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1
Daugstad, Karoline. "Resilience in Mountain Farming in Norway." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 3476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123476.
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The concept of socio-ecological farm resilience is used to understand how farmers manoeuvre in a context of change, what choices and priorities they make, and how that subsequently influences the development of the farming landscape. The author uses farm resilience, the capabilities of buffering, adaptation and transformation, and the response of bouncing back or forward as a conceptual frame in a study of farmers in a mountain community in Norway. Interviews were held with selected farmers. The results indicated that the resilience framework is useful in order to understand farmers’ priorities and situations. The author finds that the responses and decisions are in line with all three capabilities as well as with bouncing back and forward. However, most responses were categorized as bouncing back (i.e. adjustments and changes) but the logic of the farm system remained the same.
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Azarov, Azamat, Roy C. Sidle, Dietrich Darr, Vladimir Verner, and Zbynek Polesny. "A Proposed Typology of Farming Systems for Assessing Sustainable Livelihood Development Pathways in the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan." Land 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13020126.
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In Kyrgyzstan, most farming systems focus on animal husbandry, which depends on mixtures of crops and pastures around settlements and higher-elevation summer pastures. These farms face the problems of insufficient fodder production and pasture degradation due to overgrazing, resulting in low productivity of livestock and reduced household incomes. The spatial diversity of farms often hampers the development of interventions aimed at improving crop and animal productivity, as well as sustainable grassland management, while the absence of a comprehensive and systematic classification system that effectively encompasses the diverse range of livelihood strategies within farming systems presents a significant obstacle to the advancement of initiatives promoting sustainable livelihoods. This study aimed to develop a consistent typology of smallholder farms in the Tien Shan using multivariate analysis. By analyzing data from 235 farm-households and evaluating key classification variables, we identified two distinct farming systems, upper mountain farms and lower mountain farms, based on socioeconomic and agro-ecological characteristics. Our typology considers elevation, grazing period, cultivated area, and off-farm income and better captures the diversity of farming activities and household income compared to current classification models. These findings will inform and tailor policies and interventions suitable for enhancing sustainable livelihoods in Kyrgyzstan’s mountain farming systems.
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Ghimire, Payaswini, and Prem Sagar Chapagain. "Livestock Movement in Gaurisankhar Valley, Dolakha, Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34263.
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Animals are an integral part of subsistence farming system. They are considered as assets and are the source of food and manure. In mountains of Nepal, transhumance ruminant production system is practiced this practice of herding of cattle like Yak (Nak, Chauri)/ sheep has been practiced for generation in the mountains of Nepal. This study is based on household questionnaire survey, FGD and interview in Gaurishankar gaupalika shows the movement of sheep ranged from 1,200m to 4,500m elevation and the movement of Yak ranged from 2,000m to 3,500masl. The agricultural fields around the settlements are cultivated when the herds remained in high mountain pasture. After returning to the village, they are tied to the field and their waste is used for manuring the agricultural lands. The types and size of livestock has also undergone a significant change. The number of sheep and buffalo have decreased due to lack of market while the Yak farming has been gaining popularity because of increase in national and international demand for Yak products.
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Holubek, Ivan, and rudolf holubek. "PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS IN LOW-INPUT FARMING SYSTEM." Journal of Central European Agriculture 14, no. 3 (2013): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/14.3.1324.
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Klima, Kazimierz, Joanna Puła, and Angelika Kliszcz. "Effect of conventional and organic farming on crop yielding and water erosion intensity on sloping farmland." Agronomy Science 77, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2022.3.3.
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The pro-health and pro-environmental assets of organic farming are a reason why this system is now promoted in agriculture. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of conventional and organic crop production (potato, oat, and spring vetch) on the yield, water erosion, losses of NPK nutrients, LAI, infiltration, and fresh mass of earthworms. From 2019 to 2021, a two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Mountain Experimental Station located in Czyrna (Southern Poland). The first factor included farming systems: conventional and organic. The second factor consisted of 3 crops grown with the use of crop rotation: 1. potato with manure; 2. oat; 3. spring vetch. Based on the experiment performed, it was found that the yield of the organically grown crops was on average 18.8% lower compared to that grown conventionally. Under the organic farming system, the mass of sheet wash was on average 6.47% smaller than that under the conventional farming system. As regards the NPK nutrients emitted into the environment, their losses was about 50% lower than that under the conventional system of farming, where there were applied artificially synthesized fertilizers and pesticides.
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Maritasari, Aridinasty, Benito Heru Purwanto, and Sri Nuryani Hidayah Utami. "Adsorption and release of soil P in andisols under organic and conventional vegetable farming system." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 7, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.68740.
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Phosphorous (P) is strongly adsorbed by soil components, such as soil organic matter and soil amorphous minerals in Andisols, which have been identified as an influential factor in adsorption and release of soil P. The aim of this study was to characterize the pattern of soil P adsorption and release in both organic and conventional vegetable farming systems in Merbabu Mountain area, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected from soil layers (0 cm to 20 cm and 20 cm to 40 cm) in organic and conventional farming systems. The result showed that the highest adsorption rate was found in organic farming systems at a depth of 20 cm to 40 cm. The lowest adsorption rate was found in conventional farming systems with low input of organic matter at a depth of 20 cm to 40 cm. A higher rate of P release was also found in organic farming systems with a low input of organic matter. It can be concluded that vegetable soils in organic farming systems are not only highly capable of adsorbing P but also capable of releasing P rapidly.
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Guzmán, Fernando Diego, and Juan Pablo Alberghini. "Technological Strategies Implemented by Livestock Farmers Specialized in Goat Breeding in the Mountain Region of San Juan, Mendoza and La Rioja Provinces in Argentina." Pastures & Pastoralism 01 (April 9, 2023): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/pp0104.
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The goat farming is of great relevance in the mountain ranges of San Juan, La Rioja and Mendoza Provinces in Argentina. Out of the three, Mendoza province has the highest number of goats in the country. This system of production is majorly managed by the family members making it an integral part of the Family Farming sector.. This type of production generates work in a pauperized sector and at such places that are distant from the urban centres where possibility of alternative occupations is scare or almost nil. The animal rearing activity focuses on primary production with little value addition, high seasonality, and informal and rudimentary marketing strategies. These activities primarily employ tacit knowledge acquired over the years by trial-and-error method. Transhumance, as a strategy for the use of the natural environment, reveals the existence of a thorough knowledge of the seasonal productivity of the grasslands of the mountain valleys. Research and extension organizations develop projects aimed at improving these production systems through the implementation of contemporary technologies. The objective of this paper is to identify the technological strategies implemented by the Family Farming sector specialized in goat breeding in the mountain region of the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan and La Rioja, with specific focus on their origin, specific problems they face, and strategic similarities and differences to propose recommendations for the research and extension organizations.
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Saha, Sourav, Saddam Hussain, Nityananda Deka, Ratul Mahanta, and Abani Kumar Bhagabat. "Traditional Ecological Farming Practices in the Eastern Himalayan Mountain Environment: Case of a Naga Village, Nagaland (India)." Agrobiodiversity & Agroecology 03, no. 02 (March 18, 2024): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/aa030203.
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The farming systems practised by the tribal communities in the mountain environment of the North-Eastern region of India are eco-friendly and local climate responsive. These play a significant role in ensuring food security and conserving the local agro-ecological diversity. These farming practices are rooted in the local ecological set up, and they reflect the Indigenous people’s response to the environment of the area. The inhabitants of the Khonoma village of Kohima district, Nagaland, the study village, have been traditionally practising unique Alder tree-based jhum (shifting) cultivation, terrace-based panikheti (wet cultivation) and kitchen gardening based on their Indigenous knowledge and skills. They have been practising mixed farming by integrating crops, fish and livestock. The local communities have also evolved some methods for managing the natural settings to sustain their agriculture and livelihoods. This study is an attempt to investigate the methods of traditional farming system of Khonoma, a mountain village in the Eastern Himalayas. This study is based on primary data/ information collected through household survey using semi-structured household survey schedule, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), focus group discussion (FGD), and interviews with key informants and personal field visit in early 2021. The terrace-based panikheti, adopted by the people of Khonoma village, has been proved a location specific eco-friendly method for soil and water conservation. The Alder tree-based jhum practice, as opined by the villagers, is a sustainable livelihood option in the context of the mountain ecological setting and unique cultural values of the people.
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Lestari, Wahyu Dwi, Luluk Edahwati, and Wiliandi Saputro. "Implementation of household-scale clean water treatment technology for the mountain farming community, Jajar village, Gandusari district, Trenggalek." Journal of Community Empowerment for Health 5, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.67490.
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Currently, the need for clean water which is a vital source for people's lives has not been fully met for all Indonesians, including the mountain farming community, Jajar Village, Gandusari District, Trenggalek Regency. So far, the mountain farming community members of Jajar Village have used mountain water for household needs where cloudy and unstable water conditions are a problem that must be faced. If this problem continues, it will lead to serious health problems and social conflicts in the community. Therefore, through community service activities, we made a practical clean water treatment tool, with easily obtained materials, that can be implemented in hilly areas such as in Jajar Village, Gandusari District, Trenggalek Regency. The filtration system used is an upflow and downflow system where the water undergoes a filtration process twice in the material that has been selected and arranged in a systematic way. The materials used are available and easy to obtain in Jajar Village, so that people can discover easily about the benefits of these materials. After making a water filtration system with the community, then physical testing is conducted on the quality of the water produced. From the test results of the effectiveness of the implementation of clean water treatment technology applied to mountain farmers in Jajar Village, it shows that in general the filtered water has met the physical requirements for the level of turbidity, taste, and smell, as well as the quantity and continuity of water are always available when needed.
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El Aich, Ahmed. "Changes in livestock farming systems in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0013.
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Abstract This paper aims to characterize small ruminant farming systems in the Moroccan mountain regions and to assess undergoing socio-economic and ecological changes. Livestock farming systems in these regions are extensive with large flock sizes, especially sheep and goats raised mainly for meat production. Sheep producers utilized the inherent genetic diversity of their stock and developed adaptations to cope with seasonal availability of the mountain pastures and the need to diversify their own activities. Nowadays, farming systems in mountainous regions are undergoing socio-economic and ecological transformations that impact directly or indirectly on natural resources. Reduction and/or disappearance of herd transhumance, where flocks were moved seasonally from one climatic zone/vegetation type to another, was an important feature of the Middle Atlas sixty years ago Along with this reduced contribution from natural rangelands, other external resources and agricultural by-products (straw, stubble) are offered which make the system heavily dependent on agriculture. Intensification of feeding systems is associated with a choice for more productive but less hardy breeds from lowland areas. As a consequence of the reduction in mobility and the sedentarization of herds, there is an increase in the grazing pressure causing new and significant degradation of rangeland resources. Other profound institutional modifications concern the management and the utilization of the mountainous pasture. Indeed, the power of the group and the institutions for managing the resources is being replaced by the individual initiatives.
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Mekbib, Sissay B., Adesola O. Olaleye, Masia Johane, and Taddese Wondimu. "Do We Listen or Ignore Indigenous Practices? The Machobane Farming System - An Indigenous Farming Practice of Lesotho." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (April 6, 2024): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2024/v17i2434.
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Aim: To evaluate the adaptive capacity of the Machobane Farming System, an indigenous practice to improve soil fertility and maize productivity compared to other non-Machobane farming practices. Study design: The study was conducted in four agroecological zones of Lesotho: Mountain, Foothills, low lands and Senqu river valley. Soil samples were collected at random from the non-Machobane farming practicing fields and Machobane farming practicing fields and the soil physicochemical and microbiological analyses were conducted to evaluate the soil quality. Structured and non-structured questionnaires were used to gather information from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on the type of farming practices used and other demographic data. Results and Discussion: The MfS were found to be less affected and resilient to climate change with multiple benefits such as moisture conservation, slow release of nutrients and cross migration of microorganisms to the intercropping plants in the field unlike other farming practicing fields. An increased number of soil fertility indicator microorganisms such as Bacillus spp and Nitrogen fixing bacteria were seen to have increased the production of food crops (P>0.05) almost all the year round. An intensive relay cropping of one acre would be sufficient to ensure food security for an average family of 5 members. Conclusion: Currently, the Machobane Farming System (MfS) is adopted by many households in Lesotho using biochar and compost.
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Calatrava, Javier, and Samir Sayadi. "Evolution of Farming Systems in the Mediterranean High Mountain: The Case of the Alpujarra Alta (Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030704.
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In mountainous Mediterranean areas, even at high elevations, the landscapes are generally strongly transformed by humans. Agriculture is a key factor in this because, until very recent times, farming has been the main occupation of its inhabitants and has dominated their history and culture. This study examines the evolution of agroecosystems in the Alpujarra Alta (a set of mountain valleys and ravines, located in south-eastern Spain, within the Penibetic Range), from the Neolithic revolution and the Roman period until the present emphasizing the eight centuries under Muslim rule and the serious agrarian crisis induced by the expulsion of the Moorish from the area in the last third of the 16th century. This provoked profound transformations leading to the so-called “evolved farming system” in the early nineteenth century. This system continued until the middle of the twentieth century, when a massive rural exodus, prompted by the industrialization of the country, made farming unfeasible, triggering a phase of gradual system degradation. Finally, the current situation is discussed, resulting from the degradation of the established system as well as from new opportunities arising from the processes of endogenous local development induced in the area during the last quarter of a century.
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Sikka, B. K., and C. S. Vaidya. "TOWARDS MAKING MOUNTAIN FARMING SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE : STUDY OF VEGETABLE CULTIVATION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH (INDIA)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 369 (September 1994): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.369.3.
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Poudel, Anit. "SMALL RUMINANTS BREEDING IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF NEPAL: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." Big Data In Agriculture 3, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bda.01.2021.35.40.
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Small ruminants (sheep and goat) are essential components of the mixed farming system of Nepal. About 13.6 million small ruminants in the country contributing to the food, nutrition, and economic security has been integral part of the mountain ecosystem and rural economy. Despite of their large population, country is facing great trade deficit in products like meat, milk, wool and fibres. Low production is associated with impoverished productive potential of indigenous breed that are reared under abysmally managed subsistence farming. This study has tried to review the existing breeds, breeding system and opportunities within the challenges to enhance production and productivity of small ruminants. The findings revealed that genetic improvement through selection and crossbreeding with enhance feeding and management practices can be powerful tool in increasing production efficiency of the animal. Crossbred of native breed of sheep Baruwal with exotic breed Polworth and Merino and native breed of goat Khari with exotic breed Boer and Jamunapari gave better performance of many production and reproductive traits. The increased productivity of small ruminants will not only be a boon for small holders but will also greatly contribute to the national economy.
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MATIEGA, O. O., V. V. KANAILO, and T. V. KANAILO. "SYSTEM OF AGROTECHNICAL ANTI-EROSION MEASURES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN AREA OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." Plant Science (Horticulture, Viticulture, Seed Production) 1-2, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47279/plantscience_2023-01-3.
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The results of research on the development of elements of ecologically safe directions for the creation of a model of soil protection systems of agriculture, based on the specific naturalclimatic and economic-economic conditions of the mountain zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians, which would provide an opportunity to ensure the necessary level of soil protection from water erosion, are presented. justified use of land resources, the expected level of their productivity and ecological balance in the region. namely, the technology of anti-erosion protection of sloping agricultural landscapes in the system of phytoremedial measures of the Carpathian mountain zone, which will ensure the preservation and reproduction of soil fertility, the structure of natural resources, their protection from erosive degradation in the context of climate change, risks of increased water erosion. Key words: reproduction of soil fertility, fertilizers, soil bacteria, ecologically safe land use, adaptive landscape farming system, land resources, rural areas, water erosion
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Maciuc, Vasile, Claudia Pânzaru, Maria Ciocan-Alupii, Cristina-Gabriela Radu-Rusu, and Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu. "Comparative Assessment of the Nutritional and Sanogenic Features of Certain Cheese Sorts Originating in Conventional Dairy Farms and in “Mountainous” Quality System Farms." Agriculture 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2024): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14020172.
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In order to highlight the influence of cattle farming systems on dairy products, assessments were carried out on certain varieties of cheese—marked with the “Mountain product” quality label in comparison with those conventionally produced ones not bearing the quality label. The study was carried out using products obtained from raw milk issued from seven farms and transformed into cheese in four small dairy factories from the mountainous area of Dornelor Basin, Suceava County, Northeastern Romania. The analyzed cheese issued from the “mountain” production system were “Călimani” Schweizer, “Călimani” Cașcaval, “Călimani” smoked Cașcaval, and “Călimani” Telemea—salty brined cheese. Both the “Mountain cheese” and conventional cheese samples produced throughout the same shift were collected and kept under refrigeration conditions until laboratory analysis in order to compare the production systems. The physico-chemical analysis revealed higher amounts of minerals (2.8 to 10.7% Ca; 2.8 to 9.5% P; 12.3% to double the amount of Fe, p < 0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (+5.6 to +13.7%), in mountain cheeses versus the conventionally processed ones. Also, the sanogenic indices had higher values in the “Mountain cheese”, such as the polyunsaturation index (+4.3 to 7.8%) and hypocholesterolic/hypercholesterolic fatty acid ratio (+1.8 to 3.7%), while the atherogenic index and the thrombogenic index had lower values (−1.9 to −4.3%) compared to the conventionally produced cheese, thus revealing healthier properties for consumers. The Enterobacteriaceae family species were identified in “Mountain cheese”, while they were absent from conventionally processed cheese, knowing the raw matter milk is thermally treated at ultra-high temperatures in the latter ones. In the “Mountain cheese”, such microorganisms were found within the safety regulation limits and contributed to providing flavor, taste, color, and specific texture, making it superior in terms of sensorial quality compared to the conventionally produced cheese.
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García-Martínez, A., A. Bernués, and A. M. Olaizola. "Simulation of mountain cattle farming system changes under diverse agricultural policies and off-farm labour scenarios." Livestock Science 137, no. 1-3 (May 2011): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.10.002.
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Ba, Qing-Xiong, Dau-Jye Lu, Warren Kuo, and Po-Hsin Lai. "Traditional Farming and Sustainable Development of an Indigenous Community in the Mountain Area—A Case Study of Wutai Village in Taiwan." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103370.
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The present study aimed to explore traditional farming and its role in sustainable development of the mountainous area based on the indigenous community of Wutai in Taiwan as a case study. It adopted qualitative methods with an ethnographic orientation, to conduct in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus groups as an integral component of public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and aerial photo analysis to collect and analyze field data, mainly in 2013 and 2017. The results revealed the continuation of traditional farming practices guided by the traditional farming calendar and characterized by mixed cropping, inter cropping, and rotation, which optimized the use of limited arable lands in the area. These practices also contributed to maximizing and securing local food supply, and maintaining endemic crop varieties. The results suggested that traditional farming offered a way to overcome the limitation of modern agriculture and support ecotourism as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, by preserving crop diversity, social institutions and cultural traditions, and stabilizing the local environment. Furthermore, our findings showed that traditional farming, in keeping with local capacity, was adaptable to the impacts of climate change. In the last two decades, a returning tide of young residents and retired people involved in traditional farming might play a key role in the slowing down of the loss of agricultural lands in Wutai, influenced by the fashion of healthy foods and environments, as well as development of local ecotourism industry. Learned from this study, while there would be some opportunity for traditional farming to be recognized as one of the key components to promote the sustainable development of indigenous villages in mountain areas, more policy incentives might be considered.
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Córdova, Raúl, Nicholas J. Hogarth, and Markku Kanninen. "Mountain Farming Systems’ Exposure and Sensitivity to Climate Change and Variability: Agroforestry and Conventional Agriculture Systems Compared in Ecuador’s Indigenous Territory of Kayambi People." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092623.
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Smallholder farming is considered one of the most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change, variability, and extremes, especially in the developing world. This high vulnerability is due to the socioeconomic limitations and high environmental sensitivity which affect the biophysical and socioeconomic components of their farming systems. Therefore, systems’ functionality and farmers’ livelihoods will also be affected, with significant implications for global food security, land-use/land-cover change processes and agrobiodiversity conservation. Thus, less vulnerable and more resilient smallholder farming systems constitute an important requisite for sustainable land management and to safeguard the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban households. This study compares a comprehensive socioeconomic and environmental dataset collected in 2015–2016 based on household interviews of 30 farmers of highland agroforestry systems and 30 farmers of conventional agriculture systems, to determine which system provides better opportunities to reduce exposure and sensitivity. A modified Climate Change Questionnaire Version 2 of the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) was applied to collect the data. The interview data are based on the perceptions of Kayambi indigenous farmers about the levels of exposure and sensitivity of their farming systems during the last decade. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the data from the 60 farms. Results indicate that both agroforesters and conventional farmers clearly perceived increases in temperature and reductions in precipitation for the last decade, and expected this trend to continue in the next decade. Furthermore, conventional farmers perceived greater exposure to droughts (20%), solar radiation (43%), and pests, weeds and disease outbreaks (40%) than agroforesters. Additionally, results emphasize the better ability of agroforestry systems to reduce exposure and sensitivity to climate change and variability. These findings support the well-known assumptions about the key role played by agroforestry systems for climate change adaptation and mitigation, especially in developing countries.
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Muñoz-Ulecia, Enrique, Alberto Bernués, Daniel Ondé, Maurizio Ramanzin, Mario Soliño, Enrico Sturaro, and Daniel Martín-Collado. "People’s attitudes towards the agrifood system influence the value of ecosystem services of mountain agroecosystems." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0267799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267799.
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Studies covering the social valuation of ecosystem services (ES) are increasingly incorporating people’s attitudes, which allows social heterogeneity to be identified. This is especially relevant in mountain areas, where diverse complex interactions occur among the environment, the socioeconomic system, and a wide variety of farming practices. In this context, we aimed to: (i) identify the attitudinal dimensions that build people views about the agrifood system; and (ii) analyse how these attitudinal dimensions influence the value given to ES delivered by mountain agroecosystems of two European countries. We conducted a survey with a sample of 1008 individuals evenly distributed in the Italian Alps and Spanish Mediterranean mountain areas to collect information on people’s attitudes toward: (i) the economy and the environment; (ii) rural development and agricultural intensification; (iii) food quality, production, and consumption; and (iv) agricultural and environmental policies. The survey included a choice experiment to assess the value that individuals attach to the most relevant ES provided by mountain agroecosystems in these areas (i.e., landscape, biodiversity, quality local products, wildfires prevention and water quality). The results showed four common attitudinal dimensions, namely Economy over environment, Mass-Market distribution reliability, Agricultural productivism, and Environmentalism and rural lifestyle. These attitudinal dimensions resulted in six groups of respondents. Most groups positively valued an increase in the delivery of all the analysed ES, which suggests that agricultural policies which aim to promote ES are likely to receive social support in the study areas. However, the differing attitudinal dimensions underlying people’s preferences may result in disagreements about the steps to be taken to achieve the desired increase in ES delivery.
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Singh, G. S., K. S. Rao, and K. G. Saxena. "Energy and Economic Efficiency of the Mountain Farming System: A Case Study in the North-Western Himalaya." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 9, no. 2-3 (January 11, 1997): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v09n02_04.
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Ribeiro Mauri, Laura Vaillant, Eduardo de Sá Mendonça, Lenita Julia Bolzan, and Maria da Penha Angeletti. "Olericulture No-Till System at Mountain Region: Physical and Biological Attributes of the Soil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2024 (February 10, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8682240.
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The production of vegetables and grains by the family farming in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest is characterized by intensive soil management with ploughing and harrowing practices. These practices are promoting hydric erosion and losses of soil quality in the region. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate soil physical and biological characteristics at two seasons of the year in agroecosystems producing vegetables and grains in the no-tillage system (NTS) for 3, 5, and 9 years compared to the conventional management system (CT) in the Atlantic Forest Biome, Brazil. Physical and organic matter attributes and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stock were evaluated. NTS showed, in general, greater total porosity than CT systems. The main differences between the systems were found in the organic attributes and C and N stocks. The content of microbial biomass C in NTS with 3, 5, and 9 years was 767.5, 326.5, and 210.0 mg·kg−1, while the areas with CT had 93.75, 78.25, and 45.75 mg·kg−1, respectively. The stock of C in winter at the 9NTS area was 33.0 and 41.5 Mg·ha−1, and the respective area in CT presented only 21.75 and 25.00 Mg·ha−1 in the depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm, respectively. The metabolic quotient of the NTS areas did not differ from the reference ecosystems and is promoting lower C-CO2 emissions than the CT system. The adoption of NTS in vegetable production improves soil quality in family farm areas of mountains relief at the Atlantic Forest Biome.
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Magomedov, Abdurakhman M., and Kasum A. Abdulaev. "ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES OF AGRO-RECREATIONAL LAND USE." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-2-156-164.
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The article discusses the land-use problem of mountain and semi-desert landscapes of Dagestan caused by the need to improve the ecologization of traditional pastures as well as perspective tourism and recreational land use. Aim. A comprehensive geographic study of land use in the republic is crucial for the formation of ecologically sustainable distillation and nomad livestock and tourist-recreational land use on the natural, zonal and high-belt mountain-semi-desert landscapes that are not fully developed and are not suitable for farming. Discussion. Ecological and economic effects are revealed due to the combined use of semi-desert-mountain pastures and tourist-recreational areas represented by the population carryng capacity, the ecologization of pasture land use and a significant increase in the total livestock production. Improved combined interzonal use of lands with different natural rhythms of vegetation development contributes, first of all, to maintaining the equilibrium and integrity of the regional ecological system; secondly, to the ecological orientation of pasture-livestock and tourist-recreational land use; and thirdly, to the restoration and the functioning of the quality of natural semi-desert and mountain pasture lands. Conclusion. Ecological and landscape improvement within mountain pasture land use is proposed on the basis of the ecological and economic efficiency of the annual cycle of high-altitude sheep keeping with the regular change of pasture lands of different productivity levels by different sex and age groups of pastured livestock.
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Sahroniah, Nur, Eko Ribawati, and Arif Permana Putra. "Sistem Pertanian Masyarakat Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek Tahun 1990-2021." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 6, no. 1 (May 10, 2023): 272–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v6i1.3371.
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This study aims to determine the Community Agricultural System of Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek in 1990–2021. This research method is the historical method, including; heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research analysis uses the moral economic theory of farmers by Scott, the theory of rational farmers by Samuel L. Popkin and the theory of cultural value orientation by Kluckhohn. The results of this study show that the Citorek Kesepuhan Customary Wewengkon is located at an altitude of 500-1050 meters above sea level, a mountain which includes the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS). There are two main rivers (Citorek River and Cimadur River) to support farming. The life of the Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community in 1990–2021 in implementing the agricultural system shows two characters, firstly the morale of the farmer's economy is subsistence by complying with various agricultural regulations or prohibitions (start of farming time, holidays farming, use of rice types, and tabernacles) secondly has the character of rational farmers who are open to the use of agricultural technology such as rice field plowing tools (tractors), rice grinding machines, fertilizers (urea and bungkil) and weed killer. Local traditions of the Wewengkon community's Wewengkon Adat Kesepuhan Citorek community traditions such as salametan, nabeh goong gede, ngarengkong and seren tahun have (1) cultural values, namely deliberation, religion and obedience (2) meanings, namely the relationship between humans and humans, nature, time, creation, and with himself.
Keywords: Agricultural System, Wewengkon Adat, Kesepuhan Citorek.
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Foran, B., and B. Allan. "Assessing Options for Farming Systems Transitions in New Zealand's Mountainlands." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 2 (1995): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950166.
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The transition of an agricultural ecosystem from a less to a more sustainable or desirable state is dependent as much on the routes and tactics used to effect the transition, as it is on the management ideas and the biological components used. Against the background of the failure of farmers to take up an integrated "all grass wintering system" in the mountain lands of the South Island of New Zealand, we compared a wide range of transitional opportunities and evaluated them in economic terms over a 20 year period. Farm structure at the start of the transition was a rather obvious but key criterion for success of the transition. Transition from a farm structure where supplementary feeding cost NZ$90,000 per year into the new system, allowed a position better than the "do nothing" option to be achieved in as little as 8 to 9 years. Transitions from smaller farm structures of $60,000 and $30,000 took from 12 to more than 20 years to achieve a cash position better than the "do nothing" option. Herein lies the quandary for all farming systems which might aim to make transitions and to "do it better". We explore the sensitivity of these general results to the effects of product price and interest rates, wool growth and lambing rates, whether transition should be gradual or fast, and the incumbent debt levels that can be serviced in addition to the new development. In conclusion we note some essential components of any study of transition of pastoral systems. It is important that dynamic tools are used in any transition study since the route taken in the transition can be more important than the end point. The economic advantage offered by new pastoral technology is important, particularly the time it takes to become fully implemented. Sensitivity analyses should be undertaken for key production and price assumptions. It is helpful to present these analyses as three-dimensional diagrams to allow biological and economic risk to be assessed against each other. While increased animal numbers bring better economic returns, both industry attitudes and the management of ecological risk may require the maintenance of present animal numbers. Increased profitability will then rely on individual animal performance, and higher quality livestock products.
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Herath, H. M. S. S., and K. P. L. N. Patabandi. "The Environmental Impacts of Unauthorized Activities. A Case of the Maragala Mountain Range Environment protection area in Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3, no. 2 (August 21, 2023): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljssh.v3i2.98.
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Unauthorized activities are generally known as illegal activities. Unauthorized activities mostly take place in mountainous ranges. This system originally belonged to the ago-farming system and falls within the larger scope of sustainable agriculture. In recent decades, however, considerable literature has shown that chena cultivation and the people who use it neglect their environmental responsibilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically review and identify the environmental impact of unauthorized activities in the mountain range. The study was conducted in the Maragala mountain range EPA using 120 families focusing on 2 Gramaniladari divisions. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis and content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. With Results revealed that currently, people cut down 76% of trees on the premises ignoring the principles of chena cultivation and trade. Mechanical saws have been used for this purpose. 62% of the land is encroached land and also, and they doing agricultural activities without permission. More than 80% of the sample families have removed all trees in their fields during the last five years. Forest fires rapidly increased last five years as a result of chena cultivation that destroyed 500 acres of forest area. The main reason for all these activities is the settlements located in the upper part of the Maragala mountain range EPA. The study revealed that the patterns of agricultural land use in traditional villages have changed significantly over the past few decades.
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Simms, Steven R., Tammy M. Rittenour, Chimalis Kuehn, and Molly Boeka Cannon. "Prehistoric Irrigation in Central Utah: Chronology, Agricultural Economics, and Implications." American Antiquity 85, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 452–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.25.
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In 1928, Noel Morss was shown “irrigation ditches” along Pleasant Creek on the Dixie National Forest near Capitol Reef National Park, Utah, by a local guide who contended they were ancient. We relocated the site and mapped the route of an unusual mountain irrigation canal. We conducted excavations and employed OSL and AMS 14C showing historic irrigation, and an earlier event between AD 1460 and 1636. Geomorphic evidence indicates that the canal existed prior to this time, but we cannot date its original construction. The canal is 7.2 km long, originating at 2,450 m asl and terminating at 2,170 m asl. Less than half of the system was hand constructed. We cannot ascribe the prehistoric use-event to an archaeological culture, language, or ethnic group, but the 100+ sites nearby are largely Fremont in cultural affiliation. We also report the results of experimental modeling of the capital and maintenance costs of the system, which holds implications for irrigation north of the Colorado River and farming during the Little Ice Age. The age of the prehistoric canal is consistent with a fragmentary abandonment of farming and continuity between ancient and modern tribes in Utah.
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Sabino, Lorena, Juan Pulhin, Josefina Dizon, Rex Victor Cruz, and Maria Victoria Espaldon. "Climate change impacts and transformative adaptation strategies among farming households in the City of Koronadal, Philippines." Climate, Disaster and Development Journal 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18783/cddj.v004.i01.a05.
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Farmers in the Roxas mountain range, City of Koronadal used to have bountiful harvests during the time when the city was still free from climate-related hazards. However, this situation has recently changed due to the increasing climate-related risk events. Moreover, localized baseline scientific climate information is limited to foster the development of appropriate adaptations and policies toward climate-resilient communities. This study assessed the climate trends and the changes, impacts, and adaptation strategies of farm households in five barangays in the Roxas mountain range, Koronadal City, South Cotabato. The study conducted household surveys with 265 respondents, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. In using Mann-Kendall test statistics, time series analysis and one-way analysis of variance, the findings from 1981 to 2012 show increasing trends with significant changes (p <0.01) in mean minimum temperature, increasing by 0.74 °C for three decades. In contrast, mean maximum temperature showed a decreasing trend with an average decrease of 0.65 °C, p <0.01). In three decadal periods, an average increase of 0.04 °C in monthly mean temperature was observed. Rainfall patterns during the same period also show significant changes in the months of June (p <0.01), August, and December (p <0.05); these findings suggest that climate change occurred. Floods, landslides, and droughts were experienced by the communities, which had devastating socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The existing adaptation strategies are just stop-gap solutions that address the effects of climate change but do not consider the root causes. To consider future changes in climate patterns, the socioeconomic and political structure and processes of the communities need to change; this can be achieved if multifaceted drivers of climate change hazards and their impacts are appropriately and immediately addressed. Some grassroot-level transformative adaptation strategies identified in the study consist of socioeconomic facets, specifically, investment in children’s education, financial management, family planning, and development of alternative on-farm and nonfarm livelihood options. The environmental aspect, which includes promoting agroforestry system, water impoundment technologies, and advanced early warning system, were also considered.
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Prayogo, Prayogo, Hamdani Fauzi, and Dina Naemah. "ANALISIS SOSIAL DAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENERAPAN POLA AGROFORESTRI PADA HUTAN KEMASYARAKATAN (STUDI KASUS DESA TEBING SIRING, KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT)." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v3i4.2354.
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Tebing Siring Village is one of the villages that manages community-based forests with an agroforestry system. Socio-economic considerations of an agroforestry system are an important factor in the adoption of the system. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the social and economic aspects of the community management pattern of agroforestry in community forests in Tebing Siring Village, Bajuin District, Tanah Laut Regency. The sample determination uses the Slovin formula (Soewadji 2012). The pattern of agroforestry management in Tebing Siring Village uses an Apiculture pattern that combines rubber plants interspersed with kaliandra and kapok randu, the Agrosilvapastura pattern that combines rubber plants with jengkol, cempedak, rice, candlenut, oranges, coconuts, gamal, elephant grass and cattle raising, Agrisilvikultur pattern that combines rubber plants with coffee, gamal, mountain rice and durian, Silvofisheri pattern that combines rubber plants with gamal and fish farming. Socially the community of Tebing Siring Village is 40 respondents, the community likes the agroforestry crop pattern, but the initial results still do not provide the overall benefits of the respondents. The total income of agroforestry originating from Mountain Rice Production is as much as Rp. 6,900,000 with an average of Rp. 627,272 with a contribution reaching 673.85% with an average of 61.26%.Keywords: Tebing Siring Villag; Social and economic aspects; Agroforestry
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Asaduzzaman, Mohammad, Martin Kerschbaumer, Martina Bodner, Nabil Haman, and Matteo Scampicchio. "Short-wave near infrared spectroscopy for the quality control of milk." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 28, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033519872543.
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The present study aims to demonstrate the potential use of short-wave near infrared spectroscopy for the quality control of raw cow milk samples, collected from high mountain areas. The sampling plan comprised three farms, all located within the same Alpine region (South Tyrol, Italy), but located at different altitudes (1900 m, 1050 m and 950 m a.s.l). Each farm used a similar extensive grassland-based farming system. For comparison, raw milk samples were also collected from a farm located in the valley (Milan, Italy), at 200 m a.s.l. and subjected to an intensive farming system. From each location, the samples were collected 10 times within one month of production. All the milk samples were analysed by diffuse trans-reflectance in the wavelength range from 850 to 1350 nm. Principal component analysis of the spectra revealed that the short-wave near infrared bands, respectively, 847, 1084, and 1095 nm, were the most important to distinguish milk between farms. The signal intensities of these wavelengths were used to build a multivariate control chart based on the Hotelling T2 statistic. The results showed that short-wave near infrared spectroscopy can be successfully used to monitor milk products in a fast, simple and on-line way.
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Lasanta, T., E. Nadal-Romero, and J. M. García-Ruiz. "Clearing shrubland as a strategy to encourage extensive livestock farming in the Mediterranean mountains." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3616.
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The European Mediterranean highlands have undergone a sharp economic decline from the mid-20th century, causing heavy environmental impacts and loss of ecosystem services. These mountain areas have limited opportunities to integrate into in the current financial system, which demands high productivity from workers and a very competitive product. Extensive livestock farming is one of the few activities able to survive in this context, as it needs little labour and can make use of poor grazing resources.In the north-west Iberian Range, northern Spain, the Leza valley (La Rioja) is showing a growing interest in developing extensive livestock farming. To this end, the regional Government is implementing a pasture regeneration plan for clearing shrubland. Since 1986, almost 30% of the shrubs have been cleared, mainly abandoned fields recolonized by Genista scorpius on lime substrate, and Cistus laurifolius on siliceous substrate. This has increased the available pasture, as the average production in G. scorpius areas has risen from 4566 Mj ha-1 yr-1 (δ ± 1271) to 10,167.3 Mj ha-1 yr-1 (δ ± 2850.3), and on C. laurifolius areas from 2435 Mj ha-1 yr-1 (δ ± 492) to 7628.6 Mj ha-1 yr-1 (δ ± 1428.2). The livestock numbers show an upward trend, going from 1833.9 LU in 1972 to 7207.8 LU in 2017, with a simultaneous increase in the size of farms (27.6 LU in 1972 and 115.2 LU in 2017). In addition, new livestock farms established by people from outside the study area (41.7% in 2017). Finally, there is a discussion on the environmental benefits provided by extensive livestock farming.
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Yadav, Roshan Kumar, and Rabindra Yadav. "A REVIEW ON POULTRY POPULATION, PRODUCTION (EGG AND MEAT) AND DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL." Food & Agribusiness Management 2, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/fabm.01.2021.14.16.
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Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal which accounts about 3.5% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This review was done to study the population ,production (egg and meat) and distribution of poultry in Nepal. In order to meet the demand of poultry produce, the commercial poultry population has increased about more than double the last decade. The recent data of 2018/19 shows the total number of laying hens and ducks are 12.52 million and 0.19 million respectively whereas total chicks production of Broilers, Layers and kuroilers are 25-30(×106), 1.5-1.75(×106) and 2.5-3(×106) respectively with breeder stock population of 2 million birds. Likewise, the total hen egg and duck egg are 1534.68 million and 15 million respectively. Also the total chicken and duck meat is 62899 MT and 353 MT respectively. In Nepal, the national poultry flock includes chickens, ducks, pigeons and other birds that are kept in different production system. Chitwan, Kathmandu and Kaski are major districts with higher number of poultry farms followed by rural people which is under the free range system and low input. The higher number of poultry is concentrated in hill region followed by terai and mountain region. Conversely, the population of duck is higher in terai followed by hill and mountain region.
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MEKLACH, Yassin, and Abderrahmane MERZOUKI. "Cannabis cultivation as a factor influencing scholastic performance." Journal of Quality in Education 11, no. 18 (December 7, 2021): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37870/joqie.v11i18.266.
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The secondary school performance of Ghomara’s students (coastal area of Chefchaouen province, Rif Mountain, Morocco) is deeply influenced by the cultivation of cannabis practiced by many Ghomarian families. To highlight this relationship, a field study was conducted with students, their parents, and other stakeholders through the adoption of a quantitative and qualitative sociological approach. It then appears that most of the students, especially boys, from cannabis families had annual averages assessment marks (AAM) less than 10/20. These marks do not allow them to continue their schooling. In addition, other factors are added to aggravate the already precarious situation, such as the need for manpower to carry out family farming activities, the social reluctance towards education, the inadequacy of education system to the labour market and the mistrust of the local population to the reforms of the national education system recently proposed by the government.
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Leisz, Stephen J., Nguyen thi Thu Ha, Nguyen thi Bich Yen, Nguyen Thanh Lam, and Tran Duc Vien. "Developing a methodology for identifying, mapping and potentially monitoring the distribution of general farming system types in Vietnam’s northern mountain region." Agricultural Systems 85, no. 3 (September 2005): 340–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.015.
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Jamir, Chubakumzuk. "An economic analysis of organic apple cultivation in the Foothills of Saramati mountain range: A case study of Thanamir village of Kiphire district, Nagaland." International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science 7, no. 1 (2023): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.7.1.3.
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A study was carried out to assess the production and marketing condition of apple (Malus domestica L.) in the Thanamir village of Nagaland. With diverse agro-climatic condition, varied soil and low temperature with wide regional variation, this region is highly suitable for cultivation of apple. This article focuses on the importance of apple fruit, its utilization and the economic profitability from apple crop based farming system. Research survey of farmers producing apple was conducted in 2022. Total of one hundred thirty (132) apple producers were selected using random sampling methods. The result shows BCR was estimated to be 1.95, which was found greater than unity. This showed that the apple farming is quite profitable in Thanamir. The finding shows that Cobb-Douglas production function exhibits increasing return to scale. The study concluded that apple cultivation can be made viable enterprise with increased focus on investment climate by subsidising farm input, providing affordable loans to the farmers for a sustainable production and strengthening rural infrastructure. The study pointed out that the apple cultivation could be a highly beneficial and market-oriented activity in Thanamir.
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Ge, Zhen Yang, Xu Ying Zheng, Yi Fei Min, and Wang Wang Wu. "Feasibility Analysis of Mechanized Upland Rice Cultivation in Mountainous Area." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 3128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.3128.
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Continuous seasonal drought in past 3 years greatly affects rice production of Yunnan, China. Because upland rice has stronger performance than paddy rice for mountain farming, to develop mechanized production of upland rice is more beneficial to ensure food security of mountainous area. In this study, we investigate and survey traditional upland rice cultivation of peasant household in mountainous rural area of Lancang county, and use Cobb-Douglas production function to analyze the relationship between mechanized and non-mechanized upland rice cultivation. The results show that mechanized upland rice cultivation not only can increase the yield, but also is superior to non-mechanized system in techno-economics. Rational utilizing farm machinery is feasible to upland rice cultivation and will promote the development of the rice production of Yunnan Province.
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Acabado, Stephen, and Marlon Martin. "The Sacred and the Secular: Practical Applications of Water Rituals in the Ifugao Agricultural System." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2016.7.
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AbstractWater symbolisms permeate Ifugao religion, rituals, and oral tradition. Water plays a part in death, rebirth, and cleansing in Ifugao cosmology. As such, Ifugaos consider water as sacred. However, water is also central in Ifugao economy and politics. As a culture that highly values intensive wet-rice production in a mountain environment, managing access to water is necessary to maintain stability. Ifugao practices follow what Richard O'Connor described as the “agro-cultural complex” in which agricultural practices, social systems, and political, historical, and, cultural changes are understood as interlocking processes (O'Connor 1995). In this paper, we focus on the relationship between Ifugao water and agricultural rituals with the synchronizing and sequencing of agricultural activities. Using the concept of self-organization, we argue that water and agricultural rituals in Ifugao are not only meant to reinforce community cohesion, they also synchronize the farming activities crucial to a terraced ecology. Utilizing the practice of puntunaan (a ritual plot or parcel in the centre of an agricultural district) and the institution of tomona (the ritual leader of an agricultural district) as a case study, we observed that disruptions in the water and rice rituals stimulated great change in Ifugao sociopolitical organization.
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Rana, Jai Chand, and Ishwari Singh Bisht. "Reviving Smallholder Hill Farming by Involving Rural Youth in Food System Transformation and Promoting Community-Based Agri-Ecotourism: A Case of Uttarakhand State in North-Western India." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 30, 2023): 8816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118816.
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Until recent decades, labour-intensive subsistence farming was a way of life and livelihood in the hill communities of Uttarakhand, India. However, the nature of agriculture falls far short of the expectations of the main labour force, the rural youth, leading to their mass migration to non-agricultural occupations. The large-scale youth migration has left many hill farming landscapes depopulated and farmlands abandoned. As youth have special stakes in food systems, they must be included in the sustainable transformation of food systems. By doing so, the migration-prone hill region may be transformed into a place where rural youth have more options for work and income. Therefore, the agriculture sector needs to change and develop into a more engaging and youthful workplace. There are opportunities to explore and barriers to be removed. Besides identifying priority research areas on local food systems, in this exploratory research, we investigate opportunities to involve rural young people in the transformation of the food system. We document information by conducting focus group discussion (FGD) meetings in about 100 villages in the Uttarakhand hills, representing all major farming landscapes. This study mainly focuses on improving the production and consumption aspects of local food, which not only benefits the health and wellbeing of local communities but also has many positive economic, social, and environmental effects. In addition, we explore opportunities for reviving mountain agriculture through agri-ecotourism, which is a symbiotic relationship between tourism and agriculture. Making home- or farm stays in agri-ecotourism a subsistence strategy for local youth will contribute to a more prosperous rural economy. Recognising Uttarakhand’s rich culture and heritage while exploring the culinary travel opportunities in homestays will provide opportunities to focus more on traditional food systems, exposing various tangible and intangible aspects of the host region’s food culture to tourists. The findings of this study will aid in identifying specific policy issues for consideration by planners and policymakers at the local and state levels. Additionally, this exploratory study will assist young, motivated researchers in conducting follow-up, in-depth investigations and producing empirical data in their specialised fields.
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Pokhrel, Deepak Mani, and Kishor Prasad Pant. "Perspectives of Organic Agriculture and Policy Concerns in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 10 (August 12, 2009): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v10i0.2135.
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Agriculture production worldwide has been intensified with a simultaneous expansion in pesticides,fertilizers and other agro-chemicals use to meet growing peoples' demands for food. Indiscriminate use of agrochemicals has however resulted in several problems such as pests' resistance to pesticides and resurgence due to elimination of natural enemies, toxic residues in food, water, air and soil, degrading soil environment and ecosystem, animal and human health hazards and ultimate economic losses. Realizing the facts, organic farming is becoming popular recently, and there have been growing concerns on its importance and promotion in number of countries irrespective of their stage of development. Consequently, farming system paradigms have now shifted from mere increased production and productivity to resource sustainability and eco-friendly production techniques in their emphasis. Higher cost due to agro-chemicals and resulting environmental losses incurred in conventional agriculture on one side and higher advantages of ecological diversities available in the country on the other have proved that Nepal has high potentialities and comparative advantages of producing quality organic products. A high majority of mountain farmers in Nepal, excluding a few of the agricultural pockets where so-called commercial agriculture has already introduced, do not use any chemicals. Owing to globally increasing trend of demand for organic food, Nepal can benefit from such exports. The government based on some of its policy instruments is also committed to promoting organic farming in the country. However, the instruments are inadequate and not well integrated. Inadequate research, extension services and manpower especially on production and marketing information and input supply have hindered promotion of organic agriculture. Organic product legislation, standardization, certification and infrastructure in such development are also major issues of policy concerns.Key words: Organic-certification; Organic-farming; Organic-standard; Policy; Nepal; etc.The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 103-115
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Benavides, Raúl Andrés Molina, Rómulo Campos Gaona, Alberto Stanislao Atzori, Luisa Fernanda Sánchez, and Hugo Sánchez Guerrero. "Application of a system dynamics model to evaluate the implementation of payment for environmental services as a reconversion mechanism in high mountain farming." Ecological Modelling 484 (October 2023): 110469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110469.
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Gutiérrez-Gómez, Amado, Víctor Rangel, Robert M. Edwards, John G. Davis, Raúl Aquino, Jesús López-De la Cruz, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Miguel Lopez-Guerrero, and Yu Geng. "A Propagation Study of LoRa P2P Links for IoT Applications: The Case of Near-Surface Measurements over Semitropical Rivers." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206872.
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Internet of Things (IoT) radio networks are becoming popular in several scenarios for short-range applications (e.g., wearables and home security) and medium-range applications (e.g., shipping container tracking and autonomous farming). They have also been proposed for water monitoring in flood warning systems. IoT communications may use long range (LoRa) radios working in the 915 MHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. In this research, we study the propagation characteristics of LoRa chirp radio signals close to and over water in a tropical meadow region. We use as a case study the Colima River in Mexico. We develop a novel point-to-point IoT measurement sounding system that does not require decoding of LoRa propriety bursts and provides accurate power versus distance profiles along the riparian zone of a steeply dropping mountain river. We used this system to obtain the measurements reported in this work, which are also analyzed and modeled. The results show that the LoRa signal propagation over water exhibits a log-normal distribution. As a result of the chirp signal processing, two new experimental path loss models are presented. The path loss results show a considerable degradation of the received signal power over water within vegetation and less signal degradation at antenna heights closer to the water surface.
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Tripathi, BP, and JE Jones. "Biophysical and socio-economic tools for assessing soil fertility: A case of western hills, Nepal." Agronomy Journal of Nepal 1 (February 3, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7536.
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The middle mountain region of Nepal, which occupies some 30% of the total land, is the homeland of 45% of the total population, with agriculture being the main source of their livelihoods. Hill farming is primarily based on organic manure with livestock, forest and crops being major components of an integrated system. The aim of this study is to develop and promote improved methods for research and development organizations to identify cost-effective and appropriate soil fertility management strategies through; providing an improved understanding of the biophysical and socio-economic factors affecting the adaptability of sustainable soil management strategies in hillside systems, developing methodologies for evaluating soil fertility technologies and management systems for differently resource farmers in different farming systems, and strengthening the capability of local professionals in collaborating institutions to provide useful information to farmers. The work is placing emphasis on promoting cost-effective methods of soil fertility management, building on farmers' own knowledge and systems. Participatory techniques have been used for gaining a better understanding of fertility indicators, trends and existing soil management practices during 2000/01 in the western hills of Nepal. Farmers are now concerned that increasing amounts of chemical fertilizer at increasingly higher cost have to be applied, soils are becoming “harder” and production is declining. As a result farmers in four agro-ecological zones opted to either test methods for “improving” the quality of farm yard manure (FYM), or “improve” crop residue management. Early results show that through covering the FYM with black plastic sheets, yield increases of over 30% can be achieved. The use of participatory farm management techniques is providing a basis for local NGOs and farmers to evaluate their own experiments and develop soil fertility technologies and systems for their environments.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7536 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.1-9
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Li, Jing, Guoqiang Ma, Jinghua Feng, Liying Guo, and Yinzhou Huang. "Local Residents’ Social-Ecological Adaptability of the Qilian Mountain National Park Pilot, Northwestern China." Land 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050742.
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Protected areas are critical for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. In the last few years, there has been growing recognition of the role of indigenous peoples and local communities in the management of government designated protected areas, and thus their perceptions and adaptability were paid much attention. Drawing on a survey of 487 residents in the Qilian Mountain National Park Pilot of Northwestern China, this study used the adaptive analysis framework to study the adaptability of local residents. The main contribution of this paper is to select a typical social-ecological system to study the adaptability of local residents, and using Elinor Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System framework to analyze the adaptability mechanism. The results show that different types of residents had different adaptability to environmental change. People whose income mainly depends on work salary with a small part of herding have the highest level of adaptability, while people whose income mostly comes from farming with a small part of herding have the lowest level. This result is related to people’s living location, as people living in the core zone and buffer zone of the reserve mainly earned from grazing, and people living in the experimental zone and peripheral zone earned mainly from outside work. Moreover, people living in the core zone and buffer zone are mostly elders and ethnic groups, while people in the experimental zone and buffer zone are Han people. To improve management effectiveness and to avoid conflict between local residents and managers, this paper suggests that more attention should be paid to these who have lived for a long time in the core zone and buffer zone. They are the most vulnerable groups and show low adaptability in almost all domains. For the long run, education quality should be improved to decrease the population in the reserve.
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KUMAR, YOGESH, MAHENDRA SINGH RAGHUVANSHI, KANEEZ FATIMA, MANJEET SINGH NAIN, JASBIR SINGH MANHAS, DORJEY NAMGYAL, MAHESHWAR S. KANWAR, MEHRAJUDDIN SOFI, MAHENDER SINGH, and SONAM ANGCHUK. "Impact assessment of weather based agro-advisory services of Indus plain farming community under cold arid Ladakh." MAUSAM 72, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v72i4.3556.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact assessment of adoption of weather prediction using traditional knowledge and IMD based HMAARI Agro Advisory Services to understand the utilization efficiency of natural resources under cold arid region of Ladakh and to identify socio-economic status of agriculture farmers, their source of information, perception of farmers and their knowledge response carried out at High Mountain Arid Agriculture Research Institute, SKUAST (K), Leh-Ladakh. Total 100 farmers from AgroMet registered 3 villages of Leh region were randomly selected using multistage sampling technique. Socio-economic characteristics of respondents revealed that although before using advisory services, majority of the farming community were using traditional knowledge system to predict precipitation / temperature forecasting to interpret weather conditions. With the introduce of advisory services, it was recorded that old-aged farmers started using advisory services to the tune of 42 per cent. While more than 50 per cent of selected farmers (middle-aged non-registered under Agro-Met advisory services) utilized traditional prediction even under the changing climate. Education and land holding size were the most important factors influenced adoption culture of weather based Agro Advisory Services in the region. It was interesting that the old-aged people/farmers are the major source of information for traditional knowledge, have integrated and adopted the advisory services for weather prediction. As this advisory service scheme provided comprehensive information for agricultural operations. Majority (80%) selected farmers reported their satisfaction with present system of Agromet Advisory Bulletins, being issued biweekly. Whereas, the non-registered farmers of vulnerable villages in Ladakh region showed less knowledge about advisory service and its weather interpreted perdition.
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Dhakal, Bhubaneswor, Narendra Chand, Anita Shrestha, Nischal Dhakal, Krishna Bahadur Karki, Him Lal Shrestha, Padam Lal Bhandari, et al. "How Policy and Development Agencies Led to the Degradation of Indigenous Resources, Institutions, and Social-Ecological Systems in Nepal: Some Insights and Opinions." Conservation 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 134–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2010011.
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Rapid growth of environmental problems, economic volatilities, and social changes have increased the scopes of adopting environmentally friendly and resilient production systems. Regenerative farming and forestry practices are such systems appropriate for mountain communities in Nepal. They had performed better with indigenous resources, institutions, and social-ecological systems. Unfortunately, the assets have been degraded to extinction, mainly commencing works of national and international development agencies. Consequently, regenerative practices are disappearing. Despite appeals and commitments, the degradations of the assets are not halted and reversed. This study used secondary sources of data and work experiences and explained the working faults of the external agencies involved in the agriculture, forestry, and wildlife sectors. It elucidated that most regenerative practices had sustained well in forest and farm resource-integrated production systems and a modest degree of natural and human inputs and production environments. The production environments degraded when the government agencies provided foreign agencies opportunities to be involved actively in policy formulation and implementation of agriculture and forestry-related sectors. The foreign agencies meddled in the national policies and community practices and modified the production environments for their interests and benefits. They intervened in policies and local communities to practice a farming system based on extremely human-made and imported inputs and institutions and to manage forest-related resources in extremely intact natural systems. In the policy discourses and decisions, the farming inputs, practices, and institutions popularly practiced in developed countries are considered superior whereas the indigenous ones are considered inferior. Agricultural plans and policies have overvalued flash yield or other direct returned and undervalued environmental friendliness, indirect economic benefits, and social advantages to prioritize support of the government and other agencies. The introduced farming inputs and institutions displaced or hampered the indigenous ones. The foreign agencies also meddled in forest policies and practices of the country to address environmental and economic problems of developed countries which resulted in adverse impacts on the indigenous assets. They intervened in the resource management policies with financial and technical inputs to destroy some of the assets and make the forest-related resource management that results in better benefits (offsetting GHG emission, enhancing tranquility and serenity of recreational sites, and potentially expanding agricultural markets) to the people of developed countries. This study has explained how the officials and experts of both government and foreign agencies abused and misused some strategic tactics and overused, poorly used and disused, others in their work process to address their self-centered interests and problems. In essence, intentional destructive interventions of the policy and development agencies have resulted in degradation to the extinction of the indigenous assets in the communities.
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Nghiem, Tuyen, Yasuyuki Kono, and Stephen J. Leisz. "Crop Boom as a Trigger of Smallholder Livelihood and Land Use Transformations: The Case of Coffee Production in the Northern Mountain Region of Vietnam." Land 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020056.
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Coffee is considered a boom crop in Southeast Asia. However, while it bears typical boom crop characteristics in many places where it has been grown, in other places it has contributed to agrarian transformation. This paper examines the context of coffee development in the Northwestern Mountain Region of Vietnam and describes how smallholder coffee growing has triggered an agricultural transition process, and corresponding land use changes, from subsistence-based to commercialized agriculture production. The research was conducted in a commune located in Son La province. Interviews with 46 selected households and three focus group discussions (10–15 people each) were conducted to understand changes in crop systems, corresponding land use, and labor use, due to the adoption of coffee (the boom crop). The research found that coffee has replaced swidden crops and enables a multicrop system, with less land devoted to swidden land use. The income from coffee is used to hire labor and to pay for the inputs needed to mechanize rice farming. The research findings show that the coffee boom has brought about livelihood transformation, changed land use, and transformed local livelihoods from subsistence to production for the market.
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Chimner, Rodney. "Andes, Bofedales, and the Communities of Huascarán National Park, Peru." Wetland Science & Practice 37, no. 4 (October 2020): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-205.
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Mountain wetlands are abundant in the high elevations of the tropical Andes. Wetlands occupy ~11% of the total park area and are mostly found in the large mountain valleys. Wetlands occur up to 5000 m asl, but most occur between 4,000–4,700 m asl. The highest elevation wetlands are typically dominated by cushion plants, while lower elevation wetlands are more commonly occupied by graminoids. About 60% of all wetlands are peatlands and the remainder are mineral soil wet meadows. The peatlands are up to 11 m deep and 12,000 years old, storing an average of 2,101 Mg C ha-1, which is comparable to lowland tropical peatlands. Our work in Huascarán National Park in Peru is also showing the importance of wetlands in a coupled natural-human system. These wetlands and alpine landscapes are shaped in part by legacies of past human land use, including ancient pastoralism and farming, and are also affected by millions of downstream users dependent upon wetlands and glacier-fed streams for water and energy production. Biodiversity and endemism is high among taxonomic groups such as plants, birds, fish, amphibians and insects. Currently the tropical Andes are in ecological flux due to rapid land cover changes caused by both biophysical and socioeconomic drivers. In addition, the high Andes are experiencing warming and rapid glacial retreat that is resulting in hydroecological changes and socioeconomic changes to the traditional Andean societies that feed back to changes in wetland sustainability.
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Zuliani, Anna, Lars Esbjerg, Klaus Grunert, and Stefano Bovolenta. "Animal Welfare and Mountain Products from Traditional Dairy Farms: How Do Consumers Perceive Complexity?" Animals 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110207.
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This qualitative study aims to investigate consumers’ perceptions toward dairy cow welfare in traditional mountain farms. While consumers’ understanding of conventional dairy production and animal welfare has already been investigated, how consumers perceive animal welfare in traditional mountain dairy farming remains still unexplored. Focus group interviews were conducted with consumers having different degrees of geographical proximity to mountains and with an explicit interest in local dairy products. The results of this qualitative study show that participants expect mountain farming to be on a smaller scale when compared to non-mountain farming systems and expect mountain products to be healthier. Similarly, all participants consider origin, locality, and small-scale production as relevant quality attributes of mountain cheese. However, the appreciation of these abstract features did not necessarily result in their recognition when sample pictures of traditional husbandry systems were provided especially in the case of urban participants. This study contributes to reveal the gap between urban consumers’ conception of mountain farming and the actual farming practices. It also indicates the need to promote an effective science-based dialogue on animal welfare that goes beyond an anthropomorphic perspective and tackles the complexity of farming systems in relation to the context in which they are located.
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Filippini, Rosalia, Maria Elena Marescotti, Eugenio Demartini, and Anna Gaviglio. "Social Networks as Drivers for Technology Adoption: A Study from a Rural Mountain Area in Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 9392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229392.
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Innovation processes includes social and communicative elements. The role of innovative technology for the development of farming systems is investigated in literature, but only a few studies deal with the influence of networks on the adoption of technologies by farmers. The aim of this paper is to verify if the adoption of smartphones for professional reasons by farmers is influenced by the networks to which farmers belong, the socio-demographic characteristics of the farmers, and their farm’s size. The case study is in the Valtellina valley, a rural mountain area in the north of Italy, where 53 livestock farmers were interviewed. The methodology is based on two steps. First, social network analysis is applied to diagnose the relationships of farmers in terms of connectivity and closeness and to detect the centrality measures of farmers in three different social relationships: production networks, market networks, and information exchange networks. A multiple linear regression model is then applied to test whether centrality measures of the three networks, the farmers’ socio-demographic characters, and the farm’s features drive the adoption of smartphones for professional reasons. Results suggest that the centrality measures in production networks positively drive the adoption of smartphones, while the centrality measures of market and information exchange networks do not have the same effect. At the same time, the farmers’ age negatively affects the use of smartphones for professional reasons, while the size of the herd, and the education and gender of farmers have no significant influence. The study contributes to the debate around the Agricultural Knowledge Innovation System and supports local policies based on the inclusion of farmers in the technological development in rural areas.
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Lastic, Rachel de, Thảo Hoàng, Phuong Nguyen, Sovanda Son, Vuthy Suos, and Gunnar Kirchhof. "Assessment of Soil Structural Properties in Relation to Land Use Change in South-East Asia." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036182.
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For many emerging economies, rapid land use change from forest to farmland is resulting in high levels of land degradation. Farming systems such as maize cultivation under conventional tillage after slash and burn degrade the soil resource through declining soil structural stability. Cultivation enhances mineralisation and hence loss of soil organic matter, which in turn reduces soil structures stability and promotes further carbon losses through soil erosion. Alternative land uses such as fruit tree plantations, or practise change to reduced tillage or conservation agriculture have the potential to counter this spiral of accelerated soil degradation through improving soil structural stability and build-up of soil organic matter. This project assessed how land use influences soil structural stability in Cambodia near Battambang and the North-Western Mountain regions of Vietnam where maize based system are most common. Soil properties measured were: (1) total carbon and nitrogen content analysis, (2) particle and aggregate size distribution using laser refraction, (3) hydraulic conductivity, (4) bulk density and (5) microbial CO2 respiration. Information on land use history was also collected through farmer surveys. Land use significantly influenced aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. This was largely associated with differences in soil organic carbon content. Forest system had the highest, and conventional maize systems had the lowest amount of large aggregates. Fruit tree plantations are relatively new to these regions but they already showed improved soil aggregate sizes though the level of improvement varied and depended on remnant soil.