Journal articles on the topic 'Mound Spring'
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1
Benshemesh, JS, and WB Emison. "Surveying malleefowl breeding densities using an airborne thermal scanner." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960121.
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When malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (Megapodiidae), open their incubator-nests (mounds), relatively high temperatures are exposed, providing the possibility of sensing mounds remotely with an airborne thermal scanner. The feasibility of using this technique for surveying malleefowl populations was evaluated by conducting a test scan over four sites where the locations of active mounds were known, and by a groundbased study that examined the factors associated with the time and frequency of mound opening by the birds. In all, 26% of known active mounds were detected on 'quick-look prints' produced by the scanner. Detailed image analysis revealed further mounds and showed that all mounds detected were unambiguously indicated by maximum pixel temperature. The ground-based study showed that weather conditions in spring were poor predictors of mound-opening behaviour. However, the opening time of mounds was positively correlated the date, suggesting that scans would be most successful early in spring. In summer, the mound-opening behaviour of malleefowl differed markedly from that in spring; fewer mounds were opened on summer mornings and opening times were later and were strongly correlated to weather variables (but not with date). Using the ground-based data to model the probable success of scans under differing conditions, we estimate that scans covering 90 km2 (90 min duration) would detect up to 36% of active mounds on cloudy mornings in mid-October, compared with about 25% in mid-November and about 15% in summer. Repeated scans would substantially increase detection rates. We conclude that the technique is feasible, cost-effective and capable of vast coverage, although further development is required before broad-scale application.
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Wolfe-Bellin, Kelly S., and Kirk A. Moloney. "The effect of gopher mounds and fire on the spatial distribution and demography of a short-lived legume in tallgrass prairie." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-109.
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Many studies have reported that gopher mounds can increase species diversity and spatial heterogeneity of plant communities, but few studies have experimentally linked these small-scale disturbances to spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of individual plant populations. In this study, we directly tested for a spatial relationship between the pattern of gopher mound production and the distribution of a short-lived legume, Medicago lupulina L., across a tallgrass prairie remnant. In addition, we conducted a 3-year study examining the demographic response of M. lupulina to mound and off-mound planting treatments, during which a spring fire occurred one year. We found that the spatial distribution of M. lupulina was positively correlated with the distribution of mounds. Germination was significantly greater off mounds in all years, while survivorship and fecundity were significantly greater on mounds in the 2 years without fire. During the fire year, survivorship was significantly greater off mounds and fecundity was approximately equal on and off mounds. We conclude that the positive spatial relationship between M. lupulina and mounds is caused by the direct dependence of M. lupulina on mounds for survivorship in most years. Gopher mounds provide microsites where plant competition and risk of herbivory are reduced. Overall, gopher mounds can directly produce spatial heterogeneity in the plant community, but the strength of this effect may be significantly modified in some years, particularly those in which a spring fire occurs.Key words: gopher mounds, fire, Medicago lupulina, disturbance, prairie, introduced species.
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Lindström, Anders, and Erik Troeng. "Temperature variations in planting mounds during winter." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-057.
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Soil temperatures were measured at a depth of 8 cm in top, middle, and bottom positions of 30 cm high mineral and organic mounds and at 8 cm depth in scarified patches during winter and spring 1987–1988 and 1988–1989. At low air temperature, frozen mounds without snow cover showed much lower temperatures than snow-covered mounds, the maximum difference being 16 °C. During the coldest period of the two winters, when minimum air temperature was −26 °C, soil temperature in the top of a snowless mineral mound remained within −16 to −10 °C for 3.5 days and −8 to −5 °C in a snowless scarified patch. Minimum temperatures were lower, duration of low temperature freezing was longer, and temperature changes were more rapid in mineral than in organic mounds. Large temperature differences were found between the top and the bottom of mounds. In dry conditions during early spring, the upper part of the mineral mound thawed and froze repeatedly with daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 5 °C and −6 °C. Soil temperature patterns during the winter period are discussed in relation to root freezing tolerance of conifer seedlings. Mounding as a scarification method should be used with care as winter temperatures may injure seedling root systems.
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Schmidt, Margaret G., Aynslie E. Ogden, and Kenneth P. Lertzman. "Seasonal comparison of soil temperature and moisture in pits and mounds under vine maple gaps and conifer canopy in a coastal western hemlock forest." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-081.
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In this study we attempted to determine if vine maple priority gaps show similar trends in temperature and moisture status to those reported in the literature for treefall gaps and whether temperature and moisture status differed between microtopographic positions (pits and mounds). Biweekly measurements of mid-day soil and air temperature, moisture contents at 30-, 50- and 80-cm depths, and depths to the groundwater table were made in pit and mound locations within six vine maple priority gaps paired with six conifer canopy sites. Trends did not follow those found in treefall gaps: vine maple gaps had similar mid-day temperature and moisture status to the surrounding conifer forest. Larger gaps had higher mid-day air temperatures in the summer, higher mid-day soil temperatures in the spring and summer, and greater amounts of throughfall in the spring and summer than smaller gaps. Trends in mid-day soil temperature and moisture status for pit and mound microtopography followed those reported in the literature. Pits were significantly cooler in summer and warmer in winter than mounds and pits were wetter than mounds in all seasons. This study suggests that soil microtopography has an effect on soil climate that overwhelms the influence of vine maple gaps. Key words: Vine maple, canopy gap, soil moisture, soil temperature, microtopography, pits and mounds
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Cladin, Jodie, Richard Price, Ken Pinkston, Richard Freeman, and Paul Neese. "Control of Red Harvester Ants with Drenches and Powder Concentrates, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.469.
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Abstract Evaluation of red harvester ant control was conducted near Stillwater, OK. on 16 acres of open pasture land. Treatments were randomized and replicated 5 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the test. Treatments were made on 18 Jun. Mounds were checked for visible ant activity at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 wk after treatment. On the 16 wk, all mounds were checked for visible ant activity by digging to a depth of 1 ft beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening and covered an area of approximately 4 ft in diam. Drenches consisted of applying the finished spray from a 5-gal bucket, while powders were applied by evenly distributing the material over the surface of the mound. All drenches were applied in an excavated hole 5 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep in the center of the mound. Rainfall in the area during the test was: Jun, 6.4 inches, Jul, 2.4 inches, Aug, 2.3 inches, Sep, 6.0 inches, Oct, 4.6 inches for a total of 21.7 inches. The various drench concentrations will be evaluated for long term activity suppression which will run into the spring of 1986.
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French, D. H., and G. D. Summers. "Sakçagözü Material in the Gaziantep Museum." Anatolian Studies 38 (December 1988): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642843.
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After the completion of the new Museum in Gaziantep, the then Director, Bay Hasan Candemir, asked the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara to undertake the task of refurbishing and rearranging the material (in the Gaziantep Museum) from the 1949 excavations. It was not until 1986 that the B.I.A.A. was able to organize a team suitable for the work of restoration and refurbishment. Since 1986 two further seasons have been completed in the Museum of Gaziantep: Spring 1987 and Spring 1988. The report here is based on the activities of Spring 1986 and Spring 1987.The original work at Sakçagözü was, of course, carried out by Professor John Garstang who in 1908 and again in 1911 excavated on the site still called locally Coba Höyük (“mound A”). His aim was to reveal the Iron Age relief sculptures which had been discovered there. During the course of excavation he encountered pottery and other remains which were clearly earlier than the period represented by the sculptures.Professor Garstang also excavated at Songrus Höyük (“mound B”) and took the opportunity to make trial excavations at Keferdiz Höyük (“mound C”).
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Tyre, Andrew J., Hugh P. Possingham, and Darren P. Niejalke. "Detecting environmental impacts on metapopulations of mound spring invertebrates." Environment International 27, no. 2-3 (September 2001): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00091-5.
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Stivaletta, N., and R. Barbieri. "Endolithic microorganisms from spring mound evaporite deposits (southern Tunisia)." Journal of Arid Environments 73, no. 1 (January 2009): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.024.
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Hunsberger, Adrian, and Ruben Regalado. "FIRE ANTS HAVE MET THEIR MATCH: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DECAPITATING PHORID FLY IN SOUTH FLORIDA." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 499A—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.499a.
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The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) has become a serious agricultural and animal pest in the southern U.S. since its accidental introduction in the 1930s. Traditionally, this pest ant has been under chemical control with very limited success and treatments must be repeated on a regular basis. One strategy to manage the red imported fire ant, which has been tried in parts of the southern U.S., is to use biocontrol agents to reduce fire ant populations. We released decapitating phorid flies (Pseudacteon tricuspis) as a self-sustaining biocontrol agent specific to S. invicta at two sites in South Florida during the spring of 2003 (site 1) and 2005 (site 2). Establishment of fly populations was monitored by disturbing 10 fire ant mounds and inspecting the number of hovering flies for 15 min. per mound. At site 1, within 1.5 years, 30% of mounds were positive for phorid flies and total estimated fire ant mounds decreased by 94%. At site 2, the number of mounds was recorded 1 day prerelease and 2 months postrelease. Ant mound density decreased by 71.4% with 73% of the remaining ant mounds positive for flies. This study confirms the successful establishment of the decapitating phorid fly in South Florida.
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Sherwood, Sarah C., John H. Blitz, and Lauren E. Downs. "An Integrated Geoarchaeology of a Late Woodland Sand Mound." American Antiquity 78, no. 2 (April 2013): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.2.344.
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AbstractThe Graveline Mound (22JA503) is a sand platform mound in Jackson County, Mississippi, built on a low, late Pleistocene terrace on the Mississippi Sound. The Late Woodland mound (A.D. 590–780) is composed of local soils, and its presence today is a testament to the ancient builders’ knowledge of earthen construction materials and methods. Central to the study of the mound is an integrated geoarchaeological approach that uses stratigraphy and micromorphology to decipher material source and selection, construction techniques, and periodicity, in combination with more traditional artifacts, revealing the activities that created this ultimately monumental space. The mound was built in three rapid stages beginning with a low earthwork demarcating a ritual precinct used during late spring/early summer. Stage II quickly followed with a series of alternating zoned fills, sealing the space that was then subsequently covered by Stage III, a massive hard red surface that marked the location with a platform mound.
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KRUPAR, JASON. "Burying Atomic History: The Mound Builders of Fernald and Weldon Spring." Public Historian 29, no. 1 (2007): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.1.31.
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Abstract The Fernald, Ohio and Weldon Spring, Missouri uranium refinery sites performed critical functions in the nation's nuclear weapons manufacturing complex during the Cold War. Now, the U.S. Department of Energy has created two radioactive tombs on the former grounds of these industrial centers. These mounds may be viewed as unofficial monuments to the billions spent building and maintaining the country's atomic arsenal. Radioactive contamination precludes the adaptive reuse of Fernald and Weldon Spring. Yet these two sites reside in counties that continue to experience steady population growth. The present and future generations need to be informed about the activities conducted at the sites for health, environmental, and educational reasons. Policy choices made by federal government officials concerning Weldon Spring and Fernald indicate a pattern shift from disclosure/preservation to exclusion/destruction by 2005.
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Brown, Juliana F., Daniel S. Jones, Daniel B. Mills, Jennifer L. Macalady, and William D. Burgos. "Application of a DepositionalFaciesModel to an Acid Mine Drainage Site." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01550-10.
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ABSTRACTLower Red Eyes is an acid mine drainage site in Pennsylvania where low-pH Fe(II) oxidation has created a large, terraced iron mound downstream of an anoxic, acidic, metal-rich spring. Aqueous chemistry, mineral precipitates, microbial communities, and laboratory-based Fe(II) oxidation rates for this site were analyzed in the context of a depositionalfaciesmodel. Depositionalfacieswere defined as pools, terraces, or microterracettes based on cm-scale sediment morphology, irrespective of the distance downstream from the spring. The sediments were composed entirely of Fe precipitates and cemented organic matter. The Fe precipitates were identified as schwertmannite at all locations, regardless offacies. Microbial composition was studied with fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) and transitioned from a microaerophilic,Euglena-dominated community at the spring, to aBetaproteobacteria(primarilyFerrovumspp.)-dominated community at the upstream end of the iron mound, to aGammaproteobacteria(primarilyAcidithiobacillus)-dominated community at the downstream end of the iron mound. Microbial community structure was more strongly correlated with pH and geochemical conditions than depositionalfacies. Intact pieces of terrace and pool sediments from upstream and downstream locations were used in flowthrough laboratory reactors to measure the rate and extent of low-pH Fe(II) oxidation. No change in Fe(II) concentration was observed with60Co-irradiated sediments or with no-sediment controls, indicating that abiotic Fe(II) oxidation was negligible. Upstream sediments attained lower effluent Fe(II) concentrations compared to downstream sediments, regardless of depositionalfacies.
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Hu, Xing P., and Wei Ding. "Do Mound Disturbance and Bait Placement Affect Bait Removal and Treatment Efficacy in Red Imported Fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Different Seasons?" International Journal of Insect Science 1 (January 2009): IJIS.S2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s2378.
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This study provides empirical evidence that disturbing mound immediately before application, as opposed to label recommendation, did not reduce foraging activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, except for about 10-min delay in foraging. Despite the delayed foraging, there was no significant difference in the amount of baits foraged between disturbed and undisturbed colonies. Eventually, >96% of the baits were foraged, with the maximum removal occurred by 2 and 3 h, respectively, in summer and spring trial. The fastest and great amount of bait removal 1 h post-treatment occurred to baits placed on mound, followed by 0.18–0.3-m from mound base, and the slowest 1.08–1.2-m from mound base. All treatment gave 100% control 1 mo later, regardless of the season, without colony relocation or new colony invasion in the test plots.
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Hawley, Marlin F. "The Hanthorne Site (14LT335), a Late Woodland Site in Southeast Kansas." North American Archaeologist 24, no. 2 (April 2003): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g3h0-cgyw-7tdc-v4a6.
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In 1946, Albert C. Spaulding, while at the University of Kansas, investigated a mound in southeast Kansas. The mound, composed of earth and fire-cracked rock contained artifacts and several burials. Based largely on the presence of cord marked ceramics, the mound can probably be assigned to the Late Woodland, perhaps ca. A.D. 700 to 900. The mound may be an incipient burned rock midden, possibly related to the gathering and processing of nut mast, particularly acorns, in autumn and possibly too the processing tubers, roots, or bulbs in spring. Buried within mound fill were several inhumations, indicating that it also served a mortuary function. An unconfirmed report of a projectile point embedded in one human vertebra hints at violence. Description of the site and the excavations are based on Spaulding's notes, while the small collection of artifacts from the site, curated by the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Kansas, was analyzed. The limited data from the investigation is herein compared to other, similar sites in the region.
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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, D. Pocknee, and J. Kelley. "Vegetation patterns in permanent spring wetlands in arid Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04043.
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A transect-based quadrat survey was conducted within 11 spring wetlands fed by permanent groundwater flows from the Great Artesian Basin at Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland. Flow patterns within individual wetlands change with sedimentation associated with mound building, siltation of abandoned drains and changes in aquifer pressure associated with artificial extraction from bores. The pattern of floristic groups for the wetland quadrats was poorly related to soil texture, water pH, slope and topographic position. Patterns were most clearly related to wetland age as determined from aerial photography, with a clear successional sequence from mono-specific stands of Cyperus laevigatus on newly formed wetland areas to more diverse wetland assemblages. However, evidence from other Great Artesian Basin springs suggests that succession can also result in reduced species richness where the palatable tall reed Phragmites australis develops mono-specific stands.
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Wilson, Andrew, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, Ted Buttrey, Kristian Göransson, Cassian Hall, Alette Kattenberg, Rebecca Scott, Keith Swift, and Eleni Zimi. "Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the Spring 2002 season." Libyan Studies 33 (2002): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005148.
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AbstractThe fourth season of the current project at Euesperides (Benghazi) took place in Spring 2002. Excavations continued in Areas P, Q and R, accompanied by limited augering work to determine the limits of surviving archaeology to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound. Excavations in Area P revealed part of a courtyard house from the penultimate phase of the site, with a probableandronandgunaikon. Its destruction is dated to after 261 BC. In Area Q work concentrated on the dismantling of street deposits and associated flanking houses from the later phases of the city's life; a soakaway drainage feature under the street was also investigated. The sequence of city wall circuits and their post-abandonment robbing was clarified. In Area R excavations established the structure of the mound of deposits deriving from the production of purple dye fromMurex trunculusshellfish, and its relationship to the robbed-out walls of the courtyard building within which this activity occurred. The processing of ceramic finds underlines the active trading contacts enjoyed by Euesperides, with most of the fine pottery and a fifth of the coarse pottery being imported from overseas, and transport amphorae ranging in origin from the Straits of Gibraltar to the northern Aegean. The coin finds confirm that the city was abandoned after the death of Magas (258/250 BC); and it appears that the Herakles types, common at the site, were minted there under Thibron (323–322/322 BC).
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Shackley, Myra. "Hot Springs and “Glazed” Flints: a Controversial Phenomenon Observed on Spring-Mound Artefacts in the Near East." Levant 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.1988.20.1.119.
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TANG, DANNY, and BRENTON KNOTT. "Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia." Zootaxa 2029, no. 1 (March 6, 2009): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2029.1.1.
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The Gnangara Mound is a 2,200 km 2 unconfined aquifer located in the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. This aquifer is one of the most important ground water resources for the Perth Region and supports a number of groundwaterdependent ecosystems, such as the springs of Ellen Brook and root mat communities of the Yanchep Caves. Although freshwater copepods have been documented previously from those caves and springs, their specific identity were hitherto unknown. The current work formally identifies copepod samples collected from 23 sites (12 cave, three bore, five spring and three surface water localities) within the Gnangara Mound region. Fifteen species were documented in this study: the cyclopoids Australoeucyclops sp., Eucyclops edytae sp. nov., Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), Mesocyclops brooksi Pesce, De Laurentiis & Humphreys, 1996, Metacyclops arnaudi (G. O. Sars, 1908), Mixocyclops mortoni sp. nov., Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson, 1882), Paracyclops intermedius sp. nov. and Tropocyclops confinis (Kiefer, 1930), and the harpacticoids Attheyella (Chappuisiella) hirsuta Chappuis, 1951, Australocamptus hamondi Karanovic, 2004, Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1894), Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 and Paranitocrella bastiani gen. et sp. nov. Tropocyclops confinis is recorded from Australia for the first time and A. (Ch.) hirsuta and E. bidens are newly recorded for Western Australia. The only copepod taxa endemic to the Gnangara Mound region are E. edytae sp. nov. (occurs primarily in springs and rarely in the Yanchep National Park Caves) and P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. (confined to the Yanchep National Park Caves containing tuart root mats). Paracyclops chiltoni was the most common species, whilst T. confinis and N. l. pacifica were rarely encountered. Metacyclops arnaudi was the only taxon absent from ground waters. The copepod fauna recorded in the caves and springs of the Gnangara Mound region are comparable, with respect to species richness, endemicity and the varying degrees of dependency on ground water, to those reported from similar habitats in South Australia and Western Australia. Restoring the root mats and maintaining permanent water flow within the Yanchep Caves, as well as minimising urban development near the Ellen Brook Springs, are essential to protect the copepod species, particularly the endemic P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. and E. edytae sp. nov., inhabiting these unique ground water environments.
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Blitz, John H., C. Fred, and Lauren E. Downs. "Sclerochronological Measures of Seasonality at a Late Woodland Mound on the Mississippi Gulf Coast." American Antiquity 79, no. 04 (October 2014): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.697697.
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Abstract Seasonality of site occupation has been an important issue in the archaeology of precolumbian coastal populations in the U.S. Southeast. Sclerochronological oxygen isotope measurements to estimate season of capture were performed on marsh clam (Rangia cuneata) and oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shells from a Late Woodland platform mound in coastal Mississippi. This study is the first oxygen isotope analysis of archaeological Rangia cuneata. The results of the study, supported by vertebrate faunal and plant seasonal indicators and depositional circumstances, indicate that mound trash deposits were generated by short-term activities during the spring and summer months. Factors that could reduce the precision of the seasonal estimates are identified.
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Miglovets, M. N., S. V. Zagirova, N. N. Goncharova, and O. A. Mikhailov. "Methane Emission from Palsa Mires in Northeastern European Russia." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 1 (2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2021-1-93-102.
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Measurement data on methane fluxes in the palsa mire ecosystem at the border of tundra and taiga zones in northeastern European Russia are presented. It was found for the first time that an intense methane flux from the surface of the permafrost mound (palsa) is determined by the spring thawing of the seasonally thawed horizon in the layer of 14–25 cm. During this period, the emission was 4–20 times higher than the summer values. In lichen communities of peat mounds, the CH4 sink prevailed during the summer-autumn period. The total methane flux in different parts of the mire in June–September varied from 0.18 to 16.5 kg CH4/ha. In general, the palsa mire emitted 81 kg CH4/ha per year to the atmosphere. The methane emission from the surface of peat mounds and hollows made up 20% and 80% of the annual flux, respectively.
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Chantal, Michelle de, Kari Leinonen, Hannu Ilvesniemi, and Carl Johan Westman. "Combined effects of site preparation, soil properties, and sowing date on the establishment of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies from seeds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-011.
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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of site preparation on soil properties and, in turn, the emergence, mortality, and establishment of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) seedlings sown in spring and summer along a slope with variation in soil texture and moisture. Three site preparation treatments of varying intensities were studied: exposed C horizon, mound (broken LFHAeB horizons piled over undisturbed ground), and exposed AeB horizons. Seedling emergence was higher in the moist growing season than in the dry one. During a dry growing season, mounds and exposed C horizon had negative effects on soil moisture that increased mortality. Moreover, frost heaving was an important cause of winter mortality on mounds and exposed C horizon, whereas frost heaving was low on exposed AeB horizons, even though soil moisture and the content of fine soil particles (<0.06 mm) were high. Frost heaving mortality was higher for summer-sown than for spring-sown seedlings and for P. abies than for P. sylvestris. Growing season mortality was high following a winter with frost heaving, suggesting that roots were damaged, thereby making seedlings more susceptible to desiccation.
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Lafaille, Marie, Patrick Gouat, and Christophe Féron. "Efficiency of delayed reproduction in Mus spicilegus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 3 (2015): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13130.
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To cope with seasonally varying ecological constraints, some mammals temporally suppress breeding or delay their first reproduction. In field conditions, mound-building mice (Mus spicilegus) born in spring begin to reproduce when 2–3 months old, whereas individuals born at the end of summer delay their first reproduction for 6–8 months until the following spring. In order to test age effects on reproductive performance in M. spicilegus, sexually naïve mice were paired when 2–3 months old or at 6–8 months of age, and surveyed for reproduction. We show here that under laboratory conditions the aging of these mice does not impair their reproductive efficiency. Thus, the hypothesis of a lower reproductive potential in these relatively aged females seems to be contradicted. More surprisingly, the latency from pairing to the first reproduction was greater in the 2–3-month-old adults than in the delayed reproducers (6–8-month-old mice). Mound-building mice that are old enough to have overwintered do not suffer significant reproductive declines, but appear to reproduce as well and more quickly than younger first-time breeders.
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Rutherford, Jasmine, Tania Ibrahimi, Tim Munday, Adrienne Markey, Andrea Viezzoli, Arianna Rapiti, and Rod Paterson. "An Assessment of Water Sources for Heritage Listed Organic Mound Springs in NW Australia Using Airborne Geophysical (Electromagnetics and Magnetics) and Satellite Remote Sensing Methods." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071288.
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Discrete phreatophytic vegetation associated with organic mound springs is present in several places in the semi-arid Walyarta Conservation Park (Park) in northern Western Australia. The mound springs are heritage listed, having significant cultural and environmental significance. Increased industrial (mining and agriculture) development in the region, coupled with a growing demand for groundwater to support these developments, requires an enhanced understanding of how the springs operate and the source of water that sustains their presence. The springs are broadly believed to be situated on geological faults and receive groundwater from artesian sources. However, their association with deeper geological structures and aquifer systems, the focus of this study, is not well understood. This study employed regional- and finer-scale airborne geophysical data, including electromagnetics (AEM) and magnetics, to constrain the sub-basin-scale hydrogeology of the West Canning Basin in Western Australia and to detail tectonic deformation, sedimentological and hydrological processes. The AEM data were inverted using 1- and 2D methods to better define structural discontinuities in the Park, and the results identified the location of faults and other geological structures that were coincident with spring locations. A complementary analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of green vegetation was undertaken using remote sensing data. A model for the extent of green vegetation (in percent), calculated using a constrained linear spectral unmixing algorithm and applied to a select Landsat Thematic Mapper ™ image archive, showed the persistence of green vegetation aligned with interpreted fault systems through extended dry periods. These geophysical and remotely sensed datasets demonstrate that in the Park, the sedimentary aquifers and landscapes are highly compartmentalized and that this constrains aquifer distribution, groundwater quality and the location of wetlands and phreatophytic vegetation. Integrating key information from these datasets allows for the construction of a three-dimensional model that predicts the nature and extent of the critical zone which sustains perennial groundwater discharge within mound springs, drainages and wetlands and provides a framework to assess discharge rates, mixing and, ultimately, sensitivity to changed water availability.
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McCarthy, T. S., W. N. Ellery, L. Backwell, P. Marren, B. de Klerk, S. Tooth, D. Brandt, and S. Woodborne. "The character, origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Wonderkrater spring mound, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 58, no. 1 (August 2010): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.02.004.
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Guidry, Sean A., and Henry S. Chafetz. "Siliceous shrubs in hot springs from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-069.
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Many of the siliceous hot springs in Yellowstone National Park contain subaqueous, spinose siliceous precipitates up to 5 cm high that occupy shallow terracettes in siliceous terraced mound accumulations, discharge channels, etc. These siliceous "shrubs" are composed of opal-A with an arborescent or branching pattern and have strong morphological similarities to bacterial shrubs from carbonate-precipitating hot springs. Siliceous shrubs constitute a major precipitate style associated with discharge channel flow-path facies throughout most of the 20 m of flow path at Cistern Spring, Norris Geyser Basin. They are found in siliceous spring waters ranging in temperature from 76.4 to 16.2 °C and pH from 6.0 to 7.4. At every scale, siliceous shrubs contain abundant evidence of microbial life in the form of bacterial body fossils and extracellular polymeric substances. The presence of relict organic constituents and bacterial morphological fossils indicates that the shrub fabric and architecture are dominated by bacteria, i.e., there is potentially a strong biotic effect on the precipitation process. Precipitation of opal in siliceous shrubs is very likely the result of either active bacterially induced precipitation or passive mediation through organic templates. On a larger scale, siliceous shrubs contain abundant evidence of former microbial activity in hot springs, thus they are good microbial biomarkers.
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Gouat, Patrick, Christophe Féron, and Simone Demouron. "Seasonal reproduction and delayed sexual maturity in mound-building mice Mus spicilegus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 3 (2003): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd02105.
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In the mound-building mouse, Mus spicilegus, which is found from Central to Eastern Europe, reproduction is seasonal and limited to spring and summer. In autumn, the mice build voluminous mounds composed of vegetable matter covered with earth, where juvenile animals (autumnal individuals) over-winter in groups without reproducing. Autumnal animals delay reproduction until the next spring when they are 6 months old. The influence and interactions of environmental (short light period and cold temperature (C conditions) compared with long light period and temperate temperature (T conditions)) and social factors (lack of odours from breeding adults (NB conditions) compared with presence of odours from breeding adults (B conditions)) on reproduction and sexual maturation were studied. Forty groups of three autumnal individuals (two males and a female or two females and a male) were placed in four experimental conditions (CB, CNB, TB and TNB), corresponding to interactions between environmental and social factors (n = 10 groups for each condition). Of the 40 groups only one initiated reproduction during the 18 weeks of cohabitation. Subsequently, animals were separated and isolated for 1 month and then paired with unfamiliar partners. Reproduction was monitored for an additional month, and 24 out of 39 females reproduced. In addition, of eight reproducing pairs placed in C conditions and 10 reproducing pairs maintained in T conditions, all but one pair continued reproduction. It was concluded that the delay in reproduction observed in autumnal individuals was the result of the social effects of living in groups as opposed to the environmental conditions of winter.
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Onken, Jill, Susan J. Smith, Manuel R. Palacios-Fest, and Karen R. Adams. "Late Holocene hydroclimatic change at Cienega Amarilla, west-central New Mexico, USA." Quaternary Research 87, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2016.14.
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AbstractA late Holocene carbonate spring mound and associated wetland deposits at Cienega Amarilla, New Mexico, contain a 4000-yr record of geomorphic, paleoenvironmental, and hydroclimatic change on the southern Colorado Plateau. Forty-four14C dates support a century-scale chronostratigraphic framework. Pollen, plant macrofossil, mollusk, ostracode, and soil analyses indicate rapid spring mound growth and wetland expansion beginning ~2300 cal yr BP, followed by a pronounced decline in groundwater discharge (GWD) between ~1500 and 1000 cal yr BP. The isotopic composition of Cienega Amarilla springwater suggests GWD is driven primarily by winter precipitation. Historical climate data indicate that El Niño and warm Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) conditions foster wetter-than-average winters in the Cienega Amarilla area, whereas dry winters are associated with La Niña conditions regardless of PDO phase. The ~2300–1500 cal yr BP Cienega Amarilla pluvial appears to represent an interval of peak, late Holocene cool-season precipitation that implies unusually strong or persistent El Niño–like and warm PDO–like conditions in the Pacific. Other southwestern paleoenvironmental records corroborate atypically wet conditions during this interval, and pluvial conditions related to increased winter precipitation likely fostered significant prehistoric cultural changes throughout the region, including increased sedentism, population, and dependence on agriculture.
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Puech, Elysandre, Dunia H. Urrego, María Fernanda Sánchez Goñi, Lucinda Backwell, and Francesco d’Erricoc. "Vegetation and environmental changes at the Middle Stone Age site of Wonderkrater, Limpopo, South Africa." Quaternary Research 88, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.42.
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AbstractWonderkrater, a Middle Stone Age site in the interior of South Africa, is a spring and peat mound featuring both paleoclimatic and archaeological records. The site preserves three small MSA lithic assemblages with age estimates of 30 ka, >45 ka and 138.01±7.7 ka. Here we present results of the pollen analysis of a core retrieved from the middle of the peat mound, which covers, with hiatuses, the timespan between ca. 70±10 ka and 30 ka. Pollen percentages of terrestrial, local aquatic, and semi-aquatic plants reveal changes in the regional climate and in the water table of the spring. Results identify regional wet conditions at ca. 70±10 ka, followed by a dry and a wet period between 60 ka and 30 ka. Superimposed on these three phases, recurring changes in the size and depth of the water table are observed between >45 ka and 30 ka. Wet conditions at 70 ka and 30 ka are tentatively correlated here with Marine Isotope Stage 4 and Heinrich Stadial 3, respectively. A warm and dry savanna landscape was present during human occupation older than 45 ka, and a wet phase was contemporaneous with the final occupation, dated at ~30 ka.
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Takyi, Sam K., and Graham R. Hillman. "Growth of Coniferous Seedlings on a Drained and Mounded Peatland in Central Alberta." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/17.2.71.
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Abstract Artificial reforestation experiments compared survival and growth of five species of coniferous containerized seedlings, and seedling browsing by ungulates on a clearcut, drained, and mounded peatland in the boreal forest. Six to seven growing seasons after planting, 91% of all seedlings had survived. Height and diameter growth in five species were ranked as follows: Siberian latch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) > lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) > tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) > black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) = white spruce(Picea glauca [Moench] Voss). Overall, tamarack height and diameter growth was twice that of either spruce species. Height and diameter growth of tamarack, black spruce, and white spruce planted in the spring was 65% to 97% greater than that of the more robust seedlings for the same species planted in the fall of the same year. Repeated winter browsing by ungulates did not affect survival and growth of the five species. In an experiment where survival and growth of tamarack and black spruce seedlings planted on the mounds were compared with that of seedlings planted on the flat areas between mounds, there were no differences in survival, height, or root collar diameter growth between the two planting sites. In the event that suitable peatlands are used to augment existing timber supplies, lowering the water table through ditching, combined with mound-planting, is a feasible method of reforesting timber-harvested, boreal wet sites with Siberian latch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. Tamarack and black spruce, however, survive and grow well on drained peatlands without mound-planting. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):71-79.
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Inverarity, Kent, Michael Hatch, and Graham Heinson. "Electrical geophysics of carbonate mound spring complexes of the South- Western Great Artesian Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab190.
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POTEAUX, CHANTAL, NICOLAS BUSQUET, PATRICK GOUAT, KRISZTIÁN KATONA, and CLAUDE BAUDOIN. "Socio-genetic structure of mound-building mice, Mus spicilegus, in autumn and early spring." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93, no. 4 (March 11, 2008): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00944.x.
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Swenson, Jon E., Anna Jansson, Raili Riig, and Finn Sandegren. "Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-004.
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To determine general patterns of myrmecophagy in bears, we tested hypotheses regarding selection of ant species, factors important to bears when selecting ant species, factors influencing seasonal use of ants, and foraging behavior of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in central Sweden. Ants were an important food for these bears, constituting 12, 16, and 4% of fecal volume in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Ants were abundant, 30.5-38.5 tonnes per bear, and bears excavated 8-33% (mean 23%) of the mounds of red forest ants annually. Carpenter ants (Camponotus herculeanus) were highly preferred. Among mound-building red forest ants, the Formica aquilonia/polyctena complex was preferred over Formica exsecta and Formica lugubris. The ants selected by bears had high digestible energy and low formic acid content and behaved passively when the colony was disturbed. Colony size and density may also have influenced the selection of ants. Seasonal use of ants was related not to the availability of pupae or the quality of plant foods but probably to the availability of other foods. Bears consumed only a small proportion of the ants, 4000-5000, each time they opened a mound, probably because of rapidly increasing difficulty in capturing them after the colony was attacked. Eurasian brown bears feed more on ants than North American bears do, perhaps because of greater availability of large colonies of red forest ants. Carpenter ants may have been especially available in our study area following intensive clear-cutting.
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Bougeault, Cédric, Emmanuelle Vennin, Christophe Durlet, Elodie Muller, Mathilde Mercuzot, Marco Chavez, Emmanuelle Gérard, Magali Ader, Aurélien Virgone, and Eric C. Gaucher. "Biotic–Abiotic Influences on Modern Ca–Si-Rich Hydrothermal Spring Mounds of the Pastos Grandes Volcanic Caldera (Bolivia)." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060380.
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The lacustrine-to-palustrine Pastos Grandes Laguna (Bolivia) is located in a volcanic caldera fed by active hot springs, with a carbonate crust extending over 40 km2. An integrated approach based on geology and hydrochemistry was used to characterize La Salsa, one of its hydrothermal systems, composed of a flat mound with a hydrothermal discharge. The mound is composed of carbonate–diatom aggregates, forming muds that accumulate and undergo slight swelling. The discharge area along the hydrothermal pathway exhibits several facies and microfabrics, with considerable biological activity and microbialite development. Both the downstream evolution of carbonate and silica content in sediments and the distribution of microbialites can be linked to changes in biotic-abiotic processes occurring along the pathway. The spatial distribution of microbialites and their morphologies are related to hydrodynamic conditions, the nature of the substrate on which they grow and, to a lesser extent, to the accommodation space available. The evolution of the physicochemical properties of the water and biological activity mainly impact mineral precipitation but also affect microbialite morphologies and microstructures. This atypical Si- and Ca-rich hydrothermal system therefore provides insights into the diversity of environmental, chemical, and biotic factors controlling mineralization, which also responds to independent thermodynamic controls.
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Bennett, Paul, Andrew I. Wilson, Ahmed Buzaian, Kenneth Hamilton, David Thorpe, Dale Robertson, and Eleni Zimi. "Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the spring 2000 season." Libyan Studies 31 (2000): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005343.
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AbstractThis paper reports on the second season of the new fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavations continued in Areas P (a large building with early Hellenistic mosaics) and Q (an area of streets and buildings built against the line of the Archaic period city wall), and were commenced at a site in the Lower City (Area R), where evidence for purple dye production from the Murex trunculus shellfish was found. In addition, a programme of machine-cut evaluation trenching was carried out in an area to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound to determine the limits of the archaeological area; this showed that occupation deposits continued for some distance to the south-east of the zone formerly considered to have encompassed the city. Geophysical prospection was completed in the Lower City, giving a fuller understanding of the city plan and of manufacturing activities. Preliminary quantification of the fine pottery suggests heavy reliance on imported wares (some 90%) to meet demand for tablewares, and carries important implications for the volume of ancient shipping and trade reaching Euesperides.
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Eickmann, Benjamin, Crispin T. S. Little, Jörn Peckmann, Paul D. Taylor, Adrian J. Boyce, Daniel J. Morgan, and Wolfgang Bach. "Shallow-marine serpentinization-derived fluid seepage in the Upper Cretaceous Qahlah Formation, United Arab Emirates." Geological Magazine 158, no. 9 (March 18, 2021): 1561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821000121.
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AbstractSerpentinization of ultramafic rocks in the sea and on land leads to the generation of alkaline fluids rich in molecular hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) that favour the formation of carbonate mineralization, such as veins in the sub-seafloor, seafloor carbonate chimneys and terrestrial hyperalkaline spring deposits. Examples of this type of seawater–rock interaction and the formation of serpentinization-derived carbonates in a shallow-marine environment are scarce, and almost entirely lacking in the geological record. Here we present evidence for serpentinization-induced fluid seepage in shallow-marine sedimentary rocks from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian to lower Maastrichtian) Qahlah Formation at Jebel Huwayyah, United Arab Emirates. The research object is a metre-scale structure (the Jebel Huwayyah Mound) formed of calcite-cemented sand grains, which formed a positive seafloor feature. The Jebel Huwayyah Mound contains numerous vertically orientated fluid conduits containing two main phases of calcite cement. We use C and O stable isotopes and elemental composition to reconstruct the fluids from which these cements precipitated and infer that the fluids consisted of variable mixtures of seawater and fluids derived from serpentinization of the underlying Semail Ophiolite. Based on their negative δ13C values, hardgrounds in the same section as the Jebel Huwayyah Mound may also have had a similar origin. The Jebel Huwayyah Mound shows that serpentinization of the Semail Ophiolite by seawater occurred very soon after obduction and marine transgression, a process that continued through to the Miocene, and, with interaction of meteoric water, up to the present day.
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Keppel, Mark N., Vincent E. A. Post, Andrew J. Love, Jonathan D. A. Clarke, and Adrian D. Werner. "Influences on the carbonate hydrochemistry of mound spring environments, Lake Eyre South region, South Australia." Chemical Geology 296-297 (February 2012): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.017.
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Prescott, J. R., and M. A. Habermehl. "Luminescence dating of spring mound deposits in the southwestern Great Artesian Basin, northern South Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 2 (March 2008): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090701689340.
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Inverarity, K., G. Heinson, and M. Hatch. "Groundwater flow underneath mound spring tufas from geophysical surveys in the southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 63, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 857–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2016.1261942.
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Roshanak, Reihaneh, Farid Moore, Alireza Zarasvandi, Behnam Keshavarzi, and Reinhard Gratzer. "Stable isotope geochemistry and petrography of the Qorveh–Takab travertines in northwest Iran." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0005.
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Abstract The Qorveh-Takab travertines, which are connected to thermal springs, are situated in the northwest of the Sanandaj- Sirjan metamorphic zone in Iran. In this study, the travertines were investigated applying petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the source of the CO2 and the lithofacies and to classify the travertines. Isotope studies, morphological and mineralogical observations and distribution of travertines revealed that the travertines of the Qorveh-Takab could be of thermal water origin and, therefore, belong to the thermogene travertine category. These travertines are usually massive with mound-type morphology and are essentially found in regions with recent volcanic or high tectonic activity. The measured δ13C values of the travertines indicate that the δ13C of the CO2 released from the water during travertine deposition, while the source of the CO2 in the water springs seems to have been of crustal magmatic affinity. These travertines are divided into two lithofacies: (1) crystalline crust travertine and (2) pebbly (phytoclastic travertine with pebble- size extraclasts) travertine. δ18O and δ13C values of travertines are -0.6 to -11.9 (‰VPDB) and +6.08 to +9.84 (‰VPDB), respectively. A probable reason for the heavy carbon isotope content observed in these deposits is the presence of algae microorganisms, which was verified by SEM images. Fissure ridges, fluvial crusts with oncoids, and mound morphological features are observed in the study area. Based on the petrographic and SEM criteria, Qorveh-Takab travertines are classified into four groups: (1) compacted, (2) laminated, (3) iron-rich spring deposit and (4) aragonite-bearing travertines. Stable isotope compositions of Turkish travertines are largely similar to the travertines in the study area.
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Blinn, Dean W., Richard H. Hevly, and Owen K. Davis. "Continuous Holocene Record of Diatom Stratigraphy, Paleohydrology, and Anthropogenic Activity in a Spring-Mound in Southwestern United States." Quaternary Research 42, no. 2 (September 1994): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1069.
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AbstractThis study presents the first continuous record of fossil diatoms taken from an open spring-mound in southwestern United States. Diatoms were analyzed from a radiocarbon-dated core taken from Montezuma Well, a near thermally constant spring in northcentral Arizona. Fluctuations in total diatom density, oscillations in the relative abundance of Anomoeoneis sphaerophora, and intermittent deposition of calcite suggest that water levels in Montezuma Well underwent dramatic fluctuations to the degree of being intermittently dry, or at least very shallow, during the middle Holocene (∼8000-5000 yr B.P.). The fluctuations in water level probably correspond to oscillations in regional temperature and precipitation, which regulate hydrologic input and evaporation rates. The dramatic fluctuations in water level during the middle Holocene suggest that the endemic biota of Montezuma Well underwent relatively rapid speciation within the past ∼5000 yr. The appearance of endemic species (Gomphonema montezumense and Cyclotella pseudostelligera f. parva ) at ∼5000-3000 yr B.P. supports this hypothesis. Diatom indicators for organic enrichment (Aulacoseira granulata and A. islandica) closely coincide with the prehistoric native occupation of Montezuma Well.
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Ashley, Gail M., Doris Barboni, Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, Henry T. Bunn, Audax Z. P. Mabulla, Fernando Diez-Martin, Rebeca Barba, and Enrique Baquedano. "A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior." Quaternary Research 74, no. 3 (November 2010): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.015.
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AbstractThe 1959 discovery of the hominin fossil Zinjanthropus boisei brought the world's attention to the rich records at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent excavations of archaeological level 22 (FLK Zinj) Bed I uncovered remains of Homo habilis and a high-density collection of fossils and Oldowan stone tools. The occurrence of this unusual collection of bones and tools at this specific location has been controversial for decades. We present paleoecological data that provide new insights into the origin of FLK Zinj. Our recent excavations 200 m north of the site uncovered a 0.5-m-thick tufa mound draped by Tuff IC, in the same stratigraphic horizon as level 22. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the carbonates were deposited by a freshwater spring. Phytolith analysis of the waxy clay under Tuff IC revealed abundant woody dicotyledon and palm phytoliths, indicating that the site was wooded to densely wooded. The time equivalency and close physical proximity of the two environments indicate the two are related. This study has provided the first documented evidence of springs in Bed I and these data have important implications for the interpretation of hominin behavior in meat acquisition and the ongoing debate on scavenging versus hunting.
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Grasby, Stephen E., Robert O. van Everdingen, Jan Bednarski, and Dwayne AW Lepitzki. "Travertine mounds of the Cave and Basin National Historic Site, Banff National Park." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-058.
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The Cave and Basin National Historic Site is a fan-shaped travertine deposit associated with four thermal spring outlets. Tentative age dating of the travertine mound indicates growth initiated with onset of the late Holocene shift to more humid and cool climate conditions and suggests that the flow of thermal waters was limited during the Hypsithermal, which in turn places constraints on the evolutionary biology of endemic species in the spring system. Two large caves and one collapsed cave structure are developed within the deposit. Cave development is in response to both physical erosion of till underlying the travertine and acid gas attack of calcite that makes up the deposit. This process is buffered by formation of reaction crusts of gypsum on the interior cave walls. Only minor modern travertine growth occurs due to historic flow control measures. Understanding the flow of water through the historic site is critical for long-term preservation.
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GUIDO, DIEGO M., and KATHLEEN A. CAMPBELL. "Upper Jurassic travertine at El Macanudo, Argentine Patagonia: a fossil geothermal field modified by hydrothermal silicification and acid overprinting." Geological Magazine 155, no. 6 (June 23, 2017): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000498.
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AbstractThe Deseado Massif hosts numerous Late Jurassic (150 Ma) fossil geothermal systems related to an extensive volcanic event developed in a diffuse extensional back-arc setting. Detailed mapping, petrography and mineralogical observations of El Macanudo outcrops verify that it represents a hot-spring-related travertine partially replaced by silica and delineated by six sedimentary facies. These are large concentric cones (F1), laminated vertical columnar structures (F2), porous layers (F3), shrubby and irregular lamination (F4), low-amplitude wavy bedding (F5) and mounds and breccias (F6). The Macanudo Norte Outcrop rocks constitute a silica-replaced travertine sequence, with development of large conical stromatolites in a deep pool or geothermally influenced shallow lacustrine environment, surrounded by a subaerial travertine apron terrace; whereas, the Macanudo Sur Outcrop is a subaerial travertine mound sequence. Structurally controlled vent areas occur in both northern (F1) and southern (F6) outcrops, mainly located along regional NNE- and ENE-trending faults. The other sedimentary units display a concentric distribution of travertine facies with respect to the interpreted vent areas. The El Macanudo palaeo-hot spring deposit is situated in an eroded Jurassic volcanic centre, and records a complex evolutionary-fluid history. The sediments archived three different Jurassic events, when large and long-lasting hydrothermal systems were active across the region. This relative temporal sequence was formed by: (1) travertine precipitation; (2) development of a silica cap, where early silicification was responsible for exceptional preservation of some stromatolitic fabrics; and (3) acid alteration, recorded by dissolution textures and clay formation, and caused by a palaeo-phreatic water-level drop.
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Russell, M. J., and N. T. Arndt. "Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean." Biogeosciences 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2005): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-97-2005.
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Abstract. High-degree melting of hot dry Hadean mantle at ocean ridges and plumes resulted in a crust about 30km thick, overlain in places by extensive and thick mafic volcanic plateaus. Continental crust, by contrast, was relatively thin and mostly submarine. At constructive and destructive plate boundaries, and above the many mantle plumes, acidic hydrothermal springs at ~400°C contributed Fe and other transition elements as well as P and H2 to the deep ocean made acidulous by dissolved CO2 and minor HCl derived from volcanoes. Away from ocean ridges, submarine hydrothermal fluids were cool (≤100°C), alkaline (pH ~10), highly reduced and also H2-rich. Reaction of solvents in this fluid with those in ocean water was catalyzed in a hydrothermal mound, a natural self-restoring flow reactor and fractionation column developed above the alkaline spring. The mound consisted of brucite, Mg-rich clays, ephemeral carbonates, Fe-Ni sulfide and green rust. Acetate and glycine were the main products, some of which were eluted to the ocean. The rest, along with other organic byproducts were retained and concentrated within Fe-Ni sulfide compartments. These compartments, comprising the natural hydrothermal reactor, consisted partly of greigite (Fe5NiS8). It was from reactions between organic modules confined within these inorganic compartments that the first prokaryotic organism evolved. These acetogenic precursors to the bacteria diversified and migrated down the mound and into the ocean floor to inaugurate the "deep biosphere". Once there they were protected from cataclysmic heating events caused by large meteoritic impacts. Geodynamic forces led to the eventual obduction of the deep biosphere into the photic zone where, initially protected by a thin veneer of sediment, the use of solar energy was mastered and photosynthesis emerged. The further evolution to oxygenic photosynthesis was effected as catalytic [Mn,Ca]-bearing molecules that otherwise would have been interred in minerals such as ranciéite and hollandite in shallow marine manganiferous sediments, were sequestered and invaginated within the cyanobacterial precursor where, energized by light, they could oxidize water. Thus, a chemical sedimentary environment was required both for the emergence of chemosynthesis and of oxygenic photosynthesis, the two innovations that did most to change the nature of our planet.
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Li, Wenliang, Qing Sun, Weiping Wang, Shisong Qu, Zhengxian Zhang, and Qiaoyi Xu. "Effective water quantity of multi-source water recharging aquifers in Yufuhe River based on groundwater and surface water semi-coupled modelling." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 2280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.109.
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Abstract With rapid urbanisation, a karst water recharge area of the Jinan spring catchment was damaged. Thus, managed aquifer recharge projects were built in the western Jinan spring catchment to protect the water supply of the spring. Yufuhe River was selected as the study area to compute the effective recharge rate into karst aquifers. This strong seepage zone has a large gradient and undergoes a specific hydrogeological condition in which two strata of a gravel layer and limestone change to three strata of gravel, impermeable clay shale and limestone at the open window of the karst aquifers. A hydraulic model called HEC-RAS was applied to simulate the river stage, and a numerical groundwater model called HYDRUS-3D was adopted to simulate the groundwater mound dynamics and estimate river flow seepage into the aquifers. The effective recharge rates are 64.9%, 65.2% and 68.1% when the buried depths of groundwater are 40, 30 and 25 m. An analysis of the electric conductivity, water table, temperature and water volume data found an effective recharge rate of 68.3%. Results of field monitoring confirmed the accuracy of the numerical simulation and showed that most of the recharged water in the study reach can be effectively recharged into the karst aquifers.
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Arnold, Michael A., Bruce J. Lesikar, Ann L. Kenimer, and Don C. Wilkerson. "Spring Recovery of Constructed Wetland Plants Affects Nutrient Removal From Nursery Runoff." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.1.5.
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Abstract The nursery/greenhouse industry is the fastest growing segment of United States agriculture. Consumer demand for excellent product quality requires luxury applications of water and agricultural chemicals. These cultural practices tend to yield significant volumes of runoff rich in nutrients and pesticides. A capture and recycle system at the Nursery/Floral Crops Research and Education Center at the Texas A&M University was fitted with 12 sub-surface flow (SSF) and 12 free-surface flow (FSF) wetland cells. A single pass of runoff through constructed wetland cells provided substantial reduction of runoff nutrient concentrations, particularly NO3-N, without increasing electrical conductivity (EC), an indicator of salinity. Nitrate-N concentration reductions were greater in the FSF cells than SSF cells, while the greatest reductions in ammonium and nitrites were obtained with SSF cells. Growth of Iris pseudacorus L. and Canna x generalis L.H. Bailey during spring growth was greater in the FSF wetland cells, while that of Colocasia sp. Fabr. was greater in the SSF wetland cells. Equisetum hyemale L. grew equally well in both cell types. Interactions among irrigation water sources and container media types for growth indices occurred for Juniperus procumbens (Endl.) Miq. ‘Green Mound’ and Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Nana’, but not for Raphiolepis indica L. ‘Carmelita’.
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Arnold, Michael A., Bruce Lesikar, Ann Kenimer, Don C. Wilkerson, and Mitchell W. Goyne. "Spring Recovery of Wetland Plants Affects Efficacy of Nutrient Removal from Nursery Runoff." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 603d—603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.603d.
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The nursery/greenhouse industry is the fastest growing segment of U.S. agriculture. Consumer demand for excellent product quality requires luxury applications of water and agricultural chemicals. These cultural practices tend to yield significant volumes of runoff rich in nutrients and pesticides. A capture and recycle system at the Nursery/Floral Crops Research and Education Center at Texas A&M University was fitted with 12 subsurface flow (SSF) and 12 free-surface flow (FSF) wetland cells. Constructed wetland cells provided substantial reduction of runoff nutrient concentrations without increasing electrical conductivity, an indicator of salinity. Growth of Iris pseudacorus L. and Canna ×generalis L.H. Bailey during spring growth was greater in the FSF wetland cells, while that of Colocasia sp. Fabr. was greater in the SSF wetland cells. Equisetum hyemale L. grew equally well in both cell types. Direct reuse of nursery runoff reduced the number of Ilex vomitoria Ait. `Nana' reaching marketable size in 2.3-L containers. Interactions among irrigation water sources and container media types for growth indices occurred for Juniperus procumbens `Green Mound' and I. vomitoria `Nana', but not for Raphiolepis indica L. `Carmelita'.
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Wilson, Andrew, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, Luca Cherstich, Ben Found, Kristian Göransson, James Holman, et al. "Euesperides 2006: Preliminary Report on the Spring 2006 season." Libyan Studies 37 (2006): 117–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004064.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper is a preliminary report on the eighth and final fieldwork (Spring 2006) season of the excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi). Work continued in Areas P and Q on the Sidi Abeid mound, in Area R in the lower city and on the processing of finds from the 2006 and previous seasons.In Area P excavations continued below the primary floors of the antepenultimate phase in Room 5a where a series of inter-cutting pits beneath the primary floor provided a section through the stratigraphy to natural. The results of the work showed that occupation in the sixth to fourth centuries BC was less intensive and accumulated at a slower rate than in the Hellenistic period. Three phases of early activity were represented, with the earliest levels dated to the period c. 580–560 BC. A comparable picture emerged in Area R, but in Area Q a second-phase set of buildings laid out in or after the late sixth century BC, with houses flanking the street, persisted until late in the life of the city. Excavations in Area Q Extension revealed a large circular building with an internal floor of terracotta sherds set in cement, tentatively interpreted as part of a set of public baths. A late reuse of the building was indicated by a number of plaster-lined tanks formed over the terracotta floor. The presence of the building was taken to indicate that the building and an associated street, aligned over an in-filled quarry, may have been inter-mural, suggesting that the late city was of greater size than hitherto thought.Selected finewares, coarsewares and amphorae from the excavations are presented, together with preliminary observations, resulting from the environmental sampling of occupation deposits.
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Jokinen, Michael E., Shevenell M. Webb, Douglas L. Manzer, and Robert B. Anderson. "Characteristics of Wolverine (Gulo gulo) dens in the lowland boreal forest of north-central Alberta." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i1.2083.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated Wolverine (Gulo gulo) denning ecology in the boreal forest of northern Alberta. During winters 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, we used live traps to capture four female Wolverines and fitted them with global positioning system (GPS) collars programmed to take a location every two hours. We determined reproductive status at capture and GPS location data were used to identify den sites. One female denned in one of the two years, one female denned in two consecutive years, and two females did not den during the study. Seven of the eight Wolverine den sites were in mature or old Black Spruce (Picea mariana) stands, where dens consisted of a hollow, moss-covered mound originating from a partially uplifted root mass caused by a leaning or fallen tree. One den was located under decayed logging debris with an overstorey dominated by dense deciduous regeneration. Maximum snow depth recorded (December–March) at weather stations in the study area was 32–51 cm. Spring snow coverage was scarce in our study area (<1%) and always associated with ice cover on lakes and large ponds; mean distance from dens to nearest spring snow coverage was 15.19 km (SD = 2.73, n = 8). Female Wolverines appear to be using locally-available denning structures in the lowland boreal forest, despite a lack of deep snow, persistent spring snow cover, or large boulders documented in other studies.
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Franchi, Fulvio, and Silvia Frisia. "Crystallization pathways in the Great Artesian Basin (Australia) spring mound carbonates: Implications for life signatures on Earth and beyond." Sedimentology 67, no. 5 (March 25, 2020): 2561–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sed.12711.
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