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1
Harris, CR. "Mound Springs: South Australian Conservation Initiatives." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920157.
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The mound springs of inland Australia are of outstanding scientific and cultural importance. Natural outlets for the waters of the Great Artesian Basin, they are found mostly on or near its margins. The most numerous and active are in the far north of South Australia. Parts of westem Queensland still have active springs, but almost all in north-westem New South Wales are now extinct, presumably because of aquifer draw-down in the wake of bore sinking. As permanent sources of potable water in a desert environment they have been a focus for human activity over many years. Aboriginal occupation has been documented to at least 5000 years BP and almost all the springs are rich in archaeological material and mythological associations. Since European settlement they have been of strategic importance in exploration and in the location of pastoral stations, the Overland Telegraph and the old Ghan narrow gauge railway from Marree to Oodnadatta. Biologically, they represent unusually specialised aquatic habitats, the discontinuity being analogous to islands and the isolation just as great for species with limited dispersal abilities. The result is an assemblage of plants and animals of evolutionary, biogeographic and ecological interest, with many endemic and relict species. Heavily degraded by aquifer draw-down and over a century of pastoralism, the springs were given little attention until relatively recently. In the past decade two key areas have been acquired for the national parks system and ten important springs on pastoral country outside of the parks have been fenced. Important research has also been carried out, with a particular focus on the endemic elements of the invertebrate fauna. These are positive achievements, but the remoteness of the localities where the springs occur presents a continuing difficulty for on-going conservation and management programs.
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TANG, DANNY, and BRENTON KNOTT. "Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia." Zootaxa 2029, no. 1 (March 6, 2009): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2029.1.1.
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The Gnangara Mound is a 2,200 km 2 unconfined aquifer located in the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. This aquifer is one of the most important ground water resources for the Perth Region and supports a number of groundwaterdependent ecosystems, such as the springs of Ellen Brook and root mat communities of the Yanchep Caves. Although freshwater copepods have been documented previously from those caves and springs, their specific identity were hitherto unknown. The current work formally identifies copepod samples collected from 23 sites (12 cave, three bore, five spring and three surface water localities) within the Gnangara Mound region. Fifteen species were documented in this study: the cyclopoids Australoeucyclops sp., Eucyclops edytae sp. nov., Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), Mesocyclops brooksi Pesce, De Laurentiis & Humphreys, 1996, Metacyclops arnaudi (G. O. Sars, 1908), Mixocyclops mortoni sp. nov., Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson, 1882), Paracyclops intermedius sp. nov. and Tropocyclops confinis (Kiefer, 1930), and the harpacticoids Attheyella (Chappuisiella) hirsuta Chappuis, 1951, Australocamptus hamondi Karanovic, 2004, Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1894), Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 and Paranitocrella bastiani gen. et sp. nov. Tropocyclops confinis is recorded from Australia for the first time and A. (Ch.) hirsuta and E. bidens are newly recorded for Western Australia. The only copepod taxa endemic to the Gnangara Mound region are E. edytae sp. nov. (occurs primarily in springs and rarely in the Yanchep National Park Caves) and P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. (confined to the Yanchep National Park Caves containing tuart root mats). Paracyclops chiltoni was the most common species, whilst T. confinis and N. l. pacifica were rarely encountered. Metacyclops arnaudi was the only taxon absent from ground waters. The copepod fauna recorded in the caves and springs of the Gnangara Mound region are comparable, with respect to species richness, endemicity and the varying degrees of dependency on ground water, to those reported from similar habitats in South Australia and Western Australia. Restoring the root mats and maintaining permanent water flow within the Yanchep Caves, as well as minimising urban development near the Ellen Brook Springs, are essential to protect the copepod species, particularly the endemic P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. and E. edytae sp. nov., inhabiting these unique ground water environments.
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Rutherford, Jasmine, Tania Ibrahimi, Tim Munday, Adrienne Markey, Andrea Viezzoli, Arianna Rapiti, and Rod Paterson. "An Assessment of Water Sources for Heritage Listed Organic Mound Springs in NW Australia Using Airborne Geophysical (Electromagnetics and Magnetics) and Satellite Remote Sensing Methods." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071288.
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Discrete phreatophytic vegetation associated with organic mound springs is present in several places in the semi-arid Walyarta Conservation Park (Park) in northern Western Australia. The mound springs are heritage listed, having significant cultural and environmental significance. Increased industrial (mining and agriculture) development in the region, coupled with a growing demand for groundwater to support these developments, requires an enhanced understanding of how the springs operate and the source of water that sustains their presence. The springs are broadly believed to be situated on geological faults and receive groundwater from artesian sources. However, their association with deeper geological structures and aquifer systems, the focus of this study, is not well understood. This study employed regional- and finer-scale airborne geophysical data, including electromagnetics (AEM) and magnetics, to constrain the sub-basin-scale hydrogeology of the West Canning Basin in Western Australia and to detail tectonic deformation, sedimentological and hydrological processes. The AEM data were inverted using 1- and 2D methods to better define structural discontinuities in the Park, and the results identified the location of faults and other geological structures that were coincident with spring locations. A complementary analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of green vegetation was undertaken using remote sensing data. A model for the extent of green vegetation (in percent), calculated using a constrained linear spectral unmixing algorithm and applied to a select Landsat Thematic Mapper ™ image archive, showed the persistence of green vegetation aligned with interpreted fault systems through extended dry periods. These geophysical and remotely sensed datasets demonstrate that in the Park, the sedimentary aquifers and landscapes are highly compartmentalized and that this constrains aquifer distribution, groundwater quality and the location of wetlands and phreatophytic vegetation. Integrating key information from these datasets allows for the construction of a three-dimensional model that predicts the nature and extent of the critical zone which sustains perennial groundwater discharge within mound springs, drainages and wetlands and provides a framework to assess discharge rates, mixing and, ultimately, sensitivity to changed water availability.
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Saruwatari, Kazuko, Yukihiro Mizuochi, Yasunori Mahara, Teruyoshi Hatano, Takuma Hasegawa, Hirohisa Kobayashi, Atsushi Ninomiya, et al. "The Great Artesian Basin and the Limestone Mound Springs, Australia." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 110, no. 4 (2004): VII—VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.110.4.vii_viii.
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Leary, Jim, Matthew Canti, David Field, Peter Fowler, Peter Marshall, and Gill Campbell. "The Marlborough Mound, Wiltshire. A Further Neolithic Monumental Mound by the River Kennet." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (May 10, 2013): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.6.
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Recent radiocarbon dates obtained from two soil cores taken through the Marlborough Castle mound, Wiltshire, show the main body of it to be a contemporaneous monument to Silbury Hill, dating to the second half of the 3rd millennium cal bc. In light of these dates, this paper considers the sequence identified within the cores, which includes two possible flood events early in the construction of the mound. It also describes four cores taken through the surrounding ditch, as well as small-scale work to the north-east of the mound. The topographic location of the mound in a low-lying area and close to rivers and springs is discussed, and the potential for Late Neolithic sites nearby is set out, with the land to the south of the mound identified as an area for future research. The paper ends with the prospect that other apparent mottes in Wiltshire and beyond may well also have prehistoric origins
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Noble, JC, MA Habermehl, CD James, J. Landsberg, AC Langston, and SR Morton. "Biodiversity implications of water management in the Great Artesian Basin." Rangeland Journal 20, no. 2 (1998): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980275.
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The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) underlies a vast, mainly arid, region where most of the indigenous biota are not dependent upon surface water. In contrast, an important minority is dependent on refuges such as mound springs and their associated wetlands. In some parts of the GAB, such as western New South Wales, many springs have either ceased to flow, or are now barely detectable, because the proliferation of artesian waterbores has reduced groundwater pressures. Because of the rarity of species endemic to mound springs, and the damage they have suffered since pastoral settlement, emphasis should be directed towards conservation and possible rejuvenation of these ecosystems. Provision of artificial sources of water allows more widespread grazing by livestock, larger native and feral herbivores, thereby posing threats to native plants and animals that do not use the water. Because of the proliferation of artificial waters and the grazing they allow, terrestrial grazing-sensitive species now appear to be confined to tiny patches in the landscape. Some nature reserves within the GAB retain numerous artificial sources of water. Most of these should be closed over time to reduce negative impacts on grazing-sensitive plants and animals, especially where these species are inadequately protected elsewhere. In those regions where the ratio of artificial to natural waters is still low, consideration should be given to balancing provision of water for livestock with conservation of biological diversity, by maintaining a patchwork of areas remote from water. In regions where the density of artificial waters is high, conservation of biodiversity on freehold and leasehold lands might be enhanced with a mix of approaches accommodating the needs of the biota and the aspirations of landholders, tailored according to land type and condition. Key words: Great Artesian Basin, biological diversity, mound springs, refuges, rare biota, grazing impact, conservation management, groundwater.
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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, D. Pocknee, and J. Kelley. "Vegetation patterns in permanent spring wetlands in arid Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04043.
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A transect-based quadrat survey was conducted within 11 spring wetlands fed by permanent groundwater flows from the Great Artesian Basin at Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland. Flow patterns within individual wetlands change with sedimentation associated with mound building, siltation of abandoned drains and changes in aquifer pressure associated with artificial extraction from bores. The pattern of floristic groups for the wetland quadrats was poorly related to soil texture, water pH, slope and topographic position. Patterns were most clearly related to wetland age as determined from aerial photography, with a clear successional sequence from mono-specific stands of Cyperus laevigatus on newly formed wetland areas to more diverse wetland assemblages. However, evidence from other Great Artesian Basin springs suggests that succession can also result in reduced species richness where the palatable tall reed Phragmites australis develops mono-specific stands.
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Longman, Mark, and Stephen Cumella. "Revisiting the Eland Field Lodgepole Mound Complex (Stark County, North Dakota) Twenty Years after its Discovery." Mountain Geologist 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 29–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.53.1.29.
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Eland Field, the most prolific Lower Mississippian Lodgepole mound complex found to date in the Williston Basin, covers an area of about 6 mi2 and has produced more than 29 MMBO from 16 wells in the 20 years since the field was discovered. Three of the field’s updip wells have each produced more than 4 MMBO from mounds more than 250 ft thick although generally only the top 20 to 30 ft of the mound is perforated. The lower Lodgepole reservoir rocks are commonly called Waulsortian mounds, but they are Waulsortian in age only and not the micrite-rich mudmounds found in the type area of Waulsort, Belgium. Instead of being mudmounds, they are composed mainly of marine-cemented microbial boundstones and skeletal grainstones with local stromatactis structures. The edges of the mounds dip as steeply as 40 to 60 degrees. Such steep dips would be impossible in a typical micrite-rich Waulsortian mound. In addition to the abundant microbial and marine cementation that lithified the Eland Field mound complex penecontemporaneously, organisms such as stalked crinoids, fenestrate bryozoans, and articulated brachiopods and ostracods thrived on the hard substrate provided by the mounds. However, these organisms were themselves incapable of forming a true reef framework. Unusual inward dip of the Upper Bakken black shale and significant thickening of the “Extra Bakken Shale” from zero up to about 40 ft immediately beneath the oil-producing lower Lodgepole mounds both support the idea that something structurally significant such as salt dissolution helped localize mound development. We conclude that dissolution of the Lower Devonian Prairie salt created a fracture network during and immediately after deposition of the upper Bakken black shale that allowed compaction-water expulsion-vents and/or warm springs to initiate formation of carbonate “towers” that localized formation of the Lodgepole mounds. The discovery well for Eland Field, the Knopik #1-11 (NW NW Sec. 11, T139N, R97W), was completed in January 1995 for 2707 BOPD and 1550 MCFGPD with no water. The field was developed over the next few years with up to 16 producing wells and 7 water injection wells. Waterflooding of Eland Field began in 1997 and climbed to over 500,000 barrels per month in just two months. Through September 2015, more than 95 MMBW had been injected into the field, but it has produced over 29.6 MMBO, doubling the 1996 estimated ultimate recovery of 12 to 15 MMBO. The field continues to produce with about a 5.5% oil cut. In terms of total cumulative oil production in the U.S. portion of the Williston Basin, Eland Field contains 3 of the top 10 wells, and other nearby Lodgepole producing fields contain 4 additional top 10 wells. This excellent oil production leads to the question: Is it possible that the only productive Lodgepole mound reservoirs in the Williston Basin, eight of which have been discovered to date (with all but one discovered in the mid-1990s) are limited to a small atoll-like area about 7 miles in diameter in northern Stark County, North Dakota? Certainly the presence of similar Lodgepole mounds in outcrops in central Montana (e.g., Bridger Range and Big Snowy and Little Belt mountains) and in the subsurface of the western Williston Basin suggests that other Lodgepole mound-type reservoirs could occur across much of the basin. The most promising areas in which to search for other Lodgepole mound reservoirs will be those where the Upper Bakken black shale is well developed and thermally mature because it is the source for the oil in the Lodgepole reservoirs in the Eland Field area.
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Chafetz, Henry S., and Sean A. Guidry. "Deposition and diagenesis of Mammoth Hot Springs travertine, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-051.
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Strata forming a 113 m long core through Mammoth Hot Springs record the Holocene evolution of this travertine accumulation from deposition as part of a lacustrine to a terraced mound environment. The deposit is readily divided into four intervals: 11367 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic with intercalated layers of travertine; 6760 m, moderately pure travertine with some volcaniclastics; 6050 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic-rich interval; and 500 m, essentially pure travertine. Lithologic composition, sedimentary structures, and the rare ostracode fossils indicate that the lower 67 m predominantly accumulated in a lacustrine environment, whereas the upper 40 m are terraced mound deposits. All of the travertine is calcite, some after aragonite. Layers of shrubs, oncoids, and peloids, all bacterial in origin, form the dominant allochems within the travertine. Stable isotopic carbon and oxygen values (n = 128) are strongly positively correlated and decrease up-core ~4 and 8, respectively, reflecting a change in depositional environment from lacustrine to terraced mound upsection. Other stable isotopic trends indicate a pronounced difference between travertine allochems and immediately adjacent spar, e.g., spar averages 0.9 and 0.6, respectively, lower than immediately adjacent shrubs (n = 7 pairs). This difference is interpreted to reflect degassing and evaporation in the surface waters prior to precipitation of the allochems. The trends in stable isotopic values provide valuable corroborative data with regard to the depositional environment and diagenesis of the travertine.
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Guidry, Sean A., and Henry S. Chafetz. "Siliceous shrubs in hot springs from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-069.
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Many of the siliceous hot springs in Yellowstone National Park contain subaqueous, spinose siliceous precipitates up to 5 cm high that occupy shallow terracettes in siliceous terraced mound accumulations, discharge channels, etc. These siliceous "shrubs" are composed of opal-A with an arborescent or branching pattern and have strong morphological similarities to bacterial shrubs from carbonate-precipitating hot springs. Siliceous shrubs constitute a major precipitate style associated with discharge channel flow-path facies throughout most of the 20 m of flow path at Cistern Spring, Norris Geyser Basin. They are found in siliceous spring waters ranging in temperature from 76.4 to 16.2 °C and pH from 6.0 to 7.4. At every scale, siliceous shrubs contain abundant evidence of microbial life in the form of bacterial body fossils and extracellular polymeric substances. The presence of relict organic constituents and bacterial morphological fossils indicates that the shrub fabric and architecture are dominated by bacteria, i.e., there is potentially a strong biotic effect on the precipitation process. Precipitation of opal in siliceous shrubs is very likely the result of either active bacterially induced precipitation or passive mediation through organic templates. On a larger scale, siliceous shrubs contain abundant evidence of former microbial activity in hot springs, thus they are good microbial biomarkers.
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Shackley, Myra. "Hot Springs and “Glazed” Flints: a Controversial Phenomenon Observed on Spring-Mound Artefacts in the Near East." Levant 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.1988.20.1.119.
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KING, RACHAEL A. "Two new genera and species of chiltoniid amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from freshwater mound springs in South Australia." Zootaxa 2293, no. 1 (November 19, 2009): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2293.1.2.
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Amphipods within the family Chiltoniidae are an abundant yet taxonomically poorly known member of Australian freshwater habitats. With only four species known from Australia, the group is inadequately defined and marked by taxonomists as difficult to identify. Recent molecular analyses of chiltoniids from mound springs in South Australia detected several distinct species, prompting a morphological revision of material from the central and southern Lake Eyre region. Clear groups defined by unique combinations of morphological characters (focusing on uropodal, coxal, male gnathopod 2, and antennal morphology) were found that closely correlated with clades found in the molecular analyses. Arabunnachiltonia n. gen. is established for A. murphyi n. sp. from Strangways Springs in South Australia. Wangiannachiltonia n. gen. is established for W. guzikae n. sp. from Davenport Springs in South Australia. The chiltoniid genera are discussed and a key is presented to the known Australian species.
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Roshanak, Reihaneh, Farid Moore, Alireza Zarasvandi, Behnam Keshavarzi, and Reinhard Gratzer. "Stable isotope geochemistry and petrography of the Qorveh–Takab travertines in northwest Iran." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0005.
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Abstract The Qorveh-Takab travertines, which are connected to thermal springs, are situated in the northwest of the Sanandaj- Sirjan metamorphic zone in Iran. In this study, the travertines were investigated applying petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the source of the CO2 and the lithofacies and to classify the travertines. Isotope studies, morphological and mineralogical observations and distribution of travertines revealed that the travertines of the Qorveh-Takab could be of thermal water origin and, therefore, belong to the thermogene travertine category. These travertines are usually massive with mound-type morphology and are essentially found in regions with recent volcanic or high tectonic activity. The measured δ13C values of the travertines indicate that the δ13C of the CO2 released from the water during travertine deposition, while the source of the CO2 in the water springs seems to have been of crustal magmatic affinity. These travertines are divided into two lithofacies: (1) crystalline crust travertine and (2) pebbly (phytoclastic travertine with pebble- size extraclasts) travertine. δ18O and δ13C values of travertines are -0.6 to -11.9 (‰VPDB) and +6.08 to +9.84 (‰VPDB), respectively. A probable reason for the heavy carbon isotope content observed in these deposits is the presence of algae microorganisms, which was verified by SEM images. Fissure ridges, fluvial crusts with oncoids, and mound morphological features are observed in the study area. Based on the petrographic and SEM criteria, Qorveh-Takab travertines are classified into four groups: (1) compacted, (2) laminated, (3) iron-rich spring deposit and (4) aragonite-bearing travertines. Stable isotope compositions of Turkish travertines are largely similar to the travertines in the study area.
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Ponder, Winston F., and Keith F. Walker. "From Mound Springs to Mighty Rivers: The conservation Status of Freshwater Molluscs in Australia." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 6, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980301482.
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J. Fensham, R. "Mound springs in the Dawson River Valley, Queensland. Vegetation-environment relations and consequences of a proposed impoundment on botanical values." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980042.
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Boggomosses are perennial mound springs in the Dawson River Valley, Queensland, an area subject to seasonal and often more prolonged drought. The results of a vegetation survey of the boggomosses are presented and assessed in relation to an impoundment proposed for the area. A classification of site-species data defined four boggomoss communities having distinct associations with soil texture and fertility, landscape position and possibly the age of springs. A measure of biogeographic significance was assigned to the plant species on the basis of rarity, isolation, affinity with the coastal flora and latitudinal limits. An impoundment at the maximum proposed height of 185 m would: a) inundate about 58% of the total number of springs; b) inundate 62% of significant community 1 springs that have high conservation significance; c) inundate all boggomoss populations of 26% of native plant species; d) inundate 30% of the boggomoss populations of the species that currently have two or more boggomoss populations to a level of one or less boggomoss populations; e) inundate all boggomoss populations of two out of 25 biogeographically significant species; f) inundate six out of 12 boggomoss populations of the vulnerable species Arthraxon hispidus; g) not inundate the single population of the vulnerable species Thelypteris confluens although the population would be within 1 m altitude of the maximum water height; h) not inundate the two populations of the endangered species Eriocaulon carsonii and Myriophyllum sp. (Aramac B. Wilson 110). Substantial lessening of impact on community 1 sites are achieved at dam water levels down to 177 m altitude and this trend is reftected in a progessive increase in the security of individual species. For example at the latter level, 88% of species would remain intact in more than one population and all known populations of Arthraxonwould remain intact.
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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the water beetle genus Gymnochthebius Orchymont (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) for Australia and Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1024, no. 1 (July 29, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1024.1.1.
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The Australian and Papua New Guinean species of the water beetle genus Gymnochthebius Orchymont, 1943, are revised, based on the study of 4,904 specimens. The genus is redescribed, and redescriptions are provided for G. australis (Blackburn), G. brisbanensis (Blackburn), G. clarki (Deane), G. levis (Deane), G. lividus (Deane), G. notalis (Deane), and G. tenebricosus (Deane). Lectotypes are designated for Ochthebius australis Blackburn, 1888, and Ochthebius tenebricosus Deane, 1931. Ochthebius fischeri Deane, 1931, and Ochthebius leai Deane, 1931, are synonymized with Ochthebius australis Blackburn, 1888; Ochthebius flavocinctus Deane 1933, is synonymized with Ochthebius lividus Deane, 1933; and Ochthebius angustipennis Deane, 1931, is synonymized with Ochthebius clarki Deane, 1931. Twenty-nine new species are described, and a key to the 36 species known from Australia and Papua New Guinea is given. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), the male genitalia are illustrated, and Australian geographic distributions are mapped. Only one species, G. clarki, inhabits both Australia and Papua New Guinea; two species, G. bacchusi n. sp. and G. papua n. sp. are endemic to Papua New Guinea; 33 species are endemic to Australia. Members of Gymnochthebius are found at the gravelly/sandy/silty margins of flowing and standing water. A preliminary grouping of species according to microhabitat substrate is presented. Correspondences between ventral morphology and microhabitat preferences suggest that a few species are evolving toward humicolous habits. New species of Gymnochthebius are: G. angulonotus (Queensland, Tinaroo Creek Road via Mareeba), G. bacchusi (Papua New Guinea, Morobe District, c. 7 miles Lae Bulolo Road), G. benesculptus (South Australia, Warburton River, 1 km N White Bull Yard Kalamurina Stn.), G. coruscus (South Australia, Warburton River, 1 km N White Bull Yard Kalamurina Stn.), G. fontinalis (South Australia, Elizabeth (Mound) Springs, 7 km NW Coward Springs R.S.), G. fumosus (New South Wales, Sydney), G. hesperius (Western Australia, Lyndon River Bridge), G. inlineatus (Western Australia, Millstream, creek near Deep Reach), G. lustrosulcus (Queensland, Cloncurry), G. minipunctus (Northern Territory, Palm Valley), G. nanosetus (Northern Territory, Roderick Creek, Gregory National Park), G. nicki (Victoria, Possum Hollow falls, West branch Tarwin River, 5.6 km SSW Allambee), G. nigriceps (South Australia, Mound Spring near Coward Springs), G. papua (Papua New Guinea, Morobe District, ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), G. perpunctus (South Australia, Somme Creek, between Angaston and Sedan), G. pluvipennis (South Australia, Warburton
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Shand, P., A. J. Love, T. Gotch, M. D. Raven, J. Kirby, and K. Scheiderich. "Extreme Acidic Environments Associated with Carbonate Mound Springs in the Great Artesian Basin, South Australia." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 7 (2013): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2013.03.055.
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Florek, Stan M. "The Archaeological Variability of Mound Springs Sites at Lake Eyre South, South Australia: Work in Progress." Australian Archaeology 24, no. 1 (June 1, 1987): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1987.12093099.
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Mudd, G. M. "Mound springs of the Great Artesian Basin in South Australia: a case study from Olympic Dam." Environmental Geology 39, no. 5 (March 14, 2000): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050452.
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Kerr, Ross C., and J. Stewart Turner. "Crystallization and gravitationally controlled ponding during the formation of mound springs, terraces, and “black smoker” flanges." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101, B11 (November 10, 1996): 25125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jb02468.
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Davies, Richard J. P., Andrew I. Craigie, Duncan A. Mackay, Molly A. Whalen, Judy P. E. Cheong, and Gregory J. Leach. "Resolution of the taxonomy ofEriocaulon(Eriocaulaceae) taxa endemic to Australian mound springs, using morphometrics and AFLP markers." Australian Systematic Botany 20, no. 5 (2007): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb07019.
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Bougeault, Cédric, Emmanuelle Vennin, Christophe Durlet, Elodie Muller, Mathilde Mercuzot, Marco Chavez, Emmanuelle Gérard, Magali Ader, Aurélien Virgone, and Eric C. Gaucher. "Biotic–Abiotic Influences on Modern Ca–Si-Rich Hydrothermal Spring Mounds of the Pastos Grandes Volcanic Caldera (Bolivia)." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060380.
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The lacustrine-to-palustrine Pastos Grandes Laguna (Bolivia) is located in a volcanic caldera fed by active hot springs, with a carbonate crust extending over 40 km2. An integrated approach based on geology and hydrochemistry was used to characterize La Salsa, one of its hydrothermal systems, composed of a flat mound with a hydrothermal discharge. The mound is composed of carbonate–diatom aggregates, forming muds that accumulate and undergo slight swelling. The discharge area along the hydrothermal pathway exhibits several facies and microfabrics, with considerable biological activity and microbialite development. Both the downstream evolution of carbonate and silica content in sediments and the distribution of microbialites can be linked to changes in biotic-abiotic processes occurring along the pathway. The spatial distribution of microbialites and their morphologies are related to hydrodynamic conditions, the nature of the substrate on which they grow and, to a lesser extent, to the accommodation space available. The evolution of the physicochemical properties of the water and biological activity mainly impact mineral precipitation but also affect microbialite morphologies and microstructures. This atypical Si- and Ca-rich hydrothermal system therefore provides insights into the diversity of environmental, chemical, and biotic factors controlling mineralization, which also responds to independent thermodynamic controls.
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Russell, M. J., and N. T. Arndt. "Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean." Biogeosciences 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2005): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-97-2005.
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Abstract. High-degree melting of hot dry Hadean mantle at ocean ridges and plumes resulted in a crust about 30km thick, overlain in places by extensive and thick mafic volcanic plateaus. Continental crust, by contrast, was relatively thin and mostly submarine. At constructive and destructive plate boundaries, and above the many mantle plumes, acidic hydrothermal springs at ~400°C contributed Fe and other transition elements as well as P and H2 to the deep ocean made acidulous by dissolved CO2 and minor HCl derived from volcanoes. Away from ocean ridges, submarine hydrothermal fluids were cool (≤100°C), alkaline (pH ~10), highly reduced and also H2-rich. Reaction of solvents in this fluid with those in ocean water was catalyzed in a hydrothermal mound, a natural self-restoring flow reactor and fractionation column developed above the alkaline spring. The mound consisted of brucite, Mg-rich clays, ephemeral carbonates, Fe-Ni sulfide and green rust. Acetate and glycine were the main products, some of which were eluted to the ocean. The rest, along with other organic byproducts were retained and concentrated within Fe-Ni sulfide compartments. These compartments, comprising the natural hydrothermal reactor, consisted partly of greigite (Fe5NiS8). It was from reactions between organic modules confined within these inorganic compartments that the first prokaryotic organism evolved. These acetogenic precursors to the bacteria diversified and migrated down the mound and into the ocean floor to inaugurate the "deep biosphere". Once there they were protected from cataclysmic heating events caused by large meteoritic impacts. Geodynamic forces led to the eventual obduction of the deep biosphere into the photic zone where, initially protected by a thin veneer of sediment, the use of solar energy was mastered and photosynthesis emerged. The further evolution to oxygenic photosynthesis was effected as catalytic [Mn,Ca]-bearing molecules that otherwise would have been interred in minerals such as ranciéite and hollandite in shallow marine manganiferous sediments, were sequestered and invaginated within the cyanobacterial precursor where, energized by light, they could oxidize water. Thus, a chemical sedimentary environment was required both for the emergence of chemosynthesis and of oxygenic photosynthesis, the two innovations that did most to change the nature of our planet.
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Ashley, Gail M., Doris Barboni, Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, Henry T. Bunn, Audax Z. P. Mabulla, Fernando Diez-Martin, Rebeca Barba, and Enrique Baquedano. "A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior." Quaternary Research 74, no. 3 (November 2010): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.015.
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AbstractThe 1959 discovery of the hominin fossil Zinjanthropus boisei brought the world's attention to the rich records at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent excavations of archaeological level 22 (FLK Zinj) Bed I uncovered remains of Homo habilis and a high-density collection of fossils and Oldowan stone tools. The occurrence of this unusual collection of bones and tools at this specific location has been controversial for decades. We present paleoecological data that provide new insights into the origin of FLK Zinj. Our recent excavations 200 m north of the site uncovered a 0.5-m-thick tufa mound draped by Tuff IC, in the same stratigraphic horizon as level 22. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the carbonates were deposited by a freshwater spring. Phytolith analysis of the waxy clay under Tuff IC revealed abundant woody dicotyledon and palm phytoliths, indicating that the site was wooded to densely wooded. The time equivalency and close physical proximity of the two environments indicate the two are related. This study has provided the first documented evidence of springs in Bed I and these data have important implications for the interpretation of hominin behavior in meat acquisition and the ongoing debate on scavenging versus hunting.
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Lynne, Bridget Y., Kathleen A. Campbell, J. N. Moore, and P. R. L. Browne. "Diagenesis of 1900-year-old siliceous sinter (opal-A to quartz) at Opal Mound, Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, U.S.A." Sedimentary Geology 179, no. 3-4 (August 2005): 249–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.05.012.
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Keppel, Mark N., Jonathan D. A. Clarke, Todd Halihan, Andrew J. Love, and Adrian D. Werner. "Mound springs in the arid Lake Eyre South region of South Australia: A new depositional tufa model and its controls." Sedimentary Geology 240, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.08.001.
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Acworth, R. Ian, and Wendy A. Timms. "Hydrogeological investigation of mud-mound springs developed over a weathered basalt aquifer on the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia." Hydrogeology Journal 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0278-0.
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Keppel, Mark N., Karl Karlstrom, Laura Crossey, Andrew J. Love, and Stacey Priestley. "Evidence for intra-plate seismicity from spring-carbonate mound springs in the Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre region, South Australia: implications for groundwater discharge from the Great Artesian Basin." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02049-1.
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Russell, M. J., and N. T. Arndt. "Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean." Biogeosciences Discussions 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2004): 591–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-1-591-2004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. High-degree melting of hot dry Hadean mantle at ocean ridges and plumes resulted in a crust about 30km thick, overlain in places by extensive and thick mafic volcanic plateaus. Continental crust, by contrast, was relatively thin and mostly submarine. At constructive and destructive plate boundaries, and above the many mantle plumes, acidic hydrothermal springs at ~400°C contributed Fe and other transition elements as well as P and H2 to the deep ocean made acidulous by dissolved CO2 and minor HCl derived from volcanoes. Away from ocean ridges, submarine hydrothermal fluids were cool (≤100°C), alkaline (pH ~10), highly reduced and also H2-rich. Reaction of solvents in this fluid with those in ocean water was catalyzed in a hydrothermal mound, a natural self-restoring flow reactor and fractionation column made up of carbonates and freshly precipitated Fe-Ni sulfide and greenrust pores and bubbles, developed above the alkaline spring. Acetate and the amino acetate glycine were the main products, much of which was eluted to the ocean. Other organic byproducts were retained, concentrated and reacted within the compartments. These compartments comprising the natural hydrothermal reactor consisted partly of greigite (Fe5NiS8). It was from reactions between organic modules confined within these inorganic compartments that the first prokaryotic organism evolved. These acetogenic precursors to the Bacteria diversified and migrated down the mound and into the ocean floor to inaugurate the "deep biosphere". Once there the Bacteria, and the recently differentiated Archaea, were protected from cataclysmic heating events caused by large bolide impacts. Geodynamic forces led to the eventual obduction of the deep biosphere into the photic zone where, initially protected by a thin veneer of sediment, the use of solar energy was mastered and photosynthesis emerged. The further evolution to oxygenic photosynthesis was effected as catalytic [CaMn4+] bearing molecules that otherwise would have been interred in the mineral ranciéite in the shallow marine manganiferous sediments, were sequestered and invaginated within the cyanobacterial precursor where, energized by light, they could oxidize water with greater efficiency. Thus, chemical sediments were required both for the emergence of chemosynthesis and of oxygenic photosynthesis, the two innovations that did most to change the nature of our planet.
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Brown, Antony G., Steven R. Davis, Jackie Hatton, Charlotte O’Brien, Fiona Reilly, Kate Taylor, K. Emer Dennehy, et al. "The Environmental Context and Function of Burnt-Mounds: New Studies of Irish Fulachtaí Fiadh." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (August 17, 2016): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.7.
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Burnt mounds, or fulachtaí fiadh as they are known in Ireland, are probably the most common prehistoric site type in Ireland and Britain. Typically Middle–Late Bronze Age in age (although both earlier and later examples are known), they are artefact-poor and rarely associated with settlements. The function of these sites has been much debated with the most commonly cited uses being for cooking, as steam baths or saunas, for brewing, tanning, or textile processing. A number of major infrastructural development schemes in Ireland in the years 2002–2007 revealed remarkable numbers of these mounds often associated with wood-lined troughs, many of which were extremely well-preserved. This afforded an opportunity to investigate them as landscape features using environmental techniques – specifically plant macrofossils and charcoal, pollen, beetles, and multi-element analyses. This paper summarises the results from eight sites from Ireland and compares them with burnt mound sites in Great Britain. The fulachtaí fiadh which are generally in clusters, are all groundwater-fed by springs, along floodplains and at the bases of slopes. The sites are associated with the clearance of wet woodland for fuel; most had evidence of nearby agriculture and all revealed low levels of grazing. Multi-element analysis at two sites revealed elevated heavy metal concentrations suggesting that off-site soil, ash or urine had been used in the trough. Overall the evidence suggests that the most likely function for these sites is textile production involving both cleaning and/or dyeing of wool and/or natural plant fibres and as a functionally related activity to hide cleaning and tanning. Whilst further research is clearly needed to confirm if fulachtaí fiadh are part of the ‘textile revolution’ we should also recognise their important role in the rapid deforestation of the wetter parts of primary woodland and the expansion of agriculture into marginal areas during the Irish and British Bronze Ages.
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T. Kingsford, Richard, and Jon Nevill. "Urgent need for a systematic expansion of freshwater protected areas in Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060007.
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Freshwater ecosystems (including inland saline wetlands and mound springs) are among the more imperilled ecosystems in the world. Australia is no exception, but their protection has lagged behind programmes of terrestrial protection. Freshwater protected areas are an essential component of biodiversity conservation programmes, but a systematic approach to their development in Australia has been slow, and hindered by incomplete ecosystem inventories at State and national levels. We examine this problem and suggest avenues for action. Further, while there is no shortage of relevant legislation and policy for protecting freshwater aquatic systems in Australia, some protective mechanisms have not yet been used, many years after their development. In some places "protection" has been only partially applied without regard to important issues of hydrologic connectivity ? with species extinction as a direct consequence. The most urgent priority is to identify those aquatic ecosystems most at risk. A comprehensive national assessment of the conservation status of freshwater ecosystems should be undertaken immediately. Such an assessment would provide both a platform and an impetus for the systematic expansion of the nation's freshwater protected areas. Political will is then essential for effective conservation, utilizing the plethora of conservation and management tools available.
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Brolly, Connor, John Parnell, and Stephen Bowden. "Raman spectroscopy of shocked gypsum from a meteorite impact crater." International Journal of Astrobiology 16, no. 3 (September 21, 2016): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000367.
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AbstractImpact craters and associated hydrothermal systems are regarded as sites within which life could originate on Earth, and on Mars. The Haughton impact crater, one of the most well preserved craters on Earth, is abundant in Ca-sulphates. Selenite, a transparent form of gypsum, has been colonized by viable cyanobacteria. Basement rocks, which have been shocked, are more abundant in endolithic organisms, when compared with un-shocked basement. We infer that selenitic and shocked gypsum are more suitable for microbial colonization and have enhanced habitability. This is analogous to many Martian craters, such as Gale Crater, which has sulphate deposits in a central layered mound, thought to be formed by post-impact hydrothermal springs. In preparation for the 2020 ExoMars mission, experiments were conducted to determine whether Raman spectroscopy can distinguish between gypsum with different degrees of habitability. Ca-sulphates were analysed using Raman spectroscopy and results show no significant statistical difference between gypsum that has experienced shock by meteorite impact and gypsum, which has been dissolved and re-precipitated as an evaporitic crust. Raman spectroscopy is able to distinguish between selenite and unaltered gypsum. This shows that Raman spectroscopy can identify more habitable forms of gypsum, and demonstrates the current capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the interpretation of gypsum habitability.
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Wolfe-Bellin, Kelly S., and Kirk A. Moloney. "The effect of gopher mounds and fire on the spatial distribution and demography of a short-lived legume in tallgrass prairie." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-109.
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Many studies have reported that gopher mounds can increase species diversity and spatial heterogeneity of plant communities, but few studies have experimentally linked these small-scale disturbances to spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of individual plant populations. In this study, we directly tested for a spatial relationship between the pattern of gopher mound production and the distribution of a short-lived legume, Medicago lupulina L., across a tallgrass prairie remnant. In addition, we conducted a 3-year study examining the demographic response of M. lupulina to mound and off-mound planting treatments, during which a spring fire occurred one year. We found that the spatial distribution of M. lupulina was positively correlated with the distribution of mounds. Germination was significantly greater off mounds in all years, while survivorship and fecundity were significantly greater on mounds in the 2 years without fire. During the fire year, survivorship was significantly greater off mounds and fecundity was approximately equal on and off mounds. We conclude that the positive spatial relationship between M. lupulina and mounds is caused by the direct dependence of M. lupulina on mounds for survivorship in most years. Gopher mounds provide microsites where plant competition and risk of herbivory are reduced. Overall, gopher mounds can directly produce spatial heterogeneity in the plant community, but the strength of this effect may be significantly modified in some years, particularly those in which a spring fire occurs.Key words: gopher mounds, fire, Medicago lupulina, disturbance, prairie, introduced species.
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Benshemesh, JS, and WB Emison. "Surveying malleefowl breeding densities using an airborne thermal scanner." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960121.
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When malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (Megapodiidae), open their incubator-nests (mounds), relatively high temperatures are exposed, providing the possibility of sensing mounds remotely with an airborne thermal scanner. The feasibility of using this technique for surveying malleefowl populations was evaluated by conducting a test scan over four sites where the locations of active mounds were known, and by a groundbased study that examined the factors associated with the time and frequency of mound opening by the birds. In all, 26% of known active mounds were detected on 'quick-look prints' produced by the scanner. Detailed image analysis revealed further mounds and showed that all mounds detected were unambiguously indicated by maximum pixel temperature. The ground-based study showed that weather conditions in spring were poor predictors of mound-opening behaviour. However, the opening time of mounds was positively correlated the date, suggesting that scans would be most successful early in spring. In summer, the mound-opening behaviour of malleefowl differed markedly from that in spring; fewer mounds were opened on summer mornings and opening times were later and were strongly correlated to weather variables (but not with date). Using the ground-based data to model the probable success of scans under differing conditions, we estimate that scans covering 90 km2 (90 min duration) would detect up to 36% of active mounds on cloudy mornings in mid-October, compared with about 25% in mid-November and about 15% in summer. Repeated scans would substantially increase detection rates. We conclude that the technique is feasible, cost-effective and capable of vast coverage, although further development is required before broad-scale application.
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Erlinawati, D., M. R. Wibisana, D. P. E. Putra, and A. D. Titisari. "Analysis Water Quality of Springs on the East Slope of Mount Sumbing, Central Java, Indonesia for Sanitation Hygiene Purposes Based on the Physical and Chemical Properties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012013.
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Abstract The eastern slope of Mount Sumbing has many springs used as a source of raw water for hygienic sanitation purposes. However, there has been no scientific research showing the quality of springs. Therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of springs on the eastern slopes of Mount Sumbing for community sanitation hygiene purposes based on water physical and chemical properties. Water samples were taken from several points in the study area and observed for physical parameters (TDS, smell, taste, and temperature) and chemical parameters (acidity, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfates). The results showed that from 30 samples of springs, only one spring fulfilled the Indonesia Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 in 2017. The spring located at STA 51 Kaliloro, Krajan, Kaliangkrik, Magelang Regency. There was a spring classified as deep geothermal groundwater and the others classified as shallow groundwater. Based on the acidity of water, most of the springs on the eastern slopes of Mount Sumbing could be used as hygiene sanitation by treating the water acidity and regulating the purposes of springs.
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Wilson, George D. F. "Gondwanan groundwater: subterranean connections of Australian phreatoicidean isopods (Crustacea) to India and New Zealand." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 2 (2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is07030.
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Phreatoicidea Stebbing, 1893 live in freshwaters of Gondwana: Australia, South Africa, India and New Zealand. Many of these isopods have a subterranean lifestyle. Parsimony analysis of morphological data of generic exemplars and a Triassic fossil was used to explore the timing of this habitat adaption. The monophyly of the Hypsimetopidae Nicholls, 1943, including blind taxa Hyperoedesipus Nicholls & Milner, 1923 (Western Australia), Nichollsia Chopra and Tiwari, 1950 (Ganges Plain, India) and Phreatoicoides Sayce, 1900 (Tasmania and Victoria) was strongly supported. Crenisopus Wilson and Keable, 1999 (Kimberleys, Western Australia) and the PonderellidaeWilson & Keable, 2004 (Queensland mound springs) may be sister to hypsimetopids. Blind Phreatoicidae found only in south-eastern Australia and in New Zealand were also monophyletic. The hypogean habitat, blindness, fossil and plate tectonic evidence were mapped on the cladogram to estimate timing of this adaptation. A subterranean adaptation before 130 million years ago was supported for hypsimetopids. Phreatoicus Chilton, 1891 and Neophreatoicus Nicholls, 1944 (hypogean in New Zealand) were in a monophyletic clade with epigean Phreatoicidae, Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944 (south-eastern Australia) and Notamphisopus Nicholls, 1943 (New Zealand). Blindness in epigean taxa is consistent with recolonisation of surface waters from underground refuges. Because Crenoicus is sister-group to the New Zealand clade, and because overseas dispersal between Australia and New Zealand is unlikely, the minimum age for these blind phreatoicids is ~80 million years. This evidence is consistent with a subterranean freshwater fauna surviving the presumed Oligocene inundation of New Zealand.
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Lindström, Anders, and Erik Troeng. "Temperature variations in planting mounds during winter." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-057.
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Soil temperatures were measured at a depth of 8 cm in top, middle, and bottom positions of 30 cm high mineral and organic mounds and at 8 cm depth in scarified patches during winter and spring 1987–1988 and 1988–1989. At low air temperature, frozen mounds without snow cover showed much lower temperatures than snow-covered mounds, the maximum difference being 16 °C. During the coldest period of the two winters, when minimum air temperature was −26 °C, soil temperature in the top of a snowless mineral mound remained within −16 to −10 °C for 3.5 days and −8 to −5 °C in a snowless scarified patch. Minimum temperatures were lower, duration of low temperature freezing was longer, and temperature changes were more rapid in mineral than in organic mounds. Large temperature differences were found between the top and the bottom of mounds. In dry conditions during early spring, the upper part of the mineral mound thawed and froze repeatedly with daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 5 °C and −6 °C. Soil temperature patterns during the winter period are discussed in relation to root freezing tolerance of conifer seedlings. Mounding as a scarification method should be used with care as winter temperatures may injure seedling root systems.
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Schmidt, Margaret G., Aynslie E. Ogden, and Kenneth P. Lertzman. "Seasonal comparison of soil temperature and moisture in pits and mounds under vine maple gaps and conifer canopy in a coastal western hemlock forest." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-081.
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In this study we attempted to determine if vine maple priority gaps show similar trends in temperature and moisture status to those reported in the literature for treefall gaps and whether temperature and moisture status differed between microtopographic positions (pits and mounds). Biweekly measurements of mid-day soil and air temperature, moisture contents at 30-, 50- and 80-cm depths, and depths to the groundwater table were made in pit and mound locations within six vine maple priority gaps paired with six conifer canopy sites. Trends did not follow those found in treefall gaps: vine maple gaps had similar mid-day temperature and moisture status to the surrounding conifer forest. Larger gaps had higher mid-day air temperatures in the summer, higher mid-day soil temperatures in the spring and summer, and greater amounts of throughfall in the spring and summer than smaller gaps. Trends in mid-day soil temperature and moisture status for pit and mound microtopography followed those reported in the literature. Pits were significantly cooler in summer and warmer in winter than mounds and pits were wetter than mounds in all seasons. This study suggests that soil microtopography has an effect on soil climate that overwhelms the influence of vine maple gaps. Key words: Vine maple, canopy gap, soil moisture, soil temperature, microtopography, pits and mounds
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Cladin, Jodie, Richard Price, Ken Pinkston, Richard Freeman, and Paul Neese. "Control of Red Harvester Ants with Drenches and Powder Concentrates, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.469.
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Abstract Evaluation of red harvester ant control was conducted near Stillwater, OK. on 16 acres of open pasture land. Treatments were randomized and replicated 5 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the test. Treatments were made on 18 Jun. Mounds were checked for visible ant activity at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 wk after treatment. On the 16 wk, all mounds were checked for visible ant activity by digging to a depth of 1 ft beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening and covered an area of approximately 4 ft in diam. Drenches consisted of applying the finished spray from a 5-gal bucket, while powders were applied by evenly distributing the material over the surface of the mound. All drenches were applied in an excavated hole 5 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep in the center of the mound. Rainfall in the area during the test was: Jun, 6.4 inches, Jul, 2.4 inches, Aug, 2.3 inches, Sep, 6.0 inches, Oct, 4.6 inches for a total of 21.7 inches. The various drench concentrations will be evaluated for long term activity suppression which will run into the spring of 1986.
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Hunsberger, Adrian, and Ruben Regalado. "FIRE ANTS HAVE MET THEIR MATCH: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DECAPITATING PHORID FLY IN SOUTH FLORIDA." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 499A—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.499a.
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The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) has become a serious agricultural and animal pest in the southern U.S. since its accidental introduction in the 1930s. Traditionally, this pest ant has been under chemical control with very limited success and treatments must be repeated on a regular basis. One strategy to manage the red imported fire ant, which has been tried in parts of the southern U.S., is to use biocontrol agents to reduce fire ant populations. We released decapitating phorid flies (Pseudacteon tricuspis) as a self-sustaining biocontrol agent specific to S. invicta at two sites in South Florida during the spring of 2003 (site 1) and 2005 (site 2). Establishment of fly populations was monitored by disturbing 10 fire ant mounds and inspecting the number of hovering flies for 15 min. per mound. At site 1, within 1.5 years, 30% of mounds were positive for phorid flies and total estimated fire ant mounds decreased by 94%. At site 2, the number of mounds was recorded 1 day prerelease and 2 months postrelease. Ant mound density decreased by 71.4% with 73% of the remaining ant mounds positive for flies. This study confirms the successful establishment of the decapitating phorid fly in South Florida.
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Russel, Fhillipo, Astrid Damayanti, and Tjiong Giok Pin. "Geothermal Potential Based on Physical Characteristics of the Region (Case Study: Mount Karang, Pandeglang Regency and Banten Province)." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183102004.
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This research is about geothermal potential of Mount Karang, Banten Province which is based on the characteristics of the region. This research method used is geochemistry sample of hot springs and integrated with GIS method for spatial of geothermal potential. Based on the geothermal potential, Mount Karang is divided into three regions, ie high potential, normal potential, and low potential. The high geothermal potential region covers an area of 24.16 Km2and which there are Cisolong and Banjar 2 hot springs. The normal potential covers Kawah hot spring. Index of the fault of Mount Karang region is one of the significant physical characteristics to determine geothermal potential.
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Simmons, Stuart F., Rick G. Allis, Stefan M. Kirby, Joseph N. Moore, and Tobias P. Fischer. "Interpretation of hydrothermal conditions, production-injection induced effects, and evidence for enhanced geothermal system-type heat exchange in response to >30 years of production at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, USA." Geosphere 17, no. 6 (November 4, 2021): 1997–2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02348.1.
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Abstract The Roosevelt Hot Springs hydrothermal system is located at the base of the Mineral Mountains in southwestern Utah on the eastern side of the Basin and Range. Hydrothermal activity is related to relatively recent bimodal magmatism, and the system is hosted in coarsely crystalline rock made of Oligocene–Miocene granitoids and Precambrian gneiss. The hydrothermal plume covers ∼5 km2, with a maximum temperature of 268 °C at ∼750 m depth, and a vertically extensive fault-fracture mesh east of the Opal Mound fault controls the upflow of hydrothermal fluids. Power generation (currently 38 MWe gross) began in 1984, and up through 2016, four wells were used for fluid production, and three wells were used for edge-field injection. Chemical analyses of produced fluids show that modern reservoir fluid compositions are similar to but more concentrated than those at the start of production, having near-neutral pH, total dissolved solids of 7000–10,000 mg/kg, and ionic ratios of Cl/HCO3 ∼50–100, Cl/SO4 ∼50–100, and Na/K ∼4–5. Chemical geothermometers indicate equilibration temperatures that mainly range between 240° and 300 °C. Early production induced a steep drop in pressure (∼3.0–3.5 MPa), which was accompanied by a 250–300 m lowering of piezometric levels in wells and development of a shallow steam zone across the system. Hydrothermal fluid compositions evolved continuously in response to production-related steam-loss and injection breakthrough, which is reflected by gradual increases in chloride of up to 35% and stable isotope ratios of up to ∼2‰δ18O and ∼10‰δD. Simple mixing model calculations suggest that there has been a significant amount, ∼10–20 MWth, of sustained multi-decadal heat mining and enhanced geothermal system (EGS)–type heat transfer by the injectate as it returns to the production zone. Overall, the two factors that have sustained long-term power production (currently 38 MWe gross) are the increased upflow of deep chloride water and, to a lesser extent, the mining of heat at <1 km depth.
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Mowbray, Leslie Allen, and Michael L. Cummings. "Silica Sinter and the Evolution of Hot Springs in the Alvord/Pueblo Valleys, Southeast Oregon, USA." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217186.
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Hot springs in the Alvord/Pueblo valleys in southeastern Oregon are analogous to Basin-and-Range hydrothermal systems where heat source and permeable pathways are met through crustal thinning. Silica sinter deposition at Mickey Springs, Alvord Valley, predates the late Pleistocene high stand of pluvial Lake Alvord. At Borax Lake, Pueblo Valley, sinter deposition occurred during the Holocene. This study examines the evolution of springs at Mickey Springs, where three morphologies of sinter are present: (1) basalt clasts surrounded by sinter in interbedded conglomerate and sandstone, (2) pool-edge and aprons of sinter surrounding depressions (12–32 m diameter), and (3) quaquaversal sinter mounds with pool-edge sinter. The oldest sinter occurs in silica-cemented conglomerate and sandstone, where deposition occurred prior to 30 kya. Deposition around broad depressions and mounds occurred after 30 kya but before water levels began to rise in pluvial Lake Alvord. Thermoluminescence dates suggest sinter deposition ceased before 18 kya when silt and clay filled inactive vents and buried aprons. A few mounds hosted active springs after sinter deposition ceased but while submerged in pluvial Lake Alvord. Now, high-temperature springs, steam vents, and mud pots are concentrated in a 50 × 50 m area near the southern edge of the spring area.
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Grasby, Stephen E., and Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki. "Physical and chemical properties of the Sulphur Mountain thermal springs, Banff National Park, and implications for endangered snails." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-056.
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Nine thermal springs, in three groups, occur along the flank of Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park. The principal recharge zone is suggested to be above 2000 m elevation on Mount Rundle, circulation depths are estimated to be 3.2 ± 0.6 km, and discharge is focused along the Sulphur Mountain Thrust. Springs show constant temperature and total dissolved solids load throughout the winter, whereas both drop in association with spring snowmelt. The degree and timing of temperature drops are a function of elevation, with the highest springs showing the earliest and most significant temperature drop. The highest elevation springs also show the greatest seasonal variability in water chemistry. Unusual seasonal flow stoppages of these springs are related to extreme low precipitation years. The biogeochemistry of the thermal springs and population fluctuations of the endemic and endangered Banff springs snail (Physella johnsoni) are strongly related to seasonal variability in flow rates. Changes in redox conditions associated with an influx of shallow groundwater during spring snowmelt negatively impact the microbial community that forms a principal food supply for the snail.
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Buczyński, Sebastian. "Temporal variability of springs in catchment areas located in the Sudeten Mountains." Hydrology Research 49, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.229.
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Abstract This paper describes the results of research into the freshwater springs occurring in the crystalline and compact sedimentary rocks in the Sudeten Mountains. The research consisted of three series of measurements taken in the hydrological year 2013 in four test catchments (Machowski Stream, Inflow at the foot of Mount Grodziec, Podgórna, Mostowy Stream). Data analysis indicated that the number of springs, spring discharge and physicochemical properties of the water were subject to significant temporal variation. The temporal variability of the spring density index ranged from 7 to 31%. Temporal variations in the total yield of the springs fluctuated between 34 and 63% and the minimum discharge variability index exceeded 100%. The study indicated that water flow in areas consisting of compact sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and marl is much more diffuse than in areas that are comprised primarily of crystalline rocks, which accounts for a lower yield and a decrease in temporal spring discharge variability. In areas made up of crystalline rocks, the higher yield and the higher spring discharge variability index point to cracks and fissures as the main recharge component, a feature characteristic of aquifers with high conductivity and low storage capacities.
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Fogwe, Zephania N., and Fidelis Orock Tanyi. "An Assessment of the Springs and Spring Line on the Flanks of Mount Cameroon." Journal of Human Ecology 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906763.
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Miglovets, M. N., S. V. Zagirova, N. N. Goncharova, and O. A. Mikhailov. "Methane Emission from Palsa Mires in Northeastern European Russia." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 1 (2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2021-1-93-102.
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Measurement data on methane fluxes in the palsa mire ecosystem at the border of tundra and taiga zones in northeastern European Russia are presented. It was found for the first time that an intense methane flux from the surface of the permafrost mound (palsa) is determined by the spring thawing of the seasonally thawed horizon in the layer of 14–25 cm. During this period, the emission was 4–20 times higher than the summer values. In lichen communities of peat mounds, the CH4 sink prevailed during the summer-autumn period. The total methane flux in different parts of the mire in June–September varied from 0.18 to 16.5 kg CH4/ha. In general, the palsa mire emitted 81 kg CH4/ha per year to the atmosphere. The methane emission from the surface of peat mounds and hollows made up 20% and 80% of the annual flux, respectively.
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Chantal, Michelle de, Kari Leinonen, Hannu Ilvesniemi, and Carl Johan Westman. "Combined effects of site preparation, soil properties, and sowing date on the establishment of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies from seeds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-011.
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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of site preparation on soil properties and, in turn, the emergence, mortality, and establishment of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) seedlings sown in spring and summer along a slope with variation in soil texture and moisture. Three site preparation treatments of varying intensities were studied: exposed C horizon, mound (broken LFHAeB horizons piled over undisturbed ground), and exposed AeB horizons. Seedling emergence was higher in the moist growing season than in the dry one. During a dry growing season, mounds and exposed C horizon had negative effects on soil moisture that increased mortality. Moreover, frost heaving was an important cause of winter mortality on mounds and exposed C horizon, whereas frost heaving was low on exposed AeB horizons, even though soil moisture and the content of fine soil particles (<0.06 mm) were high. Frost heaving mortality was higher for summer-sown than for spring-sown seedlings and for P. abies than for P. sylvestris. Growing season mortality was high following a winter with frost heaving, suggesting that roots were damaged, thereby making seedlings more susceptible to desiccation.
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Annibaldi, Anna, Silvia Illuminati, Cristina Truzzi, and Giuseppe Scarponi. "Heavy Metals in Spring and Bottled Drinking Waters of Sibylline Mountains National Park (Central Italy)." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-310.
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ABSTRACT Heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, lead, and copper) in spring, tap, and bottled waters of the Sibylline Mountains National Park (central Italy) were investigated using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry from 2004 to 2011. The mean (±SD) concentrations detected (1.3 ± 0.4 ng L−1 cadmium, 14 ± 6 ng L−1 lead, and 0.16 ± 0.10 μg L−1 copper) were below the limits stipulated by Italian and European legislation for drinking and natural mineral water. In the three studied areas of the park (Mount Bove north, Mount Bove south, and springs of River Nera) with very few exceptions, both mineral waters bottled in the area and aqueduct waters from public fountains had approximately the same metal concentrations as did the spring waters from which they were derived. Conversely, substantially higher metal concentrations were found at some sites in private houses, which may be due to release of metals from old metal pipes. At the time of this study, waters of Sibylline Mountains National Park were of good quality, and no influence of the bottling process on heavy metal concentrations was found.
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Δημόπουλος, Γ., and C. Λουπασάκης. "CONTRIBUTION ΤO THE STUDY OF THE RECHARGE - OPERATION MECHANISM OF THE ARAVISSOS' SPRINGS AND TO THE STUDY OF THE WATER SUPPLY'S POTENTIAL OF THE HOMONYMOUS AQUIFER." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16696.
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The springs of Aravissos gush out at the south foot of mount Paiko. The water resources of these springs are used mainly for covering the necessities of the city of Thessaloniki. For this purpose Thessaloniki Water Supply & Sewerage Company (ΕΥΑΘ) constructed, two decades ago, the pumping-station of Aravissos. This paper presents the results of the research conducted for the study of the recharge - operation mechanism of the springs and the potential of the water supplying aquifer. For the study of the recharge - operation mechanism of the springs we evaluated data coming from the extensive drilling programs conducted in the area and from the substantial bibliographical references. Respectively, for the study of the water supply potential of the aquifer we evaluated the data coming from gradual pumping of the pumping-station's drillings and from the flow measurements of the spring gushing out at the study area. The contribution of this study on the management of the water supplies of the karstic aquifer of Aravissos can become determi natively important.