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Journal articles on the topic 'Movement disorders in children'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Kiessling, Louise S., Ann C. Marcotte, and Larry Culpepper. "Antineuronal Antibodies in Movement Disorders." Pediatrics 92, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.1.39.

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Objective. To determine whether children with recent onset of movement disorders (Tourette syndrome, motor and/or vocal tics, chorea, choreiform movements) show evidence of serological antibodies directed against the human central nervous system as previously documented in research on Sydenham's chorea. Methods. Serum antibodies against previously frozen human caudate nucleus sections were analyzed using a blinded design and immunofluorescent staining methods. The sera of one group of 50 children referred for evaluation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, behavior disorders, and learning disabilities (24 with an associated movement disorder) seen between June 1989 and June 1990 were analyzed. The study was replicated in 33 children (21 with an associated movement disorder) seen between June 1990 and November 1990. Results. In the original sample of 50 children, those with movement disorders were significantly more likely to have evidence of antineuronal antibodies than were those without movement disorders (odds ratio [OR] 4.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58 to 8.93). Results of the replication were similar (OR 6.00, 95% CI 2.56 to 14.03). For the total group, the OR was 5.50, (95% CI 3.54 to 8.99), which is highly significant. The percentage of children with a movement disorder whose sera were strongly positive for antineuronal antibodies (44%) was very similar to that previously found in children with Sydenham's chorea (46%). Children with movement disorders were also more likely than children without movement disorders to have at least one antistreptococcal titer elevated. Conclusions. The data strongly suggest an association between antecedent group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection as inferred from elevated antistreptococcal titers and the presence of serum antineuronal antibodies, which may, in turn, be linked to childhood movement disorders.

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2

Schlaggar, B. L., and J. W. Mink. "Movement Disorders in Children." Pediatrics in Review 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24-2-39.

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3

Jain, Rahul, Sanjay Pandey, and Sanjay Raghav. "Movement Disorders in Children." Indian Pediatrics 58, no. 9 (May 20, 2021): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-021-2310-7.

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4

Schlaggar, Bradley L., and Jonathan W. Mink. "Movement Disorders in Children." Pediatrics In Review 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24.2.39.

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5

Pearson, Toni S., and Roser Pons. "Movement Disorders in Children." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 25, no. 4 (August 2019): 1099–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000756.

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6

Macias, Michelle M. "Movement Disorders in Children." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 23, no. 6 (December 2002): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200212000-00014.

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7

Butler, Ian J. "Movement Disorders of Children." Pediatric Clinics of North America 39, no. 4 (August 1992): 727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38373-0.

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8

Wilson, Rujuta B., and Adrienne M. Keener. "Movement Disorders in Children." Advances in Pediatrics 65, no. 1 (August 2018): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.010.

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9

Choudhury, Sujitnath. "MOVEMENT DISORDERS IN CHILDREN." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 5, no. 07 (January 25, 2016): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2016/74.

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10

Faust, Jessica, and Teesta B. Soman. "Psychogenic Movement Disorders in Children." Journal of Child Neurology 27, no. 5 (December 2, 2011): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073811422753.

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11

Goraya, Jatinder Singh. "Acute Movement Disorders in Children." Journal of Child Neurology 30, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073814550828.

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12

Grattan-Smith, P. "Psychogenic Movement Disorders in Children." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 13, no. 04 (September 3, 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1558864.

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13

Stredny, Coral M., and Jeff L. Waugh. "Autoimmune Movement Disorders in Children." Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 25 (April 2018): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.006.

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14

Kirsch, Douglas B., and Jonathan W. Mink. "Psychogenic movement disorders in children." Pediatric Neurology 30, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2003.07.001.

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15

Fernández-Alvarez, E. "Transient movement disorders in children." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 12 (May 2008): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70059-x.

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16

Fernandez-Alvarez, Emilio. "Transient movement disorders in children." Journal of Neurology 245, no. 1 (December 16, 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050166.

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17

Ferrara, Joseph, and Joseph Jankovic. "Psychogenic movement disorders in children." Movement Disorders 23, no. 13 (October 15, 2008): 1875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22220.

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18

Thompson, Todd P., Douglas Kondziolka, and A. Leland Albright. "Thalamic stimulation for choreiform movement disorders in children." Journal of Neurosurgery 92, no. 4 (April 2000): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0718.

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✓ Surgery for movement disorders is most commonly performed in patients with dyskinesia and tremor associated with Parkinson's disease or in those with essential tremor. The role of ablative surgery or deep brain stimulation in patients with choreiform movements is poorly defined.The authors placed thalamic stimulation systems in two children with disabling choreiform disorders due to intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral palsy. Each patient displayed choreiform movements in the upper extremities both at rest and with intention, which interfered with daily activities and socialization. Both children obtained significant improvement in their choreiform movements, and their upper extremity function improved with no incidence of morbidity. Thalamic stimulation appears to be a promising and nonablative approach for children with choreiform movement disorders.

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Kuzenkova, Lyudmila M., Anastasiya A. Lyalina, Olga I. Zyryanova, Mariya A. Yarosh, Ilya V. Kanivets, and Kirill V. Savostyanov. "A clinical case of a developmental disorder of the nervous system with involuntary movements associated with the spectrum of GNAO1-associated diseases." L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal 3, no. 4 (January 15, 2023): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2022-3-4-178-184.

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Nervous Developmental Disorder with Involuntary Movements (NEDIM) (OMIM 617493) is a rare movement disorder in children on the spectrum of GNAO1-associated movement disorders. With NEDIM, movement disorders appear in early childhood, progress and lead to disability. The disease is caused by pathogenic heterozygous variants in the GNAO1 gene and has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The epidemiology of NEDIM has not yet been established. Clinical symptoms are extensive, ranging from severe motor and cognitive impairment with self-injurious behaviour and seizures to a mild phenotype of movement disorders without mental retardation and seizures. Some patients develop epilepsy. Hyperkinetic syndrome in most children is manifested with chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and ballism, affecting the muscles of the body, limbs and face. According to MRI, in some patients, gradually progressive atrophy of the brain substance is visualized. Currently, the disease has no developed pathogenetic methods of therapy. Treatment is symptomatic, including various drug regimens to reduce the severity of movement disorders and seizures. Management of nutrition of the patient and the prevention of secondary complications of movement disorders are also important. In foreign sources there is described the experience of using topiramate and teterabenazine, as well as deep brain stimulation (DBS), which demonstrate a good effect in the form of a significant reduction in the frequency of dystonic storms and the severity of motor disorders. The article presents a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of a child with this disease, and also current trends in therapy.

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20

O’Malley, Jennifer A. "Diagnosing Common Movement Disorders in Children." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 28, no. 5 (October 2022): 1476–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000001187.

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21

Gilbert, Donald L. "Drug-induced Movement Disorders in Children." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1142, no. 1 (October 2008): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1444.005.

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22

McMahon, William M., Francis M. Filloux, James C. Ashworth, and Jenise Jensen. "Movement disorders in children and adolescents." Neurologic Clinics 20, no. 4 (November 2002): 1101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00015-4.

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23

van den Noort, Maurits, Peggy Bosch, Heike Staudte, Sujung Yeo, and Sabina Lim. "Management of movement disorders in children." Lancet Neurology 15, no. 13 (December 2016): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30286-1.

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24

Rodnitzky, Robert L. "Drug-induced movement disorders in children." Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 10, no. 1 (March 2003): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1071-9091(02)00013-x.

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25

Leonard, Chuck, and Suzanne Campbell. "Treatment of Movement Disorders in Children." Neurology Report 16, no. 2 (1992): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01253086-199216020-00015.

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26

Özekmekçi, Sibel, Hulya Apaydin, Burçak Ekinci, and Cengiz Yalçinkaya. "Psychogenic movement disorders in two children." Movement Disorders 18, no. 11 (September 8, 2003): 1395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10539.

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27

Sharma, Suvasini, and Vishal Sondhi. "Vitamin-responsive movement disorders in children." Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 23, no. 3 (2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aian.aian_678_19.

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28

Ovallath, Sujith. "Vitamin responsive movement disorders in children." Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 23, no. 3 (2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aian.aian_107_20.

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29

Pranzatelli, Michael R. "Movement Disorders in Childhood." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.11.388.

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Clinical Aspects Dyskinesias are abnormal involuntary movements. The common dyskinesias include tics, chorea, tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, and hyperactivity (Table 1). Several other less common dyskinesias also are important to recognize. The diagnosis of the type of movement disorder is clinical. When the movements are episodic and not seen by the pediatrician, obtaining a home videotape is recommended. Most patients who have movement disorders, with the exception of tic disorders, should be referred to a neurologist, but it is important for the pediatrician to be able to identify them and to be informed on issues relevant to management. THE MOST COMMON DYSKINESIAS Tic disorders include motor (myoclonic and dystonic), vocal (phonic), and sensory tics. Tics may be simple or complex (Table 2). Myoclonic tics are jerks; dystonic tics are postures. Children who have vocal tics such as throat clearing, coughing, or sniffing may be referred to allergists or ear, nose, and throat specialists before the correct diagnosis is made. Sensory tics are peculiar sensations. Tics are increased by stress, decreased by activities that require concentration, exhibit a fluctuating pattern, and are less noticeable during sleep. The patient can suppress the movements or vocalizations voluntarily for minutes or hours, but then is unable to control the movements or the vocalizations.

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30

Sharon, Denise, Arthur Scott Walters, and Narong Simakajornboon. "Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children." Journal of Child Science 09, no. 01 (January 2019): e38-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678661.

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Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) have been studied more than any other sleep-related movement disorder in the pediatric population. A common feature to both, periodic limb movements, occurs in many other disorders and also in reportedly healthy children and adolescents. In this review, we discuss the different types of limb movements as it pertains to pediatric RLS and PLMD and provides an update on these disorders. Methods A literature search was performed with the following inclusion criteria: English publication, limb movements, leg movements, periodic limb movements of sleep, periodic limb movements during wake, PLMD, RLS, with each of the modifiers, children, pediatric, and adolescents. Identified publications were reviewed and their reference lists were searched for additional relevant publications. Results A total of 102 references were included in this review. These included epidemiological studies, prospective and retrospective studies, case series, observational data, reviews, and consensus guidelines. A critical summary of these findings is presented. Conclusion The limited evidence-based data support the importance of evaluating limb movements in the context of the clinical symptomatology presented by the child or the adolescent. Further research is needed to (1) better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in periodic limb movements as encountered in the pediatric PLMD or RLS patient and their impact on the overall health and well-being, (2) develop objective diagnostic criteria for RLS and differentiate it from its “mimics” in the pediatric population, and (3) establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment.

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31

Parameshwarappa, Navya N., Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, and Sanjay K. Shivappa. "Childhood movement disorders: Clinicoetiological pattern and long-term follow-up at tertiary care center from South India." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 14 (October 22, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jnrp_17_2022.

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Objectives: Movement disorders are common neurological problems. There is a considerable delay in the diagnosis of movement disorders which indirectly indicates their under-recognition. The studies regarding relative frequencies and their underlying etiology are limited. Describing and classifying them with a diagnosis helps in treating the condition. To study the clinical pattern of various movement disorders in children and to establish their etiology and outcome. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in tertiary care hospital from January 2018 to June 2019. Children from 2 mo. to 18 years of age presenting with involuntary movements on the first Monday of every week were included in the study. History and clinical examination were carried out with a pre-designed proforma. A diagnostic workup was done, results were analyzed to find the common movement disorders and their etiology, and follow-up was analyzed for 3 years. Results: A total of 100 cases out of 158 with known etiology were included in the study of which 52% were females and 48% were males. The mean age at presentation was 3.15 years. The various movement disorders are dystonia-39(39%), choreoathetosis-29(29%), tremors-22(22%), gratification reaction-7(7%), and shuddering attacks-4(4%). Ballismus and myoclonus were found in 3(3%) children each. Tics, stereotypes, and hypokinesia were found in 2(2%) children each. A total of 113 movement disorders were found in 100 children. Etiologically, perinatal insult was the most common cause 27(27%), followed by metabolic/genetic/hereditary causes 25(25%). Infantile tremor syndrome due to Vitamin B12 deficiency-16/22(73%), was a major contributor in children with tremors. Rheumatic chorea was less in our study 5(5%). Out of the 100 study subjects, 72 cases were followed up. Out of which 26 children have completely recovered. Based on the modified Rankins score(MRS), 7 children belong to category I, 2 children belong to category II, 1 child to category III, 6 children to category IV, and 14 children to category V of MRS. A total of 16 children have died (MRS VI). Conclusion: Perinatal insult and Infantile tremor syndrome are more important and preventable causes. Rheumatic chorea is found to be less common. A significant number of children had more than one type of movement disorder, which warrants the need to look for varied types of movement disorders in the same child. Long-term follow-up shows complete recovery in one-fourth of children and the remaining surviving with disability.

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Romero, Ana Carla Leite, Mariana Banzato Stenico, Letícia Sampaio de Oliveira, Eloisa Sartori Franco, Simone Aparecida Capellini, and Ana Claudia Figueiredo Frizzo. "Vectoelectronystagmography in children with dyslexia and learning disorder." Revista CEFAC 20, no. 4 (August 2018): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216201820412717.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe and compare the results of ocular (saccadic, screening, and optokinetic) tests of vectoelectronystagmography among the groups with dyslexia, learning disorder and control. Methods: 28 male and female students aged 8 to 11 years participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: Group I, 10 students with dyslexia, Group II, 9 students with learning disorders and Group III, 9 students with no learning disorders. In this research, digital vectoelectronystagmography - ocular test - was performed. Results: saccadic movement, optokinetic nystagmus, and pendular tracking tests were found to show subtle differences among the three groups. Comparing the saccadic eye movements and the optokinetic nystagmus tests, it was observed that the movement in the left eye was slower for Group I, and even slower for Group II. It was also observed that GI and GII were slower for the pendular tracking of luminous stimulus in relation to the control group. Conclusion: in general, there are differences among the groups in the vectoelectronystagmography, which indicated slower tracking and vestibulo-ocular reflex in children with dyslexia and learning disorders.

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33

Garone, Giacomo, Federica Graziola, Melissa Grasso, and Alessandro Capuano. "Acute Movement Disorders in Childhood." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122671.

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Acute-onset movement disorders (MDs) are an increasingly recognized neurological emergency in both adults and children. The spectrum of possible causes is wide, and diagnostic work-up is challenging. In their acute presentation, MDs may represent the prominent symptom or an important diagnostic clue in a broader constellation of neurological and extraneurological signs. The diagnostic approach relies on the definition of the overall clinical syndrome and on the recognition of the prominent MD phenomenology. The recognition of the underlying disorder is crucial since many causes are treatable. In this review, we summarize common and uncommon causes of acute-onset movement disorders, focusing on clinical presentation and appropriate diagnostic investigations. Both acquired (immune-mediated, infectious, vascular, toxic, metabolic) and genetic disorders causing acute MDs are reviewed, in order to provide a useful clinician’s guide to this expanding field of pediatric neurology.

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34

Fearon, Conor, and Orna O'Toole. "Autoimmune Movement Disorders." Seminars in Neurology 38, no. 03 (June 2018): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660851.

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AbstractAutoimmune movement disorders are rare but potentially treatable entities. They can present with an excess or paucity of movement and may have other associated neurological symptoms. These disorders were originally recognized by their classic clinical presentations and the cancers associated with them. Recent emphasis has been targeted on associated, and sometimes causative, antibodies. Although some disorders have stereotypical presentations, the spectrum of abnormalities reported in association with antibodies is widening. Determining whether antibodies are incidental or pathogenic and, hence, foregoing or commencing immunotherapy treatment can be challenging for practicing neurologists. Physicians often have to make the decision to empirically treat patients while awaiting test results. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials, the ideal immunotherapy treatments and regimens are unknown. Patients with intracellularly targeted antibodies tend to fare less well, while those with extracellularly targeted antibody disorders often respond to treatments reducing antibody production. This review aims to summarize reported adult-onset autoimmune movement disorders to date, and to provide a template for the workup and treatment of suspected disorders. Rarer antibodies that are not yet fully characterized, or reported in a few cases only, will not be covered in detail as these are not likely to be readily commercially available. Childhood disorders will be only be mentioned briefly in the discussion, as there is a separate article in this issue on autoimmune neurologic diseases in children.

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35

Ahmed, M. A. S., Adelaida Martinez, Ayeaye Yee, Denise Cahill, and Frank M. C. Besag. "Psychogenic and organic movement disorders in children." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50, no. 4 (April 2008): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02043.x.

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36

Resić, J., B. Rešić, M. Tomasović, R. Kuzmanic-Samija, A. Ursic, and M. Solak. "Non epileptic paroxysmal movement disorders in children." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 12 (May 2008): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70166-1.

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37

Pagliano, Emanuela, Giovanni Baranello, Riccardo Masson, Maria Foscan, Maria Teresa Arnoldi, Alessia Marchi, Giorgia Aprile, and Chiara Pantaleoni. "Outcome measures for children with movement disorders." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 22, no. 3 (May 2018): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.014.

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38

Canavese, Carlotta, Claudia Ciano, Federica Zibordi, Giovanna Zorzi, Vanessa Cavallera, and Nardo Nardocci. "Phenomenology of psychogenic movement disorders in children." Movement Disorders 27, no. 9 (March 7, 2012): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.24947.

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39

Zrnić, Lana. "Neurocognitive and behavioral basis of performing simple and complex movements, imitations and practices in children with autism spectrum disorder." PONS - medicinski casopis 19, no. 2 (2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pomc19-41961.

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Imitation of simple movements is the basis for all kinds of learning. It is a necessary prerequisite for symbolic functioning and functioning in the social environment. The motor execution of imitation movements is at an unsatisfactory level, in children with an autistic spectrum disorder, especially in the domain of movement. By reviewing the relevant literature from both aspects: neurocognitive and behavioral, we get the data on the motor functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Based on the results of the research, children with autism spectrum disorders show reduced activity in certain regions, especially in the areas of the frontal and parietal lobes. When conducting motor tests of imitation and practice, children with autism spectrum disorders show more errors in performing repetitive movements. By looking at the overall functioning of people with autism, especially their neurocognitive functions and their behavior, we can discover new ways for interventions and for therapeutic work with these people.

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Danna, Jérémy, Margaux Lê, Jessica Tallet, Jean-Michel Albaret, Yves Chaix, Stéphanie Ducrot, and Marianne Jover. "Motor Adaptation Deficits in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and/or Reading Disorder." Children 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2024): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11040491.

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Procedural learning has been mainly tested through motor sequence learning tasks in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially with isolated Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Reading Disorder (RD). Studies on motor adaptation are scarcer and more controversial. This study aimed to compare the performance of children with isolated and associated DCD and RD in a graphomotor adaptation task. In total, 23 children with RD, 16 children with DCD, 19 children with DCD-RD, and 21 typically developing (TD) children wrote trigrams both in the conventional (from left to right) and opposite (from right to left) writing directions. The results show that movement speed and accuracy were more impacted by the adaptation condition (opposite writing direction) in children with neurodevelopmental disorders than TD children. Our results also reveal that children with RD have less difficulty adapting their movement than children with DCD. Children with DCD-RD had the most difficulty, and analysis of their performance suggests a cumulative effect of the two neurodevelopmental disorders in motor adaptation.

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Rashid, Iqbal, and Mustafa Bseikri. "0780 Iron Sucrose Infusions for Pediatric Sleep Related Movement Disorders." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0780.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep related movement disorders (SRMD) such as restless leg syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and restless sleep disorder (RSD) are common diagnoses among children referred to pediatric sleep clinics, particularly among children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. These disorders have been associated with low iron status, and evidence demonstrates clinical response to iron supplementation. Oral iron supplementation is often used as a first step in management, although some children do not manifest an adequate response in serum ferritin levels, or do not tolerate oral iron due to side effects or taste. For these children, iron infusions may be an attractive therapeutic strategy. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of children referred for iron infusion between January 2021 to November 2022 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California Pediatric Sleep Clinics. Children carried a diagnosis of RLS, PLMD, or RSD. Iron sucrose was used, with a target dose of 6-7mg/kg, with a maximum dose of 200mg per infusion. We reviewed the number of infusions, pre- and post-infusion ferritin levels, and clinical response based on clinic notes and/or secure message communication after infusion. Results A total of 11 children were identified who received at least one iron infusion. Mean age at time of first infusion was 7.2 (4.5) years, 63.6% were male, and 45.5% were diagnosed with ASD. The most common diagnosis was PLMD (54.5%), followed by RLS (27.3%), and RSD (18.2%). Mean infusion dose of iron sucrose was 130.5mg (41.6) and children received an average of 2.0 (1.1) infusions. Mean ferritin prior to infusion was 30.1 (20.1) and 62.6ng/mL (41.1) post infusion. Based on chart review, 63.6% of families reported symptomatic improvement following iron infusions. No children were reported to have worsening of sleep or significant side effects following iron sucrose infusion. Conclusion Iron infusions are an effective strategy for management of sleep related movement disorders who are recalcitrant to oral iron. This can be an especially attractive therapeutic option in children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. Further research exploring optimal dosing and formulation of iron is warranted. Support (if any)

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Edgar, Terence S. "Oral Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Movement Disorders." Journal of Child Neurology 18, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): S40—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073803018001s0601.

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Movement disorders, a common problem in children with neurologic impairment, are receiving increasing clinical attention. The differences in movement disorders between adults and children are striking; presentation is frequently insidious and may be characterized by mild hypotonia. The clinical manifestations of extrapyramidal disorders are profoundly influenced by the age of onset. The conditions reviewed in this article are expressed clinically by the occurrence of abnormalities of movement and posture, often in association with disturbances of muscle tone. This article reviews empiric drug use and recommendations for childhood movement disorders. (J Child Neurol 2003;18:S40—S49).

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Subki, Ahmed, Mohammed Alsallum, Majed Alnefaie, Abdulaziz Alkahtani, Sameer Almagamsi, Zaher Alshehri, Rayyan Kinsara, and Mohammed Jan. "Pediatric Motor Stereotypies: An Updated Review." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 15, no. 04 (April 18, 2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602256.

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AbstractMotor stereotypies are repetitive, purposeless movements that cannot be categorized into any of the known pathological movement disorders. They can be “primary,” occurring in normal children as a normal physiological variation or “secondary,” occurring in children with autism, intellectual disability, or other developmental disorders. Observation and videotaping are crucial for excluding seizures and other pathological movement disorders. They usually last for seconds to minutes and can occur spontaneously or be triggered by fatigue, excitement, or stress. Another key feature is the ability to suppress these movements by distraction or sensory stimulation. In this article, we aim to present an updated review of this topic and highlight important diagnostic tips and management pitfalls. Recognition of such movements is critical to prevent unnecessary investigations or treatments.

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Cameli, Noemi, Annachiara Beatrice, Elisa Maria Colacino Cinnante, Claudia Gullace, Giuliana Lentini, Sara Occhipinti, Raffaele Ferri, and Oliviero Bruni. "Restless Sleep Disorder and the Role of Iron in Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders and ADHD." Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 7, no. 3 (July 27, 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ctn7030018.

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In the last few years, restless sleep has been described as the key element of many clinical issues in childhood, leading to the recognition of “restless sleep disorder” (RSD) as a new proposed diagnostic category. The essential aid of video-polysomnographic recordings enables detection and quantification of the “large muscle group movements” (such as limb movements and repositioning) frequently described by parents of children with RSD. Strong evidence links iron deficiency to the pathophysiology of sleep-related movement disorders such as RSD, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to the important role played by the brain dopamine production system. Serum ferritin is the main parameter used to evaluate iron deficiency in patients with sleep-related movement disorders. Iron supplementation is recommended when the serum ferritin level is <50 ng/mL, since the literature emphasizes the correlation between lower levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, and cerebrospinal fluid ferritin, and increased symptom severity. Moreover, several studies report an improvement in symptoms when ferritin levels are kept above 50 ng/mL. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of iron in sleep-related movement disorders, as well as ADHD, highlighting not only the connection between these two conditions, but also the relevance of iron supplementation for symptom improvement.

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Bonjardim, Leonardo Rigoldi, Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião, Luciano José Pereira, and Paula Midori Castelo. "Mandibular movements in children with and without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 1 (March 2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000100008.

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This research aimed to evaluate mandibular movements in children with and without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. The sample taken consisted of 99 children aged 3 to 5 years distributed in two groups: I - Absence of signs and/or symptoms of TMD (25 girls/40 boys); II - Presence of signs and symptoms of TMD (16 girls/18 boys). The symptoms were evaluated through an anamnesis questionnaire answered by the child's parents/caretakers. The clinical signs were evaluated through intra- and extraoral examination. Maximum mouth opening and left/right lateral movements were measured using a digital caliper. The maximum protrusive movement was measured using a millimeter ruler. The means and standard deviations for maximum mouth opening in Group I and Group II were 40.82mm±4.18 and 40.46mm±6.66, respectively. The values found for the left lateral movement were 6.96mm±1.66 for Group I and 6.74mm±1.55 for Group II, while for the right lateral movement they were 6.46mm±1.53 and 6.74mm±1.77. The maximum protrusion movements were 5.67mm±1.76 and 6.12mm±1.92, in Groups I and II, respectively. The mandibular movement ranges neither differed statistically between groups nor between genders. FAPESP Process 96/0714-6.

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Koy, Anne, Jean-Pierre Lin, Terence D. Sanger, Warren A. Marks, Jonathan W. Mink, and Lars Timmermann. "Advances in management of movement disorders in children." Lancet Neurology 15, no. 7 (June 2016): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00132-0.

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Koy, Anne, Jean-Pierre Lin, Terence D. Sanger, Warren A. Marks, Jonathan W. Mink, and Lars Timmermann. "Management of movement disorders in children – Authors’ reply." Lancet Neurology 15, no. 13 (December 2016): 1302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30284-8.

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Bloomfield, Elana R., and Jess P. Shatkin. "Parasomnias and Movement Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 18, no. 4 (October 2009): 947–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2009.04.010.

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Rodnitzky, Robert L. "Drug-induced movement disorders in children and adolescents." Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.4.1.91.

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Lin, Jean-Pierre. "Advances in pharmacotherapies for movement disorders in children." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 29, no. 6 (December 2017): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mop.0000000000000555.

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