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Schoenenberger, Katherine R. "LITTLE ICE AGE CHRONOLOGY FOR CLASSEN AND GODLEY GLACIERS, MOUNT COOK NATIONAL PARK, NEW ZEALAND." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990634749.
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Roehl, Katrin, and n/a. "Terminus disintegration of debris-covered, lake-calving glaciers." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.112854.
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Numerous supraglacial and proglacial lakes have developed on debris-covered glaciers in conjunction with 20th-century retreat associated with global warming. When a glacier holds a substantial debris cover on its lower reach and/or is calving into a proglacial water body, the behaviour of its terminus can be modified to varying degrees compared to that of land-terminating or debris-free glaciers. The terminus is not just retreating from its frontal position but it is disintegrating through several processes that are linked. An improved understanding of these glacier margins is needed for the prediction and management of hazards associated with these types of lakes for hydroelectric power generation, recreational purposes and areas threatened by potential glacier outburst floods as well as for the interpretation of glacio-geological records and reconstruction of former glacial environments and palaeoclimate.
The principal research question of this study is how processes of ice loss contribute to the terminus disintegration of a debris-covered, lake-calving glacier. This is addressed by an application of a field-based strategy which includes extensive field observations of variables, processes and their controls, and subsequent analysis of the data in the light of previous models and concepts. The study attempts to combine and integrate different aspects of glaciological research that have previously been examined mostly separately. It investigates the prevalent processes at the glacier terminus and their controls over different time periods ranging from days to years at Mueller, Hooker and Tasman Glaciers in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. The data form the basis for models of calving and pond development and future retreat scenarios.
This study has demonstrated that this glacial environment is characterised by ice-frontal processes with complex inter-relationships that vary between glaciers and in particular between stages of terminus development. While surface ice melt in the terminus area is substantially reduced by supraglacial debris, sub-debris melt contributes the largest fraction of ice loss. Other important effects of debris are restraining thermal undercutting, reducing subaqueous melt and decreasing buoyancy. Data from supraglacial ponds and proglacial lakes show that limnological factors become increasingly important with increasing pond/lake size. Changes in water currents and temperature lead to changes in significance and rates of ice loss processes, the most important being the change from melting to predominantly calving. This study has confirmed the hypothesis that thermal undercutting is the rate-controlling process for calving. This process is controlled by the cliff geometry, debris supply, subaqueous geometry and water temperatures, currents and level variations. The results from the examination of calving processes suggest that the process of regular, progressive calving through the stages suggested previously may not be widely applicable to slow-moving, lake-calving glaciers. The several forms of subaerial calving identified in this study can present themselves as largely independent events, a combination of events or as a progression. At the central submerged part of the ice face, subaqueous ice melt is likely to be the dominant form of ice loss, leading to horizontal ice loss. Subaqueous calving is prevalent in gently-sloping lateral areas, leading to vertical ice loss. This process is controlled by buoyancy forces which are affected by sedimentation and lake and glacier geometry. The onset of subaqueous calving in the earlier stages of lake development is a crucial process for the transition to faster disintegration and ice loss, accelerating subaqueous melt. Due to the complex inter-relationships attempts to formulate general relationships between calving or retreat rates and other glaciological parameters may not be feasible.
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Kirkbride, Martin. "The influence of sediment budget on geomorphic activity of the Tasman Glacier, Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4921.
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Previous studies of sediment transport by valley glaciers have emphasised the dependence of rates of transport on glacier dynamics, in turn a function of climatic environment. Very few studies have considered cases where it is the debris in transport that plays a major role in affecting the dynamics of the glacier.
This study of the Tasman Glacier explains the interdependence of ice and debris fluxes in a tectonically-active maritime alpine environment. Glaciological monitoring has allowed the construction of a model of Twentieth-Century glacier behaviour. A model of medial moraine dynamics has been formulated from theoretical and empirical studies of debris in transport. Feedbacks between glacier flow structure, sediment routeways, supraglacial debris accumulation, ablation, glacier thickness and gradient have resulted in a positive sediment budget in the lower glacier and the growth of a 20 km2 debris mantle. Insulation of underlying ice by the debris mantle has led to the preservation of a 7 km long ice tongue which would have ablated away within the last century without the protective mantle. The flow structure of the glacier has been radically affected by debris mantle spread and changes to the ablation gradient, causing slow downwasting and reduced surface gradient with no terminal retreat.
Studies of clast shape have revealed that much debris supplied to the terminus of the Tasman Glacier has been modified by water action rather than by glacial action. It is concluded that sediment transfer in the lower glacier is dominantly by fluvial transport in englacial conduits rather than by truely glacial transport. The implication is that much rounded debris found in older moraines was modified during high-level transport through the glacier.
Twentieth-Century negative mass balance has resulted in the formation of thermokarst lakes at valley glacier termini in the region. Growth and coalescence of these lakes has heralded the onset of the first phase of rapid terminal retreat for at least 5,000 years in the Godley Valley. Commencement of rapid retreat of the Tasman Glacier is imminent. The two-phase pattern of slow downwasting of debris-mantled glacier tongues followed by rapid retreat of a calving terminus with rapid glacio-lacustrine deposition provides an analogy to the mechanism of retreat from Late Pleistocene and early Holocene ice maxima. The size and persistence of the proglacial lakes allows them to act as major sediment traps. Their rapid formation during deglaciation marked an important transition from net aggradation to net degradation of proglacial outwash plains at the end of the Pleistocene, leading to a phase of terrace-forming incision of rivers downstream of the lakes. The formation of similar lakes in front of the modern glaciers is in progress and may mark a comparable threshold in river regime.
Reconstructions of the Tasman Glacier have been made for various stages of the Neoglacial period. The implications of processes of ice ponding by an outwash head and preservation during negative balance phases over a 5,000 year period have been investigated. Neoglacial fluctuations are minor compared to nearby glaciers with no extensive supraglacial debris mantles. The terminus has become ponded behind an aggrading proglacial fan and resulting changes in the flow structure have increased the potential for supraglacial debris accumulation. The glacier terminus may have become progressively less sensitive to climatic oscillations since c.5,000 B.P. It is concluded that there has been a non-climatic evolution of glacier morphology due to feedbacks in the glacier-debris dynamic system.
It is concluded that in regions of high debris mass flux, glaciers of this type have complex responses to climatic change governed by lag responses and thresholds which are not controlled directly by climate. The strongly-positive sediment budgets in the lower parts of glaciers and in proglacial areas is a major cause of this complexity. Climatic interpretations of moraine sequences must therefore be made with caution.
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Armstrong, Debbie Maree. "The role of vocal communication in the biology of fledgling and juvenile kea (Nestor notabilis) in Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology in the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1316.
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The kea is the only parrot species in the world to include the true alpine environment as part of their habitat. Survival in these harsh alpine conditions has been hypothesised to be the cause of the generalist behaviour of kea, leading to their heightened explorative behaviour and curiosity. Kea are also widely regarded as being extraordinarily intelligent. It is their intelligence that suggests that kea may possess a sophisticated communication system. I conducted a study exploring the potentially complex vocal repertoire of the kea. My study was conducted with wild population of banded juvenile and fledgling kea in Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park between February 2003 and April 2004. I obtained 449 vocalisations from 16 identified and several unidentified kea. The results of this study confirmed that the vocal repertoire of the kea is exceptionally large for a parrot species, encompassing over 17 vocalisations. This study revealed five vocalisations previously undescribed in the kea repertoire and showed for the first time that vocal repertoire of immature kea may be different to the repertoire of adult kea. Two possible gender specific vocalisations were also revealed. The study of apparent vocal responses revealed that kea appear to be able to identify vocalisation types and respond accordingly using combinations of increasingly complex vocalisations. This is also the first study to take advantage of the similarity between human and parrot vocal systems for the kea, by utilizing powerful human speech analysis software. The results of this analysis allowed the identification of subtle differences in kea vocalisations, including the presence of graded signals, not identifiable by use of spectrogram analysis.
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Mugagga, Frank. "Land use change, landslide occurrence and livelihood strategies on Mount Elgon Slopes, Eastern Uganda." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1468.
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An investigation of the relationship between the physical, pedological and anthropogenic influences on landslide occurrence on the midslopes within and outside Mt Elgon National Park was carried out. One of the landslides occurred in a protected pristine forest environment within the Park while the other two were located at sites deforested for cultivation within and outside the National Park. Field based surveys, GIS techniques and laboratory tests were used to collect and analyze the data. A household survey was undertaken to establish the main community livelihood strategies, the drivers of land use change and implications for land degradation on the mid slopes of Mt Elgon. Aerial photographs taken in 1960 and orthophoto maps formed the benchmark for the analysis of the respective land use changes between 1995 and 2006, using 30m Landsat TM and 20m SPOT MS images in IDRISI Andes GIS environment. Landslide sites were mapped using a Magellan Professional MobileMapperTMCX and terrain parameters were derived using a 15M Digital Elevation Model. A hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification approach was employed to generate land cover maps from which the areal extent of three land cover classes (agricultural fields, woodlands and forests) was calculated. Particle size distribution and atterberg limits were used to test the hypothesis that soils at the landslide sites are inherently ‘problem soils’ where slope failure can occur even without human intervention. Shear strength parameters (internal of friction and cohesion) were used calculate the slope factor of safety to ascertain slope stability at pristine and disturbed landslide sites. Results from the socio-economic survey revealed that smallholder subsistence agriculture and encroachment on the National Park resources are the main sources of livelihoods for the communities surrounding the Park. The communities also have a strong socio-cultural attachment to the National Park, as it is the source of items used during traditional rituals like circumcision. Encroachment is driven by the high population pressure and the prevalent political climate. Farmers mainly use slash and burn technique to prepare land for cultivation and those close to the National Park are reluctant to adopt appropriate farming and soil conservation practices due to the uncertainties surrounding their future on such plots. Slash and burn iii techniques were observed to accelerate various forms of erosion including rills, gullies and sheet. Soil and water conservation techniques were mainly practiced on privately owned farms. The period 1960 and 1995 was characterized by minimal land use changes and no encroachment into the designated Mount Elgon National Park. Conversely, the period 1995 – 2006 marked a significant loss of woodlands and forest cover particularly on steep concave slopes (36º – 58º) within the National Park. The land use change trends were attributed to the prevalent land politics and exponential population growth in the region. The encroachment onto the critical slopes was noted to have induced a series of shallow and deep landslides in the area. Deforestation on Mt Elgon was reported to have both onsite and offsite climate variability and implications in the form of drought, heat waves, flash floods, economic dislocation, crop failure and associated malnutrition in surrounding low lying areas. The soils on pristine and disturbed slopes contain high amount of clay (>10 percent), are fine textured (>50 percent of the material passing the 0.075mm sieve) and highly plastic. These soil attributes imply low permeability, excessive water retention and high susceptibility to expansion and sliding. The vertic nature of soils at Nametsi was confirmed by the extremely high plasticity indices (averaging 33percent), while, high liquid limits at Buwabwala (53 percent) and Kitati (59 percent) qualified the soils as vertisols which are associated with landslides. The results point to the fact that soils at landslide sites are inherently ‘problem soils’ where slope failure can occur even without human intervention. Therefore, the hypothesis that soils at three landslide sites are inherently ‘problem soils’ where slope failure can occur even without human intervention is accepted. Notwithstanding the fact that the study was focussed on mid-altitude slopes of Mt Elgon, the results are in tandem with investigations carried out earlier on the lower densely populated slopes, thus confirming the widespread nature of problem soils on Mt Elgon. There is an urgent need to control human population growth and restore forest cover on the heavily deforested steep slopes particularly within the National Park, and restrain communities from encroaching on the pristine slopes of Mt Elgon. This will be achieved if the politicians, Park Authorities and local communities jointly participate in the design and implementation of CFMs. Future research could focus on climate change implications of deforestation of Mt Elgon environments and quantification of carbon loss related to deforestation and soil degradation in the mountain environments.
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Reese, Angela. "Addressing food conditioning of Cascade red foxes in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Reese_A%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.
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Schurke, Michael Charles. "Investigating Technological Organization at the Buck Lake Site (45PI438) in Mount Rainier National Park Using a Lithic Debitage Analysis." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/721.
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Few lithic analyses have been conducted or published on collections from Mount Rainier National Park (MORA). This study's lithic debitage analysis, and investigation of hunter-gatherer technological organization through time, contributes to the knowledge base and understanding of how hunter-gatherers used subalpine environments in MORA. The debitage sample is from archaeological excavations between 2005 and 2007 at a Buck Lake Site (45PI438) activity area in the subalpine environmental zone. Two cultural components were examined: the pre-Mount St. Helens Yn tephra component (before 3500 RCYBP) is thought to represent a forager-like mobility strategy and the post-Mount St. Helens Yn tephra component (after 3500 RCYBP) is thought to represent a collector-like strategy. Expectations theoretically grounded in hunter-gatherer mobility, tool design, raw material procurement, site function, and tool function were developed and tested. Results suggest that hunter-gatherers at Buck Lake relied on and maintained small, lightweight, transported bifaces made of nonlocal raw material regardless of expected changes in mobility strategy through time. For both foragers and collectors at Buck Lake, similar lithic raw material availability, terrain, and seasonality constraints and a common resource acquisition goal and overlapping site function resulted in similar hunter-gatherer technological organization strategies. Slight differences between the cultural components include: the use of more local igneous raw material in the forager-like component, the use of a more expedient technology in the collector-like cultural component, and smaller size debitage in the forager-like component. The use of expedient bipolar technology in both cultural components is possible, but only partially supported. Evidence of bipolar technology would suggest that hunter-gatherers were conserving nonlocal CCS by using the bipolar technique on exhausted transported tools or cached cores to produce expedient flakes used for small-game hunting and processing. Further research for the Buck Lake site should include: the sourcing of raw material; conducting experimental lithic reduction on toolstone found at Buck Lake to produce comparative debitage specimens; and increasing the lithic analysis sample size to include debitage recovered from 2008-2009 excavations and other artifact types.
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Larson, Lisa Irene. "Coeur d’Alene salamander abundance, distribution, and habitat use in Mount Revelstoke National Park of Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4614.
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The Coeur d’Alene salamander (Plethodon idahoensis) is a species of special concern throughout its global range, which includes southeastern BC (COSEWIC, Nov 2007), Idaho, and Montana, due to disjunct populations and sensitivity to human disturbance. Within the Interior Cedar-Hemlock forest on Mount Revelstoke, BC, Coeur d’Alene salamanders occur at their highest abundance between 600 m and 800 m. Beyond the Mount Revelstoke National Park boundaries, the low-order stream habitat of this species is subject to disturbance from forestry, mining, road building, road maintenance, and watercourse diversions such as run-of-the-river hydro projects.
We conducted nocturnal salamander surveys and assessed habitat characteristics on 12 Sites (750 m² – 1000 m² stream transects) along three streams from June through September 2006. Coeur d’Alene salamanders were detected from 600 m - 1000 m on seven of the 12 study sites. Relative abundance of Coeur d’Alene salamanders ranged from 0.005 ± 0.001 per m² to 0.025 ± 0.005 per m² on six sites below 950 m. Coeur d’Alene salamanders occurred at an average of 0.001 ± 0.001 per m² at 972 m, the only site above 950 m where we detected salamanders. Our capture-mark-recapture efforts of three surveys per month in June and August yielded a very low recapture rate (3.95 %). Coeur d’Alene salamanders are challenging to enumerate due to their vertical distribution within the soil and underlying geological material.
Neonate, juvenile, and adult Coeur d’Alene salamanders were observed from June to September and the highest proportion of neonates occurred in June, soon after the salamanders emerged from winter hibernation. Results of a logistic regression analysis of 1-m² plots reflected the importance of fine scale habitat characteristics (quadrat gradient, boulder, cobble, moss, grass, and shrub) in addition to site-level habitat features (water volume and elevation) that in combination describe the association of Coeur d’Alene salamanders with cool and moist conditions. Coeur d’Alene salamanders appear to select streambed habitat during warm, dry periods, which may be a behavioural response to minimize dehydration during periods of activity at the surface of the forest floor.
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Hooper, David Alan. "Cultural and ecological relationships between the Nisqually Indian Tribe and plants of Mount Rainier National Park." Thesis, University of Montana, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3728557.
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Throughout the history of the National Park Service, the question of whether Native American’s still have rights to traditionally used natural resources found within park lands has been debated. This debate is largely held in political, legal, and philosophical arenas, but there are ethnographic and ecological questions that need to be addressed in order for policy makers to make informed decisions. Addressing these questions also provides insight into how cultures develop sustainable harvesting practices. One of the parks that has been addressing traditional plant harvesting is Mount Rainier National Park, which has been working with the Nisqually Indian Tribe to develop a collecting agreement that would allow members of the Tribe to harvest twelve species of plants. In this dissertation, I ask two questions: first, how do members of the Nisqually Tribe traditionally harvest these plants? My other question is: what are the biological effects of harvesting beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.) and pipsissewa ( Chimaphila umbellata (R. BR.) Spreng,), and peeling bark of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn. Ex D. Don)? I used a combination of ethnographic and ecological methods to answer these questions. Based on the metrics I used, the Nisqually practices do not decrease the abundance of beargrass and pipsissewa. The traditional harvest of cedar bark does not change the tree’s secondary growth rate. The lack of measureable change in these three species is a product of limiting the amount of biomass harvested to within the plants’ range of tolerance to damage. Results suggest that the Nisqually’s methods of harvesting are based upon traditional ecological knowledge. The results of this research will help Mount Rainier managers and the Nisqually Tribe to develop policy that allows the Tribe to utilize these plants while not interfering with the park’s mission.
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Vakrou, Alexandra C. "A study on the economic valuation and management of recreation at Mount Olympus National Park, Greece." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU603178.
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The provision of outdoor recreation in a modern society has become an increasingly demanding and controversial undertaking. To provide an effective recreational strategy it is necessary to identify the needs of the people in order to provide intelligent planning to satisfy their requirements. When recreational pressures are directed towards protected areas such as National Parks, this task becomes more difficult and complex owing to the diverse and conflicting functions that these resources have to support. To provide both conservation and recreational opportunities planning should evaluate both the benefits and the conflicts that these uses generate as any developments take place. This study focuses on the evaluation of the recreational use of Mount Olympus National Park. Its aim was to incorporate these findings into the Master Plan for the management of the area. The data provided from on-site surveys in the area permitted the description of the visitor socio-economic characteristics and their trip patterns. Visitor attitudes both to the recreational opportunities provided in the area and to the proposals for the improvement of recreation provision in it were also identified. The recreational use of Mount Olympus was then evaluated by applying both the Travel-Cost and the Contingent Valuation methods on the survey data. This provided a method for checking the validity of the results. The Travel-Cost method produced values ranging between 65,002,000 and 74,599,000 GDrs for 1990 and 42,183,750 and 65,081,100 GDrs for 1992 depending on the functional form used for the development of the model. On the other hand the Contingent Valuation method produced a value of 30,311,000 GDrs for 1990 and of 53,830,350 GDrs (area in its present condition) and of 54,162,150 GDrs (area after the provision of more facilities) for 1992. Finally the study highlighted the importance and the potential use of the available economic information to assist in the development of a planning system for the design and the provision of recreation. Some limitations in the Mount Olympus Master Plan were identified and a proposal for the incorporation of the new information into the recreational aspects of Mount Olympus in a reformulated Master Plan was proposed.
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Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas. "The Response of Zooplankton Communities in Montane Lakes of Different Fish Stocking Histories to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Simulations." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2394.
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Freshwater ecosystems are subject to a wide variety of stressors, which can have complex interactions and result in ecological surprises. Non-native fish introductions have drastically reduced the number of naturally fishless lakes and have resulted in cascading food web repercussions in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Additional anthropogenic influences that result from increases in global airborne emissions also threaten wildlife habitat. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has been recognized as an anthropogenic contributor to acidification and eutrophication of wilderness ecosystems. Planktonic communities have shown declines in response to predation and shifts in composition as a result of nutrient inputs and acidification, both of which are potential fates of nitrogen deposition. This study identified the response of zooplankton communities from two lakes (fish present vs. absent) in Mount Rainier National Park to manipulations simulating an episodic disturbance event in mesocosms. The experiment used a 2 x 2 factorial design with acid and nitrogen treatments. Treatments resulted in significantly elevated nitrogen and decreased pH conditions from control mesocosms over 42 days, indicating that the treatment effects were achieved. Results indicate that zooplankton communities from lakes with different food web structure respond differently to the singular effects of acid and nitrogen addition. Surprisingly, the interaction of the two stressors was related to increases in community metrics (e.g., abundance, biomass, body size, richness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity) for both lake types. This work can aid management decisions as agencies look to restore more aquatic montane habitats to their historic fishless states, and assess their abilities to recover and afford resistance to atmospheric pollution.
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Tafon, Voma Ralph. "The Actor-Interface Case of Development Intervention in the Conservation of Mount Cameroon National Park, Buea, Cameroon." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19702.
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Critics of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have argued that participatory approachesand trade-offs are key to effective development interventions for rural populations living adjacent to protected areas. Based on an actor-interface framework, this thesis explores among other things, the discontinuities and/or linkages between those formalized narratives surrounding the creation andmanagement of Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP), and their actual implementation, where there are multiple actors with divergent rationalities and interests. Specifically, this thesis examines the experiences and perceptions of the Park’s rural populations vis-à-vis the participatory-driven socio-economic development of their rurality. Interview results show that while the socio-economic potentials of the Park’s conservation to the rural poor have been touted, the fragmented and ad hoc nature of these benefits seriously undermine their poverty-alleviating capacity for marginalized communities. Furthermore, this thesis shows that while participatory approaches may constitute a major technique for involving rural populations in decision-making processes that affect their lives, the benefits fall largely to influential local elites, and that community participation is sometimes sought only for less important decision-making activities. This thesis concludes that in order for ICDPs to contribute effectively to eliminating poverty traps for marginalized communities, development interventions must not only be the result of rural people’s expressed priorities, but development practitioners must also have the necessary training to understand poverty traps and development problems as nested issues that must be addressed in a comprehensive and holistic manner. The paper also suggests that ICDPs must develop rural people’s capacity in conservation activities such that they can benefit from ecotourism and other conservation-related employment, in meaningful ways.
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Cunningham, Jesse. "Pond-Breeding Amphibian Species Distributions in a Beaver-Modified Landscape, Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CunninghamJ2003.pdf.
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Beattie, Maureen A. "The effect of natural disasters on tourism : a study of Mount St. Helens and Yellowstone National Park /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11110.
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Nvenakeng, Suzanne Awung. "Assessing community involvement in the design, implementation and monitoring of REDD+ projects : a case study of Mount Cameroon National Park, Cameroon." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11152/.
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The success of Reduced Emission from Deforestation and land Degradation, forest conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+), depends on effective participation of local communities because ultimately they are the ones to implement REDD+ on the ground and are the potential benefactors of such policy. But few studies have examined community involvement in the design, implementation and monitoring of REDD+ projects. This study critically examines the level of community’s engagement in the Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP) conservation project. Cluster multi-stage random sampling was used to collect data from 259 respondents from four geographical clusters with cultural and livelihood differences. Quantitative data were analysed using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, t-test, ANOVA and linear-regression models to understand the contribution of predictors on independent variables, while Kruskal-Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests compare results and establish trends between different clusters respectively. Qualitative data were coded and thematically analysed to show different perceptions between different levels of stakeholders. Results show that insecure tenure, ineffective and inappropriate communication between park managers and communities, inadequate benefit-sharing mechanism, and top-down government strategies have impeded community's engagement in the REDD+ projects within all clusters. Communities perceive REDD+ as having the potential to conserve forest, generate income and improve livelihoods. However, the present level of local engagement in the MCNP conservation project makes the attainment of these goals difficult. REDD+ should be based on effective participatory bottom-up approaches that empower and allow more decision-making powers to communities to achieve effectiveness and potential co-benefit expectations of REDD+. Assessing community’s engagement as the project progresses should be embedded within strategies to ensure sustainability in REDD+. This study provides practical insights into the effective co-management of MCNP-REDD+ projects and recommends adaptable management strategies that favour appropriate social-safeguard standards for sustainability of any REDD+ projects.
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Louter, David. "Windshield wilderness : the automobile and the meaning of national parks in Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10332.
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Hamidah, Namatovu. "Assessment of the community wildlife management partnership : a case study of the Uganda Wildlife Authority and local communities around Mount Elgon National Park, Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96691.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although Community Participation (CP) in Africa dates back to colonial times, it is more oriented towards embracing indigenous knowledge systems. CP encourages self-reliance, community empowerment, capacity-building, social learning and sustainability among community members. This study describes how Collaborative Wildlife Management (CWM) was implemented in Ulukusi, a community on the border of Mount Elgon National Park (MENP), eastern Uganda. It assesses livelihood strategies before and after the implementation of CWM. The study further identifies a wildlife management strategy that would embrace the needs of the local community and the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA). Open ended questions were developed and administered through interviews with both household and key informants, and by means of focus group discussions and observations. The findings of the study indicate that the implementation of CWM led to the development of a Resource User Agreement (RUA) which promoted wildlife resource regeneration due to restricted resource harvest and park access. There was general agreement among interviewees and key informants that the relationship between the UWA and the community had improved compared to the time when the park was under the management of the Uganda National Park. Findings further indicate that CWM was inappropriately implemented considering the fact that the UWA used a top-down approach to influence the signing of the RUA. This is evident in that communities did not directly participate in decision-making. Therefore, in order to promote sustainable wildlife management, communities should participate in decision-making since they are the people affected by the mismanagement of wildlife. Conservation authorities should also integrate indigenous knowledge into their management policies and promote continuous sensitisation meetings to empower the community members. Above all, for any development to embrace all stakeholders’ needs, conservation authorities should also integrate the “building blocks” of development to promote conflict resolution.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel gemeenskapsdeelname in Afrika terugdateer tot die Koloniale tydperk is die beginsel van gemeenskapsontwikkeling meer gerig op die aanvaarding van inheemse kennisstelsels. Gemeenskapsdeelname moedig selfstandigheid, gemeenskapsbemagtiging, kapasiteitsbou, sosiale leer en volhoubaarheid onder gemeenskapslede. Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe samewerking en gemeenskaplike beplanning beoefen word in Ulukasi, ‘n naburige gemeenskap van die Mount Elgen Nationale Park, Oos Uganda. Die studie assesseer die Collaborative Wildlife Management (CWM) strategie voor en na implementering. Verder identifiseer die studie ‘n omgewingsbestuur strategie wat die behoeftes van die gemeenskap en die van die Uganda Wildlife Authority effektief aanspreek. Verskillende data insamelingsmetodes, insluitend onderhoude, fokusgroepe en deelnemendewaarneming was aangewend. Die respondente was verteenwoordig deur plaaslike gemeenskapslede en amptenary, plus addisionele sleutel informante. Bevindinge van die studie dui daarop dat die implementering van die CWM gelei het tot die ontwikkeling van ‘n hulpbron gebruikersooreenkoms (Resource User Agreement) vir die bevordering van die behoud van wild en beperkte oes en toegang tot die park. Daar was ook ‘n algemene instemming tussen informante en sleutel informante dat die verhouding tussen UWA en die gemeenskap verbeter het teenoor die tydperk toe die park onder die bestuur was van die Uganda nasionale park. Bevindinge dui ook daarop dat CWM onvanpas geïmplementeer was, oorwegend die feit dat UWA ‘n voorskriftelike benadering gebruik het wat ‘n invloed gehad het op die ondertekenings van die RUA. Dit is dus duidelik dat gemeenskappe nie direk betrokke was by besluitnemingprosesse nie. Ten einde volhoubare natuurlewebestuur te bevorder moet gemeenskappe betrokke wees in besluitneming aangesien hulle direk geraak word deur die wanbestuur van wild. Natuurbewaringsowerhede moet ook inheemse kennis integreer in bestuursbeleid en deurlopende sensitisering vergaderings gebruik om lede van die gemeenskap te bemagtig. Bo alles, vir enige ontwikkeling moet alle belanghebbendes se behoeftes aangespreek word en moet bewarings owerhede ook die boustene van ontwikkeling integreer om konflik te bestuur.
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Ntoko, Vivian [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Climate Change in the Mount Cameroon National Park Region: local perceptions, natural resources and adaptation strategies, the Republic of Cameroon / Vivian Ntoko ; Betreuer: Matthias Schmidt." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122063204X/34.
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Brooks, Kevin C. "Breeding Bird Census to Compare Long-term Changes in the Avifauna of the Spruce-fir Forest on Mount Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains National Park 1967-2015." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2606.
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The high-elevation forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains have been impacted and rearranged by a tiny introduced pest from Europe, known as the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceaea), creating a concern for conservation. Breeding bird censuses, along with botanical surveys, have been conducted periodically on an established 60-acre plot since 1967 on the virgin forested slopes of Mount Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with the last census being completed in 2015. Breeding bird populations are shown to rise and fall in response to the forest’s changes over the last 48 years. Comparisons are made between all studies in order to assess how bird populations are being affected by the changed forest dynamics.
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Underwood, Sandra Jean. "Stable isotope (18 O/16 O and D/H) studies of cascade volcanic arc magmatism." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/underwood/UnderwoodS0509.pdf.
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Teitz, Martin W. "Late proterozoic Yellowhead and Astoria Carbonate Platforms, southwest of Jasper, Alberta." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63371.
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Cole, Marcus. "Mapping wilderness perceptions in Mount Rainier National Park." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38021611.html.
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Loibooki, Betrita M. "Tourism, conservation and local livelihoods at Mount Kilimanjaro National Park." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3585.
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Brokes, Brendan J. "Habitat segregation of two ambystomatids in mountain ponds, Mount Rainier National Park." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33103.
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Ambystoma macrodactylum (long-toed salamander) and A. gracile (northwestern salamander) are two common salamander species occupying key trophic positions in mountain ponds of Mount Rainier National Park. The objective of this research was to document and evaluate the distributions and abundances of the two species, relative to habitat characteristics of ponds in the park.
Amphibian distributions and abundances were assessed in 20 ponds from June through September 1993 to 1996. Nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, Kjeldahl-N, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate-P), habitat characteristics (surface area, depth, elevation, substratum organic content lost on ignition, amount of coarse woody debris, aquatic vegetation, and bottom firmness), and water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, and pH) were measured.
Distinct habitat associations were found for each Ambystoma species. Ponds with one species only were different in surface area, maximum depth, substratum organic content, and elevation. Ponds with A. macrodactylum were small, shallow, high in elevation, and had firm sediments low in organic matter relative to A. gracile ponds. Ambystoma macrodactylum ponds typically contained little coarse woody debris relative to the amount of aquatic vegetation. Ambystoma gracile ponds were large, deep, low in
elevation, had flocculent sediment high in organic content, abundant coarse woody debris, and little aquatic vegetation relative to A. macrodactylum ponds. Two ponds supported reproducing populations of both species and exhibited habitat characteristics intermediate to the allopatric pond types. These findings suggest that habitat complexity plays an important role in the segregation of A. macrodactylum and A. gracile.Graduation date: 2000
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Girdner, Scott F. "Effects of hydrology on zooplankton communities in high mountain ponds, Mount Rainier National Park." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35642.
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Ten high mountain ponds in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington State, were
studied from June through September 1992 to investigate the influences of fluctuating
pond volumes on zooplankton communities. A temporary pond of short wet phase
duration was inhabited by zooplankton taxa with short generation times and a crustacean
taxa with the ability to encyst as drought-resistant resting bodies at immature stages of
development. Relative to permanent ponds, rotifer densities typically were low in
temporary ponds, although Brachionus urceolaris was abundant shortly before the ponds
dried. High volume loss was associated with declining populations of crustaceans.
Daphnia rosea was not present in the crustacean communities of temporary ponds after fall
recharge. Deep-permanent ponds had slower copepod development and two additional
large bodied crustacean taxa relative to shallow-permanent ponds. Because of their small
sizes and sensitivity to environmental change, ponds such as these may provide an early
signal of changes in aquatic systems from global warming.Graduation date: 1994
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O'Neill, Natasha Anna. "Transboundary Regional Planning Collaboration for Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study of Jasper National Park, Mount Robson Provincial Park, and Willmore Wilderness Park." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5931.
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Climate change threatens the integrity of many parks and protected areas worldwide. Mountain parks are amongst the most vulnerable, facing changes in temperature, hydrology, glaciation, fire frequency, and pest and disease outbreaks. Species migration is a key tool in climate change adaptation, but often physical and jurisdictional fragmentation makes it impossible for species to migrate, putting species at risk of extirpation or extinction.
Transboundary collaboration and regional planning are tools that can help physically connected parks and protected areas overcome jurisdictional fragmentation and allow for species migration, giving species a greater chance at being able to adapt to climate change. However, there are many barriers to transboundary collaboration and regional planning that makes this difficult to achieve.
This research aims to address the challenges parks face with regards to transboundary collaboration and regional planning, and provide possible solutions for overcoming these challenges. A qualitative research project was conducted to determine the state of transboundary collaboration and regional planning in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, using Jasper National Park, Mount Robson Provincial Park, and Willmore Wilderness Park as the study area. A document review, questionnaire, and Importance-Performance Analysis were conducted to determine: the current policy within the Parks Canada Agency, British Columbia Parks, and Alberta Parks in regards to the management implications of climate change; the degree to which transboundary collaboration and regional planning are occurring in and around the study area with regard to climate change; the challenges parks face with regards to transboundary collaboration and regional planning; how these challenges should be addressed; and to determine what park agencies and managers need to be able to participate in transboundary collaboration and regional planning.
Ultimately, it became clear that while transboundary collaboration is a potentially effective tool for climate change adaptation, little transboundary collaboration is occurring within the study area. In order for this to occur, all parks must have appropriate legislation, policies, and plans in place; British Columbia Parks has these, but both Parks Canada and Alberta Parks do not. Parks planners and managers are not able to put priority on transboundary collaboration until it is mandated within the management plans. However, parks managers are supportive of transboundary collaboration for climate change and it seems likely that the parks will use this tool as it becomes increasingly necessary over the next 25 years.
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Fritzke, Susan L. "Soil erosion and vegetation loss accelerated by visitor use of Paradise Meadows, Mount Rainier National Park /." 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9695.
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Mathis, Amy Lynn. "A survey of visitors to Mt. LeConte in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park." 2004. http://etd.utk.edu/2004/MathisAmy.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.Title from title page screen (viewed Sept. 21, 2004). Thesis advisor: J. Mark Fly. Document formatted into pages (xi, 111 p. : ill., maps, (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-76).
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Stueve, Kirk M. "Post-fire Tree Establishment Patterns at the Subalpine Forest-Alpine Tundra Ecotone: A Case Study in Mount Rainier National Park." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-7099.
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Climatic changes have induced striking altitudinal and latitudinal vegetation
shifts throughout history. These shifts will almost certainly recur in the future;
threatening other flora and fauna, and influencing climate feedback loops. Changes in
the spatial distribution of vegetation are most conspicuous at physiognomically distinct
ecotones, particularly between the subalpine forest and alpine tundra. Traditionally,
ecological research has linked abiotic variables with the position of this ecotone (e.g.,
cold temperatures inhibit tree survival at high elevations). Thus, the prevailing
assumption states that this ecotone is in equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium with the
surrounding physical environment and that any dynamic shifts express direct linkages
with the physical environment.
This dissertation employs a landscape ecology approach to examine the abiotic
and biotic ecological mechanisms most important in controlling tree establishment at this
ecotone. The study site is on the western slopes of Mount Rainier, which was severely
burned by a slash fire in 1930. Therefore, a crucial underlying assumption is that the ecological mechanisms controlling tree establishment are similar at disturbed and
undisturbed sites. I exploited the use of 1970 CORONA satellite imagery and 2003
aerial photography to map 33 years of changes in arboreal vegetation. I created detailed
maps of abiotic variables from a LIDAR-based DEM and biotic variables from classified
remotely sensed data. I linked tree establishment patterns with abiotic and biotic
variables in a GIS, and analyzed the correlations with standard logistic regression and
logistic regression in the hierarchical partitioning framework at multiple spatial
resolutions.
A biotic factor (proximity to previously existing trees) was found to exert a
strong influence on tree establishment patterns; equaling and in most cases exceeding the
significance of the abiotic factors. The abiotic setting was more important at restricted
spatial extents near the extreme upper limits of the ecotone and when analyzing coarse
resolution data, but even in these cases proximity to existing trees remained significant.
The strong overall influence of proximity to existing trees on patterns of tree
establishment is unequivocal. If the underlying assumption of this dissertation is true, it
challenges the long-held ecological assumption that vegetation in mountainous terrain is
in equilibrium with and most strongly influenced by the surrounding physical
environment.
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Mwambo, Francis Molua. "Human and climatic change impact modelling on the habitat suitability for the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) – Case study: The proposed Mount Cameroon National Park." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/2734.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesThe prediction of species' distribution is fundamental to many applications in ecology, wildlife conservation and the science of evolution. Variations in the abundance within a species' geographic range provide the connection between the disciplines of ecology, geostatistics and biogeography. Species predictive modelling is quite intricate considering the spatial and aspatial variables that both play interactive roles in predicting a species' occurrence. Like many primates across Africa, Pan troglodytes ellioti has both the least geographic distribution and population relative to the other chimpanzee subspecies continent wide. With the proposed Mount Cameroon National Park as the study area, predictions displayed as maps further enhance spatial visualisation. Predictions in Maxent had an estimated accuracy assessment of approximately 0.7 and 67.41% being currently suitable respectively. The observed shift in the habitat suitability from lower to higher altitudes suggests climatic conditions prevailing in the suitable range will likely be attainable only at much higher altitudes in the future. A likely consequence on species shall be to ascend towards the summit in order to meet their needs both physiologically and resource wise.
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Καραγιάννη, Βασιλική. "Διαχείριση και προστασία των ενδημικών, απειλουμένων και σπανίων φυτών του Εθνικού Δρυμού Αίνου, Κεφαλονιάς." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4286.
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Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των ενδημικών φυτικών ειδών και ειδών ιδιαίτερου ενδιαφέροντος, τα οποία απαντώνται στον Εθνικό Δρυμό του Αίνου (περιοχή NATURA 2000: GR2220002 & SPA). Μεταξύ αυτών περιλαμβάνονται τα: Viola cephalonica, Saponaria aenesia, Ajuga orientalis subsp. aenesia, Campanula garganica subsp. cephallenica, Centaurea subciliaris, κ.ά. Συνολικά η μελέτη περιλαμβάνει 21 taxa τα οποία ανήκουν σε 13 οικογένειες. Προτείνονται in situ και ex situ δράσεις προστασίας των. Για τον σκοπό αυτό έχουν καταγραφεί και μελετηθεί όλοι οι υποπληθυσμοί των ειδών, στοιχεία από τη βιολογία τους, οι απειλές που δέχονται, οι υπάρχουσες διαχειριστικές πρακτικές και οι σημαντικότεροι αβιοτικοί παράγοντες από τις θέσεις εμφάνισής των. Μέρος της μελέτης αποτελεί, επίσης, η εύρεση επιτυχημένων πρωτοκόλλων φύτρωσης και μηχανισμών άρσης του ληθάργου ο οποίος απαντάται σε ορισμένα taxa.
Η οικοφυσιολογία της φύτρωσης αποτελεί ένα πολύ σημαντικό στάδιο στο βιολογικό κύκλο των φυτικών ειδών, το οποίο μπορεί να καθορίσει ακόμα και τη διατήρησή τους. Πιθανόν να πρέπει να αξιολογείται μαζί με άλλα δεδομένα (αριθμός ατόμων, έκταση και αριθμός υποπληθυσμών κ.α.) τα οποία λαμβάνονται υπ’ όψη κατά τη διάρθρωση των κόκκινων καταλόγων των φυτικών ειδών.The object of the present work is the study of the endemic plant species and of species with special interest, which grow in the National Park of Mount Ainos (NATURA 2000 area: GR2220002 & SPA). The following are included among them: Viola cephalonica, Saponaria aenesia, Ajuga orientalis subsp. aenesia, Campanula garganica subsp. cephallenica, Centaurea subciliaris, etc. In total, the study covers 21 taxa, belonging to 13 families. In situ and ex situ actions for their protection are being proposed. For this purpose, all the species subpopulations have been recorded and data on their biology, on the encountered threats, on the current management practices and on the most important abiotic factors which characterize the locations of occurrence have been studied. Part of the study was also the creation of successful germination protocols and the finding of mechanisms for the dormancy breakage, since the seeds of some taxa are characterized by the presence of dormancy. The ecophysiology of germination constitutes a very important stage in the biological cycle of plant species, which could even define their conservation. It might be necessary to evaluate it along with the other data (no. of individuals, subpopulation size and number etc), which are being taken under consideration, during the compilation of Red Data Books of plant species.