Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mountain people – social conditions'
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Woodward, Lisa. "Poverty, vulnerability and social protection programs: Implications for young people in mountain Java." Thesis, Woodward, Lisa (2020) Poverty, vulnerability and social protection programs: Implications for young people in mountain Java. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/56075/.
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Despite reducing the poverty rate from 24 percent at the height of the economic crisis of 1997-8, to under 10 percent in 2018, vulnerability and food insecurity in rural Indonesia remain a challenge for government policy. For many rural households, opportunities to build economic resilience against poverty are undermined by multiple environmental and structural factors. Since 2014, the Jokowi government has increased its focus on delivering social protection programs (SPPs) to support poor households and prevent vulnerable households from slipping into poverty, build resilience to shocks and prevent food insecurity.
The first section of the thesis, which forms part of an Australian Research Council project (ARC), examines causes of poverty in two upland villages on Java in the Special Regency of Yogyakarta and Central Java. It also examines the impacts of SPPs directed to poverty alleviation and the politics of social protection. The ARC project utilises a mixed methods approach including community focus group meetings, a household ranking activity, in-depth household surveys and a food security survey.
The second part of this thesis applies a relational approach to examine the experiences of young people (15-30 years) in the two villages to understand how they cope with the effects of vulnerability and poverty, the potential of key SPPs to transform their lives, and the local and wider social, political and economic processes influencing their livelihood trajectories, including farming futures. The research found that multiple processes and structural inequalities undermine the potential of social assistance programs to transform young lives. However, the thesis also shows that if social assistance is combined with access to good education and family and community support, young people demonstrate greater capacity to complete high school and transition from a life of precarity to one of greater security.
Key words
vulnerability, food insecurity, poverty, social protection programs, young people
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Capreol, Martha Jean. "Social support and social strain among husbands and wives in stepfamilies : a multilevel analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ48614.pdf.
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Postle, Karen Margaret. "Care managers' responses to working under conditions of postmodernity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310558.
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Doherty, Deborah A. "Maasai pastoral potential : a study of ranching and Narok District, Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39222.
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The socio-economic conditions which affect development in general, and group ranching in particular, among the Maasai of Narok District, Kenya are analyzed. Systems of relationships between Maasai social units are examined to demonstrate how different individuals and groups within Maasai society, each with a diversity of vested interests, react to the opportunities and disadvantages offered them by imposed development programs and altered ecological conditions.A single group ranch, Rotian OlMakongo, is the focus of intensive study. Maasai on this ranch, which is located in a semi-high potential wheat-growing area of Narok District, have largely been resistant to planned change.
The reaction of group ranch members to development are analyzed showing how lineage and clan affiliation, age set relations, stock friendships and other systems of relations affect individual and group decision-making.
On the one hand the analysis demonstrates how the structure of the group ranch itself is not conducive to the consensual decision-making which ranch planning officials anticipated would occur regarding such important issues as stock limitation. On the other hand traditional Maasai social units are seen at different times both to promote and inhibit new organizational forms to deal with a changing set of economic, ecological and political conditions.
A general trend toward impoverishment, disenfranchisement and supplementary economic pursuits is outlined. However, traditional pastoralism is not seen as being totally subsumed by a more dominant, essentially capitalistic mode of production. Rather, traditional pastoralism is seen to define the transformation of internal forms through a structure which incorporates the modern sector. The tension between the traditional and modern sectors is not their disassociation, but rather, their integration into the dynamic process of change within the structure.
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Burford, Denise. "Valuing young people with autistic spectrum conditions: social inclusion in mainstream schools." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601458.
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Young people with autistic spectrum conditions (ASCs) attending mainstream schools are likely to experience lower levels of social inclusion than their typically developing peers. The study aimed to explore what helps the social inclusion of students with mild to moderate ASCs attending mainstream secondary schools. Using pragmatism as a guiding epistemological approach, the study was aimed at knowledge that has a purpose; that can lead to action. The purpose of the study was to help develop effective practice. The study was qualitative and used grounded theory as a research method which aims to capture the complexity of social phenomena. Research participants were young people with mild to moderate ASCs in years 8 or 9 of mainstream secondary schools, their parents, and school staff. Nine interviews were conducted drawing participants from school communities in one local authority. A grounded theory was developed which proposes that young people are active participants in their own social inclusion who choose strategies directed towards their social inclusion goals. A core concept in the theory was that valuing the young person and th eir contribution to the school community helps to empower them in their own social inclusion. Feeling va lued for their contribution can help young people manage their social identity and interaction. The grounded theory presented implies that school staff can contribute to the social inclusion of young people with ASC by valuing them, finding I ways for them to contribute, and ensuring that they feel valued. Attuned school staff who get to know individual young people with ASC help to involve them and promote their social self-effica cy. Motivational theories of psychology are proposed as providing helpful frameworks for EPs to consider the social and psychological needs of young people with ASC in mainstream secondary schools
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Couldrey, Charlotte. "Violence within the lives of homeless people." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/174287/.
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Narrative Literature Review Experience of victimisation and violence is prevalent within homeless people’s lives, and frequently begins in childhood through the experience of childhood abuse and trauma. The impact of childhood abuse and trauma has been associated directly and indirectly as a pathway into homelessness. Furthermore the psychological impact of childhood abuse and trauma has been linked to victimisation and perpetration of violence within homeless people. Victimisation and perpetration of violence has been predominately researched on homeless adolescents and women, with homeless men significantly under researched. Victimisation and violence is associated with a number of similar factors including childhood abuse, re-victimisation, deviant peers, substance misuse and mental illness. Furthermore, research suggests homeless people frequently have a dual role as both victim and perpetrator. This review discusses these factors, the limitations of the current research, areas for further research and the clinical implications. Empirical Paper The current study was conducted to further explore the mechanisms surrounding childhood abuse and trauma and its association with aggression in homeless people. Emotion dysregulation has a growing body of research suggesting it has the unifying function to a number of maladaptive behaviours. Research suggests childhood aversive experiences are associated with developing emotion dysregulation difficulties and aggression. This study found that emotion dysregulation significantly mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and trauma, and aggression, within a sample of homeless people. The implications of the findings are discussed with reference to the need for psychological interventions for homeless people and highlights the importance of incorporating emotion regulation strategies within interventions for aggression.
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Deeley, Susan Josephine. "Sexuality and people with learning disabilities : a conflict of ideologies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3413/.
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This study addresses the issues of sexuality and learning disability. It is concerned with the views of professionals working with adults with learning disabilities and their parental carers. The views of professionals and parents regarding relationships, marriage and parenthood are explored. These form the basis of the emerging grounded theory, which incorporates the discrepancies between their ideologies of care. Although the subject of sexuality highlights these inherent differences, it is essentially the issue of sterilisation which magnifies them. It exacerbates the tension and potential conflict between professionals and parents. Furthermore, the focus on sterilisation has ramifications concerning the conflict between public and private concerns. There is controversy regarding the validity of consent to sterilisation by people with learning disabilities. This is because there is a final legal arbiter, which in Scotland is provided by the tutor-dative system. Ideologies of care have changed principally through normalisation. Although this is now the accepted orthodox philosophy, there remain some professionals who adhere to the superseded ideology of institutionalisation. As a result, they are more similar to those of parents than they are to their professional colleagues. The wider implications of these disparate ideologies of care are examined with respect to social work-family relations. Although these differences are at present irreconcilable, suggestions of how to alleviate tension and potential conflict between these two groups are made. Finally, the implications of normalisation with regard to sexuality are also addressed.
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Hagquist, Curt. "The living conditions of young people in Sweden : on the crisis of the 1990s, social conditions and health /." Göteborg : Göteborg University, Dept. of Social Work, 1997. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007747329&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Matczak, Anna. "Understandings of punishment and justice in the narratives of lay Polish people." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3668/.
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This research brings to light the Polish context of a post-socialist, post-transformation society of peasant roots and high religiosity which greatly contributes to the comparative criminological scholarship. The purpose of this doctoral research is to explore how a small number of Polish people understand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viability of restorative approaches to justice. In so doing, this research recognises the value of lay opinion in the discussion of punishment and justice, and approaches punishment and justice as social activities, which echoes the argument that stories about crime and punishment are entangled with people’s daily routines, and as a result are lodged in their cultural imagination (see Garland & Sparks, 2000). The socialist past, hasty transition from socialism to democracy and from a centrally-planned to free market economy has influenced participants’ perceptions of the justice administration and the institutions involved in these processes. Lay Polish people shall be seen as Homo post-Sovieticus, whose perceptions of punishment and justice need to be analysed along with the legacy of the previous socialist system as well as post-1989 changes. Participants’ perceptions of the Polish criminal justice system, the Polish police and unpaid work assist to understand a number of factors that might influence the development of restorative justice in the Polish context. The findings of this study also encourage broadening the scope of the restorative justice discussion and examining its preconditions against wider sociological and criminological discourses on punishment and justice. Although the relationship might be defined as ‘uneasy’, restorative justice, since its conception, is interwoven with the two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative system of crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectory of restorative practices and demonstrates that the functioning of a majority of them is dependent on the criminal justice agencies and that there is a need to address better the notion of punishment in restorative encounters.
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Kelly, Lynnette. "Programme, policies, people : the interaction between Bosnian refugees and British society." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1149/.
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This thesis analyses the situation of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina that arrived in Britain as part of an organised programme. It represents a contribution towards the theoretical understanding of refugees, and develops and refines the theories of other authors. The author used field research methods based on techniques developed in ethnographic studies to generate empirical evidence on the social organisation of Bosnian refugees in Britain. Throughout the thesis it is argued that the situation of the refugees can only be understood through an examination of the influences affecting the refugees, before, during, and after their arrival in Britain. At every stage of the refugees' experience, control over the course of their lives has been taken away from the refugees. The war that took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina became constructed as an ethnic conflict, although there was no strong Muslim identification before the war. The programme removed options over country and place of residence, and created a measure of dependency. Longer term policies of community development, originally designed to meet the perceived needs of labour migrants, have been directed towards the refugees and imposed a model of organisation. Combined with temporary protected status, this has removed control from the refugees and prevented the formation of a new collective or individual positive life project. Refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina represent a new type of refugee in Joly's typology. This is a type of refugee that had no collective project in the country of origin, and also no collective project in the country of exile, and that is unable to make a decision on return because of the constraints around them.
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James, Malcolm. "Upcoming movements : young people, multiculture, marginality and politics in outer East London." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/550/.
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This thesis is a long-term ethnography produced in and around three Outer East London youth clubs. Addressing the contemporary intersection between urban multiculture, marginalisation and youth politics, it tells the stories of about a hundred young people living in Newham between 2008 and 2012. Drawing on a variety of ethnographic and textual materials, these themes develop through four substantive areas of concern. The first challenges 'Golden Era' accounts of East London by engaging with the memory practices of young people and youth workers in Newham. It argues for a deeper understanding of the 'traced' processes of 'becoming white' and an appreciation of the potential of diaspora mnemonics. In the context of 'the cuts' in public spending, the second explores the politics of territory in and around Leyham Youth Club. Using a multi-scalar analysis, it argues that the criminalisation of young people's public spaces through neo-liberal and neo-communitarian forms of governance needs to be understood alongside the micro-politics of territory. The third investigates the claim that young people's public productions are sold-out and nihilistic. Engaging with a range of music, video and dance projects, it argues that while young people made use of commercialised and nihilistic aesthetics, their work was meaningful and political. Though a discussion of performance, citation and new technologies of dialogue, the chapter further argues for a re-assessment of academic understandings of cultural syncretism. The fourth area addresses young people's futural projections. It explores how 'aspirational' futures depended on the marginalisation of other futures. Through a discussion of hip hop video, it also shows how, beyond this binary, young people projected alternative futures. The thesis concludes by restating its commitment to ethnography as a method that can address and engage politically with social injustice.
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Kidd, Stephen William. "Love and hate among the people without things : the social and economic relations of the Enxet people of Paraguay." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7281.
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This thesis examines the social and economic relations of the Enxet indigenous people of the Paraguayan Chaco region who place a high value on egalitarianism, generosity and personal autonomy. However, during the twentieth century their land has been colonized by cattle ranchers and they have been obliged to enter the market economy. While anthropologists have proposed a range of theories to explain indigenous social and economic relations, the main concern of this thesis is to examine how the Enxet themselves explain their social behaviour. The Enxet make salient use of "emotion words" when discussing their social and economic practices. For instance, a fundamental dichotomy in Enxet thought is between "love" and "hate" and much of their discourse centres on these two concepts. The Enxet seek to create "good/beautiful" people who know how to act appropriately. In certain contexts they should practise "love" while in other contexts "hate" is acceptable. Enxet social organization should not be understood as a structure but as a process, as something that is being continually created. I will consider different aspects of this process through an examination of kinship, co-residence, marital relations, "brideservice" and inter-community contact, and I will describe how economic transactions are key elements in the generation of "loving" social relations. However, self-centred practices create many challenges to a harmonious community life and I will consider how the Enxet strive to overcome them. Of particular interest will be demand sharing which responds, in part, to a strongly-held egalitarian ethic but can also provoke disharmony and discomfort in community life. I will also discuss commodity relations within Enxet communities and challenge the common assumption that money is necessarily destructive of indigenous social relations. I will conclude that the overriding goal of the Enxet is the attainment of tranquillity in both their personal and social lives. For the Enxet, economic relations are not about gaining material wealth but about living well with other people. They recognize that personal affective comfort is dependent on engendering tranquillity in other people. Therefore, the "emotion words" they use to explain their social behaviour should not be regarded as merely referring to "feelings" but as encompassing an aesthetics of social behaviour.
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Stevens, Mildrett Elizabeth. "Resilience of young people exposed to parental alcohol abuse." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2618_1308728030.
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This study explores the possible resilient factors which prevent young people who have been exposed to parental alcohol abuse from abusing alcohol themselves. Additionally, this study explores the coping mechanisms of young people living with a (n) alcohol abusing parent(s). This study uses a qualitative methodological design. The initial plan was purposive sampling. However it became evident that this type of sampling is not possible as no suitable candidates were found. One participant volunteered to participate in the study and suggested a few other suitable candidates. The candidates were contacted and invited to become part of the study. Individual interviews were conducted with the participants, using an interview guide and a voice recorder. The researcher ended up using snowball sampling as the candidates suggested other possible candidates. The findings suggest that the participants experienced an array of emotional, developmental and socio-economical difficulties. Feelings of shame, fear, anxiety and a deep sense of unhappiness about the situation was shared by all the participants. The family, friends and some teachers were instrumental in helping to find coping mechanisms during this challenging time of growing up with an alcohol abusing parent. Religion, academics, and positive role-modelling were contributing factors to their resilience in not using alcohol themselves even though they were exposed to alcohol-abusing parents.
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Fitzpatrick, Suzanne. "Pathways to independence : the experience of young homeless people." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1322/.
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Youth homelessness surged in the late 1980s and has been sustained at very high levels in the 1990s. It is a distressing phenomenon which has attracted considerable, if intermittent, attention from politicians, researchers and the media in the past few years. Their concerns have focused mainly on young people sleeping rough in city centre streets and staying in homeless hostels. However, within the research community at least there has been growing recognition of 'hidden' homelessness amongst young people living in local communities. It was these broader patterns of youth homelessness which I set out to investigate in this research. The central aim of my study was to illuminate the processes of youth homelessness by exploring the experiences of young people from a peripheral housing scheme in Glasgow called Drumchapel. I investigated the existence of distinct subgroups within the young homeless population by focusing upon the range of 'pathways' they took through homelessness. A 'life course' approach was taken in the thesis, in other words, young people's experiences of homelessness were placed in the context of their lives as a whole. There were three phases of empirical research. The initial stage involved 8 group discussions with young people in Drumchapel. The main stage of data collection consisted of 25 biographical interviews with young homeless people who were living in, or originated from, Drumchapel. The final phase of fieldwork was a follow-up exercise to 'track' these 25 young people one year later. Altogether, 53 young people participated in the research. A framework of six pathways through homelessness was developed based on three variables: the location, stability and status (as 'official' or 'unofficial') of young people's accommodation.
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Montgomery, Kerry. "The role of mindfulness in social anxiety in people living with visible skin conditions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18163/.
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The research reported in this thesis examined social anxiety in people with visible skin conditions to identify potential targets for intervention. Mindfulness refers to the tendency to pay attention to the present and cultivates a non-judgmental attitude towards experiences. Disengaging from negative patterns of thinking by paying attention to the present, could target rumination which maintains social anxiety. The findings of Study 1, an interpretative phenomenological analysis (N=10) indicated that social anxiety in people living with visible skin conditions arises as a result of an interaction between negative self-appraisals, fear of negative evaluation and previous reactions of others. Targeting this evaluative process using mindfulness techniques could be beneficial in reducing social anxiety; therefore, Study 2 examined the relationship between mindfulness and psychosocial distress in people with visible skin conditions (N=120). Mindfulness explained 41% of the variance in social anxiety, after controlling for subjective severity. These findings suggest that increasing mindfulness, particularly awareness, and non-judgment of inner experience could reduce social anxiety. To examine the potential of mindfulness interventions to reduce social anxiety, a systematic review was conducted. Findings highlighted that mindfulness is effective in reducing social anxiety. Potential mechanisms for the effects of mindfulness include reduced reactivity to negative self-referential information and increased attentional control. Study 3 tested the effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for social anxiety in people with visible skin conditions. A multiple baseline single case series was used to examine individual change profiles over time. Reliable and/or clinically significant reductions in social anxiety and at least one other area of psychosocial distress were reported by treatment completers (N = 7). The findings suggest that MBCT is a promising intervention for social anxiety in dermatology patients, and further research is warranted. Feasibility studies may provide important information regarding recruitment and attrition when considering randomised control trials.
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Lee, I.-Ling. "Self-destructive behaviour among Taiwanese young people." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2150/.
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This research aims to find out the factors as well as the mechanism of young people’s self-destructive behaviour in Taiwan. The research employed a mixed methodology- both quantitative and qualitative research methods. In the quantitative study, a self-reported questionnaire survey was carried out to investigate the individual and social factors that affected suicidality and self-harm among young people (N= 1043) aged 14-18. In the qualitative study, 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with professionals to find out the mechanism of self-destructive behaviour. The results show that females are more vulnerable to self-destructive behaviours than males, but male suicide attempt is increasing. Self-destructive behaviour is shaped by a range of social, cultural and individual factors. General mental health and beliefs about death are the two individual factors that are highly related to young people’s self-destructive behaviour. Better general health and positive belief about death indicate lower risk of self-destructive behaviour. Social factors such as family interaction, peer relationship, traditional value, economic optimism and social-political security are five important factors to affect young people’s self-destructive behaviour. Close and supportive family interactions help reduce the risk of self-destructive behaviour. However, closer peer relationship may increase the likelihood of self-destructive behaviour because of copycat behaviour, imitation or altruistic behaviour. Holding more traditional values, young people may result in bearing many pressures during the current economic recession period.
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Greenlee, Richard Wesley. "And yet they are poor : a naturalistic study of rural poverty and the working poor people of Appalachian Ohio." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1261051604.
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Fillingham, Joy. "Changing needs and challenging perceptions of disabled people with acquired impairments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4298/.
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The point at which individuals acquire impairments can be a challenging one, for instance people may encounter shifts in financial circumstances, a need to find information, support and services while negotiating with physical changes and for some the ‘stigma’ of disability. The study adopts an individualised diary method combined with semi-structured interviews to collate in depth qualitative data, organised and presented using participants’ voices to chart the experiences and challenges encountered in relation to finding appropriate help at this time. A critical realist perspective is applied to identify what factors affect the participants’ successes and limitations in getting needs met in relation to recently acquired impairments. The data collection method ensures that this material presents the people involved holistically and looks beyond simple representations of disability and identity. It explores how perceptions of identity shift and how participants negotiate these changes over time. The model of the ‘Process of Disillusionment’ is developed as a key finding and consideration given as to how individuals can break free of such a process. Recommendations are then made as to ways in which this cycle of frustration may be resolved both on a collective and individual basis.
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Sanneh, Abdoulie. "The emotional reactions of parentally AIDS-bereaved young people : a qualitative study of bereaved young people, carers and professionals in the Gambia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/186519/.
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AIDS is a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa and for many social reasons coming to terms with AIDS-related loss is complicated and difficult for bereaved young people. Yet, understanding of African AIDS-bereaved young people’s perspectives about their grief and perceptions of adults (health professionals and carers) about the young people’s reactions to loss is under-developed. This qualitative study therefore explores the emotional reactions of AIDS-bereaved young people and social factors that help or hinder their ability to cope with loss by comparing the similarities and differences between the perceptions of bereaved young people, their carers and professionals working with them. Individual open-ended interviews were carried out with ten carers of the young people and six professionals. Twelve individual open-ended interviews and a single focus group discussion were conducted with AIDS-bereaved young people aged between 15 and 18 years whose parent died of AIDS three to five years before this research. These were tape recorded and transcribed in full and the subsequent data analysed using constant comparative method. Key findings are that bereaved young people react to their loss with a range of emotions and that adults and young people differ regarding their perception of the intensity of their reactions. Many examples of differences in perception were identified, including young people’s view that they were overwhelmed by their loss while the adults, on the other hand, believed that they were coping with their loss. Young people wished to be told about their loss and to discuss it; however, neither the professionals nor carers were involved in such discussion with the young people. Secrecy, stigma, isolation and discrimination experienced by the young people were perceived as unhelpful to their coping; whilst being allowed to talk about loss, the feeling of being listened to, interacting with peers and the addressing of immediate basic concerns were perceived as helpful. Understanding differences in perceptions between AIDS-bereaved young people and the adults around them appears to be the first stage in developing strategies to create an enabling environment for the young people. In addition, building the capacity of carers and professionals working with the young people to acknowledge their loss, understand their reactions and establish effective communication with them is an essential aspect of helping them to cope with their loss.
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Williams, Sasha. "Drawing the line : an explanation of how lay people construct child neglect." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/25505/.
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This thesis uses a Foucauldian approach to explore how lay people construct child neglect in England. The concept of child neglect developed after the Industrial Revolution in conjunction with the construction of ‘normal’ childhood. Both depend on developmental models of childhood produced by psy-complex discourse. However, the knowledge producing the ‘normal’ family and the disciplinary institutions producing and protecting the ‘normal’ childhood have been challenged by late modernity, with a potential impact on what can be considered ‘abnormal’ and therefore neglectful. Recent years have seen an increasing professional and political focus on both the importance of child neglect, and the role of lay people in child protection – ‘everybody’s business’. It is unclear how lay people construct child neglect, a category that properly results from political and moral choices made by society. To analyse how lay people construct child neglect, data was collected from focus group discussions between 46 self-defined ‘lay’ people. Children were constructed as having developmental needs during childhood, which, if unmet, could cause long term problems for child and society. Four clusters of needs were identified: physical, emotional, training and supervisory. If these needs were unmet, children could be seen as Deprived, Unloved, Uncontrolled or Escaping. However, this did not mean they were positioned as neglected. Neglect required some abnormal adult/parent behaviour. The normal parent was non-neglectful although sometimes temporarily Overburdened, the abnormal parent was neglectful, categorised as Clueless, Underinvested or Unsuitable. Lay people were constructed as having a responsibility to support parents and families within their midst. However the forces of late modernity, particularly globalisation, challenged the normal/abnormal family binary, leaving lay people unclear about where society and/or child protection professionals draw the line between normal and neglectful childhoods. The implications of these constructions for children, parents, state, professionals and lay people are examined and recommendations made.
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Harding, Sandra B. "Planning for social equality in the urban environment : a case study of planning for elderly women in Brisbane." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992.
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Sun, Yanshu. "Media exposure, self and fashion clothing involvement of Chinese young people: analyses of effect models." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/15.
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This study develops a complicated analysis model to explore more understanding for fashion communication in Confucian culture background, especially for the latest Chinese fashion. The current study examines theoretical connections between media exposure, some psychological and social variables and fashion clothing involvement in Chinese society within a predictive framework. To better understand the relations between these psychological factors, social norms and fashion clothing involvement, this study also explores several effect models, such as moderation effect, mediation effect and mediated moderation effect. Two studies were conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the first study, the author collected data through a random sampling survey. To cross-validate the survey findings, a second study adopting the method of group interviews was conducted. Results indicate that fashion clothing involvement is a function of exposing to the media, achievement lifestyle, perception of success, peer influence, cognitive dissonance reduction, and comparing with others. The results also indicate the complicated relations, such as, lifestyle factor moderates the tie between media exposure and fashion clothing involvement; social comparison processes mediates the relationship between media exposure and fashion clothing involvement; self-discrepancy also influences the relationship as a moderator; notably, social comparison mediates the moderation effect from self-discrepancy. Individuals with high levels of self-discrepancy experience more negative emotion from comparing to thin-ideal image in fashion media than those with low levels. Another finding is that traditional media, particularly magazines, are as strong in explanatory power as new media (e.g. website) in the model of fashion communication. Theoretical implications of this study provide an advance in understanding the mechanisms underlying internalization and the use of social norms, furthermore, develop the knowledge of self related theories.
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Jagers, J. Lee. "Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Attributes of Never-Married Singles." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331810/.
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The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare various attributes of never-married single men and women to married men and women.
The Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis, the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) Scale, and the Personal Skills Map were completed by 138 never-married singles and 139 married volunteers, both male and female. Volunteers were predominantly Caucasian, Protestant, active in their churches, and college educated. Ages ranged from 30 to 39 years. Married volunteers were married only once for five years or more.
A step-wise discriminant analysis was run on each of the three instruments to determine which variables were significant across groupings. Summary conclusions were made showing that never-married men and women were more socially energetic but less expressive and responsive than were married men and women. Single men, as compared to married men, were also more passive and saw themselves in a less favorable light. Single women, when compared to married women, were also more dominant. Single women, when compared to single men, were more relaxed and more assertive, but more critical and punitive.
An implication for counselors is that never-married single people may need help with relating at a deeper level of vulnerability and personableness. Single men may need help in interpersonal assertiveness as well as in personal openness and transparency. Single women may need help in resolving some of their hostilities.
Further research is needed to explore the possible factors contributing to the guardedness of singles, the passivity of men, and the hostility of women. More work needs to be done in the area of causality.
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Baird, Jennifer. "Poverty and wellbeing among older people in Nairobi slum settlements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/368190/.
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Levels of poverty and wellbeing among older people in poor, urban settings in Africa have been under-researched, yet absolute numbers of older people are set to increase in this continent in the coming decades. The urban experience of wellbeing for older people is relatively unknown as research tends to focus on older people residing in rural places. This study addresses this research gap and investigates patterns of poverty and wellbeing among older people in two slum settlements in Nairobi. The study uses data collected by the African Population and Health Research Centre. Livelihood information for households in a demographic surveillance system operating in two Nairobi slums is combined with data from a survey on the social, health and overall wellbeing of older people. Absolute expenditure poverty and expenditure quintiles are calculated to build a money-metric poverty profile of the older people. Sensitivity analyses of the poverty estimates are also calculated to explore different assumptions of equivalence scales. A multidimensional conceptual framework then measures how older people’s wellbeing varies across a range of different dimensions. Two-thirds (66%) of older people in the two slum settlements are living in absolute material poverty. Within the slums there are also significant differences in absolute poverty among older people. Wellbeing is found to vary greatly within dimensions and across them; overall, there are disadvantages for women and the oldest old in terms of poverty and wellbeing. Formal support mechanisms are limited with few older people receiving a pension. Conversely, informal reciprocal familial support patterns are strong with many older people giving support to other members of their family. Levels of absolute poverty are high, suggesting that policies should be targeted here to reduce poverty. The different dimensions of wellbeing also indicate that non-monetary policy interventions should be considered.
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Simmons, Daniela. "Social Participation and Depression Among Elderly People in Greece." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc848194/.
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The researcher had two objectives: first, explore how social involvement changes by age among Greek elderly, and second, examine the relationship between social involvement and depression by age among study participants, controlled for education, marital status, and gender. The researcher used data from the 2004 Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database subjecting a sample of 2,898 elderly aged 50 or older to analysis in terms of the study questions. Approximately 43% of the participants (n = 1,244) were males and 57% were females (n = 1,654).
Study results showed Greek elderly participated more in religious activities and less in non-religious activities with increasing age. The study results showed the level of education did not have an effect on the level of religious or non-religious participation. Marital status could influence Greeks’ tendency to participate in religious activities, however, it did not have an effect on non-religious participation. Women are more likely to participate in religious activities than the men. The gender of the participants did not have an effect on non-religious participation. Older Greek elderly were more likely to be depressed than the younger elderly. Participation in religious activities was not shown to relate to decreasing the risk of depressive symptoms; while participation in non-religious activities increased it. Further elaboration showed that caring for family increased the risk of depressive symptoms. Participation in other non-religious activities did not show significant relationships to depressive symptoms.
The study findings imply those caring for others are in need of social and mental health support services; and the quality of available social activities need significant improvement.
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Uzuki, Yuka. "Intergenerational persistence of poverty in the UK : empirical analysis of economic outcomes for people born from the 1950s to the 1980s." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/870/.
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Further income redistribution is an obvious way of alleviating child poverty. However, whether this effectively improves life chances of children growing up in poverty is debated, and there might be less expensive ways of doing so. Drawing on competing models explaining intergenerational persistence of poverty, this thesis investigates some of the links between childhood poverty and later economic outcomes in the UK. Aiming to identify policy areas where intervention would be helpful, it examines continuities and changes over time in these links and mechanisms that create them, analysing longitudinal data from people born in 1958, 1970 and the 1980s. This thesis shows that a negative effect of childhood poverty on adult earnings remains for the 1970 cohort (although not for the 1958 cohort), even after controlling for educational attainment in particular, and for other individual and family characteristics. This appears to be a reason that intergenerational persistence of poverty is stronger for the younger cohort. Teenage occupational aspirations do not seem to explain this residual effect, but unemployment in early working life contributes to it. An original contribution is the investigation of different effects of childhood poverty on later onset of and exit from unemployment, and the relative strength of the effects of parental worklessness and income poverty on these outcomes. A main finding is that income poverty more strongly affects the rapid onset of unemployment following employment, although parental worklessness appears to be associated with the slow exit from unemployment. The results suggest that policy interventions in education or (potentially cheaper) interventions affecting youth aspirations would not completely remove the disadvantage experienced by children growing up in poverty. There is therefore evidence that further income redistribution would be beneficial in improving their future life chances, while the findings suggest that the design of income redistribution also matters.
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Chow, Kit Ling Lina. "Residential care for frail and marginalised older people in Hong Kong 1990-2006 : targeting and efficiency?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48992/.
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Rapid growth in the number and proportion of older people in Hong Kong is shown to have taken place since the late nineties. The substantial increase in the number of older people (particularly the old-olds) and their declining ability levels accelerated the need for long-term care, including residential care. This has exerted heavy financial pressure on the government. Subsequently a new policy - the ‘Standardised Care Need Assessment Mechanism’ (SCNAM) - for elderly services was introduced in November 2000; giving rise to both intended and unintended consequences. In this cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the populations of two older peoples residential homes, the focus is on evaluating the outcome of the policy (SCNAM), which intended to target care on older people ‘in greatest need’. It explores how the profile of residents in long-term care has changed since this policy implementation. Specifically, the dependency characteristics of residents (including their physical health, functional status, cognitive levels, and degree of frailty) in two care homes of the Helping Hand charity in Hong Kong between 1990 and 2006 are compared. Moreover, the study explores whether the changed populations in these homes suggest greater efficiency and effectiveness in the allocation of residential care. It examines impacts on the costs of care, particularly relating to staffing and funding across a 16-year interval. Furthermore, the outcomes of residential care are assessed in terms of the quality of interaction between staff and residents, and participation in various kinds of social activities within the home. Efficiency is judged not by cost per person alone, but by the ratios of costs to outcomes. Findings in the study show that the quality of publicly-funded residential care in Hong Kong fell over the period, and this evidence puts any suggestion of greater efficiency in doubt. Most importantly, the quality of life of residents has been adversely affected and this is an ‘unintended consequence’ that needs to be taken into account by the policy-makers. Throughout its recent history Hong Kong has adopted a residual model of welfare, in which the government’s paramount focus has been on economic development. This is clearly reflected in the provision and financing of long-term residential care homes as operated under ‘a mixed economy of welfare’ system, in which the government only assumes a role as a funder. Other crucial issues such as the quality of care by front-line personal care staff as well as the quality of life of residents are largely outside of its policy concerns. Current evidence shows that better targeting and lower unit costs have been achieved in the two Care Homes of the Helping Hand, but at the expense of the effectiveness of care. The policy shift has produced new winners and losers. A focus on controlling the costs of public support for older people amounts to what Titmuss (1968, p.133) called a price that some pay ‘for the costs of other people’s progress’.
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Cobley, David Stephen. "Towards economic empowerment for disabled people : exploring the boundaries of the social model of disability in Kenya and India." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4050/.
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The social model of disability, which provides the ideological basis for the recent UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, emphasizes the need for society to change, in order to remove all forms of disability discrimination and allow for full participation. However, literature debates have raised questions over the relevance of this ideology to the majority world context. This thesis aims to explore this dilemma, by examining the influence of the social model on a range of current approaches to promoting economic empowerment within Kenya and India - two countries that have signed and ratified the Convention. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of 26 case studies, conducted between June 2010 and February 2011, which were focused mainly on three particular routes to economic empowerment: vocational training, formal sector employment and self-directed employment. The study concludes that, while inclusive strategies that were firmly based on social model principles tended to be among the most successful, a total reliance on this ideology would run the risk of excluding a large section of the disability population altogether. In particular, some of the segregated services were found to be continuing to play an important role in disability service provision.
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Silvester, Nicola Jane. "Mental health and wellbeing : the views of people who are deaf." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4947/.
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Deaf individuals have higher prevalence of mental health problems but are under-represented within mental health services. Despite emerging specialist provisions, utilisation remains poor. Yet little research has considered why this is. Therefore, a literature review and an empirical paper aimed to explore deaf people's mental health service experiences and highlight factors associated with help seeking behaviour. A systematic literature search was completed identifying nineteen studies for review. Themes emerged around deaf clients' mental health service experiences, covering accessibility, experiences of professional, and communication. Similarly, themes promoting help seeking covered integrated specialist services, signing professionals and alternative communication. The review highlighted that literature exploring deaf people's views towards mental health service experiences were lacking alongside communication breakdown being a central theme. 186 deaf children (aged 11-19) from UK specialist schools, covering two schooling dimensions (Oral-Deaf and Total Communication), were surveyed across various constructs mapped against the Health Belief Model. A thirteen percent variance in children's help-seeking intentions was explained by model variables, with outcome expectancy and self-efficacy being key to help-seeking intentions. Specific preferences for deaf/signing professionals and specialist services were unfounded. Help-seeking intentions were positively skewed given the specialist environment and easy access to mental health provision provided in these settings.
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Van, Deventer Gerhardus Johannes. "Socio-economic development of the Coloured community since the Theron Commission." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51910.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Poverty is a widespread phenomenon within the coloured community of South Africa. In 1976 the Theron Commission reported on coloured poverty and recommended widespread reform to the apartheid system to incorporate coloureds into social and economic life on an equal footing with whites. The commission was of the opinion that the poorest 40% of coloureds lived in a state of chronic community poverty. This conclusion was based on the culture of poverty approach, which states that negative external factors and an internal process of self-perpetuation can sometimes combine to cause a povertysyndrome. The original culture of poverty approach was widely misinterpreted and criticised and consequently lost much of its support. However, if properly understood, the approach can still be used effectively. Since the Theron commission made a healthy reinterpretation of this approach it also provides a good theoretical framework to analyse coloured poverty. The socio-economic position of coloureds has improved markedly since the era of the Theron commission. Total fertility rates and infant mortality rates declined, while life expectancy increased. The educational status of coloureds increased considerably. There is, however, still a large disparity between rural and urban coloureds. The per capita income of coloureds almost doubled in this period. This rise in income can be attributed to an improvement in occupational status (which was in turn influenced by an improvement in educational status) as well as a decrease in wage discrimination. In spite of the overall improvement in the socio-economic position of coloureds, poverty rates did not decrease significantly since the era of the Theron Commission. Although poverty is still more widespread in rural areas, there has been a relative improvement in the socioeconomic position of rural coloureds and agricultural labourers. This has partly been caused by the urbanisation of the rural poor. Coloured poverty is, however, still at much lower levels than black poverty. Since the era of the Theron Commission the culture of poverty has been positively influenced by several factors: racial discrimination in public education and other social spending decreased, levels of education improved and contributed to the rise in per capita income, social work has become better focussed and is provided on a more equal basis and the socio-political emancipation of coloureds were achieved with the rise of a democratic society. However, it seems that the good economic growth rates during the 1960's and early 1970's provided the biggest thrust to the upward socio-economic mobility of coloureds and played a more important role than the Theron report or any other socio-political changes. It can be concluded that the culture of poverty as it existed at the time of the Theron report has weakened considerably and that the approach should therefore not be used as the basic model to describe the socio-economic position of poor coloureds any more. Current anti-poverty measures should be focussed on job creation, community building and education.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Armoede is 'n wydverspreide probleem in die kleurlinggemeenskap van Suid- Afrika. In 1976 het die Theron Kommissie ondersoek ingestel na kleurling armoede en hulle het drastiese veranderinge aan die apartheidstelsel voorgestel om die sosio-ekonomiese vooruitgang van kleurlinge te verseker. Die kommissie het aangevoer dat die armste 40% van die kleurlingbevolking in 'n toestand van chroniese gemeenskapsarmoede verkeer. Hierdie gevolgtrekking is gebaseer op die kultuur van armoede teorie, wat veronderstel dat In armoedesiklus kan ontstaan wanneer daar 'n wisselwerking is tussen negatiewe omgewingsfaktore en In interne proses van selfvoortplanting deur middel van die gesin. Die oorspronklike kultuur van armoede benadering was onderhewig aan verskeie misinterpretasies en kritiek en het derhalwe baie aanhang verloor. Tog kan die kultuur van armoede teorie steeds met vrug aangewend word indien dit korrek toegepas word. Aangesien die Theron Kommissie die oorspronklike teorie op In gesonde manier geherinterpreteer het, verskaf dit 'n goeie teoretiese raamwerk waarbinne kleurlingarmoede ondersoek kan word. Die sosio-ekonomiese posisie van kleurlinge het In merkwaardige verbetering getoon sedert die era van die Theron Kommissie. Fertiliteitskoerse en suigelingsterftekoerse het afgeneem, terwyl lewensverwagting toegeneem het. Die onderwyspeil van kleurlinge het ook drasties verbeter, alhoewel daar steeds In groot gaping is tussen landelike en stedelike kleurlinge. Die per capita inkomste van kleurlinge het amper verdubbel in die periode. Die verhoging kan toegeskryf word aan In verhoogde beroepstatus (wat weer deur verbeterde onderwyspeile beïnvloed is) sowel as laer vlakke van loondiskriminasie. Ten spyte van die algehele verbetering in die sosio-ekonomiese posisie van kleurlinge, het armoedevlakke sedert die Theron era nie noemenswaardig verminder nie. Alhoewel armoede steeds wydverspreid is in landelike gebiede, het daar In relatiewe verbetering in die sosio-ekonomiese posisie van landelike kleurlinge en die plaaswerkersgemeenskap plaasgevind. Dit is deels veroorsaak deur verstedeliking van arm landelike inwoners. Kleurling armoede is egter steeds op 'n baie laer vlak as swart armoede. Sedert die era van die Theron Kommissie is die toestand van chroniese gemeenskapsarmoede deur verskeie positiewe faktore beïnvloed: rassediskriminasie ten opsigte van onderwys en ander sosiale besteding het verminder, vlakke van onderwys het verbeter en het bygedra tot 'n verhoging in per capita inkome, sosiale werk is beter gefokus en word op 'n meer gelyke skaal verskaf en met die demokratiseringsproses is die sosio-politiese emansipasie van kleurlinge verkry. Tog lyk dit of die goeie ekonomiese groei van die sestigerjare en vroeë sewentqerjare 'n groter invloed op die opwaartse sosioekonomiese mobiliteit van kleurlinge gehad het as die Theron verslag en ander sosio-politieke veranderinge. Die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat die kultuur van armoede soos dit gemanifesteer het in die tyd van die Theron verslag in so 'n mate verswak het dat die benadering nie meer gebruik moet word as die basiese model om die sosioekonomiese toestand van arm kleurlinge te beskryf nie. Dit beteken egter nie dat daar nie nog steeds akute armoedeprobleme in sekere dele van die kleurlinggemeenskap bestaan nie. Huidige armoede-verligtingsbeleid moet fokus op werkskepping, gemeenskapsbou en onderwys.
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McCree, Peter. "Impairment, disability and handicap in patients on orthopaedic waiting lists." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5fe90c7b-7e12-4bba-b1b8-92f8a1b94aa5.
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Hennessy, Claire Judith. "Users and staff perceptions of resettlement services for homeless people on Merseyside." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2006. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5854/.
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Statham, Joyce. "A day at a time : a study of unsupported family carers of older people." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3484/.
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Informal carers provide the majority of care for older people living in the community. The provision of care can be very stressful and is said to have an adverse affect on caregivers’ health. Policy has recognised the need to support carers and a key objective has been to improve service provision for them. Research has shown that service intervention can prevent the breakdown of care and admission to long term care. However, relatively few carers and older people use formal services. While the low uptake of support services is documented, it is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of informal carers of older people who received no support services. It focused particularly on the question: why when caregiving is portrayed as being stressful, do carers continue without support from formal service providers? Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of unsupported carers of older people, who were interviewed three times over a period of two years. For this longitudinal study a predominantly qualitative approach underpinned by the principles of grounded theory was chosen with a quantitative component included in the second stage. The study used a range of methods including focus groups, interviews and self-completion questionnaires. The main source of data was individual in-depth interviews, while self-completion questionnaires and literature provided secondary and tertiary sources of data. Data were analysed according to the principles of grounded theory. The study found that carers were motivated by a strong sense of duty and a desire to maintain their independence and control over their lives and the caregiving situation. They regarded formal services as authoritarian and intrusive. Acceptance of support was associated with feelings of failure and a potential loss of control.
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Winstanley, Caroline. "Transition planning for young people with severe learning disabilities : social positions and power relationships." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1183/.
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A Participative Action Research methodology was used to investigate whether six young people with severe learning disabilities were able to express their views and aspirations during their transition planning meeting. Although the young people were able to make choices and communicate their views and aspirations in an often assertive manner, this did not guarantee that they were meaningfully included. Professionals and school staff were unaccustomed to including the young people which meant that they often used language that excluded them. The social positions of stakeholders and their associated power relationships were already well established, which meant that the professionals held the most privileged position during the transition meetings. It was unclear how the professionals would relinquish their power to ensure the young people were meaningfully included. This study proposes that the structure of transition planning should change if meaningful inclusion is to take place.
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Robinson, Catherine Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Being somewhere: young homeless people in inner-city Sydney." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36679.
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Drawing on in-depth interviews, participant observation and my experiences of working with young homeless people in refuges, in this thesis I develop an analysis which identifies some key spatial practices through which young people negotiate the field of homelessness in inner-city Sydney. The particular contribution of this work is to consider homelessness in terms of a theorised understanding of the broader role of place within homelessness, rather than in terms of the immediacy of cause or solution. While acknowledging the importance of the large body of work which has focused on the structural causes of homelessness and the need for a clear policy-oriented definition of homelessness, I develop an alternative agenda for a focus on young homeless people's struggles to feel 'in place' and 'at home'. These struggles throw into relief the need to understand young people???s homelessness in terms of a search, not just for a place to stay, but for a place to belong. Utilising the rich body of work which explores the important relation of place and subjectivity, I connect young people???s experiences of place within homelessness with the broader social and phenomenological concepts of ???displacement??? and ???implacement???. In particular, I focus on the spatial relations through which young people construct and organise their daily paths and begin to make sense of their often painful and chaotic lives and their fears about the future. I contextualise their fragile experiences of being somewhere in a broader spatial structure of constant movement and grief and feelings of alienation from the wider community. I consider the enduring role of past homes in their continuing struggle to piece together a way of ???being at home??? both in terms of drawing together a network of physical places of safety and in terms of experiencing a sense of acceptance, recognition and rootedness through place. I point to the critical need to include broader understandings of both home and homelessness in addressing the displacement which shapes the experience of homelessness for young people and impacts on the success of immediate measures developed to respond to it.
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Mhlongo, Maud Nombulelo. "Normality, resilience and agency : the experiences of young people living with HIV within the socio-cultural context of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2012. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/18059/.
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The availability of ART has transformed HIV infection from a terminal illness into a disease that is manageable. South Africa bears the greatest burden of the AIDS epidemic, having the highest proportion of adults and young people living with HIV in the world. Studies of the experience of living with HIV have largely been dominated by a medical approach which tends to ignore the subjective experience and meaning of living with HIV. This study uses constructivist grounded theory to explore the subjective experience of living with HIV for young people who live in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Qualitative methods were used to collect data; these consisted of individual interviews and focus group discussions with young people living with HIV, carers of young people and community members. This study presents a multifaceted understanding of the experience for young people of living with HIV. Disclosure, young people‟s interpretation of the meaning of living with HIV and maintaining normality were core categories identified in the young people‟s narratives. Disclosure created a space for young people to negotiate the social and personal meaning of living with HIV. Maintaining normality was an active process whereby young people engaged themselves in tasks which they perceived to be helpful in managing HIV stigma, negative social interpretations associated with living with HIV and the uncertainty of living with HIV. „Normalisation‟ was used in this process, which refers to the combination of strategies that young people employed to survive and maintain a state of wellness; however, it was a negotiated process rather than an outcome, and young people were actively balancing their lives in the midst of uncertainty. Young people‟s active agency and resilience permeated their narratives and the study.
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Burchardt, Tania. "Incomes, functionings and capabilities : the well-being of disabled people in Britain." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/133/.
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The central objective of this thesis is to explore whether the capability approach can be operationalised, using the well-being of disabled people in Britain as a case study. The capability approach proposes a shift away from measuring utility and income poverty towards identifying functionings (the states of being and activities which individuals achieve), and capabilities (the different combinations of functionings which individuals have the opportunity to achieve). To date there have been few empirical applications and many concerns about the usefulness of the approach remain. Disabled people are an interesting case study for the capability approach because of the challenge to conventional measures of well-being issued by the social model of disability: that we should move away from measuring individual deficits towards focusing on the barriers individuals with impairments experience in attempting to lead the lives they want to lead. The capability approach has the potential, in theory, to meet this challenge. In addition to providing in-depth analysis of the position of disabled people in society, the thesis makes three contributions, one theoretical and two methodological. The theoretical development is the distinction between capability as opportunity and capability as autonomy, that is, the distinction between an approach which treats preferences as exogenous and one which takes seriously the problem of conditioned expectations. The innovative methodologies are, firstly, the extension of techniques of equivalisation of income to take account of variations in needs due to disability, and, secondly, quantifying whether a particular functioning is within an individual's capability set. The thesis concludes that relatively straightforward adjustments to conventional poverty measures improve their validity. For fuller application of the capability approach, although there is a trade-off between conceptual soundness and complexity of data requirements, informative measures of opportunity and autonomy can be derived from existing survey data.
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Muruviwa, Addmore Tapfuma. "Livelihood strategies of the aged people in Mubaira Community, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/334.
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In today‘s changing demographic, economic, political and environmental context the livelihood strategies developed by the rapidly growing older population deserve particular attention. Lack of support by the state coupled with economic crises and decreasing family availability has meant that older people are increasingly expected to find their own means of support into old age, develop their own strategies and rely on their own resources. Heterogeneity in old age means that while some older people are amongst the most vulnerable and socially down and out, others have accumulated resources that enable them to implement diverse and enterprising livelihood strategies to maintain their wellbeing in old age. This study uses an explorative approach in its quest to understand the various livelihood strategies of the elderly. In-depth interviews and life histories have been utilized as data collection instruments. In addition to this inductive and qualitative research approach, the dissertation uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to examine the different kinds of livelihood strategies employed by the elderly in Mubaira to stave off poverty in old age in the absence of social security systems. A comparative analysis with other regional countries reveals that old age pensions have been able to reduce poverty at old age significantly. By engaging in different livelihood activities, in the absence of old age pensions, the elderly in Mubaira community in Zimbabwe have been able to make a living. Agriculture is the dominant activity the aged people engage in as they try to avert food insecurity. Besides agriculture, aged people diversify their livelihoods through self employments that add income value to their households. The impact of cash and non-cash remittances has seen aged people being able to buy basic goods and a few essentials. Although the state has been dysfunctional, civil society has stepped in to address the livelihood challenges faced by the aged population and in v particular to provide an alternative solution to the needs of the elderly people within the sustainable livelihoods framework which remains one of the most important models for the analysis of rural livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach‘s vulnerability approach the study also analyses the various impacts affecting the attainment of sustainable livelihood outcomes. Through the utilization of the livelihoods framework in addition to the qualitative research methodology as indicated above, the study found that livelihood activities of the aged require a stock of capital assets which include natural, human, physical, social and financial capital. The life histories of the aged in Mubaira revealed that through the years the aged did accumulate various assets that assist them even now. As the life course perspective suggests events in earlier life do have a bearing on later life, access to a range of capital assets helped old aged people in Mubaira to fully engage in livelihood strategies that ensured their survival and escape from poverty.
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Levy, Susan L. "Wheelchair users and housing in Dundee : the social construction and spatiality of disability." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2722.
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The thesis examines the experiences and perceptions of wheelchair users living in different types and tenures of housing in the City of Dundee. The interrelationships between space, society and the body are examined in the empirical context of housing, ableism and the disabled body. The voices of wheelchair users, gleaned from in-depth, semi-structured interviews, are used throughout the thesis to illustrate how the geographies of people with disabilities are delineated and constrained by socio-cultural representations of disability. Conceptually the study has been guided by the social model of disability, but insights from postmodernism and feminist literature are drawn on to add a further dimension to the interpretation of the data and the study's methodology. The social construction of difference, social exclusion and definitions of the normal and aberrant body emerge as key concepts linking analysis of the data at the spatial scales of the neighbourhood, home and the body. Spatial metaphors of 'out of place', 'marginalised' or 'socio-spatially excluded' capture the essence of the impressions people with disabilities hold of their interactions with their living spaces and service providers. The study suggests that greater reciprocal dialogue is required between service users and service providers to broaden the knowledge base from which disability related housing decisions are made.
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Hollingdrake, Olivia, Lisa Fitzgerald, Judith Dean, Allyson Mutch, and Chi-Wai Lui. "Social support networks of people recently diagnosed with HIV in Queensland : A qualitative study." Thesis, University of Queensland, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/200963/1/59210462.pdf.
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With widespread treatment, HIV is now considered a chronic, manageable condition, yet little is known of the social networks that support people living with HIV (PLHIV) to transition toward self-management. Using a person-centred, qualitative social network approach, this study examined the role, characteristics and evolution of social support networks from the perspective of PLHIV and key support providers in Queensland, Australia. Beyond treatment and monitoring, HIV self-management involves negotiating disclosures and navigating stigma. Alongside biomedical interventions, facilitating recently diagnosed PLHIV to develop strong and sustainable personal support networks, including linkage with peers, is an important aspect of contemporary HIV care.
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Dam, Rinita. "The experiences and livelihood strategies of poor people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4357/.
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The international literature, policy and action up to now have concentrated predominantly on the prevention and treatment aspects of HIV/AIDS, often neglecting the support and care that poor people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) require. The current study addresses this gap by exploring a group of poor PLHAs’ own perceptions of their experience of living with and seeking treatment for HIV/AIDS, the adequacy of the health care services they are able to access and the support programmes for PLHA provided by NGOs and other not-for-profit organisations in the context of Kolkata - one of the largest metropolitan cities in India. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 59 men and women from Kolkata, India. The study reveals that in the case of HIV/AIDS, it is necessary to divide the post-symptomatic phase into pre and post-diagnosis stages, because it emerged that many PLHA had experienced serious delays in obtaining an accurate diagnosis, resulting in the loss of their existing assets, further impoverishing many at an early stage of the illness trajectory. People’s ability to mobilise additional labour assets within their households to ‘earn money in new ways’ and the characteristics of their ‘household relations’ emerged as key explanations of how well households fared during the post-diagnosis phase.
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Pauli, Gisela. "The creation of real food and real people : gender complementarity among the Menku of Central Brazil." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11062.
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The thesis aims to provide a first ethnographic description of the Menkü of Central Brazil by focussing on their non-hierarchical gender-complementarity as it realises itself in relationships of production and reproduction. The first part of the thesis comprises of an introduction to the group from a historical point of view by providing a description of the Menkü's historical experiences during this century. This is followed by a description of the settlement, and the social spaces it encompasses. The second part focusses on the creation of real food by firstly elaborating social and physical aspects of material production. Secondly, it explores the metaphysical aspects of production and reproduction by uncovering the relationships human beings engage in with the world of masters of the elements, animals and ancestors. The third part of the thesis investigates processes underlying the creation of real people by focussing on Menkü life cycle, kinship and social organisation. A person's life is depicted in the way it is geared towards the acquisition of gendered skills of production and reproduction, which are fully manifested by the married couple. An outline of the Menkü system of classificatory marriage reveals the stress on the married couple from another point of view. It will be shown that the ideal marriage partners are identified by a conflation of gender and affinity. The last chapter explores the generation of sociality as it reveals itself in happiness, abundance and togetherness. It shows the extent to which a high communal morale is preconditioned upon non-hierarchical gender-relationships.
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Curtice, Lisa. "Lessons for inclusive citizenship? : difference, disability and rights in the lives of people with learning disabilities who have high support needs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1902/.
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Policy in Scotland, as in the rest of the U.K, aims to enable people with learning disabilities to access the same opportunities as other citizens. This thesis explores the meanings and experiences of citizenship and inclusion in the lives of people who challenge services the most, whether because of profound impairment, vulnerability or perceived risk to others. Case studies were conducted with 14 individuals with learning disabilities who were assessed as needing at least one-to-one support in their day centre or supported living setting, or who were considered difficult to discharge from long-stay hospital. Through interviews and observations I sought to identify the barriers to and safeguards of inclusion in their daily lives. Perspectives on the issues affecting service provision were obtained through telephone interviews with commissioners in 28 out of 32 local authorities in Scotland, conducted at the time of ‘The same as you?’ review. I argue that the notion of the rights-bearing citizen should be extended to embrace vulnerability, differences in capacity and the need for advocacy in order to develop practices that do not systematically marginalise some people within a new normalcy of active citizenship. I also reflect on my own learning about the conduct of inclusive research from working with study participants with high support needs.
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Bramwell, Donna Louise. "Exploring the role of employers and managers in supporting people with long-term conditions in the workplace." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/exploring-the-role-of-employers-and-managers-in-supporting-people-with-longterm-conditions-in-the-workplace(bd30cd6b-6a7d-47d8-9650-1e85a8e85c37).html.
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Background: Evidence from the employee perspective frequently suggests that unsupportive managerial relations present a considerable barrier to those with long-term health conditions (LTCs) both on their ability to sustain employment and manage their condition at work. However, little is empirically known about employers’ and managers’ experiences of supporting those with LTCs, or indeed about their perception of their supportive role in the social context of the workplace on which employees suggest they depend for workplace success. This presents a disparity in understanding the contribution of the management role in influencing the (re)entry process to employment for those with LTCs. This is important to explore in light of ongoing objectives by the UK Government to move people with LTCs off incapacity benefits and back into the labour force, as any successful return to work will largely be influenced by employers’ and managers’ readiness to support them. Method: A qualitative approach informed by Grounded Theory principles to guide data collection and analysis was taken for this 3½ year study (September 2009 to March 2013). 40 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with employers and managers from a range of organisations in the North West of England and analysed thematically. Findings were interpreted in relation to a framework of sociological theories of emotion and work. Results: Regardless of industry type, sector and size or condition, several themes emerged which contributed to a sense of burden and tension for participants in supporting those with LTCs. These included discerning legitimacy and tangibility of conditions, having difficult conversations with employees and the influence of the employees’ personality on support. More significantly, all bar one participant typified their role as one of a difficult ‘balancing’ act of additional and often incompatible demands, pressures and feelings arising from managing a complex and emotive situation many considered non-normative to their everyday role. This was typified by feelings of conflict and emotional discomfort, interpreted as ambivalence, stemming from contradictions between and within the normative expectations of their social roles and appropriate feeling rules. For example between the obligations of the professional ‘public’ managerial role in providing value to the organisation, and philanthropic concerns for the welfare of the employee concomitant with their personal ‘private’ role as an individual. Interpreted from a combination of both spoken word and ‘unsaid’ gestures, is the emotion management conducted by managers to cope with negative feelings of ambivalence in a culture which favours rationality over emotionality. Conclusion: Overall, findings indicate that participants in this study concur with the employees’ perspective as to the importance of socially supportive managerial relations. However, it is theorised that managing the emotions of ambivalence serves to undermine manager’s capacity to translate intention to provide support into tangible action, and hence is reflected in the employee’s perception of unsupportive relations. It is suggested that this research could be used to inform the development of a potential intervention to support managers in their pivotal role in the return-to-work process, being beneficial for all stakeholders - the Government, employees and employers alike.
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Potash, Jordan Seth. "Guided relational viewing: art therapy for empathy and social change to increase understanding of people livingwith mental illness." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44547924.
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Carnow, Jacobus Johannes. "Older persons' care as life care : a pastoral assessment of the ecclesia praxis within the African Methodist Episcopal Church in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96584.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is a pastoral care strategy for the affirmation of the dignity of the poor Black older persons. In this study there is a discussion of how the poor Black older persons suffered the defacement of their dignity under Apartheid and how to a large extent their dignity is still being defaced under the new democratic dispensation in South Africa. These poor Black older persons are victims of various forms of older person abuse. They experience the prejudice of ageism intensely as it is exacerbated by racism; and with no appropriate medical and health strategies in place to provide quality health care; and with inappropriate housing, social services, and residential care services, their dignity is denied. Due to past discriminatory laws and policies these vulnerable older persons suffer the consequences of low levels of formal education within an environment of engineered poverty and racial discrimination which made it impossible for them to enter into quality employment which would enable them to provide adequately for old age. The deprivation thus experienced made it difficult for them to flourish economically and otherwise. At present they are still marginalised and they experience intense forms of loneliness. These poor Black older persons continue to suffer humiliation and indignity in spite of legislation and policies purporting to ensure their well-being. Within a society embracing a neo-liberalist philosophy they are considered unimportant as they do not contribute productively to the economic well-being of the community and are therefore relegated to the lowest ranks of society. With the effacement of their dignity through socially constructed systems their human development is seriously hampered, resulting in a disintegration of human wholeness. The inequality that the poor Black older persons suffer is an indictment against humanity as these older persons have the right to feel at home on the planet. Due to the fact that they are not recognised as having been created in the image and likeness of God, their uniqueness and distinctness as human beings are denied, their identities distorted, and they are not considered worthy citizens. In order to affirm the dignity of the poor Black older persons a practical theological methodology as proposed by Osmer (2008) and consisting of four tasks, has been employed. The notion of a moral economy for the affirmation of the dignity of these poor Black older persons has been utilised. With the moral economy orientation linked with a Liberation Theology methodology the dignity of the poor Black older persons is affirmed as a personal attribute based on the older persons being a category of people being carried into old age by God, enjoying privileged positions of honour and respect, and being eschatological signs and symbols of God’s goodwill towards restored communities in Christ. Within a moral economy the values of reciprocity, responsibility, and interdependence are used to affirm the dignity of these older persons intergenerationally and contextually.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is ʼn pastorale sorg strategie vir die bevestiging van die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone. In hierdie studie word daar aangedui hoe die arm Swart ouer persone se menswaardigheid onder Apartheid en in ‘n groot mate in die nuwe demokratiese dispensasie geskend is. Die arm Swart ouer persone het die slagoffers geword van verskeie vorms van misbruik. Die diskriminasie teen ouderdom word intensief deur hulle ervaar soos dit vererger word deur rassisme; en met geen behoorlike mediese en gesondheidstrategieë in plek om in die behoefte van hierdie kwesbare ouer persone te voorsien nie; en met gebrekkige behuising, sosiale dienste en onvoldoende plekke van sorg vir ouer mense, is die menswaardigheid van hierdie ouer mense erg misken. Weens historiese diskriminerende wette en regeringbeleid ly hierdie kwesbare ouer persone die gevolge van lae vlakke van formele opvoeding binne ‘n omgewing waar armoede kunsmatig geskep is en waar rassediskriminasie geheers het. Hierdie omstandighede het dit vir hulle onmoontlik gemaak om kwaliteit werk te kry wat hulle in staat sou stel om toepaslik vir die ouderdom voor te berei. Die ontberinge wat gevolglik gely word, maak hulle ekonomiese en andersydse ontwikkeling onmoontlik. Hulle is gemarginaliseerd en ly aan intense eensaamheid. Hierdie arm Swart ouer persone gaan voort om vernedering en onmenswaardighede te ly ongeag van wetgewing en beleidstukke bedoel vir hul welsyn. Binne die gemeenskap wat ‘n neoliberalisties filosofie aanvaar, word hierdie ouer mense misken omdat hulle nie produktief tot die ekonomiese welvaart van die gemeenskap bydra nie, en daarom word hulle beskou as sonder enige sosiale kapitaal wat hulle dan sosio-ekonomies op die laagste vlak van die gemeenskap sonder enige erkenning van hulle menswaarde en menswaardigheid plaas. Met die skending van hul menswaardigheid deur sosiaal gekonstrueerde sisteme word hul menslike opbloei ernstig gestrem wat lei tot die disintegrasie van menslike heelheid binne die demokratiese bestel van die Republiek van Suid- Afrika. Die ongelykheid wat die arm Swart ouer mense ly is ‘n klag teen die mensdom omdat hierdie ouer mense ontuis voel op die planeet. Hierdie groep is na die beeld van God geskape, maar hulle uniekheid en besondersheid word miskien. Om die menswaardigheid van hierdie arm Swart ouer mense na te gaan, is ’n praktiese teologiese metodologie gebruik soos voorgestel deur Osmer (2008) en word die vier teologiese take soos deur hierdie metodologie voorgestel, gevolg. Betreffende die vierde taak van hierdie metodologie is die konsep van ’n morele ekonomie gebruik vir die bevestiging van die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone. Met die skakel van hierdie morele ekonomiese oriёntering met die Bevrydingsteologiese metodologie is die menswaardigheid van die arm Swart ouer persone bevestig as ’n persoonlike eienskap gebaseer of die feit dat hulle ’n kategorie van mense is wat deur God in die ouderdom gedra word, wat dan bevoorregte posisies van eer en respek geniet as eskatologiese tekens en simbole van God se toegeneëntheid teenoor herstelde gemeenskappe in Christus. Binne ’n morele ekonomie word die waardes van wedersydsheid, verantwoordelikheid, en interafhanklikheid gebruik om die menswaardigheid van hierdie ouer mense intergenerasioneel en kontekstueel te bevestig.
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Choi, Young Soo. "Social policy for users of information technology : young people and internet addiction in Korea." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/887/.
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The Internet has conferred many benefits, but it also has negative effects including addiction patterns termed “Internet addiction”. Many studies have been inclined to focus on discovering psychological symptoms. However, they have not usually considered young people’s relationships, which can themselves lead to Internet addiction. This study gathers the life experiences of young people with an ‘Internet addiction pattern’ in order to understand better their relationships and circumstances. South Korea was chosen as the main focus of this study. From the Foucauldian perspective, the relationships produce power in new ways, wherever they meet and whenever they talk, with knowledge through their abilities, topics or information. This knowledge may categorise peers according to status and ability to use the Internet. These factors activate a ‘power network’ in ‘their own world’. As a result, Internet addiction situation is interpreted as a loss of balance in using the Internet and the research findings demonstrate how this process is influenced by the development of a set of power relations between young people within ‘their own world’. The recommendations are included, mainly ways to participate in the young people’s concerns and to relate to their lives so as to understand the real situation and reduce the problems.
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Lee, Kar-mut Carmel, and 李迦密. "Characteristics of elderly people participating in aged-based social movements in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977704.
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Masson, Helen. "Children and young people who sexually abuse : a study of a decade of growing recognition and uncertain development." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2000. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/5977/.
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Children and young people who sexually abuse others have emerged as a problem since the early 1990s in the UK. This thesis attempts to provide a reflexive account and analysis of developments in policy, procedures and services in England during the past decade. It is based on empirical research undertaken primarily during the period 1994-1996 but complemented by analysis of available information drawn from the early 1990s and post 1996. Based on the premise that the problem of children and young people who sexually abuse is both a `real' and a socially constructed phenomenon, my research strategy was exploratory and descriptive in nature. The research began with the analysis of documents which, in the early 1990s, comprised the only official and semi-official guidance for welfare professionals on how to respond to children and young people who sexually abuse others. In the context of this guidance developments in policy, procedures and services in 106 local Area Child Protection Committee areas (ACPCs) in England, in respect of young sexual abusers, were then researched using a variety of data collections methods. These included documentary analysis of ACPC annual reports and inter-agency guidance, telephone and face-to-face interviews with individual professionals and welfare agency representatives, and a national survey by questionnaire of professionals involved in this area of work. The findings from the research indicate that the problem of children and young people who sexually abuse is characterised by much complexity and continuing uncertainty, with uneven, varying and often minimal developments in policy, procedure and services across ACPC areas. A child protection discourse about the nature of the problem and how young sexual abusers should be managed and responded to, which was identified during the research, emerges as contested and problematic, with professionals and agencies struggling with both lacks in resources and more fundamental philosophical, conceptual and procedural dilemmas. It is argued in the thesis that this complexity and uncertainty can be more fully understood only when reference is made to wider theoretical debates about the nature of childhood and childhood sexuality and with reference to shifting policies and legislation in respect of child welfare and youth crime. The thesis concludes by assessing the strengths and limitations of the study and suggesting directions for future research. In addition, some final reflection is offered on how, over time, my role as researcher became somewhat modified as a result of the work I undertook. Specifically, having conducted research into an aspect of study in relation to young sexual abusers hitherto virtually unexplored in England, I found that I was being called on to make various contributions to the shaping of future policy and procedure.
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Chan, Yin-sang, and 陳寅生. "Elderly planning in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574134.
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