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1
Mihai, Adriana Laura, Mihaela Multescu, Mioara Negoiță, Gabriela-Andreea Horneț, Ioan Surdu, and Alexandru-Sabin Nicula. "Nutritional characterization of some Romanian mountain products." Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati. Fascicle VI - Food Technology 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/foodtechnology.2022.2.08.
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The consumer demand for healthy and natural products lead to the increased interest of consuming mountain food products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of 8 dairy products and 11 meat products collected from different mountainous pastures from Romania. The protein content of dairy products varied between 37.39-47.90% d.m., while the fat content ranged between 43.63-49.57% d.m. For meat products, the protein content and fat content ranged between 11.69-70.07% d.m., and 17.58-95.92 % d.m., respectively. The fatty acid composition of mountain products was influenced by the pasture location, a better PUFA content being determined for products obtained from farms situated at a higher altitude. This research highlights that the quality of mountain products is strongly influenced by the pasture effects, the type of product analyzed and the technological process.
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Suhendar, Akip, and S. Siswanto. "Kerikil as a Diversified Product from Melinjo Skin For Economic Improvement of the Community on Kadu Agung Village [Kerikil sebagai Produk Diversifikasi Olahan Kulit Melinjo untuk Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Desa Kadu Agung]." Proceeding of Community Development 2 (February 21, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.299.
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Kadu Agung Village is a mountainous region, the natural wealth of which is agricultural and plantation commodities. The particular one of them is melinjo fruits reaching 60 tons of yield per year. People commonly consume melinjo's leaves as well as the seeds for their daily diets. They cook the leaves for vegetable soup and process the seeds, named tangkil, to be melinjo chips but they waste the fruit skins, kulit tangkil, It is out of question that during harvest season, tons of melinjo skins are dumped in Kadu Agung. Based on this fact, the community service program will carry out a training food diversification to process melinjo skins, kulit tangkil, into a new product that is crackers, named Kerupuk Kulit Tangkil (Kerikil). The method of this activity used is pre-implementation, implementation, and post-implementation. The results of this study are melinjo skin cracker products with good packaging to lift up their selling value. and the improvement of the economy in Kadu Agung of Gunung Sari, Serang.
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Zangerl, Peter, Dagmar Schoder, Frieda Eliskases-Lechner, Abdoulla Zangana, Elisabeth Frohner, Beatrix Stessl, and Martin Wagner. "Monitoring by a Sensitive Liquid-Based Sampling Strategy Reveals a Considerable Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in Smeared Cheese Production over 10 Years of Testing in Austria." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10091977.
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Most Austrian dairies and cheese manufacturers participated in a Listeria monitoring program, which was established after the first reports of dairy product-associated listeriosis outbreaks more than thirty years ago. Within the Listeria monitoring program, up to 800 mL of product-associated liquids such as cheese smear or brine are processed in a semi-quantitative approach to increase epidemiological sensitivity. A sampling strategy within cheese production, which detects environmental contamination before it results in problematic food contamination, has benefits for food safety management. The liquid-based sampling strategy was implemented by both industrial cheese makers and small-scale dairies located in the mountainous region of Western Austria. This report considers more than 12,000 Listeria spp. examinations of liquid-based samples in the 2009 to 2018 timeframe. Overall, the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in smear liquid samples was 1.29% and 1.55% (n = 5043 and n = 7194 tested samples) for small and industrial cheese enterprises, respectively. The liquid-based sampling strategy for Listeria monitoring at the plant level appears to be superior to solid surface monitoring. Cheese smear liquids seem to have good utility as an index of the contamination of cheese up to that point in production. A modelling or validation process should be performed for the new semi-quantitative approach to estimate the true impact of the method in terms of reducing Listeria contamination at the cheese plant level.
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Velik, M., I. Gangnat, R. Kitzer, E. Finotti, and A. Steinwidder. "Fattening heifers on continuous pasture in mountainous regions – implications for productivity and meat quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 8 (July 30, 2013): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6902-cjas.
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Economical and ecological issues as well as consumer demand for sustainably produced agricultural food rise the trends to fatten beef cattle on pasture during the grazing season. However, particularly for mountainous regions, implications of turning beef cattle on pasture remain unclear concerning animal performance and product quality. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare short grass grazing with a semi-intensive indoor fattening system in the Alps. Charolais × Simmental heifers of about 300 kg live weight were either fattened on continuous pasture (3–6 mm sward height) and finished in barn (Pasture group) or solely raised in barn on a grass silage-based diet with 2 kg concentrates (Indoor group). Animals were slaughtered at 550 kg live weight. Results showed that continuous pasture with a finishing period in barn allowed as good growth and carcass performance as fattening in barn. Over the whole experiment, average daily gain was 993 g/day in the Pasture group and 1026 g/day in the Indoor group. During the growing period, daily gain was numerically lower in the Pasture group than in the Indoor group (767 g and 936 g, respectively). Carcass fatness of pasture fed animals was lower but within the desirable threshold. Water holding capacity, meat colour, and shear force, an indicator for beef tenderness, were unaffected by feeding practices, but fat colour was more yellow in the Pasture group. Furthermore, meat from animals fattened on pasture had lower intramuscular fat contents and enhanced proportions of nutritionally valuable omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids.
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Basiev, S. S., A. K. Abazov, B. V. Bekmurzov, and A. A. Abaev. "VARIETY FEATURES OF POTATOES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOOTHONE ZONE NOR - ALANIA." Scientific Life 15, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 1321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-10-1321-1332.
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Potatoes are a valuable product and are of great national economic importance. In terms of the amount of nutrients per unit area, potatoes occupy one of the first places among plants cultivated by humans. In the North Caucasus, the production of marketable potatoes is almost entirely concentrated on the farms of the foothill and mountainous regions, which have favorable natural conditions (sufficient rainfall and moderate temperatures). The solution of almost all problems of the functioning of the agroindustrial complex is focused on ensuring food security. In solving food security in the country and in individual regions, a large role belongs to the development of such an important branch of agro-industrial production as potato growing. The development of this most important industry in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is possible only on the basis of innovative modernization of potato growing. In the North Caucasus, the production of marketable potatoes is almost entirely concentrated on the farms of the foothill and mountainous regions, which have favorable natural conditions (sufficient rainfall and moderate temperatures). The area of potato planting in the region reached 35-40 thousand hectares, and at present in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania there are about 1.5-2.0 thousand hectares under this crop. The aim of the research is to study the characteristics of growth, plant development, heat-drought resistance of various varieties of potatoes in the forest-steppe zone of North OssetiaAlania. As a result of three-year research (2018- 2020), it was found that under the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of North Ossetia - Alania, such early-maturing varieties as - Udacha, VR808, Gulliver, Riviera form up to 29.8 to 33.4 t / ha of early harvest potato tubers and are the most adapted varieties to local soil and climatic conditions.
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Huang, Xiaolong, Shuai Han, and Chunxiang Shi. "Multiscale Assessments of Three Reanalysis Temperature Data Systems over China." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2021): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121292.
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Temperature is one of the most important meteorological variables for global climate change and human sustainable development. It plays an important role in agroclimatic regionalization and crop production. To date, temperature data have come from a wide range of sources. A detailed understanding of the reliability and applicability of these data will help us to better carry out research in crop modelling, agricultural ecology and irrigation. In this study, temperature reanalysis products produced by the China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS), the U.S. Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version5 (ERA5)-Land are verified against hourly observations collected from 2265 national automatic weather stations (NAWS) in China for the period 2017–2019. The above three reanalysis systems are advanced and widely used multi-source data fusion and re-analysis systems at present. The station observations have gone through data Quality Control (QC) and are taken as “true values” in the present study. The three reanalysis temperature datasets were spatial interpolated using the bi-linear interpolation method to station locations at each time. By calculating the statistical metrics, the accuracy of the gridded datasets can be evaluated. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Based on the evaluation of temporal variability and spatial distribution as well as correlation and bias analysis, all the three reanalysis products are reasonable in China. (2) Statistically, the CLDAS product has the highest accuracy with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.83 °C. The RMSEs of the other two reanalysis datasets produced by ERA5-Land and GLDAS are 2.72 °C and 2.91 °C, respectively. This result indicates that the CLDAS performs better than ERA5-Land and GLDAS, while ERA5-Land performs better than GLDAS. (3) The accuracy of the data decreases with increasing elevation, which is common for all of the three products. This implies that more caution is needed when using the three reanalysis temperature data in mountainous regions with complex terrain. The major conclusion of this study is that the CLDAS product demonstrates a relatively high reliability, which is of great significance for the study of climate change and forcing crop models.
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Rai, Raj Kumar, Basanta Kumar Neupane, and Kanhaiya Sapkota. "Non-timber Forest Product and its Impacts on Livelihood in the Middle Hill: A Case of Lamjung district, Nepal." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n4p29.
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Lamjung is highly rich in its vast and valuable Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) including different kinds of valuable medicinal and aromatic plants. Nepal is a mountainous country, where most of the people are depend on forest resources for their livelihood. Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFPs) plays a crucial role in the rural livelihood. NTFPs serve as a source for their primary health, nutrition, income generation, energy (fuel wood) and material for a social-cultural and religious ceremony. The research was carried out the specific objectives of identification availability NTFPs, Role of NTFP in local livelihood, prospects, and problems to develop NTFP in the study area. The study was carried out in Chiti, Jita and Taksar Village Development Committee (VDC) of Lamjung District. Primary data were collected through Focus Group Discussion, House Hold Survey, Key Informant Interview, use inventory sheet and direct field observation. Secondary data were collected from different DFO office, library, journals, published articles, reports, online reports etc. The quantitative data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The qualitative data were analyzed by descriptive measure and presented in forms of charts, figure and tables. There were 52 major NTFPs identified in the study area and all respondents have knowledge about NTFPs, but they are not involved to collect NTFP for commercial purpose. They use only household purposes such as firewood for energy, leaf litter for religious purpose, and wild food and fruits are used for domestic use. The main problems of the development of NTFPs people are gradually leaving use traditional knowledge about medicinal plants. Slowly they became dependent at modern product and most of the people are depending on remittance. NTFPs play a safety net role to assist communities in adverse situation such as crop failure under the current change in climate and variability. Most of the people have knowledge about value of NTFPs and traditional knowledge about medicinal herbs, but such a valuable knowledge regarding use value of NTFPs seems to be disappearing into the younger generations.
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Young, Matthew P., Charles J. R. Williams, J. Christine Chiu, Ross I. Maidment, and Shu-Hua Chen. "Investigation of Discrepancies in Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Ethiopia." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 2347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0111.1.
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Abstract Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) rainfall estimates are used extensively across Africa for operational rainfall monitoring and food security applications; thus, regional evaluations of TAMSAT are essential to ensure its reliability. This study assesses the performance of TAMSAT rainfall estimates, along with the African Rainfall Climatology (ARC), version 2; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product; and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), against a dense rain gauge network over a mountainous region of Ethiopia. Overall, TAMSAT exhibits good skill in detecting rainy events but underestimates rainfall amount, while ARC underestimates both rainfall amount and rainy event frequency. Meanwhile, TRMM consistently performs best in detecting rainy events and capturing the mean rainfall and seasonal variability, while CMORPH tends to overdetect rainy events. Moreover, the mean difference in daily rainfall between the products and rain gauges shows increasing underestimation with increasing elevation. However, the distribution in satellite–gauge differences demonstrates that although 75% of retrievals underestimate rainfall, up to 25% overestimate rainfall over all elevations. Case studies using high-resolution simulations suggest underestimation in the satellite algorithms is likely due to shallow convection with warm cloud-top temperatures in addition to beam-filling effects in microwave-based retrievals from localized convective cells. The overestimation by IR-based algorithms is attributed to nonraining cirrus with cold cloud-top temperatures. These results stress the importance of understanding regional precipitation systems causing uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimates with a view toward using this knowledge to improve rainfall algorithms.
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Voidarou, Chrysoula (Chrysa), Georgios Rozos, Athanasios Alexopoulos, Stavros Plessas, Ioanna Mantzourani, Elisavet Stavropoulou, Athina Tzora, and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou. "In Vitro Screening Potential Antibacterial Properties of the Greek Oregano Honey against Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter pylori." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071568.
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Oregano honey is an exceedingly rare and distinct product, not commercially available, produced by bees bred in oregano fields of alpine altitudes at the mountainous area of Epirus, Greece. In ethnic popular medicine, this product is used as a therapeutic in various gastric diseases. To test this hypothesis, 14 strains of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 6 isolated from gastric ulcers and 8 from cases of clinical gastritis, were employed in the present study. The above bacterial strains were exposed to various concentrations (75% v/v, 50% v/v, 25% v/v, 12.5% v/v, and 6% v/v) of 50 oregano honey samples by using the agar well method and the inhibition zones observed around each well were recorded. Although the inhibitory zones of the H. pylori isolated from the gastric ulcers were wide enough (0–34 mm), those strains, in general, appeared more resistant than the other eight (0–58 mm). The same result was observed when the same strains were tested against six antibiotics used in clinical practice. Extracts of oregano honey were prepared by extraction with four different organic solvents. N-hexane and chloroform extracts had the most potent antibacterial action. Finally, pure oregano honey and diethyl ether extracts of honey showed significant inhibitory activity against urease secreted by the pathogen. These results strongly indicate the susceptibility of H. pylori strains to the oregano honey by more than one mode of action. Consequently, this variety of honey seems to have potential therapeutic properties against gastric ulcers and gastritis, thus explaining the preference of the locals towards this traditional remedy.
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Cook, Meghan A., and Pham Duc Phuc. "Review of Biological and Chemical Health Risks Associated with Pork Consumption in Vietnam: Major Pathogens and Hazards Identified in Southeast Asia." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (April 28, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1048092.
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Foodborne illness is a difficult public health burden to measure, with accurate incidence data usually evading disease surveillance systems. Yet, the global scope of foodborne disease and its impacts on socioeconomic development make it an important health risk to address, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Vietnam, rapid development has seen large-scale commercial operations rise to coexist amongst traditional value chains in the food landscape, most of which operates outside of a domestic food safety network. Rapid socioeconomic development has also seen an increase in meat consumption, with pork being the most consumed meat product nationally. Expanding pork value chains, and the increasing diversity of actors within them, facilitates the growth and propagation of hazards which are passed onto Vietnamese consumers. In order to guide illness prevention and governance efforts, this review was conducted to examine health risks associated with pork consumption in Vietnam. Synthesis of the available literature provided evidence that Salmonella spp. bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness from Vietnamese pork products. However, contaminants of global concern, including Salmonella spp. and Trichinella spiralis, occur alongside those considered neglected tropical diseases, such as Taenia solium. Infections and complications associated with ingestion of Streptococcus suis bacteria are also an issue, with Streptococcus suis infections usually limited to occupational infections amongst meat handlers in modernised value chains. A risk factor underscoring transmission of Trichinella spiralis, Taenia solium, and Streptococcus suis in Vietnam that emerges from the literature is the consumption of dishes containing raw or undercooked pork. Available data indicates that infections associated with raw pork consumption disproportionately affect men and people in regional mountainous areas of northwest Vietnam, where many of Vietnam’s ethnic minority communities reside. In addition, epidemiological data from recorded disease outbreaks that result from raw pork consumption demonstrate that these outbreaks usually follow major sociocultural events such as weddings, funerals, and Lunar New Year celebrations. Potential health impacts resulting from residues of antibiotics and heavy metals are also cause for concern, though the direct links between chemical contaminants in food and the development of disease are difficult to conclusively deduce.
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KHEMIRI, Hichem, Khaoula ATTIA, Cyrine DAREJ, Nacer M’HAMDI, and Nizar MOUJAHED. "Characterization of Goat Breeding Systems in Tunisia and In the Mediterranean Region." Genetics & Biodiversity Journal 6, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v6i2.272.
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Despite its socio-economic role in Tunisia, the goat has been considered as an agent of natural resource degradation due to the excessive exploitation of forests and rangelands. Currently goat farms are beginning to regain interest in different Tunisian climatic conditions. Goat breeding is distributed throughout the territory, particularly in the mountain areas, natural rangelands and southern oases. The main systems encountered are (i) systems integrated into farms, (ii) livestock systems in mountainous and forest regions, (iii) oasis ecosystems and (iv) transhumant livestock systems. These farming modes are influenced by developments in agricultural systems in general, which change due to socio-economic development and are dependent on the availability of funding through national projects. In North African countries in general, transhumant pastoral systems dominate arid and semi-arid zones and are characterized by the seasonality of food resources, which are tightly influenced by rainfall. Extensive pastoral farming, mixed with sheep in regions with a dry climate and limited water resources, is the most widespread. Goat farming is a form of savings rather than an economic activity. Concerning the majority of Mediterranean countries; the existing farming systems reveal the importance of socio-territorial unity and available natural resources. The classification of goat farming systems is based on the resources used (natural rangelands or crop residues), the intensity of resource use (extensive or intensive), the types of livestock breeders (nomadic or sedentary), or the product generated and it's quality. The dominant systems in the European countries of the northern Mediterranean shore are farms oriented to the production of goat's milk intended for the manufacture of cheeses.
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Ahmad, Ahfandi, Rahmadanih Rahmadanih, and M. Saleh S. Ali. "Patterns of Food Consumption and Production of Mountainous Community in Sinjai District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia." International Journal of Agriculture System 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v5i1.1175.
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Food availability of one area affects its community food consumption patterns. The area will use its natural resources to satisfy all needs of its society. This study aimed to explain the patterns of consumption and production of food in a mountainous area. This research is a descriptive study using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In qualitative approach, the data obtained by indepth-interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), whereas quantitative data obtained through household surveys of 40 households as samples. Field data collection is done systematically through questionnaires and interviews. There are two data sources namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from people in the local area either as informants selected using snowball techniqueor respondents selected purposively. Furthermore, the secondary data were obtained from the literature that correlates with research areas. The result shows that the pattern of food production in the mountainous region is divided into two types based on the land used that is wetland and dry land. The wetland is used by mountainous community to produce food such as rice and corn with a frequency of twice a year. As for the dry land, it is cultivated to produce vegetables that are produced throughout the year as daily necessities. The pattern of consumption in the community correlates with the amount, type and consumptive frequency of the food. In general, people in mountainous areas still consume rice as a staple food by eating vegetables and fish as complementary with a frequency of 2-3 times a day. This is because the access is still relatively easy to obtain these foods.
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Hua, Rong, Zhen Chen, and Wen Fu. "An Overview of Wild Edible Fungi Resource Conservation and Its Utilization in Yunnan." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n5p158.
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As one of the province with the most abundant bio-diversity in China, Yunnan is also one of the most-concerned region in the world which is famous for its bio-diversity. The wild edible fungi resources in Yunnan are extremely rich and diverse, which account for nearly 40.7% of the world’s known resources and 90% of China’s known resource respectively. Serving as one important type of forest understory resource and product, the wild edible fungi has a large market due to its unique flavor, texture or special health care function. Therefore, sustainable utilization of the wild edible fungi resource is of paramount importance to develop the rural livelihood and furthermore conserve forest and animal resources in Yunnan. Integrating a large number of previous researches, this paper has summarized the current situations of edible fungi resources as well as the existing problems on production, food, medicine utilization, processing, trade and resource conservation inYunnan. Data showed that the wild edible fungi resources are playing extremely important roles on the peasant household incomes in the vast mountainous areas in Yunnan. For example, the fungi collection incomes can account for 50% to 80% of the household income in Xishuangbanna. However, the wild edible fungi resources are facing the problems of the reductions in resource types and quantities, unclear ownership, improper collection and conservation measures, unscientific management as well as other outstanding issues. The author point out that it is quite essential to clear the ownership, implement the community-based conservation strategies as well as to strengthen the researches on the scientific collection, conservation and breeding technologies in order to solve the problems in the effective conservation and sustainable utilization of the wild edible fungi resources in the future.
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Ruban, Dmitry A., Anna V. Mikhailenko, and Vladimir A. Ermolaev. "Inverted Landforms of the Western Caucasus: Implications for Geoheritage, Geotourism, and Geobranding." Heritage 5, no. 3 (August 24, 2022): 2315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030121.
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Relief inversion is the result of an unusual interplay between landform evolution and peculiarities of geological settings. Recent fieldwork in Mountainous Adygeya in the western part of the Greater Caucasus mountains has enabled the identification of several inverted landforms. The Gud and Gudok mountains constitute a “classical” inverted landform with the top corresponding to the syncline’s core, which consists of relatively hard Middle Jurassic crinoid limestones. The Kabanya mountain, with the nearby branch of the Skalisty range, has a similar geological setting, although the hard Upper Jurassic carbonates that form the monocline and overlie the syncline also contribute to the preservation of the topographical high above the structural low. The northwestern segment of the Skazhenny range is formed of relatively soft Lower–Middle Jurassic shales, and its inversion results from the protection of the syncline’s core by capping Upper Jurassic carbonates. These landforms represent progressive, transitional, and regressive inversion, respectively. Their relative diversity and significance in local topography allow them to be classified as geomorphosites, i.e., important elements of the geoheritage of Mountainous Adygeya. Each of these has certain touristic potential, and a geotouristic route allowing the comprehension of these geomorphosites from several viewpoints is proposed. Climbing these mountains for closer examination may combine geotourism and adventure tourism. Additionally, the Gud and Gudok landform “symbolizing” the geodiversity of the study area can be used for branding local food products such as cheese, which is popular among visitors.
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Chung, Nguyễn Đức, Nguyễn Văn Huế, Đinh Đặng Minh Tâm, Phan Thị Bé, and Nguyễn Ngọc Truyền. "NGHIÊN CỨU ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA THÀNH PHẦN DỊCH RÓT ĐẾN MỘT SỐ CHỈ TIÊU CHẤT LƯỢNG SẢN PHẨM ỚT XIÊM (Capsicum spp.) RỪNG MUỐI CHUA." Tạp chí Khoa học và công nghệ nông nghiệp, Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Huế 4, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 1888–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v4n2y2020.403.
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Ớt xiêm rừng là loại cây gia vị có vị cay nồng đặc trưng, mọc tự nhiên trong rừng ở một số khu vực miền núi và trung du phía Bắc và miền Trung nước ta. Việc chế biến sản phẩm muối chua giúp đa dạng hóa và tăng khả năng tiêu thụ sản phẩm từ ớt xiêm tươi do tác dụng kéo dài thời gian bảo quản của phương pháp lên men. Ớt nguyên liệu đạt yêu cầu chế biến về cả màu sắc và giá trị dinh dưỡng, đặc biệt là không có sự có mặt của kim loại nặng (thường có do sự sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật). Thành phần các nguyên vật liệu trong dịch rót có yếu tố quyết định đến khả năng lên men, sự điều vị và các chỉ tiêu chất lượng của sản phẩm với tỷ lệ thích hợp cho sản phẩm ớt xiêm rừng muối chua. Nghiên cứu này khảo sát các nguyên liệu phối chế ở các nồng độ tương ứng là acetic acid (0,72%, 0,9%, 1,08% và 1,26%); muối (4,2%, 5,2%, 6,2% và 7,2%) và đường (5,5%, 6,5%, 7,5%, 8,5%). Kết quả xác định được công thức thích hợp là acid acetic 0,9%, muối ăn (NaCl) 5,2%, đường (saccharose) 7,5%. Sản phẩm làm ra đảm bảo chất lượng vệ sinh an toàn thực phẩm do không có sự có mặt của các kim loại nặng và các chỉ tiêu vi sinh vật đều trong giới hạn cho phép theo Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam.
ABSTRACT
Local chili (Ot xiem), spicy chili which has strong taste, popularly distributed in the mountainous areas in the Northern and Central regions of Vietnam. Fermentation helps the chili increase the sensoly values and extend of its shelflife. This study showed that chili has met the requirements of processing for color and nutritional factors, especially it did not contain heavy metals derived from insecticides and herbicides. The ingredients and their ratios in the solution play an important role in the fermentation ability, taste modification, and other quality characteristics of the product. This study screened for the compatible ratios of acetic acid (0.72%, 0.9%, 1.08% and 1.26%); salt (4.2%, 5.2%, 6.2% và 7.2%) and sugar (5.5%, 6.5%, 7.5%, 8.5%). The results indicated that the appropriate ratios of acetic acid, salt, and sugar were 0.9%, 5.2%, and 7.5%, respectively. The product has met the requirements of food safety, especially it did not contain heavy metals and bacteria at the level of restriction requirements according to Vietnamese National Standards (TCVN) for fermented vegetables.
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Fiestas, M.-A., S.-N. Gonzalez, and L.-A. Gomez-Cunya. "Analysis of the water-food nexus for food security in a high Andean Community." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1121, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1121/1/012005.
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Abstract Water and food are facing increasing demand worldwide. This increase is significant in mountainous regions where glaciers are melting, and water availability is in danger. Food demand has also increased with the population growth. This study sought to evaluate relationships between water supply and food demand in a community located in the Peruvian Andes mountainous region. The developed methodology reveals a practical way to identify future problems with food availability. Water supply was evaluated using historical precipitation data. On the other hand, water demand was estimated using meteorological data. Irrigated areas were determined using 2019 agricultural data from the local government. Food consumption was evaluated using a 2019 per capita regional consumption. Results show a water deficit for the current agricultural demand for ten out of the twelve months. The potato was the main crop being produced in the community, among sixteen studied crops. A high percentage of the time, many products were found do not satisfy local demand. For example, the potato was found to secure only fifty-five percent of the total local-demand fifty percent of the time. Current results can help the management of food security.
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Pappa, E. C., E. Kondyli, A. M. Vlachou, A. Kakouri, and E. Malamou. "Evolution of the biochemical and microbiological characteristics of mountainous Kefalotyri cheese during ripening and storage." Food Research 5, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(6).132.
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As artisanal cheeses are gaining recognition during the last years by consumers, efforts should be made to standardize their manufacture in order to produce safe products of high and constant quality, supporting the local economy and spreading them outside the region of origin. In this work, the biochemical and microbiological characteristics of Kefalotyri cheese produced during summer in the mountains of Pindos using an artisanal cheesemaking procedure were studied. Sheep raw cheese milk was used without starter culture addition for Kefalotyri cheese manufacture. At 90 days of ripening and storage (the date that hard cheese can be sold in the market), its moisture was 40.4%, fat 28.8%, salt 4.1% and proteins 23.3%. Butyric acid and 3methyl butanoic acid were the most abundant volatile compounds found in this cheese. Mesophilic lactic acid bacteria and cocci were dominated; high numbers of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria and cocci, enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae were also present and the microbiological data revealed a rather satisfactory hygienic sanitary condition of the cheeses.
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Rosliana, Lina. "SHOKU BUNKA: WARNA BUDAYA DAN TRADISI DALAM MAKANAN JEPANG." IZUMI 6, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.6.2.1-8.
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Japan has natural resources that can provide sufficient food, both from the mountains, the sea, and rivers. The four seasons it has also contributed to the diversity of natural products, which provide a variety of colors in the food. The seriousness of producing quality food, the use of unique food processing techniques, to artistic presentation, makes Japanese food a strong identity among traditional foods from other countries in the world. In its development, Japanese food openly receives influence from abroad, but still maintains its traditions, to create the concept of assimilation in it. Japan is able to pour cultural colors on its food and make Japanese food as a soft diplomacy of the country that is easily accepted by the international world. There are many factors that can be explored by researching Japanese food, so research on Japanese food can touch some of the domains, such as geography, health, sociology, and culture. This study will explore Japanese food from the eyes of culture.
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Ramazanova, Z. B. "PITANIE SEL'SKOGO NASELENIYa NAGORNOGO DAGESTANA KAK VAZhNEYShIY MEKhANIZM ETNOEKOLOGIChESKOY ADAPTATsII." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch132107-118.
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The article deals with the nutrition of the rural population of Mountainous Dagestan as the most important mechanism of ethno-ecological adaptation, which fulfilled the function of providing and regulating the energy exchange between the human body and the environment. The author of the article considers the dependence of nutrition of Dagestan mountaineers on the products determined by the main economic activities of the population - farming, cattle breeding, gathering, and characterizes traditional food, national cuisine, and national feast traditions resulting from the fusion of biology, history, and culture. In the article, much attention is paid to dough goods, as the role of baked products with a variety of fillings is enormous, and methods of baking pastries depending on the bakery device. Estimating the dietary structure in general, the author notes that it did not provide full intake of all necessary vitamins and mineralsand caused the use of various methods of preserving food products. The article covers the influence of the ecosystem on the food resource and the level of metabolic rate of Dagestan mountaineers. The author also presents special features of the nutrition of the population of Mountainous Dagestan and analyzes them from the point of the traditional use of regional resources and maintaining a balance with the environment.
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Bassi, Ivana, Matteo Carzedda, Luca Grassetti, Luca Iseppi, and Federico Nassivera. "Consumer attitudes towards the mountain product label: Implications for mountain development." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 9 (September 2021): 2255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6616-z.
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AbstractTo protect and promote the originality and authenticity of mountain foodstuffs, the European Union set Regulation No 1151/2012 to create the optional quality term “mountain product”. Our research aimed at exploring the attractiveness of the mountain product label for consumers, considering both attitude towards the label itself and purchase intentions. We propose a model to investigate relationships between four latent constructs — mountain attractiveness, mountain food attractiveness, attitude towards the mountain product label, and purchase intention — which have been tested, thus confirming the statistical relevance of the relationships. All 47 items selected for describing the latent constructs are suitable for this purpose. Ridge and LASSO results also show that 17 items of the first three constructs are relevant in explaining purchase intentions. Some contextual variables, such as age, income, geographical origin of consumers, and knowledge of mountain products and mountains for tourism purposes, can positively influence consumers’ behavior. These findings could support the design of mountain development strategies, in particular marketing actions for both the product and the territory.
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kollegaeva, katrina. "Eating Ukraine and Its Lard(er)." Gastronomica 12, no. 3 (2012): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.12.3.52.
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In the Ukraine, salo is lard or cured pork fat, a product widely considered as the quintessential Ukrainian product. Salo has played an important gastronomical, symbolic, and political role on the territory of Ukraine for centuries, having acquired the role of a national product. This article explores salo's roots and its cultural and social meaning in contemporary Ukraine. The country's complicated geographical and political position between Russia and the European Union is a background, as well as the associated (perceived or otherwise) tensions between the Western and Eastern parts of Ukraine. The author traveled through the country during the summer of 2011 to carry out a short piece of fieldwork and visit several small-scale producers of salo (some were part of Slow Food or organic movements) in the Carpathian Mountains and near Kiev. The curator of the museum of salo in Lviv, an art-gallery that uses salo as innovative material and provocative concept, was interviewed. Salo appears to play a unifying role between different generations and parts of the country otherwise often perceived in opposition. The production and consumption of salo, more than most other foods, is a playground where wider concerns over industrialization of food, longing for lost past, Ukrainian identity and belonging (or lack of) to EU are voiced.
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Sanabria Coronado, Lizeth Andrea, Andrés Mauricio Peralta Lozano, and Javier Arturo Orjuela. "Modelos de Localización para Cadenas Agroalimentarias Perecederas: una Revisión al Estado del Arte." Ingeniería 22, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.reving.2017.1.a04.
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Context: The problem of locating facilities in supply chains of perishable agricultural products has not been widely addressed, however, this issue in recent years has taken great interest because of concerns about the consumption of fresh and healthy food, important aspect in countries with fruits food producer potential. Method: A systematic review of the state of the art on facility location problems for perishable agricultural products was conducted. The following databases were searched: Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, JSTOR, Scopus and Google Scholar. From an initial collection of 135 papers obtained with a generic search query for food location, 31 were finally selected for review focusing on food supply chain location model, within a publication date ranging from 2004 to 2015. Results: Based on the review, a typology of variables considered and not considered in models pertinent to conditions relevant to countries such as Colombia, is proposed. Objective functions commonly used, specific restrictions for Food Supply Chain (FSC) and logistical drivers most commonly considered in these models were also identified. Future research, regarding variables to be included in FSC models location for perishables in context of mountainous countries were identified.Conclusions: Strategic decisions such as the location of facilities are of great importance for the design of the fresh food supply chain and its network, given the perishability. However, the issue has been poorly evaluated especially due to the difficulty of modeling and the large number of variables to consider in this type of chain. Models that include the perishability, losses and stochastic behavior of some variables are required. Colombia can benefit from more research in location models of perishable food, particularly the impact on perishability due to its particular conditions of great variety of climates, mountainous landscapes along with a limited transport and road infrastructure.
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Nieddu, Alessandra, Laura Vindas, Alessandra Errigo, Jorge Vindas, Giovanni Mario Pes, and Maria Pina Dore. "Dietary Habits, Anthropometric Features and Daily Performance in Two Independent Long-Lived Populations from Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica) and Ogliastra (Sardinia)." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061621.
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(1) Background: Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs) are populations characterized by exceptional longevity. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the food habits of two representative samples of the oldest old subjects from the population residing in the LBZs of Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica) and in the mountainous part of Ogliastra (Sardinia, Italy). (2) Methods: Data were collected using validated tools, including a food frequency questionnaire, Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scales for functional autonomy, body mass index, and waist and limbs circumferences. (3) Results: A total of 210 subjects, 60 (31 male) from Nicoya (age range 80–109 years), and 150 (61 male) from Ogliastra (age 90–101 years) were included in the study. In both populations, the highest frequencies of consumption were recorded for plant-derived foods (cereals 60–80% daily, legumes ≥ 80% daily in Nicoya, ≥ 60% 2–5 servings/week in Ogliastra), followed by those of animal origin (dairy products, meat) ≥60% and 80% daily, in Nicoya and Ogliastra, respectively. The frequency of milk consumption showed a positive correlation with BADL (ρ = 0.268 for Nicoya and ρ = 0.214 for Ogliastra) and IADL scores (ρ = 0.466 for Nicoya and ρ = 0.471 for Ogliastra), whereas legumes consumption correlated negatively with self-rated health (ρ = −0.264) and IADL (ρ = −0.332). (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that the dominant dietary model among the elderly of Nicoya and Ogliastra is a plant-based diet complemented by a non-negligible consumption of animal products, mostly dairy products. Further prospective studies are needed to ascertain a possible cause–effect relationship between food habits and increased likelihood of reaching advanced age.
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Langi, Grace, and Phembriah S. Kereh. "MODEL TINUTUAN TINU KEY UNTUK IBU HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI DI LOKASI RAWAN BENCANA." Jurnal GIZIDO 12, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47718/gizi.v12i1.888.
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The background of this research, which is based on the phenomenon that occurs related to the pattern of eating habits during the post-disaster in volcano-prone locations in North Sulawesi. Traditional food thinness based on previous research is a nutritious meal required pregnant and nursing mothers, but the initial prescription model of the recipe requires as many as nine basic ingredients of local food that is difficult to fulfill in a state Post-disaster mountain eruptions. The purpose of this research is to produce a model of Tinutuan by observing one local foodstuffs that should not be eliminated and the content of nutritional value similar to the initial prescription. However, modifying it with local foodstuffs is located at the location of the volcano Soputan and Lokon. The research method that has been used is a research development. The results showed that organoleptic tests on ten post-disaster model models of most respondents were more fond of the model containing vegetable. The taste, color, aroma, texture, and appearance of each Tinutuan model remain the same from the initial recipe. Simpulan new prescription model with the use of local food in a mountainous area prone to erupting remains a traditional food that is liked and meets the nutritional needs of pregnant and nursing mothers. It is advisable to create an instant Tinutuan model for nutritional fullness in volcano-prone volcanic locations erupting.
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TSHEWANG, SANGAY, ROBERT F. PARK, BHAGIRATH S. CHAUHAN, and ARUN K. JOSHI. "CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN BHUTAN: A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 3 (April 11, 2017): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971700014x.
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SUMMARYBhutan is a small country in the Himalayan mountains where subsistence agriculture is practiced due to small land holdings and undulating mountainous terrains. Due to diverse altitudinal and agro-ecological environments, many food crops are cultivated. Wheat is currently a secondary cereal, grown over an area of 1,964 ha with a total production of 3,465 Mg. While there are enormous opportunities to increase wheat production in Bhutan, it is challenged by numerous biotic and socio-economic factors such as labour shortage and low economic return. Among the biotic constraints, stripe rust and leaf rust are the most important diseases. Stem rust has not yet been reported. Poor crop nutrition, both through low soil fertility and inadequate external supply, also results in low productivity. In addition, better remunerative crops and affordable-imported products discourage wheat production. However, the availability and accessibility to higher yielding disease-resistant varieties, fertilization (both organic and inorganic), appropriate seed rate, optimum planting time, mechanization, rotation with legumes and expansion of wheat area are some measures that will play a crucial role in managing sustainable wheat production in Bhutan. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the current scenario of wheat production, discuss the constraints and provide strategic guidance to improve wheat production in Bhutan.
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Mangan, C. L. "European Commission Research Policy Towards Non-Food Crops and Processing for Energy and Industrial Products." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (June 1995): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400203.
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The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union has produced unacceptable crop surpluses. Now there is a drive to find alternative crops that will allow land to remain in production, and keep farmers employed, without contributing to these food mountains. Crops that yield industrial products, such as fibres and oleochemicals, or which can be used as renewable energy sources, have the added attraction that they are an environmentally friendly alternative to products from the oil industry. The European Commission (EC) is funding research into such non-food crops under its Framework Programmes, described here.
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Gharby, Said, Hicham Harhar, Mustapha Farssi, Abdelaziz Ait Taleb, Dominique Guillaume, and Abdellatif Laknifli. "Influence of roasting olive fruit on the chemical composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of olive oil." OCL 25, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): A303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018013.
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Alwana olive oil is a special product of the people from the mountains of Morocco. To produce this oil, prior to the pressing procedure, olives are roasted at up to 130 °C, which leads to the formation of a typical roasty and nutty aroma. It can be expected that this process, which strongly differs from the usual production technic of virgin olive oil, impact the oil chemical composition. We observed that the roasting process has no influence on the fatty acid and sterol composition of Alwana olive. Concentration in α-tocopherol underwent a slight decrease (from 93 to 91%) whereas γ-tocopherol, polyphenol, and chlorophyll content were increased by the roasting process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content was found to be 50 µg kg−1.
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Sunanjaya, I. Wayan, Ni Made Delly Resiani, and I. Made Rai Yasa. "The utilization of coffee waste in supporting family food security." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601025.
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Coffee is one of the leading commodities traded in the world and is a mainstay commodity for farmers in mountainous areas. The research objective is to increase the added value of the part of the coffee plant to increase income and food security for farmer families. The research was conducted in the Pupuan-Tabanan Bali robusta coffee agroforestry area, Januari 2017 to December 2020. Methods of data collection using the method of observation and discussion with the main actors who produce coffee in addition to seed study activities with the use of pruned water shoots from clone maintenance BP 308. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that the added value besides dry beans was obtained from water shoots, remaining productive pruning, unproductive old coffee, branches and twigs, and shade pruning. The yields of economic value are in the form of super cuttings, activated charcoal, exotic pots, and quality organic fertilizers from coffee skins, each of IDR 7,500,000; 120,000; 792,000; and 150,000.
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S, Gnaneswaran. "Anthropological perspectives in Primitive Social Production and Evolution." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 1 (February 25, 2022): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s123.
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The work refers to the socio-agricultural system of the Sangam period. In the Thinai community, the Kurinjinila community initially involved in hunting. These ancient tribes who lived as hunters are socially classified as vettuvar, kanavar and kuravar. Kanavar community is the forerunner of deforesting the forest for agricultural purposes the Kuravans also farmed here. They set up locations according to the nature of the situation. In the hilly and mountainous area, they have used the land for agriculture by burning the bushes under the trees. They stirred the soil with tools like ‘thondukali’ and ‘thular’ and sowed seeds. ‘Thondukali’ was the first agricultural tool to appear here and it was first used by women. Bhagavatsala Bharathi mentions that the woman was the first farmer. The land thus created is called ‘thinaipunam’ and both the man and the woman have harvested the crop in ‘thinaipunam’ safely. The harvested crop is stored for reproduction. They offered it to their Gods and later they cooked and ate them. They involved in bartering in exchange for their forest products. This study explains how the Kurinji land community evolved from the hunting community into the food producer, bartering and collector of foods.
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Jiang, Xiasen, Jing Tian, Yufei Zheng, Yanzheng Zhang, Yuqi Wu, Cuiping Zhang, Huoqing Zheng, and Fuliang Hu. "A New Propolis Type from Changbai Mountains in North-east China: Chemical Composition, Botanical Origin and Biological Activity." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071369.
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Propolis is a bee product with a wide range of biological activities and its chemical compounds depend highly on the type of plant accessible to the bees. The Changbai Mountains are a major mountain range in Northeast China and are one of the major bee product-producing areas in China. In this study, we evaluated the total phenolic acids and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant activity of propolis sampled from the Changbai Mountains area (CBM). We identified the major compounds and qualified their contents by HPLC-ESI/MS and HPLC-UV, and found that the content of p-coumaric acid and an unknown peak (CBE) in CBM propolis was higher than in propolis from other parts of China. The unknown compound CBE was isolated, purified, and identified as benzyl p-coumarate by MS and NMR. Possible plant sources of CBM propolis are Populus davidiana dode and Populus simonii Carr, which widely distributed in the Changbai Mountains area. CBM propolis is a new propolis type, that could be an excellent raw material for health foods and pharmaceuticals.
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Paudel, Mina Nath. "Multiple Cropping for Raising Productivity and Farm Income of Small Farmers." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 2 (December 30, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16120.
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Multiple cropping is an agriculture system long adopted by marginalized small holder farmers especially in hills and mountains. This practice was a meant to enhance farm productivity when farming area is limited. Here, in this paper, a brief review on the benefits of multiple cropping is presented focusing on the practices adopted by marginalized farmers, in general. In multiple cropping, it is generally argued that the practice favors an efficient utilization of resources like air, water, light, space, and nutrients by companion crops in both temporal and spatial dimensions due to their differential growth habits and seasonality. Multiple cropping could be one of the viable alternatives to cope uncertainties and changes, where food and nutritional uncertainty looming large. The ultimate outcome of multiple cropping could be visualized in adverse or harsh environment for increase agriculture production, livelihood and income. Various food products are obtained through multiple cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RYT) and income equivalent ratio (IER) can be increased with mixed/intercropping systems. Multiple cropping helps in getting more than one crop simultaneously, so even if the selling price of one commodity is less, the other might compensate. In the tropics, smallholder farms, which produce over 60% of the food resources of developing nations from intercropping of cereals with many crops mostly legumes, had been the field of much investigation because of synergistic effects of diversifying food production and household cash incomes in these systems. This clearly implies the importance of multiple cropping for small farmers who constitute majority in the developing countries.
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Gopinath, Bamini, Victoria M. Flood, Jimmy C. Y. Louie, Jie Jin Wang, George Burlutsky, Elena Rochtchina, and Paul Mitchell. "Consumption of dairy products and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 9 (February 6, 2014): 1673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451300408x.
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Habitual consumption of dairy products has been shown to play an important role in the prevention of several chronic diseases. We aimed to prospectively assess the relationship between the change in dairy product consumption (both regular fat and low/reduced fat) and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the Blue Mountains Eye Study, 2037 participants aged 49 years or above at baseline were re-examined at follow-up in 1997–9, 2002–4 and/or 2007–9. AMD was assessed from retinal photographs. Dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ, and servings of dairy product consumption calculated. Over the 15-year follow-up, there were 352, 268 and eighty-four incident cases of any, early and late AMD, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, current smoking, white cell count and fish consumption, a significant linear trend (Pfor trend = 0·003) was observed with decreasing consumption of total dairy foods and the 15-year incidence of late AMD, comparing the lowestv.highest quintile of intake (OR 2·80, 95 % CI 1·21, 3·04). Over the 15 years, decreased consumption of reduced-fat dairy foods was associated with an increased risk of incident late AMD, comparing the lowest to highest quintile of intake (OR 3·10, 95 % CI 1·18, 8·14,Pfor trend = 0·04). Decreasing total dietary Ca intake over the 15 years was also associated with an increased risk of developing incident late AMD (multivariable-adjustedPfor trend = 0·03). A lower consumption of dairy products (regular and low fat) and Ca was independently associated with a higher risk of developing incident late AMD in the long term. Additional cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Shangdiar, Onessimos. "Marketing: Farmers Promulgates Cash Crops, Itinerary to Support Their Livelihood and Enhance Their Living Standard." Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jsetp.v1i2.570.
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This paper is a briefing on the marketing and emergence of cash crops in the Indo-Bangladesh border, South West Khasi Hills District Meghalaya. It is solely aimed at understanding the inborn entrepreneurship skills of the particular sub-tribe of the Khasis called "War". They live in steep and sloppy mountains with moderate temperatures and receive sufficient precipitation throughout the year, which enables them to sustain their farming. Marketing is the heart core of every individual, regardless of any background and professionals. Marketing plays a very important role to the farmers, and everyone could enhance their standard of living due to the technique of commercialization. The Non-farmers can buy the food crops from the farmers through the role of business administration. It is pointless to have money without having a food supply. Thus, the commercialization of agricultural produce is highly required. Cash crops cultivation promotes economic growth and social growth; economically, people can generate income, put savings, and purchase physical capital. Socially they bridged with each other, helping one another, exchanging work, advising the younger ones, and imparting knowledge to one another, providing seeds and saplings to the have not. There is an evolution from practicing traditional crops, which can be consumed directly, to Cash crops, which need to be exported outside of the State through a marketing system with the intention to manufacture further for finished products.
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Veskovic-Moracanin, Slavica, Mladen Raseta, Dragica Karan, Dejana Trbovic, Lazar Turubatovic, Milinko Saponjic, and Marija Skrinjar. "Zlatar cheese: Characteristics of traditional production and overview of some quality parameters." Veterinarski glasnik 66, no. 1-2 (2012): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1202085v.
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In parallel with the industrialization and standardization of contemporary production, cheese production based on traditional principles represents an important attribute of a nation, state or region. Awareness of the specificities of these production characteristics is supported by the growing demand for organic and high quality food with geographic labels of origin, whose competitiveness and price daily increase in comparison with conventional products. In the mountainous territory of the Republic of Serbia, in the region of Nova Varos, on the foothills and slopes of Mount Zlatar, rural households produce cheeses in brine in keeping with autochthonous traditional technology. These cheeses are recognized for their constant quality, remarkable flavour, and unique manner of production. This paper introduces a part of the planned research within Project III 46 009 (subproject 7), which aim to provide answers about the biodiversity of indigenous microflora originating from Zlatar cheese, to determine their most important technological and protective properties, and to provide answers about the possibilities of implementing some of the isolated Lstrains in a new production cycle. Most of the above research is ongoing. This paper summarizes the traditional production of Zlatar cheese based on the monitoring of the production process and interviewes with individual producers in the area around Nova Varos, in the villages Akmacici, Bozetici, Jasenovo, Bukovik, Komarani. Also, there is a review of the most important chemical parameters of quality.
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Gauli, Prakriti, Suraj Bhatta, Satish Kumar Singh, Kshitiz Shrestha, Bimala Nidal, and Kishor Atreya. "Farming in the mountains of Nepal: crops, soil fertility, livelihoods and farm-forest linkages." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0703021.
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In national plans, policies, and earlier development programs, livelihoods of mountain people in the Nepal Himalayas were overlooked, rendering them more susceptible to climatic risk and disaster. The management of marginal mountain agricultural land is crucial for food security, improved living conditions, and environmental protection. For enhancing livelihoods and ecological benefits, mountain agriculture is vital, however, a consolidated review on mountain farming is limited in Nepal. We used "mountain" AND "Nepal" AND "farming" OR "agriculture" in the literature's title published between 1978 and 2021 on Google Scholar and did an in-depth review of papers on the four thematic areas: mountain crops, soil fertility, livelihoods, and farm-forestry linkages. We observed a variety of nutrient-rich mountain crops with a market potential as niche products, low and deteriorating soil fertility of agricultural lands, a weakening of the farm-forest links, and an increase in the diversity of mountain livelihood choices. Small landholdings, labor outmigration mainly men, feminization of mountain farming, and food insecurity are the greatest challenges to the growth of agriculture in mountainous regions. There are, however, ample opportunities to make mountain regions green through agroforestry and community forests, to improve livelihoods by introducing niche value chains for products, to explore payment for ecosystem services through downstream-upstream linkages, and to recognize their traditional knowledge and practices through citizen science research and development.
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Zajác, Peter, Patrícia Martišová, Jozef Čapla, Jozef Čurlej, and Jozef Golian. "Characteristics of textural and sensory properties of Oštiepok cheese." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 23, 2019): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/855.
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Oštiepok is a traditional half-fat semi-hard cheese made in Slovakia. The basic raw material used to produce oštiepok cheese is ewe's milk, a mixture of ewe's and cow's milk or cow's milk. Oštiepok cheese is produced either directly at a small-scale mountainside sheep farm, using the traditional on-farm method of production, or at dairies, using the industrial method. Oštiepok cheese was produced as far back as the beginning of the 18th century. An industrial production of Oštiepok cheese using cow's milk were laid by the Galbavý family in Detva (Slovakia) in 1921. The cheese is originally made by cutting off fresh sweet cheese, which is pressed into a wooden, hand-cut and decorated round shape where it is left to stand. Subsequently, it is removed and immersed in warm salty water, left to stand there until the salt penetrates completely in. Then it is necessary that it pass slightly. In its salty water, the ostrich produces its traditional durability, its surface is slightly peeled, mostly yellowish. This cheese may or may not be steamed and may be smoked or unsmoked. Slovenský oštiepok is a protected trade name under the EU's protected geographical indication. A similar cheese is made in the Polish Tatra Mountains under the name Oscypek. The cheeses differ in ingredients' ratios, cheesemaking process and the characteristics of the final products. In this study we have characterized textural and sensory properties of the Oštiepok cheese produced in Slovakia made from ewe's milk, a mixture of ewe's and cow's milk and cow's milk.
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Ehsan Bhuiyan, Md Abul, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou. "Machine Learning–Based Blending of Satellite and Reanalysis Precipitation Datasets: A Multiregional Tropical Complex Terrain Evaluation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0073.1.
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Abstract This study evaluates a machine learning–based precipitation ensemble technique (MLPET) over three mountainous tropical regions. The technique, based on quantile regression forests, integrates global satellite precipitation datasets from CMORPH, PERSIANN, GSMaP (V6), and 3B42 (V7) and an atmospheric reanalysis precipitation product (EI_GPCC) with daily soil moisture, specific humidity, and terrain elevation datasets. The complex terrain study areas include the Peruvian and Colombian Andes in South America and the Blue Nile in East Africa. Evaluation is performed at a daily time scale and 0.25° spatial resolution based on 13 years (2000–12) of reference rainfall data derived from dense in situ rain gauge networks. The technique is evaluated using K-fold, separately in each region, and leave-one-region-out validation experiments. Comparison of MLPET with the individual satellite and reanalysis precipitation datasets used for the blending and the recent Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) global precipitation product exhibited improved systematic and random error statistics for all regions. In addition, it is shown that observations are encapsulated well within the ensemble envelope generated by the blending technique.
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Topal, Erkan, Leonora Adamchuk, Ilaria Negri, Mustafa Kösoğlu, Giulia Papa, Maria Sorina Dârjan, Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, and Rodica Mărgăoan. "Traces of Honeybees, Api-Tourism and Beekeeping: From Past to Present." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111659.
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Throughout history, honey has been used for many different purposes and due to its medicinal properties, has been one of the products marketed by traders. The figure of the bee first appeared in drawings on rock with the history of humanity, then on statues, as a logo, on money or stamps, and also in movies. Beekeeping museums, which present the historical process of beekeeping, also reflect an important culture with their ancient hives, documents, beekeeping materials, and historical antiquities. The contribution of bees to the sustainability of natural life is very important and has a history of 100 million years. The importance of bees and their by-products is increasing day by day, and the demand for the beekeeping industry as alternative income determines the emergence of new products and activities. Based on its health properties, apitherapy is the basis of activities such as api-air and api-diet. In natural regions (i.e., mountainous areas, forests) where beekeeping is carried out, people’s tradition, food culture, and healthy lifestyle attract society’s attention. In this context, api-tourist activity appears as a new phenomenon. In this article, the existing literature was scanned to create a resource about these new fields triggered by the beekeeping sector.
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Menrisky, Alexander. "Hicks, Homos, and Home Cooking." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-9738512.
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Abstract This essay draws on critical studies of food, race, class, and environment to consider food's role in the cultivation of queer literary and political cultures in Appalachia. Texts such as Jeff Mann's Loving Mountains, Loving Men, a collection of poetry and essays, speak to a double-bind in which queer Appalachian writers often profess to find themselves: on the one hand, dismissed as coal-loving “white trash” by urban environmentalists; on the other, subjected to right-wing violence at home. Mann's writing negotiates this tension through poetic engagement with “hillbilly” gustatory traditions—namely, by adopting the recipe form. These poems, and the acts of foraging, preparing, and sharing food they represent, articulate queer communities gathered around tactile experiences of place. They also illustrate the promises and pitfalls of the recipe's representational potential. On the one hand, defining food by its regional character risks reiterating essentialist notions of nature and identity. On the other, focusing on food's disruption of conventional material boundaries neglects the lived social conditions facing marginalized peoples in the region. By focusing on the open-ended preparation of food rather than the end product, Mann mediates these extremes, typifying foodways, region, and queerness alike as ongoing phenomena.
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Rutkowska, Jarosława, Agata Adamska, and Malgorzata Bialek. "Fatty acid profile of the milk of cows reared in the mountain region of Poland." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 4 (October 23, 2012): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029912000428.
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An appropriate composition of milk fatty acids (FA) improves the nutritional value of milk and milk products, and improves milk processing. Polish dairy farms in the mountainous region are rather small, animal nutrition there is based on locally produced forages and this, together with the transitional climate zone brings about seasonal changes in FA composition of milk. The aim of the study was to evaluate the composition of FA in bovine milk fat in relation to fat intake in forages and their FA profiles. The study involved 5 herds reared in low-input mountain farms located at an altitude of 670–780 m above sea level (Beskid Mountains). The cows were fed forages produced locally. FAs in forages and milk samples were subjected to gas chromatography. Highest fat intake observed in grazing season (4·2–4·7%) and high amounts of polyunsaturated FA in forages from that period (51·8–64·1 g/100 g FA) resulted in a markedly high content of valuable FAs:t-11C18:1 (3·22 g/100 g FA),c-9, t-11C18:2 (CLA; 1·20 g/100 g FA) in milk. Lower fat intake of forages containing high amount of SFA (32·42–38·83 g/100 g FA) in the indoor period resulted in changes in milk composition. The content of total short-chain saturated FA (SCFA) was highest in winter and early spring samples (14·10 and 13·44 g/100 g FA, respectively), like the amounts of myristic C14:0 and palmitic C16:0 acids (11·80 and 37·92 g/100 g FA). Total odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA; 6·58 g/100 g FA) content was highest at the beginning of the grazing period. Fresh grass consumed by cows promoted the activity of Δ9-desaturase in mammary gland as evidenced by higher C14:1 : C14:0 (0·054) and C16:1 : C16:0 (0·026) ratios in grazing than in the indoor periods.
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Γαλανάκης, Δ., and Μ. Βιδάκης. "IMPACT OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE IN THE CREATION OF QUARRY PRODUCTS (CALCITIC MARBLES) OF TALEA MOUNTAINS (NORTH - CENTRAL CRETE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16378.
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The Talea mountains (north-central Crete) are consisted of the autochthonous series of the Ionian geotectonic zone. The large recumbert fold of Talea mountain as well as the fracturing of the geological formation are due to an intense folding and thrusting deformation. The marble reserves, in this area, are significant but the geological conditions cause difficulties in their exploitation. The intensive alpine deformation in addition to the intensive karstification of the carbonate rocks resulted to extremely low recovery coefficient
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Nikulina, I. V., and R. N. Sabirov. "Trophic migrations of the brown bear in the forest landscapes of the Vostochny Nature Reserve on Sakhalin Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 946, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/946/1/012042.
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Abstract The article deals with trophic migrations of the brown bear in the characteristic forest landscapes of the Vostochny Nature Reserve. Active life of a bear in the reserve begins after hibernation and is directly related to foraging in different seasons of the year. In the spring-early summer period, bears concentrate in valley forest complexes and coastal-marine landscapes, where, along with plant food, they obtain various products of animal origin thrown out of the sea. During the summer period, from the beginning of the course of salmon and until the end of their spawning, the animals mainly live in the mouths of rivers, and as the fish move, they go upstream and are distributed among their numerous tributaries. During the autumn period, bears concentrate mainly in mountainous forest landscapes and high-altitude natural complexes of the reserve, where they eat ripe berries and pine nuts, their trophic migrations are significantly reduced.
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Diep, Vu Bach, Dinh Hong Linh, and Bui Thi Minh Hang. "FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIET NAM." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2465.
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The process of urbanization is taking place fast and vigorously in large urban and peri-urban areas in Vietnam. According to national forecasts, the rate of urbanization nationwide will reach 39.3% by 2020 and 50-55% by 2035. Thai Nguyen is a province in the midland and mountainous region. The province is located at the northern gateway and bordered with Hanoi capital. In recent years, the agricultural land area of Thai Nguyen province has narrowed due to the urban-industrial development. Urban agriculture development is an inevitable direction, creating safe and high quality food products, protecting the ecological environment, and increasing people's income. Thai Nguyen is one of the provinces promoting sustainable urban agricultural development. Secondary and primary data sources are analyzed and synthesized by descriptive statistical methods. The article will analyze five groups of factors affecting urban agricultural development in Thai Nguyen province in the period 2015-2018, including Socio-economic; Natural conditions and infrastructure; Policy factors; Planning factors; Links and integration.
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Troya Mera, Fidel Antonio, and Chenyang Xu. "PLANTATION MANAGEMENT AND BAMBOO RESOURCE ECONOMICS IN CHINA." Ciencia y Tecnología 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v7i1.137.
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Bamboos constitute a very important and versatile resource worldwide. A lot of Asian, African and South American people rely on bamboo products for their housing and farming tools. Meanwhile, the shoots of these plants are regarded as vegetables in East and South-East Asian nations. China has the greatest bamboo forest area (extension) and the largest number of bamboo species (more than 590 species), many of them with significant economic importance, being Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), the most important bamboo species in China, due to its usage not only as timber but also for food. China has paid unprecedented attention in recent decades to bamboo forest management. The vast economic profits derived from silviculture have contributed much to rural development and poverty alleviation. Bamboo industry has become the pillar of economy in mountainous areas. Besides being a tool for poverty alleviation in rural areas, bamboo plantations are also a significant carbon sink and a key option to mitigate land degradation. This paper highlights such aspects as bamboo silviculture (fertilization, pruning, thinning, irrigation, shoot and timber harvesting) its domestic and international applications (timber, plywood, food, paper, fuel, housing, etc.) in daily life, and its current role in Chinese industry and economy, without particular reference to any of its species.
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Troya Mera, Fidel Antonio, and Chenyang Xu. "PLANTATION MANAGEMENT AND BAMBOO RESOURCE ECONOMICS IN CHINA." Ciencia y Tecnología 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v7i1.181.
Full textAbstract:
Bamboos constitute a very important and versatile resource worldwide. A lot of Asian, African and South American people rely on bamboo products for their housing and farming tools. Meanwhile, the shoots of these plants are regarded as vegetables in East and South-East Asian nations. China has the greatest bamboo forest area (extension) and the largest number of bamboo species (more than 590 species), many of them with significant economic importance, being Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), the most important bamboo species in China, due to its usage not only as timber but also for food. China has paid unprecedented attention in recent decades to bamboo forest management. The vast economic profits derived from silviculture have contributed much to rural development and poverty alleviation. Bamboo industry has become the pillar of economy in mountainous areas. Besides being a tool for poverty alleviation in rural areas, bamboo plantations are also a significant carbon sink and a key option to mitigate land degradation. This paper highlights such aspects as bamboo silviculture (fertilization, pruning, thinning, irrigation, shoot and timber harvesting) its domestic and international applications (timber, plywood, food, paper, fuel, housing, etc.) in daily life, and its current role in Chinese industry and economy, without particular reference to any of its species.
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Troya Mera, Fidel Antonio, and Chenyang Xu. "PLANTATION MANAGEMENT AND BAMBOO RESOURCE ECONOMICS IN CHINA." Ciencia y Tecnología 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v7i1.93.
Full textAbstract:
Bamboos constitute a very important and versatile resource worldwide. A lot of Asian, African and South American people rely on bamboo products for their housing and farming tools. Meanwhile, the shoots of these plants are regarded as vegetables in East and South-East Asian nations. China has the greatest bamboo forest area (extension) and the largest number of bamboo species (more than 590 species), many of them with significant economic importance, being Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), the most important bamboo species in China, due to its usage not only as timber but also for food. China has paid unprecedented attention in recent decades to bamboo forest management. The vast economic profits derived from silviculture have contributed much to rural development and poverty alleviation. Bamboo industry has become the pillar of economy in mountainous areas. Besides being a tool for poverty alleviation in rural areas, bamboo plantations are also a significant carbon sink and a key option to mitigate land degradation. This paper highlights such aspects as bamboo silviculture (fertilization, pruning, thinning, irrigation, shoot and timber harvesting) its domestic and international applications (timber, plywood, food, paper, fuel, housing, etc.) in daily life, and its current role in Chinese industry and economy, without particular reference to any of its species.
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Ghimire, Payaswini, and Prem Sagar Chapagain. "Livestock Movement in Gaurisankhar Valley, Dolakha, Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34263.
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Animals are an integral part of subsistence farming system. They are considered as assets and are the source of food and manure. In mountains of Nepal, transhumance ruminant production system is practiced this practice of herding of cattle like Yak (Nak, Chauri)/ sheep has been practiced for generation in the mountains of Nepal. This study is based on household questionnaire survey, FGD and interview in Gaurishankar gaupalika shows the movement of sheep ranged from 1,200m to 4,500m elevation and the movement of Yak ranged from 2,000m to 3,500masl. The agricultural fields around the settlements are cultivated when the herds remained in high mountain pasture. After returning to the village, they are tied to the field and their waste is used for manuring the agricultural lands. The types and size of livestock has also undergone a significant change. The number of sheep and buffalo have decreased due to lack of market while the Yak farming has been gaining popularity because of increase in national and international demand for Yak products.
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Mazid, Ahmed, Kamil Shideed, and Ahmed Amri. "Assessment of on-farm conservation of dryland agrobiodiversity and its impact on rural livelihoods in the Fertile Crescent." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 4 (July 10, 2013): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000240.
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AbstractThe Fertile Crescent encompasses a mega-center of diversity of crops and livestock of global importance. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) coordinated a 5-year regional project funded by the Global Environment Facility to promotein situconservation of dryland agrobiodiversity in Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Syria. The project focused on conserving landraces and wild relatives ofAllium, Vicia, Trifolium, MedicagoandLathyrusspp. and barley, wheat, lentil and dryland fruit trees (olive, prune, pear, pistachio, almond, cherry and apricot). ICARDA and national programs assessed the status and importance of local agrobiodiversity by surveying 570 farm households in the project target areas including the characterization of their livelihood strategies, agrobiodiversity use and household income sources. A wealth index was created considering human, natural, financial, physical and social assets and was used to classify households into four wealth quartiles. The results indicated that agriculture and agrobiodiversity continue to be important for supporting the livelihoods of poor communities in dry and mountainous regions. The poorest households obtained their income from diverse sources including crop production, off-farm labor and government employment. However, households in the highest wealth grouping are mainly dependent on income from selling livestock products and live animals. They also practiced crop production, worked off-farm and took advantage of government employment. Off-farm income was important for livelihoods in all areas, representing 43–68% of household incomes. For all groups, fruit trees were generally more important than field crops for income generation, mainly in mountainous areas. The finding of this study showed that all farmers’ groups contribute greatly to on-farm conservation of landraces, with a bigger role for poor farmers in conserving the landraces of fruit trees. Diversification of income and farming systems to include livestock, field crops and fruit trees along with off-farm activities are contributing to the conservation of agrobiodiversity in these marginal environments. Several opportunities for income increase and diversification through add-value activities and alternative sources of income are demonstrated to the custodians of dryland agrobiodiversity. Their benefits can contribute to the sustainability of agrobiodiversity conservation, provided that marketing of local products can be enhanced.
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Devos, Katrien, and Mike Gale. "The Genetic Maps of Wheat and their Potential in Plant Breeding." Outlook on Agriculture 22, no. 2 (June 1993): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709302200205.
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The further improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties represents a particularly difficult challenge for UK breeders. As one of the world's primary food sources, a great deal of effort over the past 30 years by breeders has resulted in remarkable improvements in yield. The doubling of UK wheat yields since 1970 has been due to the release of varieties with much improved yield potential which are also compatible with the increasingly intensive farming methods that we have witnessed over the same period. Of course in recent years the goal posts have moved once again. The EC grain mountains and the erosion of price support for the European wheat growers - likely to be further exacerbated by the result of the current GATT talks - indicate a move towards sustainability and lower labour, energy and chemical inputs in the future. The farmer of the 1990s and beyond will expect high yielding crops with lower variable costs and added value from stable industrial quality, targeted probably at higher cost speciality products. With some estimates of the cost of producing and releasing a new wheat variety as high as £14 million it is not surprising that breeders are now turning to molecular genetic studies to help them assemble optimum combinations of genes that will allow them to produce the ideal varietal phenotype for the farmer of the 21 st century.
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Felicetti, Laura A., Charles C. Schwartz, Robert O. Rye, Mark A. Haroldson, Kerry A. Gunther, Donald L. Phillips, and Charles T. Robbins. "Use of sulfur and nitrogen stable isotopes to determine the importance of whitebark pine nuts to Yellowstone grizzly bears." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-054.
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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a masting species that produces relatively large, fat- and protein-rich nuts that are consumed by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Trees produce abundant nut crops in some years and poor crops in other years. Grizzly bear survival in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is strongly linked to variation in pine-nut availability. Because whitebark pine trees are infected with blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), an exotic fungus that has killed the species throughout much of its range in the northern Rocky Mountains, we used stable isotopes to quantify the importance of this food resource to Yellowstone grizzly bears while healthy populations of the trees still exist. Whitebark pine nuts have a sulfur-isotope signature (9.2 ± 1.3 (mean ± 1 SD)) that is distinctly different from those of all other grizzly bear foods (ranging from 1.9 ± 1.7 for all other plants to 3.1 ± 2.6 for ungulates). Feeding trials with captive grizzly bears were used to develop relationships between dietary sulfur-, carbon-, and nitrogen-isotope signatures and those of bear plasma. The sulfur and nitrogen relationships were used to estimate the importance of pine nuts to free-ranging grizzly bears from blood and hair samples collected between 1994 and 2001. During years of poor pine-nut availability, 72% of the bears made minimal use of pine nuts. During years of abundant cone availability, 8 ± 10% of the bears made minimal use of pine nuts, while 67 ± 19% derived over 51% of their assimilated sulfur and nitrogen (i.e., protein) from pine nuts. Pine nuts and meat are two critically important food resources for Yellowstone grizzly bears.