosized ¹H MRI contrast agent to achieve the in vivo quantification of the probe by means of ¹⁹F MRI.

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Tian, Hongda, Jinren Liu, Zhengrong Xie, Zhongyuan Li, and Chunxiang Li. "Preparation and MRI Study of HER2-Targeted Bimodal Molecular Probe Gd-Cy5.5-Pertuzumab for Thyroid Cancer." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (December 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3921362.

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Purpose. A bimodal nanoprobe for thyroid cancer targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was synthesized by coupling the magnetic resonance contrast agent Gd3+ with the fluorescent dyes Cy5.5 and pertuzumab as a preliminary study of Gd-Cy5.5-pertuzumab in magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. Methods. The bifunctional chelate p-SCN-Bn-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic-acid (DOTA) was dissolved in deionized water, added to pertuzumab solution, and stirred overnight at room temperature to obtain the product DOTA pertuzumab. 1,2-dichloroethane and N-hydroxysuccinimide were added to activate the carboxyl group on DOTA. After 0.5 hr of activation, the amino fluorescent dye Cy5.5 was further added to react with it to synthesize the intermediate product Cy5.5-DOTA-pertuzumab. Finally, we added GdCl3-6H2O and placed it in a magnetic stirrer for 6 hr before the unreacted substance was removed by dialysis to obtain Gd-Cy5.5-pertuzumab. Following that, the hydrated particle size and zeta potential of the nanoprobe were measured by particle size analyzer, the fluorescence spectrum by a fluorescence detector, the infrared spectrum by the infrared analyzer, the cytotoxicity by CCK-8 method, the relaxation rate by Niumai small nuclear magnetic field, and the binding ability of HER2 to thyroid cancer 8505C by laser confocal microscope. Nanoprobes were injected into a subcutaneous thyroid cancer nude mouse model through the tail vein, and in vivo MRI and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging were performed. Finally, the nude mice were dissected and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of pathological tissues was performed to evaluate the imaging performance of the prepared bimodal probes. Results. The synthesized bimodal probe Gd-Cy5.5-pertuzumab had a hydrodynamic size of 131.34 ± 9.43 nm and zeta potential of −31.73 ± 6.24 mV with a significant absorption peak at 685 nm. The relaxation rate of the probe was 46.53 mM−1 s−1, which was determined by Niumai small nuclear magnetism, and the T1 signal intensity increased gradually with the concentration of the probe. Laser confocal microscopy showed that HER2 was mainly expressed in cell membranes. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the probe had low cytotoxicity. MRI and small animal fluorescence imaging of tumor-bearing nude mice showed that the probe could clearly image tumor tissue. Conclusion. The bimodal probe Gd-Cy5.5-pertuzumab was successfully synthesized with good stability, which can specifically bind to target cells in vivo and has good magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging performance.

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Wang, Cuihua, David Cheng, Negin Jalali Motlagh, Enrico G. Kuellenberg, Gregory R. Wojtkiewicz, Stephen P. Schmidt, Roland Stocker, and John W. Chen. "Highly Efficient Activatable MRI Probe to Sense Myeloperoxidase Activity." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 64, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 5874–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00038.

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Yabbarov, Nikita, Elena Nikolskaya, Maria Sokol, Mariia Mollaeva, Margarita Chirkina, Irina Seregina, Mikhail Gulyaev, Yury Pirogov, and Rem Petrov. "Synergetic Enhancement of Tumor Double-Targeted MRI Nano-Probe." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063119.

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The conventional targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic and diagnostic agents utilizing nanocarriers is a promising approach for cancer theranostics. Unfortunately, this approach often faces hindered tumor access that decreases the therapeutic index and limits the further clinical translation of a developing drug. Here, we demonstrated a strategy of simultaneously double-targeting the drug to two distinct cites of tumor tissue: the tumor endothelium and cell surface receptors. We used fourth-generation polyamideamine dendrimers modified with a chelated Gd and functionalized with selectin ligand and alpha-fetoprotein receptor-binding peptide. According to the proposed strategy, IELLQAR peptide promotes the conjugate recruitment to the tumor inflammatory microenvironment and enhances extravasation through the interaction of nanodevice with P- and E-selectins expressed by endothelial cells. The second target moiety—alpha-fetoprotein receptor-binding peptide—enhances drug internalization into cancer cells and the intratumoral retention of the conjugate. The final conjugate contained 18 chelated Gd ions per dendrimer, characterized with a 32 nm size and a negative surface charge of around 18 mV. In vitro contrasting properties were comparable with commercially available Gd-chelate: r1 relaxivity was 3.39 for Magnevist and 3.11 for conjugate; r2 relaxivity was 5.12 for Magnevist and 4.81 for conjugate. By utilizing this dual targeting strategy, we demonstrated the increment of intratumoral accumulation, and a remarkable enhancement of antitumor effect, resulting in high-level synergy compared to monotargeted conjugates. In summary, the proposed strategy utilizing tumor tissue double-targeting may contribute to an enhancement in drug and diagnostic accumulation in aggressive tumors.

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Mizukami, Shin, Rika Takikawa, Fuminori Sugihara, Yuichiro Hori, Hidehito Tochio, Markus Wälchli, Masahiro Shirakawa, and Kazuya Kikuchi. "Paramagnetic Relaxation-Based19F MRI Probe To Detect Protease Activity." Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, no. 3 (January 2008): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja077058z.

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Goto, Shoji, Tadao Matsunaga, Yuichiro Matsuoka, Kagayaki Kuroda, Masayoshi Esashi, and Yoichi Haga. "Development of Intravascular MRI Probe Applicable to Catheter Mounting." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 128, no. 10 (2008): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.128.389.

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Bluemke, David A., and João A. C. Lima. "Using MRI to Probe the Heart in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy." Radiology 294, no. 2 (February 2020): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019192370.

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Rojas-Quijano, Federico A., Gyula Tircsó, Enikő Tircsóné Benyó, Zsolt Baranyai, Huan Tran Hoang, Ferenc K. Kálmán, Praveen K. Gulaka, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Hypoxia-Sensitive MRI Probe." Chemistry - A European Journal 18, no. 31 (June 27, 2012): 9669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201200266.

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Möckel, Jana, Julia Brangsch, Carolin Reimann, Jan O. Kaufmann, Ingolf Sack, Dilyana B. Mangarova, Avan Kader, et al. "Assessment of Albumin ECM Accumulation and Inflammation as Novel In Vivo Diagnostic Targets for Multi-Target MR Imaging." Biology 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10100964.

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory vascular disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction and plaque burden. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated plasma proteins play an important role in disease development. Our magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study investigates the feasibility of using two different molecular MRI probes for the simultaneous assessment of ECM-associated intraplaque albumin deposits caused by endothelial damage and progressive inflammation in atherosclerosis. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-)-mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 or 4 months. Another ApoE-/--group was treated with pravastatin and received a HFD for 4 months. T1- and T2*-weighted MRI was performed before and after albumin-specific MRI probe (gadofosveset) administration and a macrophage-specific contrast agent (ferumoxytol). Thereafter, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and histology were performed. With advancing atherosclerosis, albumin-based MRI signal enhancement and ferumoxytol-induced signal loss areas in T2*-weighted MRI increased. Significant correlations between contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) post-gadofosveset and albumin stain (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.05), and signal loss areas in T2*-weighted MRI with Perls’ Prussian blue stain (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.05) were observed. No interference of ferumoxytol with gadofosveset enhancement was detectable. Pravastatin led to decreased inflammation and intraplaque albumin. Multi-target MRI combining ferumoxytol and gadofosveset is a promising method to improve diagnosis and treatment monitoring in atherosclerosis.

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Dong, Xiawei, Jing Ye, Yihan Wang, Hongjie Xiong, Hui Jiang, Hongbing Lu, Xiaohui Liu, and Xuemei Wang. "Ultra-Small and Metabolizable Near-Infrared Au/Gd Nanoclusters for Targeted FL/MRI Imaging and Cancer Theranostics." Biosensors 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080558.

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Tumor accurate imaging can effectively guide tumor resection and accurate follow-up targeted therapy. The development of imaging-stable, safe, and metabolizable contrast agents is key to accurate tumor imaging. Herein, ultra-small and metabolizable dual-mode imaging probe Au/Gd@FA NCs is rationally engineered by a simple hydrothermal method to achieve accurate FL/MRI imaging of tumors. The probes exhibit ultra-small size (2.5–3.0 nm), near-infrared fluorescence (690 nm), high quantum yield (4.4%), and a better T1 nuclear magnetic signal compared to commercial MRI contrast agents. By modifying the folic acid (FA) molecules, the uptake and targeting of the probes are effectively improved, enabling specific fluorescence imaging of breast cancer. Au/Gd@FA NCs with good biosafety were found to be excreted in the feces after imaging without affecting the normal physiological metabolism of mice. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased significantly after incubation of Au/Gd@FA NCs with tumor cells under 660 nm laser irradiation, indicating that Au/Gd@FA NCs can promote intracellular ROS production and effectively induce cell apoptosis. Thus, metabolizable Au/Gd@FA NCs provide a potential candidate probe for multimodal imaging and tumor diagnosis in clinical basic research. Meanwhile, Au/Gd@FA NCs mediated excessive intracellular production of ROS that could help promote tumor cell death.

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Ha, Phuong Thu, Thi Thu Huong Le, Thi Dieu Thuy Ung, Hai Doan Do, Bich Thuy Doan, Thi Thu Trang Mai, Hong Nam Pham, Thi My Nhung Hoang, Ke Son Phan, and Thuc Quang Bui. "Properties and bioeffects of magneto–near infrared nanoparticles on cancer diagnosis and treatment." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 40 (2020): 17277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02848g.

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Larson, Blake T., Arthur G. Erdman, Nikolaos V. Tsekos, Essa Yacoub, Panagiotis V. Tsekos, and Ioannis G. Koutlas. "Design of an MRI-Compatible Robotic Stereotactic Device for Minimally Invasive Interventions in the Breast†." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1785803.

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The objective of this work was to develop a robotic device to perform biopsy and therapeutic interventions in the breast with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. The device was designed to allow for (i) stabilization of the breast by compression, (ii) definition of the interventional probe trajectory by setting the height and pitch of a probe insertion apparatus, and (iii) positioning of an interventional probe by setting the depth of insertion. The apparatus is fitted with five computer-controlled degrees of freedom for delivering an interventional procedure. The entire device is constructed of MR compatible materials, i.e. nonmagnetic and non-conductive, to eliminate artifacts and distortion of the MR images. The apparatus is remotely controlled by means of ultrasonic motors and a graphical user interface, providing real-time MR-guided planning and monitoring of the operation. Joint motion measurements found probe placement in less than 50 s and sub-millimeter repeatability of the probe tip for same-direction point-to-point movements. However, backlash in the rotation joint may incur probe tip positional errors of up to 5 mm at a distance of 40 mm from the rotation axis, which may occur for women with large breasts. The imprecision caused by this backlash becomes negligible as the probe tip nears the rotation axis. Real-time MR-guidance will allow the physician to correct this error. Compatibility of the device within the MR environment was successfully tested on a 4 Tesla MR human scanner.

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Harris, Michael, Jacek L. Kolanowski, Edward S. O’Neill, Céline Henoumont, Sophie Laurent, Tatjana N. Parac-Vogt, and Elizabeth J. New. "Drawing on biology to inspire molecular design: a redox-responsive MRI probe based on Gd(iii)-nicotinamide." Chemical Communications 54, no. 92 (2018): 12986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc07092j.

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Seo, Hyunkwan, Sung Kwan Hwang, Hee-Won Kim, and Kyu Chan Lee. "Motion Accuracy of Pneumatic Stepper Motor-Driven Robotic System Developed for MRI-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Prostate Disease." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2024 (May 10, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5556537.

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The latest advancement in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment technology integrates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance for precise treatment of prostate disease. As conventional electromagnetic motors are not applicable for utilization within MRI scanners, we have developed a prototype robotic system driven by pneumatic stepper motors to control the movement of the HIFU transducer within an intrarectal probe during MRI-guided HIFU treatment procedures. These pneumatic stepper motors were constructed entirely from MRI-compatible plastic materials. Assessment of the robotic system’s MRI compatibility was conducted utilizing a 3.0T MRI scanner, revealing no discernible MRI image distortion with a minor decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (2.8%) during the motor operation. The robotic system enabled the transducer to move inside the probe with two degrees of freedom, allowing both linear and rotational motion. The positional accuracy of the transducer movement was assessed, yielding ±0.20 and ±0.22 mm accuracies in the forward and backward linear movements, respectively, and ±0.79° and ±0.74° accuracies in the clockwise and counterclockwise rotational motions, respectively. Emulation of authentic HIFU procedures involved creating a two-dimensional array of thermal lesions in a tissue-mimicking phantom, achieving positional accuracy within ±1 mm for the generated HIFU focal spots. The prototype robotic system incorporating pneumatic stepper motors fabricated entirely from MRI-compatible plastic materials has demonstrated the requisite positional accuracy necessary for effective HIFU treatment of prostate disease, indicating substantial promise for future clinical application.

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Yousefvand, Milad, Zahra Mohammadi, Farzaneh Ghorbani, Rasoul Irajirad, Hormoz Abedi, Somayyeh Seyedi, Arash Papi, and Alireza Montazerabadi. "Investigation of Specific Targeting of Triptorelin-Conjugated Dextran-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles as a Targeted Probe in GnRH+ Cancer Cells in MRI." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2021 (May 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5534848.

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In recent years, the conjugation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), as tumor-imaging probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with tumor targeting peptides possesses promising advantages for specific delivery of MRI agents. The objective of the current study was to design a targeted contrast agent for MRI based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles conjugated triptorelin (SPION@triptorelin), which has a great affinity to the GnRH receptors. The SPIONs-coated carboxymethyl dextran (SPION@CMD) conjugated triptorelin (SPION@CMD@triptorelin) were synthesized using coprecipitation method and characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FTIR, Zeta, and VSM techniques. The relaxivities of synthetized formulations were then calculated using a 1.5 Tesla clinical magnetic field. MRI, quantitative cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity level of them were estimated. The characterization results confirmed that the formation of SPION@CMD@triptorelin has been conjugated with a suitable size. Our results demonstrated the lack of cellular cytotoxicity of SPION@CMD@triptorelin, and it could increase the cellular uptake of SPIONs to MDA-MB-231 cancer cells 6.50-fold greater than to SPION@CMD at the concentration of 75 μM. The relaxivity calculations for SPION@CMD@triptorelin showed a suitable r2 and r2/r1 with values of 31.75 mM−1·s−1 and 10.26, respectively. Our findings confirm that triptorelin-targeted SPIONs could provide a T2-weighted probe contrast agent that has the great potential for the diagnosis of GnRH-positive cancer in MRI.

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Dadey, David Y. A., Ashwin A. Kamath, Matthew D. Smyth, Michael R. Chicoine, Eric C. Leuthardt, and Albert H. Kim. "Utilizing personalized stereotactic frames for laser interstitial thermal ablation of posterior fossa and mesiotemporal brain lesions: a single-institution series." Neurosurgical Focus 41, no. 4 (October 2016): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.7.focus16207.

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OBJECTIVE The precision of laser probe insertion for interstitial thermal therapy of deep-seated lesions is limited by the method of stereotactic guidance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of customized STarFix 3D-printed stereotactic platforms to guide laser probe insertion into mesiotemporal and posterior fossa targets. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective review of 5 patients (12–55 years of age) treated with laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in which STarFix platforms were used for probe insertion. Bone fiducials were implanted in each patient's skull, and subsequent CT scans were used to guide the design of each platform and incorporate desired treatment trajectories. Once generated, the platforms were mounted on the patients' craniums and used to position the laser probe during surgery. Placement of the laser probe and the LITT procedure were monitored with intraoperative MRI. Perioperative and follow-up MRI were performed to identify and monitor changes in target lesions. RESULTS Accurate placement of the laser probe was observed in all cases. For all patients, thermal ablation was accomplished without intraoperative complications. Of the 4 patients with symptomatic lesions, 2 experienced complete resolution of symptoms, and 1 reported improved symptoms compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS Customized stereotactic platforms were seamlessly incorporated into the authors' previously established LITT workflow and allowed for accurate treatment delivery.

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Reeßing, F., M. C. A. Stuart, D. F. Samplonius, R. A. J. O. Dierckx, B. L. Feringa, W. Helfrich, and W. Szymanski. "A light-responsive liposomal agent for MRI contrast enhancement and monitoring of cargo delivery." Chemical Communications 55, no. 72 (2019): 10784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05516a.

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Kakiuchi, Ryo, Tasuku Hirayama, Daijiro Yanagisawa, Ikuo Tooyama, and Hideko Nagasawa. "A 19F-MRI probe for the detection of Fe(ii) ions in an aqueous system." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 30 (2020): 5843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00903b.

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Pinto, Sara M. A., Mário J. F. Calvete, Mariana E. Ghica, Sérgio Soler, Iluminada Gallardo, Agnès Pallier, Mariana B. Laranjo, et al. "A biocompatible redox MRI probe based on a Mn(ii)/Mn(iii) porphyrin." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 10 (2019): 3249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt04775h.

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Zhou, Wei, Jiandong Huang, Qingwei Xiao, Shunmin Hu, Shijia Li, Jie Zheng, Zhiyun Du, Jiangling Peng, and Huixiong Chen. "Glu-Urea-Lys Scaffold Functionalized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Targeting PSMA for In Vivo Molecular MRI of Prostate Cancer." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102051.

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The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), extensively overexpressed on prostate cancer (PCa) cell surface, has been validated as a diagnostic biomarker for PCa. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the development of PSMA-specific probes loaded with small chemical molecules for the in vivo molecular imaging of PCa. In this study, we innovatively labelled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a PSMA-targeting Glu-Urea-Lys scaffold. An optimized synthetic route was developed to offer a physiochemically stable probe. The probe demonstrated high binding affinity (0.38 ± 0.08 μg(Fe)/mL) and binding specificity to PSMA expressed on prostate cancer cell surface in vitro. In a xenograft PCa mouse model, significant negative contrast of the implanted prostate cancer xenograft could be specifically observed by MRI 6 h after tail vein injection of the tracer (Fe, 20 mg/kg), exhibiting its potential to exclusively enhance magnetic resonance detection of PCa.

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Peng, Qiaoli, Yaping Yuan, Huaibin Zhang, Shaowei Bo, Yu Li, Shizhen Chen, Zhigang Yang, Xin Zhou, and Zhong-Xing Jiang. "19F CEST imaging probes for metal ion detection." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 30 (2017): 6441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob01068k.

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Perera, Vindya S., Guojun Chen, Qing Cai, and Songping D. Huang. "Nanoparticles of gadolinium-incorporated Prussian blue with PEG coating as an effective oral MRI contrast agent for gastrointestinal tract imaging." Analyst 141, no. 6 (2016): 2016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an01873k.

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