Academic literature on the topic 'Moving Acoustic Source'

In a society where environmental noise is becoming a major health and economical concern, sound emissions are an increasingly critical design factor for vehicle manufacturers. With about a quarter of the European population living close to roads with heavy traffic, traffic noise in urban landscapes has to be addressed first. The current introduction of electric vehicles on the market and the need for sound systems to alert their presence is causing a shift in mentalities requiring engineering methods that will have to treat noise management problems from a broader perspective. That in which noise emissions need not only be considered as a by-product of the design but as an integrated part of it. Developing more sustainable ground transportation will require a better understanding of the sound field emitted in various realistic operating conditions, beyond the current requirements set by the standard pass-by test, which is performed in a free-field. A key aspect to improve this understanding is the development of efficient numerical tools to predict the generation and propagation of sound from moving vehicles. In the present thesis, a methodology is proposed aimed at evaluating the pass-by sound field generated by vehicle acoustic sources in a simplified urban environment, with a focus on flow sound sources. Although it can be argued that the aerodynamic noise is still a minor component of the total emitted noise in urban driving conditions, this share will certainly increase in the near future with the introduction of quiet electric engines and more noise-efficient tyres on the market. This work presents a complete modelling of the problem from sound generation to sound propagation and pass-by analysis in three steps. Firstly, computation of the flow around the geometry of interest; secondly, extraction of the sound sources generated by the flow, and thirdly, propagation of the sound generated by the moving sources to observers including reflections and scattering by nearby surfaces. In the first step, the flow is solved using compressible detached-eddy simulations. The identification of the sound sources in the second step is performed using direct numerical beamforming with linear programming deconvolution, with the phased array pressure data being extracted from the flow simulations. The outcome of this step is a set of uncorrelated monopole sources. Step three uses this set as input to a propagation method based on a point-to-point moving source Green's function and a modified Kirchhoff integral under the Kirchhoff approximation to compute reflections on built surfaces. The methodology is demonstrated on the example of the aeroacoustic noise generated by a NACA air inlet moving in a simplified urban setting. Using this methodology gives insights on the sound generating mechanisms, on the source characteristics and on the sound field generated by the sources when moving in a simplified urban environment.<br>I ett samhälle där buller håller på att bli ett stort hälsoproblem och en ekonomisk belastning, är ljudutsläpp en allt viktigare aspekt för fordonstillverkare. Då ungefär en fjärdedel av den europeiska befolkningen bor nära vägar med tung trafik, är åtgärder för minskat trafikbuller i stadsmiljö en hög prioritet. Introduktionen av elfordon på marknaden och behovet av ljudsystem för att varna omgivningen kräver också ett nytt synsätt och tekniska angreppssätt som behandlar bullerproblemen ur ett bredare perspektiv. Buller bör inte längre betraktas som en biprodukt av konstruktionen, utan som en integrerad del av den. Att utveckla mer hållbara marktransporter kommer att kräva en bättre förståelse av det utstrålade ljudfältet vid olika realistiska driftsförhållanden, utöver de nuvarande standardiserade kraven för förbifartstest som utförs i ett fritt fält. En viktig aspekt för att förbättra denna förståelse är utvecklingen av effektiva numeriska verktyg för att beräkna ljudalstring och ljudutbredning från fordon i rörelse. I denna avhandling föreslås en metodik som syftar till att utvärdera förbifartsljud som alstras av fordons akustiska källor i en förenklad stadsmiljö, här med fokus på strömningsgenererat ljud. Även om det aerodynamiska bullret är fortfarande en liten del av de totala bullret från vägfordon i urbana miljöer, kommer denna andel säkerligen att öka inom en snar framtid med införandet av tysta elektriska motorer och de bullerreducerande däck som introduceras på marknaden. I detta arbete presenteras en komplett modellering av problemet från ljudalstring till ljudutbredning och förbifartsanalys i tre steg. Utgångspunkten är beräkningar av strömningen kring geometrin av intresse; det andra steget är identifiering av ljudkällorna som genereras av strömningen, och det tredje steget rör ljudutbredning från rörliga källor till observatörer, inklusive effekten av reflektioner och spridning från närliggande ytor. I det första steget löses flödet genom detached-eddy simulation (DES) för kompressibel strömning. Identifiering av ljudkällor i det andra steget görs med direkt numerisk lobformning med avfaltning med hjälp av linjärprogrammering, där källdata extraheras från flödessimuleringarna. Resultatet av detta steg är en uppsättning av okorrelerade akustiska monopolkällor. Steg tre utnyttjar dessa källor som indata till en ljudutbredningsmodel baserad på beräkningar punkt-till-punkt med Greensfunktioner för rörliga källor, och med en modifierad Kirchhoff-integral under Kirchhoffapproximationen för att beräkna reflektioner mot byggda ytor. Metodiken demonstreras med exemplet med det aeroakustiska ljud som genereras av ett NACA-luftintag som rör sig i en förenklad urban miljö. Med hjälp av denna metod kan man få insikter om ljudalstringsmekanismer, om källegenskaper och om ljudfältet som genereras av källor när de rör sig i en förenklad stadsmiljö.<br><p>QC 20170425</p>

Le bruit rayonné par le trafic maritime étant la principale source de nuisance acoustique sous-marine dans les zones littorales, la Directive-Cadre Stratégie pour le Milieu Marin de la Commission Européenne promeut le développement de méthodes de surveillance et de réduction de l'impact du bruit du trafic maritime. Le besoin de disposer d'un système industriel d'imagerie du bruit rayonné par les navires de surface a motivé la présente étude, il permettra aux industriels du naval d'identifier quels éléments d'un navire rayonnent le plus de bruit.Dans ce contexte, ce travail de recherche porte sur la mise en place de méthodes d'imagerie acoustique sous-marine passive d'un navire de surface au passage au-dessus d'une antenne linéaire et fixe au nombre réduit d'hydrophones. Deux aspects de l'imagerie acoustique sont abordés : la localisation de sources acoustiques et l'identification de la contribution relative de chacune de ces sources dans la signature acoustique du navire.Tout d'abord, une étude bibliographique sur le rayonnement acoustique d'un navire de surface au passage est menée afin d'identifier les principales sources acoustiques et de pouvoir ensuite simuler des sources représentatives d'un navire. La propagation acoustique est simulée par la théorie des rayons et intègre le mouvement des sources. Ce simulateur de rayonnement acoustique de navire au passage est construit afin de valider les algorithmes d'imagerie acoustique proposés et de dimensionner une configuration expérimentale. Une étude sur l'influence du mouvement des sources sur les algorithmes d'imagerie acoustique a conduit à l'utilisation d'un algorithme de formation de voies pour sources mobiles pour la localisation des sources et une méthode de déconvolution pour accéder à l'identification de la contribution des sources. Les performances de ces deux méthodes sont évaluées en présence de bruit de mesure et d'incertitudes sur le modèle de propagation afin d'en connaître les limites. Une première amélioration de la méthode de formation de voies consiste en un traitement d'antenne à ouverture synthétique qui exploite le mouvement relatif entre le navire et l'antenne pour notamment améliorer la résolution en basses fréquences. Un traitement de correction acoustique de la trajectoire permet de corriger la trajectographie du navire au passage qui est souvent incertaine. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette thèse concerne une campagne de mesures de bruit de passage d'une maquette de navire de surface tractée en lac, ces mesures ont permis de valider les méthodes d'imagerie acoustique proposées ainsi que les améliorations proposées, dans un environnement réel maîtrisé<br>Since the surface ship radiated noise is the main contribution to the underwater acoustic noise in coastal waters, The Marine Framework Strategy Directive of the European Commission recommends the development of the monitoring and the reduction of the impact of the traffic noise. The need for developing an industrial system for the noise mapping of the surface ship have motivated this study, it will allow the naval industries to identify which part of the ship radiates the stronger noise level.In this context, this research work deals with the development of passive noise mapping methods of a surface ship passing-by above a static linear array with a reduced number of hydrophones. Two aspects of the noise mapping are considered: the localization of acoustic sources and the identification of the relative contribution of each source to the ship acoustic signature.First, a bibliographical study concerning the acoustic radiation of a passing-by surface ship is conducted in order to list the main acoustic sources and then to simulate representative ship sources. The acoustic propagation is simulated according to the ray theory and takes the source motion into account. The simulator of the acoustic radiation of a passing-by ship is built in order to validate the proposed noise mapping methods and to design an experimental set-up. A study about the influence of the source motion on the noise mapping methods led to the use of the beamforming method for moving sources for the source localization and a deconvolution method for the identification of the source contribution. The performances of both methods are assessed considering measurement noise and uncertainties about the propagation model in order to know their limitations. A first improvement of the beamforming method consists of a passive synthetic aperture array algorithm which benefits from the relative motion between the ship and the antenna in order to improve the spatial resolution at low frequencies. Then, an algorithm is proposed to acoustically correct the trajectography mismatches of a passing-by surface ship. Finally, the last part of this thesis concerns a pass-by experiment of a towed-ship model in a lake. These measurements allowed us to validate the proposed noise mapping methods and their proposed improvements, in a real and controlled environment

Cette thèse mêle observations, simulations et développement d'outils numériques haute performance dans le domaine de l’acoustique sous-marine, et notamment pour l’étude des ondes T. Après une revue de la littérature sur les ondes T, nous avons analysé des données réelles enregistrées en Italie. Afin de modéliser le phénomène nous avons développé un solveur éléments spectraux axisymétriques dans le domaine temporel, que nous présentons et validons. Nous présentons également une étude paramétrique de l'influence de la pente du plancher océanique dans un scénario typique de génération/conversion d'une onde T. L'énergie et la durée de ces ondes s’avère être particulièrement sensible à l'environnement. En particulier nous avons vu que les pentes et les caractéristiques du fond marin jouaient un rôle capital. Nos études confirment qu’aux distances régionales le profil de vitesse dans l'océan s'avère n'être qu'un paramètre de deuxième ordre. Pour en évaluer l’impact nous avons développé une procédure pour le calcul de cartes de perte de transmission et de dispersion à partir de simulations numériques en forme d'onde complète dans le domaine temporel. Dans un second temps nous montrons qu'un bateau commercial de taille moyenne peut créer par diffraction des ondes T d'une d'amplitude conséquente et de faible dispersion. Ce mode de génération d'onde T, encore non documenté, doit être particulièrement fréquent dans les zones où le trafic maritime est important et pourrait expliquer certaines ondes T abyssales encore incomprises. Pour finir, nous présentons des outils numériques pour calculer le champ acoustique créé par une source en mouvement<br>This thesis combines observations, simulations and development of high performance numerical tools in the field of underwater acoustics, and in particular for the study of T-waves. After a literature review on T-waves, we analysed real data recorded in Italy. In order to model the phenomenon we have developed an axisymmetric spectral element solver in the time domain, which we present and validate. We also present a parametric study of the influence of seafloor slope in a typical scenario of generation / conversion of a T-wave. The energy and duration of these waves is particularly sensitive to the environment. In particular, we have seen that the slopes and characteristics of the seabed are of crucial importance. Our studies confirm that at regional distances the ocean speed profile is only a second order parameter. To evaluate its impact we have developed a procedure for the calculation of transmission and dispersion loss maps from full waveform numerical simulations in the time domain. In a second step we show that a medium-sized commercial boat can create T-waves of a significant amplitude and of low dispersion by diffraction. This T-wave generation mode, still undocumented, must be particularly frequent in areas where maritime traffic is dense and could explain some abyssal T-waves still misunderstood. Finally, we present numerical tools for calculating the acoustic field created by a moving source

Signals generated by fast moving acoustic sources are both challenging for analysis as well as rich in information. The motion is conceptually relative between the source and receiver i.e., either one of them is moving or both are moving. Thus, the receiver would gather information about the relative motion as well as the nature of source itself. For example, direction, velocity, acceleration, number of different sources, friend/foe, etc. are all information that can be gathered. All these parameters are inherently embedded in the received signal. Given the rich information content inherent in the signal, we address the task of extracting maximum information from minimum receivers, even a single micro- phone recording. By using more sensors with specific configurations, we can improve characterization of the moving acoustic source even better. When we have a moving source generating a signal, naturally the Doppler effect comes into picture; the received signal becomes non-stationary with respect to its spectral content, even if the generated signal is stationary. This non-stationarity in the signal provides information about motion of the source. Oechslin et al. [24], through a series of experiments, demonstrated the role of Doppler effect as a fundamental principle for identification of direction of moving sound source. The authors illustrated the sufficiency of the Doppler effect to distinguish between an approaching or receding moving sound source. An interesting finding from their experiments is that observers are more sensitive to approaching sound sources than to those receding. This compelling result can be used to hypothesize interactions in biological systems, particularly the ones between predator-prey. Thus, the biological systems, with a minimal number of auditory sensors (2 ears), are able to extract valuable information from the source signal sufficient for their survival. With the above motivation, we explore restricting the number of microphones used to estimate source parameters to a minimum. Since the Doppler effect manifests as time-varying frequency content in the signal, we use this non-stationarity to estimate source parameters. The thesis also addresses the issue of disambiguating the inherent source signal non-stationarity and the non-stationarity introduced due to the motion dynamics of the source. We also show analytically that these two kinds of non- stationarities can be decoupled under certain conditions. We next explore various methods of instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation from the received signal. In particular, we use non-stationary signal processing tools such as the AM-FM model, time-frequency representations (TFRs), time varying- linear prediction (TV-LP) to aid the signal analysis. We explore in detail the effectiveness of chirplettransform and its variants with regard to the IF estimation and also discuss about the time-frequency resolution properties. We propose a new variant of the chirp let transform for multi-component non- stationary signals such as Doppler signals. We conclude the thesis by summarising our research contributions and throwing open various problems for pursuing further research in this field.