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Journal articles on the topic 'Moulding process'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Pick, Louise, Paul R. Hanna, and Luke Gorman. "Assessment of processibility and properties of raw post-consumer waste polyethylene in the rotational moulding process." Journal of Polymer Engineering 42, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0212.

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Abstract This paper presents work from an ongoing study into the use of post-consumer waste polymer in the rotational moulding process. Raw plastic recyclate, predominantly consisting of polyethylene, was processed into polymer powders containing an additive package suitable for rotational moulding, with and without the addition of a compatibiliser. Rheological studies on the materials showed very high viscosities at low shear rates in comparison with materials typically used in rotational moulding, which has significant implications for melt flow and bubble removal during the process. It was possible to mould the materials successfully, but poor surface finishes were achieved. Impact strength was drastically lower for recyclate mouldings compared with virgin material. Tensile strength of the recyclate mouldings was reduced compared to virgin polyethylene, but results indicated that optimising the processing conditions could lead to improvements. This work gives some baseline indicators to inform further planned work on optimising processing conditions and identifying viable material compositions.

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2

Knitter, R., W. Bauer, and D. Göhring. "Microfabrication of ceramics by rapid prototyping process chains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603762554604.

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Most shaping processes for ceramics are based on a powder technological moulding process using a negative mould and subsequent thermal compaction. Especially for prototypes and small-lot series of microcomponents, the outlay for moulds is the major costing factor. Therefore the use of rapid prototyping (RP) processes can decisively reduce the costs and time in product development of ceramic microcomponents. By combining the high resolution of, for example, stereolithography as an inexpensive and fast supply for master models with the high flexibility of low-pressure injection moulding, a rapid prototyping process chain (RPPC) has been established for the fabrication of micropatterned ceramic components as functional models or pre-production lots. This RPPC proved to have a very high moulding precision and accuracy in the submillimetre range, but also enables the fabrication of components with outer dimensions of several centimetres. Different RP techniques were investigated with regard to their suitability to be used as master models in the replication chain. The quality of the master models turned out to be of decisive significance for the quality and reproducibility of the ceramic mouldings.

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3

Singh, Gurjeet, Mohan Kumar Pradhan, and Ajay Verma. "A Review of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Performance of Plastic Injection Molding Process to Control the Warpage in Plastics." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.116.

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Quality control is important aspect of manufacturing process. The quality of product in injection moulding is influenced by injection moulding process parameter. A study of the influence of process parameters on the injection moulding process is presented. Statistically based model approach were studied. In this the process parameter that affect the injection moulding process are like injection time, injection pressure, packing pressure, packing time, cooling time, coolant temperature mold temperature, melt temperature are studied and compared. This paper deals with design of experiment approach to fine out optimal parameter setting. The comparison shows effect of parameters on injection moulding process.Key words: Plastic injection moulding, Orthogonal array, Cycle time

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Pfleging, W., T. Hanemann, M. Torge, and W. Bernauer. "Rapid fabrication and replication of metal, ceramic and plastic mould inserts for application in microsystem technologies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603762554613.

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The process strategy for the rapid fabrication of microcomponents made of polymers will be presented. Different fabrication routes have been developed at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH within the microsystem technology programme focusig on replication techniques. Single prototypes can be generated by the direct patterning of plastics with excimer laser radiation. For the fabrication of very small series laser-assisted micromachining, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and krypton fluorine (KrF) excimer laser radiation allows for the rapid manufacturing of microstructured mould inserts made of plastics, steel, cemented carbide or ceramics. The applied mould insert material depends on the achievable low surface roughness values essential for the subsequent moulding process. Plastic replication such as hot embossing, injection moulding or reaction injection moulding of the generated microstructured mould inserts gives access to mouldings carrying structural details in the micrometre range and/or high aspect ratio microstructures.

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5

Yanev, A. S., Gustavo R. Dias, and António M. Cunha. "Visualization of Injection Moulding Process." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.716.

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A special tool-transparent mould designed to visualize the melt flow inside the cavity is used in this research. The aim of the work is to assess the polymer melt behavior under different processing conditions-close to industrial, in conventional and two materials non-conventional injection moulding techniques. The mould is designed with two injection locations and has possibility to change the geometry of the cavity in order to investigate the melt behavior in differently shaped cavities. Visual access in the mould is allowed by the sapphire windows, surrounding the cavity. For image acquisition a high speed video camera NAC 1000 is used. Materials used in the research are three polypropylenes with different flow index. Results are obtained for conventional injection moulding, two material monosandwich and two material biinjection moulding. Apart from visualization, instrumentation of the mould allows to be obtained PT data for each processing condition. Results from conventional injection moulding are compared with MPI5.0 simulations.

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6

Chuankrerkkul, Nutthita, Yuttanant Boonyongmaneerat, Kanokwan Saengkiettiyut, Pranee Rattanawaleedirojn, and Sawalee Saenapitak. "Injection Moulding of Tungsten Carbide-Nickel Powders Prepared by Electroless Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 545 (March 2013): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.545.148.

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Tungsten carbide with nickel (WC-Ni) is generally used in applications in which high wear and corrosion resistance are required. In most cases, WC is mixed with Ni powder through a powder-processing route. In the present study, an electroless deposition technique was employed in order to prepare Ni coated WC particles prior to forming specimens by powder injection moulding method. The starting WC powders were subjected to surface activation followed by electroless Ni coating. The effects of a variety of processing parameters, including coating time and powder to electrolyte content ratio, were examined. The characteristics of the prepared powders were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis. It has been found that the fabrication of WC powder coated with Ni can be achieved through the electroless deposition technique. The amount of Ni introduced to the WC particles can be controlled by the powder to electrolyte content ratio and the deposition duration. The use of small particle loadings can ensure relatively large deposition and uniformity of the coatings. It is widely known that powder injection moulding (PIM) is an effective process for fabrication of small and complex shaped components of high performance materials. The PIM process includes 4 main steps: feedstock preparation, injection moulding, debinding and sintering. In this work, the WC-Ni powders were mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) binder to form feedstock for injection moulding. The injection moulding process was carried out by a laboratory scaled, plunger-type machine. The mouldings were subjected to debinding and sintering. It was found that the PEG could be removed by water leaching. Specimens retained their shapes during and after leaching of the PEG. The remaining binder could be removed through pyrolysis. The mouldings were sintered under vacuum at 1400 °C for 1 hour. The sintered density achieved was at 88% of the theoretical value due to the low powder loading employed in the study.

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7

HIRAI, Mitomo, Tsuneo HIRAI, Tsutao KATAYAMA, and Takeshi ISHIKAWA. "Deformation Analysis of Box Shape Injection Mouldings in Consideration of Moulding Process." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 42, no. 475 (1993): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.42.359.

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8

Chuankrerkkul, Nutthita, Pat Sooksaen, Piyawan Pakunthod, Tutiyachan Kosalwit, and Wanwara Pinthong. "Powder Injection Moulding of Alumina Using PEG/PVB Binder Systems." Key Engineering Materials 545 (March 2013): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.545.173.

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Powder injection moulding (PIM) is a process that is suitable for a fabrication of small and complex shape components. It consists of 4 main steps: feedstock preparation by mixing powder and binder, injection moulding of the prepared feedstock into the desired mould, removal of the binder and finally sintering to obtain materials with specific properties. In this study, powder injection moulding of alumina (Al2O3), using polyethylene glycol (PEG) based binder systems, was investigated. PEG is soluble in water; therefore, the use of organic solvents required for debinding of wax-based binder system can be avoided. PEG with a molecular weight of either 1500 or 4000 was used as a major constituent together with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as a minor component. Stearic acid was also added during feedstock preparation to act as a lubricant. After mixing the powder with the binder, a variety of Al2O3 feedstocks were injected into the moulds. The mouldings were prepared by a laboratory-scaled plunger-typed machine. Debinding was carried out using a combination of solvent extraction and thermal debinding. Water leaching tests were performed at 30 and 50 °C to study PEGs removal rate. The pyrolysis of PVB was completed during ramping up of the mouldings to the sintering temperature. The mouldings were subjected to sintering at 1500 °C in air. It was found from the study that PEG/PVB binder systems can be used for the preparation of alumina powder injection moulding feedstocks. Specimens retained their shapes during and after leaching of the PEGs.

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9

Palutkiewicz, Pawel. "Computer simulations of cellular injection moulding process." Polimery 60, no. 02 (February 2015): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2015.132.

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10

Dobosz, S. M., K. Major-Gabryś, and M. Hosadyna. "New Look at the Process of Reclamation of Moulding Sands." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0075-0.

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Abstract This paper presents a new perspective on the issue of reclamation of moulding and core sands. Taking as a premise that the reclamation process must remain on the surface of grains some not separated binding materials rests, it should be chosen the proper moulding sand’s composition that will be least harmful for the reclaim quality. There are two different moulding and core sands taken into examinations. The researches prove that a small correction of their compositions (hardener type) improves the quality of the received reclaims. Carried out in this article studies have shown that such an approach to the problem of reclamation of the moulding and core sands is needed and reasonable.

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11

Dai, Guangming, Lihua Zhan, Chenglong Guan, and Minghui Huang. "The effect of moulding process parameters on interlaminar properties of CF/PEEK composite laminates." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 7 (February 11, 2020): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320903768.

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Interlaminar properties are one of the most important indicators of thermoplastic composite quality. A series of laminates with different moulding process parameters were prepared by unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) prepreg to explore the influence of moulding process parameters on the interlaminar properties of CF/PEEK composite laminates. The influence of the three process parameters, moulding pressure, moulding temperature, and holding time on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of [0/90]8 laminates was studied. The interlaminar shear failure modes of specimens under different moulding process parameters were compared, and the correlation between the ILSS and interlaminar shear failure modes was analysed. The results showed that the appropriate moulding pressure was 2 MPa, the proper moulding temperature range was 400–420°C and the holding time should not be less than 20 min. The main failure modes were tensile or compression when the laminates were moulded using proper process parameters; interlaminar shear failure might also appear in those moulded by non-optimised process parameters.

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12

Białasz, Sebastian, and Tomasz Klepka. "Simulation of the medical syringe injection moulding process." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925205016.

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This paper contains a description of tests including the simulation of the injection moulding of thin-walled products. The simulation was designed to analyse the potential impact of processing conditions and cooling conditions on the defects of thin-walled products of the body of the syringe. In order to obtain the correct results, the analysis was based on a simulation comparison with the data obtained after the injection mouldings were produced. Four cases were considered - parameters with reduced injection pressure and absence of pressure push, with a reduced temperature of the injection mould. The test results were analysed in conditions compliant with the recommendations of the production card and with the parameters optimised by computational algorithms of the computer programme. Simulations were carried out using the Simcon CadMould 3D-F programme. The paper describes the construction of a thin-walled body, which is the main segment of a medical instrument - a medical syringe. Also described in the paper are the process of injection of polymer materials and the characteristics of the production of medical syringes. In addition the computer programme software for the simulation of production processes was presented.

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13

Lours, Philippe, H. V. Bui, Abdelhak Nafi, Omer Mercier, and Gérard Bernhart. "Rapid Tooling for Injection Moulding Process." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.789.

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CROMeP (Research Centre on Tools, Materials and Processes) experience in rapid tooling development is related. Focus is placed on two processes, namely the Direct Metal Laser Sintering/DMLSⓇ and STRATOCONCEPTⓇ currently under consideration for the manufacturing of thermoplastic injection moulds. The principle of the two processing routes as well as the benefits attainable by using those processes will be briefly reviewed. Recent results on the microstructure and the mechanical performances of sample tools built up using both processes are presented.

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14

Packianather, Michael, Christian Griffiths, and Wan Kadir. "Micro Injection Moulding Process Parameter Tuning." Procedia CIRP 33 (2015): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.06.093.

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15

Loff, Andrew. "Choosing the right closed moulding process." Reinforced Plastics 48, no. 9 (October 2004): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(04)00439-4.

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16

Corrigan, N., E. Harkin-Jones, E. Brown, P. D. Coates, and R. J. Crawford. "Development of reactive rotational moulding process." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580104225018355.

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17

Ducey, D. F. "THE THACHER PROCESS OF MOULDING PROPELLERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 34, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04205.x.

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18

Nardin, B., K. Kuzman, and Z. Kampus. "Injection moulding simulation results as an input to the injection moulding process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 130-131 (December 2002): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00734-3.

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19

Li, Wei. "Injection Moulding Simulation Analysis of Handle Shell." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.286.

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This thesis first made an introduction to the functional and technical requirements of this product, and then determined its moulding process. After that, the injection moulding process parameters of the selected injection moulding machine were set, besides, it applied Moldflow software to make simulation analysis to multiple schemes of injection moulding process, and finally, the best mold structure was determined according to the final analysis result.

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20

Zych, J. "Pulsating Gas Dosage in the Moulding Sands Hardening Process in the Cold-Box Technology." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0082.

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Abstract The results of investigations of the moulding sands hardening process in the cold-box technology - with an application of two ways of gas dosage - are presented in the paper. A new, ultrasound method of testing the kinetics of hardening of moulding sands with chemical binders was applied. Moulding sands with phenol-formaldehyde resin and moulding sands with water-glass hardened by CO2:, were subjected to investigations. A continuous gas dosage was substituted by the pulsating one. It was shown, that the change of the dosage mode could lead to decreasing the gas consumption (even several times). In addition, it was found that the pulsating way of dosage provides improvements of moulding sands technological properties, mainly strength. Investigations concerned the cold-box processes, in which one or two technological gases were used.

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21

Evens, Tim, Sylvie Castagne, David Seveno, and Albert Van Bael. "Comparing the Replication Fidelity of Solid Microneedles Using Injection Compression Moulding and Conventional Injection Moulding." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081280.

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Polymer surfaces are increasingly being functionalized with micro- and nano- surface features using mass replication methods such as injection moulding. An example of these are microneedle arrays, which contain needle-like microscopic structures, which facilitate drug or vaccine delivery in a minimally invasive way. In this study, the replication fidelity of two types of solid polycarbonate microneedles was investigated using injection compression moulding and conventional injection moulding. Using a full factorial design of experiments for the injection moulding process, it was found that the volumetric injection rate had the largest positive effect on the replication fidelity. The mould temperature and holding pressure were also found to have a positive effect, while the effect of the melt temperature was found to be insignificant for the considered temperature range. For the injection compression moulding process, it was found that a larger compression stroke resulted in a better replication fidelity. A comparison between the replication fidelity for the injection moulding and injection compression moulding indicated that the injection compression moulding process resulted in a higher and more uniform replication fidelity. Using finite element flow simulations, a higher and more evenly distributed cavity pressure was observed compared to the conventional injection moulding process.

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22

Pastirčák, R., D. Urgela, and E. Krivoš. "Production of Castings by Patternless Process." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0017-x.

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Production of Castings by Patternless ProcessThis paper deals with production of safety inlay for steam locomotive valve by the Patternless Process method. For the moulds creation was used moulding mixtures of II. generation, whereas binder was used a water glass. CNC miller was used for creation of mould cavity. Core was created also by milling into block made of moulding compound. In this article will be presented also making of 3D model, setting of milling tool paths and parameters for milling.

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23

Jamrozowicz, Ł., J. Kolczyk, N. Kaźnica, and Z. Pyziak. "Influence of the Hardener Type on the Hardening Process Kinetics of the Selected Self-setting Sands." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0013.

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Abstract Measurements of the hardening process of the selected self-setting sands are presented in the hereby paper. Moulding sands were prepared on the matrix of „Szczakowa” sand of the Sibelco Company. Two resins: phenol-formaldehyde-furfuryl (FF/AF) and urea-formaldehydefurfuryl (MF/AF) were used for making moulding sands. - Methylbenzene-sulphonic acid was applied as a hardener for the moulding sand on FF/AF resin, while paratoluene-sulphonic acid for the moulding sand on MF/AF resin. Both hardeners were used in two concentrations: low - the so-called ‘slow’ hardener and high - ‘fast’ hardener. During investigations, the courses of the hardening process were determined, more accurately changes of the velocity of the ultrasound wave passage through the moulding sand cL = f(t) and changes of the moulding sand hardening degree versus time, Sx = f(t). In addition, the kinetics of the hardening process was determined. Measurements were performed on the research stand for ultrasound investigations.

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Ružbarský, Juraj, and Jozef Žarnovský. "Optimization of Parameters in the Compression Moulding Process of Thermoset Products." Advanced Materials Research 801 (September 2013): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.801.61.

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This article analyses the optimization of technological and machining parameters when processing thermosets. These parameters were optimized by various tests, e.g. cooking and pressure test. The reason for using the cooking test is that thermosets are low molecular weight compounds and this test provides a picture of their ability to absorb the liquid. The importance of optimizing the parameters is in the fact that after moulding of thermosets, it is not possible to melt and mould them again. Therefore, every moulded piece that does not satisfy the quality conditions is a reject and loss for the company [1,2]. The article shows limiting parameters and contains proposed optimizations for moulding in order to avoid rejects and damage to machines. The three main technological parameters of moulding are examined, namely compaction pressure, mould temperature and moulding time. The external parameter is thermoset temperature [3,4,5].

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Dańko, R. "Assessment Method of Overheating Degree of a Spent Moulding Sand with Organic Binder, After the Casting Process." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0028.

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Abstract A proper management of sand grains of moulding sands requires knowing basic properties of the spent matrix after casting knocking out. This information is essential from the point of view of the proper performing the matrix recycling process and preparing moulding sands with reclaimed materials. The most important parameter informing on the matrix quality - in case of moulding sands with organic binders after casting knocking out - is their ignition loss. The methodology of estimating ignition loss of spent moulding sands with organic binder - after casting knocking out - developed in AGH, is presented in the paper. This method applies the simulation MAGMA software, allowing to determine this moulding sand parameter already at the stage of the production preparation.

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Hesser, Franziska, Matthias Mihalic, Barbara J. Paichl, and Martina Wagner. "Injection moulding unit process for LCA: Energy intensity of manufacturing different materials at different scales." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 5 (October 22, 2016): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416674565.

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It is not common to accompany material development by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during the research and development phase. It is the aim of the study at hand to present environmental aspects of the manufacturing of different polypropylene composites by injection moulding in comparison to the neat polypropylene. The process analysis following two injection-moulding experiments revealed that the total specific energy consumption of injection moulding of seven different materials and on different scales ranges from 1.6 MJ/kg to 3.5 MJ/kg. On the level of an ex-ante LCA from cradle-to-factory gate, injection moulding can be rated from being a negligible to an important contributor.

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Fitzgerald, Aimee, Paul McDonald, Declan Devine, and Evert Fuenmayor. "Transfer and Optimisation of Injection Moulding Manufacture of Medical Devices Using Scientific Moulding Principles." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5040113.

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Scientific moulding, also known as decoupled injection moulding, is a production methodology used to develop and determine robust moulding processes resilient to fluctuations caused by variation in temperature and viscosity. Scientific moulding relies on the meticulous collection of data from the manufacturing process, especially inputs of time (fill, pack/hold), temperature (melt, barrel, tool), and pressure (injection, hold, etc.). This publication presents a use case where scientific moulding was used to enable the transfer and optimisation of an injection moulding process from an Arburg 221M injection moulding machine to an Arburg 375 V model. The part was an endovascular aneurysm repair dilator device where a polypropylene hub was moulded over a high-density polyethylene dilator insert. Upon transfer, multiple studies were carried out, including material rheology study during injection, gate freeze study, cavity balance of the moulding tool, and pressure loss analysis. A design of experiments was developed and carried out on the process with a variety of effects and responses. The developed process cycle time was compared to that achieved theoretically using mathematical modelling and the original process cycle time. The studies resulted in the identification of optimum parameters for injection speed, holding time, holding pressure, cooling time, and mould temperature. The process was verified by completing a 32-shot study and recording part weights and dimensional measurements to confirm repeatability and consistency of the process. The output from the study was a reduction in cycle time by 12.05 s from the original process. A cycle time of 47.28 s was theoretically calculated for the process, which is within 6.6% of the practical experiment results (44.15 s).

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Coates, P. D., and R. G. Speight. "Towards Intelligent Process Control of Injection Moulding of Polymers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209, no. 5 (October 1995): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_095_02.

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Steps towards process control of the complex, multi-variable injection moulding process are presented. In-process measurements, in particular melt and hydraulic pressures in the primary injection stage, are shown to provide a sensitive means of monitoring changes in the process and changes in the polymer feedstock. Correlations have been observed between real time process measurements, in the form of specific time integrals of melt and hydraulic pressure, and product quality measures, such as product weight or dimensions. The research has been validated in both scientific laboratory and factory studies, and for a range of polymers, injection moulding technologies and complexities of product. Such correlations, and the specific integrals upon which they are based, can therefore form the basis of meaningful statistical process control for injection moulding or a viable closed-loop control strategy.

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Kariminejad, Mandana, David Tormey, Saif Huq, Jim Morrison, and Marion McAfee. "Ultrasound Sensors for Process Monitoring in Injection Moulding." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155193.

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Injection moulding is an extremely important industrial process, being one of the most commonly-used plastic formation techniques. However, the industry faces many current challenges associated with demands for greater product customisation, higher precision and, most urgently, a shift towards more sustainable materials and processing. Accurate real-time sensing of the material and part properties during processing is key to achieving rapid process optimisation and set-up, reducing down-times, and reducing waste material and energy in the production of defective products. While most commercial processes rely on point measurements of pressure and temperature, ultrasound transducers represent a non-invasive and non-destructive source of rich information on the mould, the cavity and the polymer melt, and its morphology, which affect critical quality parameters such as shrinkage and warpage. In this paper the relationship between polymer properties and the propagation of ultrasonic waves is described and the application of ultrasound measurements in injection moulding is evaluated. The principles and operation of both conventional and high temperature ultrasound transducers (HTUTs) are reviewed together with their impact on improving the efficiency of the injection moulding process. The benefits and challenges associated with the recent development of sol-gel methods for HTUT fabrication are described together with a synopsis of further research and development needed to ensure a greater industrial uptake of ultrasonic sensing in injection moulding.

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Dańko, R. "Integrated Recycling Process of Matrices of Organic Moulding Sands." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0076.

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Abstract The idea and experimental verification of assumptions of the integrated recycling process of matrices of uniform self-hardening moulding sands with synthetic resins, leading to obtaining moulding sands matrix of expected quality - is presented in the hereby paper. The basis of the presented process constitutes a combination of the method of forecasting averaged ignition losses of moulding sands after casting and defining the range of necessary matrix reclamation treatments in order to obtain its full recycling. Simultaneously, the empirically determined dependence of dusts amounts emitted during the reclamation process of the matrix from the given spent sand on the ignition loss values (which is the most proper assessment index of the obtained reclaimed material quality) was taken into account. The special experimental stand for investigations of the matrix recycling process was one of the elements of the conceptual approach and verification of its assumptions. The stand was equipped with the system of current on-line control of the purification degree of matrix grains from organic binder remains. The results of own investigations, allowing to combine ignition loss values of spent moulding sands after casting knocking out with amounts of dusts generated during the mechanical reclamation treatment of such sands, were utilized in the system.

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Park, Sang Bong. "An Application of Estimate Expert System Technology for Burrless Rubber Mould Manufacturing Process." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 1732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1732.

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Rubber products have durable, lightweight, and shockproof properties, which allow them to be used in various industries. As demand on products with elaborate shape and parts and minimized occurrence of burrs has increased in high-precision industries, particularly in IT, BT, and NT, moulding technology becomes an essential technology to develop core objects composing frames for assembly and elementary parts that produce ultra small machines and basic components of MEMS and NEMS. Despite the technological demand, rubber-related moulding technology has not been standardized, and its total process – shaping, design, production, and test – has not been systemized, which results in low productivity in rubber products. This study is to standardize and systematize the rubber product production process by evaluating the cost estimation of moulding production process and to improve occurring problems during the process. The subject of the study was burrless rubber product moulding process.

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Shyngareva, T. I., O. I. Skokova, O. V. Giletich, and O. V. Dymar. "Impacts of moulding process on cheese properties." Сheesemaking and buttermaking, no. 2 (2019): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31515/2073-4018-2019-2-38-40.

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33

Whale, J., N. Fowkes, G. Hocking, and D. Hill. "A model of the injection moulding process." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 37, no. 1 (July 1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000007530.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with the injection moulding process, in which hot molten plastic is injected under high pressure into a thin cold mould. Assuming that the velocity and temperature profiles across the mould maintain their shape, a simple steady state model to describe the behaviour of a Newtonian fluid during the filling stage is developed. Various phenomena of the process are examined, including the formation of a layer of solid plastic along the walls of the mould, and the relationship between the flux of liquid plastic through the mould and the average pressure gradient along the mould. In any given situation, it is shown that there is a range of pressures and injection temperatures which will give satisfactory results.

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Del Alamo, J., J. C. Fernández, M. Hernández, Y. Núñez, R. Irusta, and J. L. Del Valle. "Environmental optimisation of a hydro-moulding process." Journal of Cleaner Production 12, no. 2 (March 2004): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-6526(02)00186-5.

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Hill, D. "Further studies of the injection moulding process." Applied Mathematical Modelling 20, no. 10 (October 1996): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(96)00069-8.

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Kendall, K. N., C. D. Rudd, M. J. Owen, and V. Middleton. "Characterization of the resin transfer moulding process." Composites Manufacturing 3, no. 4 (January 1992): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(92)90111-7.

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Muc, A., and P. Saj. "Optimization of the reactive injection moulding process." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 27, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2004): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-003-0354-z.

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Dawson, A. J., P. D. Coates, R. Collis, L. Owen, D. Owen, and H. S. Rajamani. "Injection moulding process assessment by energy monitoring." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580104225018337.

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K M, Shivakumar, Hanumantharaya R, Mahadev U M, and Kiran prakasha A. "Implementation of FMEA in Injection Moulding Process." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 22, no. 5 (April 25, 2015): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v22p249.

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Attaran, M. T., E. J. Wright, and R. J. Crawford. "Computer Modelling of the Rotational Moulding Process." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 17, no. 14 (September 1998): 1307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449801701405.

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41

Zhao, Lei, Maurice N. Collins, and Colin Birkinshaw. "Development of the powder reaction moulding process." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 84, no. 3 (March 2009): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2063.

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Nowak, D. "The Impact of Microwave Penetration Depth on the Process of Heating the Moulding Sand with Sodium Silicate." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0140.

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AbstractThis paper presents the impact of microwave penetration depth on the process of heating the moulding sand with sodium silicate. For each material it is affected by: the wavelength in vacuum and the real and imaginary components of the relative complex electrical permittivity εrfor a selected measurement frequency. Since the components are not constant values and they change depending on the electrical parameters of materials and the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, it is indispensable to carry out laboratory measurements to determine them. Moreover, the electrical parameters of materials are also affected by: temperature, packing degree, humidity and conductivity. The measurements of the dielectric properties of moulding sand with sodium silicate was carried out using the perturbation method on a stand of waveguide resonance cavity. The real and imaginary components of the relative complex electrical permittivity was determined for moulding sand at various contents of sodium silicate and at various packing degrees of the samples. On the basis of the results the microwave penetration depth of moulding sand with sodium silicate was established. Relative literature contains no such data that would be essential to predicting an effective process of microwave heating of moulding sand with sodium silicate. Both the packing degree and the amount of sodium silicate in moulding sand turned out to affect the penetration depth, which directly translates into microwave power density distribution in the process of microwave heating of moulding sand with sodium silicate.

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Suherman, Hendra, Irmayani, and Jaafar Sahari. "Optimization of Moulding Parameters on the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Composite for Bipolar Plateusing the Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.201.

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Optimization of the moulding parameters on the carbon black/graphite/epoxy (CB/G/EP) composite for bipolar plate application using the Taguchi method was carrying out. Moulding parameters of the compression moulding process such as moulding temperature, moulding pressure and moulding time were measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that, the most significant moulding parameter is moulding time with percentage contribution of 59.98%.The confirmation experiment using additive model shows that, the electrical conductivity of CB/G/EP composites was 168.50 S/cm. The electrical conductivity of CB/G/EP composite was improved 65.72 % compare with the initial trial. The results show that Taguchi method is an effective approach to obtain the optimal moulding parameters of the CB/G/EP composites.

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Zhao, Jian Hong, R. H. Mayes, Chen Ge, and Chan Poh Sing. "Process Stability and Capability Studies of Polymer Micro Moulding Process." Materials Science Forum 437-438 (October 2003): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.437-438.125.

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Venkata Ramana, M. "Process Parameter Optimization of CO2 Moulding Process for Better Permeability." CVR Journal of Science & Technology 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32377/cvrjst0919.

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Osarenmwinda, J. O., and D. D. Olodu. "Optimization of injection moulding process parameters in the moulding of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i2.8.

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Herzog, Thomas, Carsten Tille, and Hermann Seitz. "Mouldability of Additively Manufactured Attachments on Multipoint Tools." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228137.

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Enhanced multipoint moulding with additive attachments (EMMA) is a process combining vacuum-assisted multipoint moulding (VAMM) and additively manufactured moulding attachments for carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) component production. The aim of this initial study is to investigate the mouldability of the additively manufactured attachments on the multipoint tool. For this purpose, two different test specimens were defined, the VAMM machine was adjusted, the attachments were additively built with the robot on the curved silicone interpolation layer and lastly, the CFRP specimens were moulded. The fabrication results were analysed with surface comparisons to check that there was no displacement of the attachments during moulding. A visual evaluation of the manufactured components was carried out, and the overall dimensional accuracy was assessed by comparing the surface with the target geometry. The results showed a very good agreement between the shapes before and after the moulding and thus prove that the attachments were not postponed in the moulding process. The optical evaluation confirms good moulding results for the parts manufactured with the enhanced multipoint moulding with additive attachments. Moreover, the evaluation shows that the major parts of the specimens comply with the permissible tolerance of t = 6 mm defined in ISO 20457. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study that has investigated the entire EMMA process and systematically proved the mouldability of the additively manufactured attachments on multipoint tools.

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Abtew, Mulat A., Mulat A. Abtew, Mulat A. Abtew, Mulat A. Abtew, Carment Loghin, Irina Cristian, François Boussu, et al. "Mouldability and its Recovery Properties of 2D Plain Woven P-aramid Fabric for Soft Body Armour Applications." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 6(138) (December 31, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4468.

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Mouldability, along with other mechanical properties, is a very crucial material parameter in various technical textile applications, from composites to soft body armour products. Moreover, the mouldability and recovery behaviours of the material will be affected by various internal and external paramters before, during and after the forming process. The current research particularly tried to study the effects of blank-holder pressure (BHP) and the number of layers not only on the moulding characterstics but also on the recovery behaviour of plain woven p-aramid fabrics made from a high-performance yarn with a linear density of 930 dTex. Samples with various numbers of layers were arranged in the same orientation for the moulding process. The moulding approach utilised a specific moulding device in a low-speed forming process and a predefined semi-hemispherically shaped punch for all specimens.Various important dry textile material moulding characteristics and, most importantly, the moulding recovery properties, such as warp and weft direction drawing-in recovery, center high-point recovery, shear angle recovery etc. were investigated.

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Mahamad Sahab, Abdul Rahim, Nor Hayati Saad, Farrahshaida M. Salleh, Azlin Hamidi, Doll Said Ngah, and Wan Dung Teng. "Integrated Process of Ceramic Slip Using Rotating Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.161.

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Hollow shape product from ceramic material is produced generally by slip casting technique. This conventional technique is widely used in ceramic industries. Ceramic slip compound by rotating technique namely slip rotary moulding process is studied for producing the hollow shape green ceramic product. From experimental studies this advanced technique has exemplified high potential in producing green hollow shape ceramic product for mass production. Laboratory test result shows that the rotating technique is able to produce hollow shape green ceramic product with desired thickness and sufficient green strength (1 MPa) able to hold during de-moulding process.

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Llewelyn, Gethin, Andrew Rees, Christian A. Griffiths, and Steffen G. Scholz. "Advances in microcellular injection moulding." Journal of Cellular Plastics 56, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 646–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x20912207.

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Injection moulding is a well-established replication process for the cost-effective manufacture of polymer-based components. The process has different applications in fields such as medical, automotive and aerospace. To expand the use of polymers to meet growing consumer demands for increased functionality, advanced injection moulding processes have been developed that modifies the polymer to create microcellular structures. Through the creation of microcellular materials, additional functionality can be gained through polymer component weight and processing energy reduction. Microcellular injection moulding shows high potential in creating innovation green manufacturing platforms. This review article aims to present the significant developments that have been achieved in different aspects of microcellular injection moulding. Aspects covered include core-back, gas counter pressure, variable thermal tool moulding and other advanced technologies. The resulting characteristics of creating microcellular injection moulding components through both plasticising agents and nucleating agents are presented. In addition, the article highlights potential areas for research exploitation. In particular, acoustic and thermal applications, nano-cellular injection moulding parts and developments of more accurate simulations.

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