Academic literature on the topic 'Mountains Russia (Federation)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mountains Russia (Federation)"
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Golubchikov, Yuri N., Alexey N. Gunya, and Matthias Schmidt. "Natural Differences in the Legal Dimension: Institutionalisation of the Northern and Mountain Regions of Russia." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 15, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2021-084.
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Natural differences in the regional development of Russia are presented in many legislative acts dedicated to the Russian Far North. In contrast, the unique nature and complexity of mountainous and high-mountain territories are protected only by a few regional acts. The reason for this lies in the complexity and multicomponent criteria required for assigning these territories the status of protected areas and in the fact that their boundaries do not correspond with administrative boundaries. The main materials underlying the article are legal documents (regulations, laws, etc.) concerning the institutionalization of the northern and mountainous territories. A comparative analysis of regional policy in relation to mountainous and northern territories takes into account similar criteria, such as vegetation types and patterns, forest borders or crop frontiers. Almost two-thirds of the territory of Russia refers to the North and more than half of the territory is occupied by mountains. The first attempts to institutionalize the North were undertaken in the 1930s, while the programmes for the development of mountainous territories gained legal support only at the end of 20th century and only in some regions. The most important difference between the institutionalization of the North and the mountains is the fact that the state initiated the creation of special legal conditions for the North. In the case of the mountains, the initiator was the public, initially at the regional level. Currently, three constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted laws on mountain areas, but so far there are no all-Russian laws. The main lobbyists are the North Caucasian regions, while the Siberian regions (with the exception of the Altai Republic) are rather passive in discussing mountain issues. The elaborated legislation for the North seems to be closely related to the potential and realised income from natural resource extraction. For this reason, corresponding legislation for the mountain regions is not expected particularly soon, due to the lack of legal resources. Efforts aimed to provide legal support for mechanisms that compensate the socio-economic discrepancies between mountainous areas and more developed “flat places” should take into account the experience of institutionalizing the Northern territories of the Russian Federation.
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Ananko, T. V., and M. I. Gerasimova. "Dark-humus soils on the updated soil map of Russian Federation scale 1 : 2.5 M." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 108 (October 19, 2021): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2021-108-31-54.
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The dark-humus soil type was included in the updated legend of the Soil Map of the Russian Federation at scale 1 : 2.5 M, converted to the system of Soil Classification of Russia. The soil profile starts with the dark-humus horizon gradually merging to the parent rock; any mid-profile diagnostic horizons are absent. Large areas of dark-humus soils are found in the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga zones of the European Russia, Western and Central Siberia, in the Trans-Baikal region, the Altai-Sayany Mountains, and the Caucasus. The type of dark-humus soils comprises both mesomorphic soils (of normal moisture conditions) and soils with additional surface or ground-water moisture. The main prerequisites for the formation of dark-humus soils are, on the one hand, the climatic conditions favorable for the dark-humus horizon formation, and, on the other hand, parent material - mostly derivates of hard rocks, restricting the development of mid-profile diagnostic horizons. In the updated map, the following initial legend units are partially or completely converted to dark-humus soils: several units of chernozems, dark-gray forest and gray forest non-podzolized soils, soddy-taiga base-saturated and slightly unsaturated soils, several mountain soils, a significant part of soddy-calcareous soils, as well as some mountainous forest-meadow soils. The diversity of dark-humus soils subtypes is determined by secondary carbonate features, weak signs of clay accumulation and podzolization, alteration of the mineral mass, gley and cryogenic phenomena.
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Sartor, Valerie, and Svetlana Bogdanova. "Evolving and adapting to global changes regarding English: English language teaching in the Siberian city of Irkutsk." English Today 31, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000048.
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The Russian Federation, established after the breakup of the USSR in the early 1990s, is the largest country in the world (Blinnikov, 2011). Russians have long considered their capital, Moscow, and the adjoining city of St Petersburg, to be the centres of culture and commerce, as well of the arts and educational facilities. Due to the large size of their country, Russians designate areas west of the Ural Mountains informally as “European Russia.” The Russian territories known as Siberia and the Russian Far East extend east of the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, and cover approximately 10% of the world's land mass (Yudin, 2006). In May 2000, President Putin designated nine federal subjects (provinces and republics) of Siberia as the Siberian Federal District (http://russiatrek.org/siberia-district). The capital of Irkutsk, located in Irkutsk Province, is situated in the southeastern part of the Siberian Federal District.
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Sofronova, E. V. "Additions to the liverwort flora of the Suntar-Khayata Range (Eastern Yakutia, Russia)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 56, no. 1 (2022): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2022.56.1.181.
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According to the results of three field seasons (2015–2017), 7 new species and 1 variety were discovered for the liverworts flora on the Suntar-Khayata Range in the Vostochnaya Khandyga River Basin (Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Clevea hyalina, Eocalypogeia schusteriana, Frullania parvistipula, Lophoziopsis excisa var. elegans, Mannia pilosa, Pellia endiviifolia, Scapania glaucocephala). They are very rare in the mountains of the North-East of Yakutia. Frullania parvistipula is first reported for the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka mountainous country. The localities of Frullania parvistipula, Scapania glaucocephala are the northernmost in Russia. Eocalypogeia schusteriana is included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, Scapania glaucocephala is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The annotations to each species provide information on habitats, substrates, associated species, growth pattern and indicate the presence of structures associated with reproduction. The peculiarities of distribution are discussed. Data on morphology are presented for Clevea hyalina, Lophoziopsis excisa var. elegans and Scapania glaucocephala. Most of the identified species usually grow on basic or calcareous substrates. Such substrates on the Suntar-Khayata Range have been limited. Chiloscyphus polyanthus and Scapania glaucocephala grew on rotting wood in poplar forest, which are also very rare in the study area. A morphological comparison of Scapania glaucocephala with the most ecologically and morphologically similar S. apiculata and S. carinthiaca is provided based on the Yakutian specimens. Distribution maps of Eocalypogeia schusteriana, Lophoziopsis excisa var. elegans, Scapania glaucocephala in Russia are presented.
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Alyabina, Irina, Olga Chernova, Alla Prisyazhnaya, and Oleg Reshotkin. "Soil cover of nature reserves and national parks as a reflection of the zonal and regional features of the territory of Russia." InterCarto. InterGIS 29, no. 1 (2023): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2023-1-29-574-588.
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The representation of the diversity of the main natural complexes of Russia in federal specially protected natural areas (SPNA) was assessed based on a comparison of their soil cover with the soil cover of territorial units of the Map of soil-ecological zoning of the Russian Federation (2019). A high representativeness in relation to the soil cover of the SPNA systems of the polar belt and a satisfactory one of the boreal belt was revealed. Moving southward, the representation of the diversity of natural complexes in the protected areas decreases markedly, taking the minimum values in the steppe and dry-steppe regions. In mountain protected areas the soil cover reflects the diversity of natural conditions of mountain soil provinces well and average, in most cases the soil cover of high mountains is well represented and significantly worse—of low mountains and the most fertile soils of the corresponding mountain provinces (soddy-calcareous, mountain chernozem-like, meadow-steppe). In spite of relative prosperity noted in the analysis at the level of soil zones (subzones), consideration at the level of plain soil provinces allowed revealing unfavorable regions in this respect. Six of the 14 plain soil provinces without SPNA are located in Western Siberia, where the flat relief, which determines the well-defined zonality of landscapes, allowed to trace the climatic trends of recent decades. This region has been chosen as a model to assess the need for additional SPNA due to climate change. Analysis of climatic trends in recent decades has revealed climatic changes most pronounced in the extreme climatic regions: the northern and southern flat soil zones (subzones). Moreover, in the coldest northern part of the region there is a maximum increase in air temperature, and in the arid southern part there is a maximum decrease in air humidity. The implementation of plans to create four new nature reserves in the south of Western Siberia will significantly increase the representativeness of the network of SPNA in relation to the soil cover and will optimize the state system of reference objects of background environmental monitoring.
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Loshchilov, К. S. "ON THE ISSUE OF THE AMUR GORAL POPULATION RESTORING (NEMORHAEDUS CAUDATUS) IN THE NORTH OF ITS HISTORICAL HABITAT." Regional problems 26, no. 4 (2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2023-26-4-33-39.
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The value of the Amur goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) as a fauna representative is in its rarity. Special measures for this species preservation include prohibition of hunting and its inclusion in both the Federal and some other Russian Federation subjects Red Books. However, the time proves the measures insufficient to restore it within its historical habitat, taking into account a strict territoriality of this “red book” species. This situation needs taking additional measures. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the regional state nature reserve “Dichun” suitability for the purpose of the Amur goral reintroduction. The study of this species ecology, protection and restoration has been carrying out since 1970s. Methods of trapping individuals, overexposure and transportation of them have been developed and tested for the goral population in Primorie. The analysis of the Amur goral historical habitat in Russia has shown the population subdivision into two loosely related groups – the sea coast and continental (including the Small Khingan mountains). There is no experience in the continental group reintroduction. The article substantiates the prospects for the nature reserve “Dichun” use as a landfill for the Amur goral habitat reintroduction. This area in Small Khingan mountains has been under special protection for 60 years. Restoration of the Amur goral population in the north of its historical habitat is of great importance for natural biodiversity and for attraction of tourists to the region.
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GALACHIEVA, Svetlana, Salima MAKHOSHEVA, Larisa LYUTIKOVA, and Astemir TLEKHUGOV. "A logical approach to building a machine learning model for assessing the sustainable development of mountain areas." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 15, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2023-15-4-921-928.
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Introduction. There are a significant number of mountainous areas on the territory of Russia. The Russian Federation has extensive mountain systems, including the Altai Territory, the Caucasus region, the Ural Mountains, the Sayans, the Baikal region, Kamchatka, Chukotka and others. The exact number of mountainous areas is difficult to determine, since this concept can vary depending on the classification criteria and the boundaries of mountainous regions. This paper proposes an approach to constructing a machine learning model to determine the level of sustainable development of mountain regions. The sustainability of regional development is considered at three levels: environmental, social and economic. To build a model that can assess the level of sustainability of a region, various input data are used, including climatic conditions, geographical characteristics, socio-economic indicators and other variables associated with mountainous regions. After data collection, the most relevant features related to the sustainable development of the region are selected using correlation analysis, feature selection methods or expert knowledge. Next, a model is built based on logical methods of data analysis and processing. The choice of model is due to the fact that logical methods are better at handling small amounts of data and may be less prone to overfitting; they can ignore outliers or noisy data that negatively affect other machine learning methods. Logical methods can also be useful when working with unstructured data, such as texts or images. The work uses logical rules and patterns to extract information and classify data. The work proposes a software package that provides the ability to assess the sustainability of mountain areas based on a database, as well as create and update a knowledge system to improve the accuracy and adaptability of the sustainability assessment process. The goal of the work is to create a model that can help in assessing and predicting the sustainability of mountain areas, as well as in understanding the factors influencing this sustainability. This can help improve the planning and management of mountain regions to achieve more sustainable development and preserve their environmental and socio-economic integrity. Research methods. After data collection, the most relevant features related to the sustainable development of the region are selected using correlation analysis, feature selection methods or expert knowledge. Next, a model is built based on logical methods of data analysis and processing. The choice of model is due to the fact that logical methods are better at handling small amounts of data and may be less prone to overfitting; they can ignore outliers or noisy data that negatively affect other machine learning methods. Research result. A machine learning logic model that demonstrates its effectiveness in identifying and identifying the main factors influencing the sustainable development of a region.
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Isaeva, Ekaterina. "Dialogue of cultures of Canada and Russia: Days of Culture of Canada 2021." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 3 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017030-0.
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From June 23 to July 17, 2021, the Days of Culture of Canada were held in Moscow, organized by the All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature named after M. I. Rudomino, the Embassy of Canada in the Russian Federation and the Russian-Canadian Center "Moscow-Quebec" RSUH. The purpose of this large-scale cultural event, timed to coincide with three state Canadian holidays: the Day of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada (June 21), Quebec Day (June 24) and the National Day of Canada (July 1), was to introduce the Russian public to various aspects of Canadian culture Lectures by Canadian and Russian researchers, meetings with authors, master classes, exhibitions, and displays of works of musical and visual culture were held in a mixed format. During the presentations, the historical and geographical features of individual Canadian regions and provinces were covered in detail: Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, the Rocky Mountains, the Arctic. Most of the events were broadcast on the portal "Culture. RU". There is no doubt that during the Days of Culture of Canada, the Russian public was enriched with knowledge about literature, history, geography, ethnography, languages, philosophy, visual art of this region of the planet, which in turn will contribute to the expansion of Russian-Canadian cooperation in the field of science, education and culture.
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Krinitsyn, Igor G., and Nikolay G. Prilepsky. "A record of Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr., a new species for the flora of the middle zone of European Russia from Kostroma Region." Turczaninowia 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.24.4.15.
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The article reports on a find of a new plant native to the flora of central European Russia – Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr., which was discovered during a survey of a 60-year-old clearcut in the course of floristic work on the territory of M. G. Sinitsyn “Kologrivskiy Les” State Nature Reserve (the Kostroma Region). Collection and determination were carried out by the author of the article I. G. Krinitsyn. For the Kostroma Region, the species was not indicated in any floristic checklist. Herbarium specimens of the aboveground part of the sporophyte are kept in the Herbarium of the Kostroma State University and the “Kologrivskiy Les” State Nature Reserve Herbarium, as well as transferred to the Herbarium of the Altai State University (ALTB). B. lanceolatum is a relict species of the forest zone of the Holarctic with a fragmented range mainly in the subarctic, northern temperate zone and in the mountains of the warm temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. In Russia, it is sporadically found in the forest zone from the Murmansk and Leningrad Regions to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, inclusively; it enters the Arctic on the Chukchi Peninsula. The species is rare throughout its range; the populations are represented by single individuals. It is included in many regional Red Data Books of the Russian Federation. B. lanceolatum became the fifth species of the Botrychiaceae Nakai family in the pteridoflora of the Kostroma Region (and the middle zone of European Russia as a whole). In the Kostroma Region, the species is located on the extreme southern border of the range in the middle zone of the European part of Russia. The population of B. lanceolatum at the time of the discovery was represented by 4 individuals in different ontogenetic states. The data on the new location and phytocenotic conditions of growth of the species are given; a brief morphological description and information on the dynamics of the population are presented.
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Шамов, В. В., И. В. Токарев, Т. А. Михайлик, and А. В. Козачек. "Summer-autumn variability of isotopes (2H and 18O) in water at small mountain catchments in South Sikhote-Alin (Pacific Russia)." Гидросфера. Опасные процессы и явления 4, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34753/hs.2022.4.2.202.
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Изотопный состав природной воды отражает ее приуроченность к различным звеньям гидрологического цикла, изменяясь в процессе фазовых переходов (испарения, транспирации, конденсации, замерзания, оттаивания), а также при взаимодействии воды с водовмещающими средами (горными породами, почвами, воздушными массами, биотой). В статье впервые на основе детальных натурных исследований, выполненных в период с 2013 по 2016 год в экспериментальных малых горных речных бассейнах, анализируется внутригодовая и межгодовая динамика содержания изотопов 2Н и 18О в основных географических типах вод, циркулирующих в летне-осенний период в типичных речных бассейнах горной страны Сихотэ-Алинь (Приморский край Российской Федерации). Показано, что для малых речных бассейнов вблизи морского побережья характерен более тяжелый изотопный состав дождевых, речных и почвенных вод. Обосновывается предварительный вывод о том, что в относительно влажные годы воды континентальных горных районов Приморья по изотопному составу в среднем легче в сравнении с районами побережья приблизительно в 1,5 раза. Для речных водосборов, расположенных прибрежно-морских районах, почвенные воды и воды устойчивых приповерхностных склоновых потоков в изотопном отношении почти неразличимы, тогда как для континентальных водосборов почвенные воды близки по содержанию 18О и 2Н к речным водам, а воды склоновых потоков отличаются чуть более легким, чем речные воды, изотопным составом. В целом близкие значения природных изотопов в почвенных и речных водах обоих районов подтверждают полученные ранее с помощью природных химических трассеров выводы о в целом преобладающей доли склоновых вод – почвенных вод и вод приповерхностных склоновых потоков – в питании малых горных рек Сихотэ-Алиня и, соответственно, относительно невысокий объем подземного питания и низкие значения доли дождевых вод в речном стоке. The isotopic composition of natural water reflects its confinement to various links of the hydrological cycle, changing during phase transitions (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, freezing, thawing), as well as during the interaction of water with water-containing media (rocks, soils, air masses, biota, etc.). In the article, for the first time based on detailed field studies in the testbed small mountain river basins in 2013–2016, the intra-annual and inter-annual dynamics of the 2H and 18O isotopes in the main geographical types of water circulating in warm period in typical river basins of the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin (Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation) are analyzed. We show that rain, river and soil waters at the catchments near the seacoast have a heavier isotopic composition. A preliminary conclusion is substantiated that in relatively humid years, the waters of the continental mountainous regions of Primorye are, on average, lighter in isotopic composition than those in the coastal regions by about 1.5 times. For coastal-marine river catchments, soil water and water of near-surface slope flows are almost indistinguishable in isotope ratio, while for continental catchments, soil water are close in 18O and 2H to river water, and slope water differ in a slightly lighter isotopic composition. In general, close values of natural isotopes in soil and river water of the both studied areas confirm the conclusion obtained with natural chemical tracers about the prevailing total share of slope water – soil water and water of near-surface slope flows – in the feeding of small mountain rivers in the Sikhote-Alin mountains and, accordingly, relatively low groundwater recharge and low values of the share of rainwater in river flow.
Books on the topic "Mountains Russia (Federation)"
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Maynard, Charles W. The Ural Mountains. New York: PowerKids Press, 2004.
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Popova, V. I. Murzinka: Alabashka pegmatite field. Moscow, Russia: Association Ecost., 2002.
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Aleksandrovich, Mamaev Stanislav, Zaĭt͡s︡eva Z. D, and Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR. Uralʹskiĭ nauchnyĭ t͡s︡entr., eds. Novye dekorativnye rastenii͡a︡ v kulʹture na Srednem Urale: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Sverdlovsk: Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR, Uralʹskiĭ nauch. t͡s︡entr, 1986.
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Koksharov, S. F. Materialy po izobrazitelʹnoĭ dei͡a︡telʹnosti drevnego naselenii͡a︡ Urala. Sverdlovsk: Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR, Uralʹskoe otd-nie, In-t istorii i arkheologii, 1990.
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de, Lange Simon Blaxland, ed. Prophecy of the Russian epic: How the holy mountains released the mighty Russian heroes from their rocky caves : [with an introduction to anthroposophy]. London: Temple Lodge, 1993.
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József, Pápay. Reguly Antal emlékezete: Nyelvészeti hagyatékának földolgozása alkalmából. [Budapest?: s.n., 1990.
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József, Pápay. Pami͡a︡ti Antala Reguli. Surgut: AIIK "Severnyĭ dom", 1993.
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Farson, Daniel. A dry ship to the mountains: Down the Volga and across the Caucasus in my father's footsteps. London: Penguin, 1995.
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Motrevich, V. P. Kolkhozy Urala v gody Velikoĭ Otechestvennoĭ voĭny. Sverdlovsk: Izd-vo Uralʹskogo universiteta, 1990.
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J, Dalton Russell, ed. Critical masses: Citizens, nuclear weapons production, and environmental destruction in the United States and Russia. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mountains Russia (Federation)"
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Jaakkola, J. J. K., H. Ozkaynak, M. Cherniack, B. Wojtyniak, A. Egorov, P. Rakitin, S. Kuzmin, and N. V. Lebedeva. "Existing Health Information Systems in the Russian Federation and their Use in the Assessment of Environmental Health Effects." In Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains, 219–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5208-2_17.
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Altıntaş, Toygun. "The Abode of Sedition: Resistance, Repression and Revolution in Sasun, 1891–1904." In Age of Rogues, 178–207. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474462624.003.0006.
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This article will investigate the transformation of Sasun, a remote mountainous region inhabited by Armenian and Muslim peasants as well as Kurdish pastoralists, into a zone of contention between the Hamidian regime and the Armenian revolutionary movement. The conflict in Sasun became a cause célèbre of imperial and international significance and was followed closely by foreign journalists and diplomats, Ottoman and Russian Armenians, government officials, and Sultan Abdülhamid II himself. Using Ottoman and British archival sources as well as the official organs of the Hnchak Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the article will foreground subjects and practices of resistance and repression during this period. Doing so will allow us to trace the process by which local encounters and struggles gained imperial and international import. The article will focus on the period from 1891, when the first Hnchak revolutionary arrived in the region, to 1904, when the Hamidian regime deployed a large military force for the second time to destroy the revolutionary presence and bring the region’s Armenians to heel. It will examine revolutionary tactics and strategies of recruitment, propaganda, and utilization of violence. It will also shed light on Hamidian practices of cooptation, exclusion, criminalization, and collective punishment.
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Halász, Iván. "The Slovak Concepts of Integration." In The Development of European and Regional Integration Theories in Central European Countries, 177–95. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.mgih.doleritincec_9.
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The first part of this chapter deals with the factors that determined Slovak national development; conflict between Catholics and Protestants played an important role in this process. Another important factor was the Czech-Slovak linguistic and cultural proximity, which allowed continuous interaction, but slowed independent Slovak identity-building processes. Slovaks lived for a long time on the northern periphery of the old Kingdom of Hungary, where, despite their relatively high number of people, they did not have autonomy. Slovak politics had to settle relations with the Czechs and Hungarians in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Slovaks also tried to geographically define the region they inhabited. An important role in this process was played by its proximity to the Danube and the mountainous character of the country under the Carpathians. In building cultural and political identity, however, the sense of Slavic unity, which Hungarian politics called Panslavism, has traditionally played an important role. Most Slovak political concepts dealt with achieving territorial autonomy and federalizing Hungary. Several concepts also touched on the idea of a wider Slavic federation. Russophilism was strong in Slovak politics for a long time, but at the end of the 19th century, Czech-Slovak cooperation seemed more realistic. Czechoslovakia was finally born as a result of the First World War. After 1918, the democratic Western orientation was strengthened, and several politicians considered cooperation along the Danube important. In the shadow of the Soviet and German threats, Central Europe concepts were born. The most famous is former Prime Minister Milan Hodža’s concept, which was conceived during his US emigration. After the Second World War, all of Czechoslovakia became part of the Soviet Eastern Bloc. Some Slovak communists thought about joining the Soviet Union directly, but Moscow no longer needed them. Other orientations have long been taboo. Solidarity in Central Europe, on the other hand, has strengthened in anti-communist opposition circles. The country’s Western integration began after 1989, but the pro-Russian political orientation was also strong. In these years, Central European solidarity and identity have promoted democratic orientation and European Union integration.
Conference papers on the topic "Mountains Russia (Federation)"
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BARANOV, Semyon M. "SPELEOLOGISTS OF SATKA — CHAMPIONS AND PRIZE-WINNERS OF THE USSR, THE RSFSR AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN SPELEOTOURISM COMPETITIONS." In Eurasia s Mountain Heart, devoted to the 95th anniversary of the Satka Municipal District. Chelyabinsk State University Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/9785727118511_68.
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Speleotourism is a diffi cult technical and physical kind of travelling and it requires high/intensive and versatile training from the sportsman. For this purpose, members of speleological clubs organize and carry out various trainings in gyms and on open rocky terrain, practice all kinds of tactical methods of descending and ascending in vertical caves during diffi cult speleoexpeditions of certain categories of complexity. One way to maintain the necessary year-round sports training — is to organize and conduct all sorts of speleologist competitions: district, city, province, Ural region, All-Union, All-Russian, and recently the speleotourism Championships of Russia. Satka speleologists actively participated in these competitions and achieved outstanding results. As part of the national team of speleologists of the region 5 Satka athletes have repeatedly become champions and prize-winners in gatherings and competitions of the All-Union and All-Russian rank. They won 31 medals in the team and individual competitions (20 gold, 10 silver and 1 bronze), and as part of a team won 7 cups and 2 special prizes “for the most highly-skilled team”.