Journal articles: 'Motorways'

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Kontogiannis, Sotirios, and Christodoulos Asiminidis. "Proposed Management System and Response Estimation Algorithm for Motorway Incidents." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102736.

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Motorway’s personnel tasks management and incidents monitoring, and response are critical processes that contribute to the motorway’s orderly and smooth operation. Existing management practices utilize SCADA technologies that control motorway actuator systems as well as various means of personnel communications mobile technologies. Nevertheless, contemporary motorways lack a unified incident response solution that tracks resources, sends notification alerts when necessary, and automates incident resolution. This paper presents a new holistic and unified management and response system called Resources Management System (RMS). This system was originally implemented as a generic motorways resources management system for the EGNATIA ODOS motorway that uses it in Greece. The implemented RMS provides real-time resources tracking, personnel utilization algorithms, and data mining capabilities towards incident confrontation. It operates as an incidents’ collection and resources central communication interface. It is also capable of incident response and completion time categorization; real-time tunnel exits sensory monitoring, staff mobilization, and tracking system. Furthermore, the RMS includes machine learning methodologies and smart agents (bots) for solving the problem of estimating and evaluating the response and completion time of incidents based on previous successful incidents’ confrontations.

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Paulauskas, Vytautas, and Kent Bentzen. "SEA MOTORWAYS AS A PART OF THE LOGISTICS CHAIN." TRANSPORT 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.202-207.

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This paper presents the main tools of Sea Motorways as an important part of the logistics chain and can be used presented methodically as a framework for designing logistics or supply chains along with sea motorways. Various factors influencing the choice of logistics chains with sea motorway part are described. The methodology of evaluating sea motorways and the logistics chain is furnished. The paper concludes by identifying the best logistics chains including sea motorways.

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Kocián, Petr. "The first records of Senecio inaequidens along motorways in Poland and Slovakia." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 65, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2016-0016.

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Abstract The paper reports on finds of the invasive species Senecio inaequidens along motorways in Poland and Slovakia. The species was already mentioned in the floras of both countries but until recently there had been no reports from motorways there. In 2015, a large population of Senecio inaequidens was found along the A4 motorway in Poland. In 2013, it was collected along the D2 motorway in Slovakia. Intensive road traffic is probably the main vector of Senecio inaequidens invasion along motorways in Central Europe. Motor vehicles can carry the propagules over long distances. The newly recorded sites along the A4 in Poland and the D2 in Slovakia are part of the species’ invasion eastwards. It is assumed that Senecio inaequidens will continue to spread along motorways in both countries and in the region as a whole.

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Hovenden, Elizabeth, Hendrik Zurlinden, and John Gaffney. "Safety on Heavily Trafficked Urban Motorways in Relation to Traffic State." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00247.

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Motorways represent seven per cent of the urban arterial road network in Melbourne yet carry 40 per cent of the urban arterial road travel in terms of vehicle kilometres travelled and this percentage is growing. The number of casualty crashes on metropolitan Melbourne motorways has increased over the decade at a faster rate than on other urban roads in metropolitan Melbourne. Police crash reports more often attribute crash cause to traffic conditions and vehicle interactions rather than infrastructure. As urban motorways are generally built to the highest standards, a new way of looking at motorway safety is needed. This led to the formulation of a hypothesis that the dynamics of the traffic flow are a significant contributor to casualty crashes on urban motorways. To test this hypothesis, in-depth analysis was undertaken on metropolitan Melbourne motorways. Crash data was linked to traffic data including vehicle occupancy (a proxy measure for density), vehicle speed and flow. Occupancy was used to categorise the ‘traffic states’ ranging from free flow to flow breakdown (congestion). Applying a Chi Square Goodness of Fit Test to the linked showed a statistically significant association between traffic state and crashes, with a higher than expected crashes in the traffic states where flow breakdown is relatively certain or has occurred. The results of this analysis can be used to improve safety on urban motorways through the development of Intelligent Transport System strategies to keep the motorway operating at conditions that minimise flow breakdown risk.

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FALKOWSKI, Mariusz. "GEOPOLITICS OF MOTORWAYS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 165, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3454.

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The author of the article presents the geopolitical analysis of the current arrangement of motorways in Poland. The article includes a historical outline of establishing the network of motorways and an analysis of strategic documents concerning their planning. The article also shows the causes of their present arrangement and analyses the needs for changing it as it is now because of its disintegrating influence on the social and economic development. Moreover, the article presents a new original arrangement of a motorway network which should contribute to the economic development of Poland.

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Martín, Belén, Rosa Arce, Isabel Otero, and Manuel Loro. "Visual Landscape Quality as Viewed from Motorways in Spain." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082592.

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Motorways are large infrastructures that alter the environmental resources in a territory, while constituting an important element through which the individual comes into contact with the landscape. Motorways are integrated in the landscape through their layout design and construction, the aesthetic details of minor structures (design and building materials) and the treatment of embankments and landscape planting. In this paper, we test the following hypotheses: motorway elements are related to the perception of landscape quality—from the point of view of the road users—and the aesthetic characteristics of minor infrastructures and planting affect the quality of the landscape perceived from the roads. These research questions were tested by comparing the visual quality of the landscapes captured in 128 photographs taken from sections of motorways in Spain. We compared the results obtained from (a) a photo-based method, and (b) the public’s landscape preferences determined using a survey of 737 people. The results show a correlation between the landscape quality values obtained using the model and the landscape preferences expressed by the public. We also found that the presence of the motorway elements and their aesthetic characteristics are significant in the users’ perception. These results can be applied in the decision-making process for potential investments to integrate new and existing motorways in the landscape.

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Topolšek, Darja, and Martin Lipičnik. "System Dynamic Model of Measures for Reducing the Number of Road Accidents Due to Wrong-way Movement on Motorways." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, no. 2 (March 2, 2012): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i2.214.

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This paper provides a system dynamic model for reducing the number of motorway accidents due to wrong-way driving. Motorway accidents are often fatal due to high speeds. It is therefore necessary to carry out all the possible countermeasures in order to achieve adequate traffic management. One of the reasons for motorway accidents is driving in the wrong direction. Based on the analysis of the data on motorway accidents caused by driving in the wrong direction and based on the knowledge of individual project elements of junctions and slip roads, this paper will focus on this area. The possible countermeasures, presented here for preventing drivers from driving in the wrong direction on motorways drastically reduce the number of U-turn maneuvers that result in driving in the wrong direction and influence the level of safety on motorways. With the help of this model of system dynamics the countermeasures for reducing the number of such drivers will be confirmed and their effects will be shown. KEY WORDS: traffic safety, motorway, direction, (road) accidents, measures, system dynamics

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Kempa, Jan, and Grzegorz Bebyn. "Road safety analysis for the section of A1 motorway passing the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (September 7, 2018): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.049.

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The article discusses the state of road traffic safety on the A1 motorway, on its section passing the territory of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The presented data concerns the years 2016 - 2017. As it is evidenced by statistical data prepared by Police, motorways are characterized by the highest level of accidents rates of fatalities and injuries from all types of public roads at present in Poland. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective actions to improve road safety on all motorways in Poland, including the A1 motorway passing the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The paper presents the generic structure of road accidents, the time of their occurrence and circumstances, conditions of the surface caused by weather, as well as the reasons road accidents occurs.

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Pupavac, Drago. "Utjecaj razvoja mreže autocesta na trošak prometnih nesreća u Hrvatskoj." Sigurnost 58, no. 4 (December 29, 2016): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.58.4.1.

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SUMMARY: The basic objective of this research is to explore the contribution of motorway network development in minimizing accident costs. Results of the study are based on Croatian experience. The likelihood of a statistically negative correlation between the total motorway length and traffic accident costs will be investigated through observation of variations in the total length of motorways and the number and type of accidents that occurred. The results are based on statistical methods of regression and correlation analysis. The analysis spans the period between 2000 and 2013. The conducted regression analysis has confirmed that one newly constructed kilometre of motorways results in a decrease of social accident costs by 761,488 €. The gathered data suggest that the expected effects of further construction of Croatian motorway network on traffic safety are lessening, so in order to increase traffic safety further measures to improve traffic culture of all traffic participants should be implemented with more vigour.

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Rothengatter, Werner. "Motorways and motorway finance in germany and austria." Research in Transportation Economics 15 (January 2005): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)15007-0.

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Kocián, Petr. "Novelties in the roadside flora of Moravia and Silesia (Czech Republic) – 1. Spergularia media." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 64, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2015-0033.

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Abstract The paper reports on a find of the short-lived perennial halophyte Spergularia media on the D1 motorway in NE Moravia, which is the second known record from motorways in the Czech Republic. Possible ways of introduction are shortly discussed.

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Spałek, Krzysztof, and Maria Mleczko-Król. "Natural assets in the right-of-way of A-4 Motorway in the Góra Świętej Anny Landscape Park, Opole Region." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1939.

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Construction of the A-4 Motorway section in the Opole Region begun in Summer 1997. Very soon vigorous resistance of ecological NGOs was encountered. The bone of contention was the section of motorway that passes through the Góra Świętej Anny Landscape Park and verges the natural reserve of strict protection Ligota Dolna where rare species of thermophilic plants are sheltered. Between 2011 and 2013 a detailed mycological, geobotanical, floristic and fauna research took place within the right-of-way of the A-4 Motorway section crossing the Góra Świętej Anny Landscape Park in the Opole Region. The survey revealed several rare and protected species of fungi, plants and animals along the road, including the greatest in Poland population of Austrian flax Linum austriacum. The area also harbors the only site of xerothermic grass of Festuco-Brometea class with so many rare and putrefying plant species inside a motorway’s right-of-way in Poland. Given the occurrence of many interesting species of plants and animals in the motorway surrounding it seems justified to establish a system of ecological monitoring, which could provide a range of valuable findings regarding the impact of motorway traffic on surrounding flora and fauna. This knowledge would be very useful for all those involved in construction of next motorways in Poland as well as for a wide circle of interested researchers.

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Lay, Maxwell Gordon. "How Were Motorways Specified? A Comment on the Special Section on Roads." Transfers 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020109.

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A motorway is universally defined as a road specifically provided for motor traffic, with dual carriageways separating oncoming traffic, with all intersections grade-separated, and with no access from abutting properties.1 However, these three papers on motorway history will suggest that this definition is not nearly as simple and straightforward as we might previously have assumed. The papers are each significant contributions to our understanding of European motorway development and usefully present the planning and development of motorways from very different perspectives.

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Zovak, Goran, Goran Kos, and Boris Huzjan. "The Driver Behaviour and Impact of Speed on Road Safety on the Motorways in Croatia." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i2.2071.

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The paper presents the current research related to the speed of traffic flow on the roads of high serviceability. It analyses the speed of vehicle as one of the main causes of traffic accidents. A flat four-lane motorway section, motorway section in the tunnel and a city bypass section were chosen for this research, and several speed limit scenarios for the vehicles have been applied with the aid of variable signalling. The survey results show that few vehicles respect the speed limits in traffic in the case of a straight section of motorway or city stretch of the motorway which has good geometric elements; however, speed limits are exceptionally well respected in tunnels. Although a large number of drivers do not respect the signs, a certain group of drivers can be influenced by variable signs of limitations, and thus positive changes can be achieved in traffic flow which will result in increasing the traffic safety on the motorways. Thus, increasing the degree of respect for speed limits on the motorways directly affects the increase in the level of traffic safety. It is necessary to influence the group of drivers who do not respect the speed limits with other measures, including repressive ones.

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Michniak, Daniel, Marek Więckowski, Marcin Stępniak, and Piotr Rosik. "The impact of selected planned motorways and expressways on the potential accessibility of the Polish-Slovak borderland with respect to tourism development." Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0002.

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Abstract Further tourism development in the Polish-Slovak borderland, as well as its overall economic development, depends on the construction of a motorway and expressway network. This paper analyses the impact of selected planned motorways and expressways (D1, A4, D3/S69, R1/R3/S7, and R4/S19) on the potential accessibility of the Polish-Slovak borderland with respect to the development of tourism. The most important investment project in Slovakia is the completion of the (started) D1 motorway. The R4/S19 and the R1/R3/S7 expressways and the D3 motorway/S69 expressway are expected to contribute to improved cross-border connections.

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Tišljarić, Leo, Filip Vrbanić, Edouard Ivanjko, and Tonči Carić. "Motorway Bottleneck Probability Estimation in Connected Vehicles Environment Using Speed Transition Matrices." Sensors 22, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072807.

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Increased development of the urban areas leads to intensive transport service demand, especially on urban motorways. To increase traffic flow and reduce congestion, motorway traffic bottlenecks caused by high traffic demand need to be efficiently resolved using Intelligent Transport Systems services. Communication technology development that supports Connected Vehicles (CVs), which act as an active mobile sensor for collecting traffic data, provides an opportunity to harness the large datasets to develop novel methods regarding traffic bottlenecks detection. This paper presents a speed transition matrix based model for bottleneck probability estimation on motorways. The method is based on the computation of the speed at the vehicle transition point between consecutive motorway segments, which forms a traffic pattern that is represented using transition matrices. The main feature extracted from the traffic patterns was the center of mass, whose position is used as an input to the fuzzy-based system for bottleneck probability estimation. The proposed method is evaluated on four different simulated motorway traffic scenarios: (i) traffic collision site, (ii) short recurring bottleneck, (iii) long recurring bottleneck, and (iv) moving bottleneck. The method achieves comparable bottleneck detection results on every scenario, with a total accuracy of 92% on the validation dataset. The results indicate possible implementation of the method in the motorway traffic environment with a high CVs penetration rate using them as the sensory input data for the control systems based on the machine learning algorithms.

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Wang, Shanshan, Michael Schreckenberg, and Thomas Guhr. "Identifying subdominant collective effects in a large motorway network." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2022, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ac99d4.

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Abstract In a motorway network, correlations between parts or, more precisely, between the sections of (different) motorways, are of considerable interest. Knowledge of flows and velocities on individual motorways is not sufficient, rather, their correlations determine or reflect, respectively, the functionality of and the dynamics on the network. These correlations are time-dependent as the dynamics on the network is highly non-stationary. Apart from the conceptual importance, correlations are also indispensable to detect risks of failure in a traffic network. Here, we proceed with revealing a certain hierarchy of correlations in traffic networks that is due to the presence and to the extent of collectivity. In a previous study, we focused on the collectivity motion present in the entire traffic network, i.e. the collectivity of the system as a whole. Here, we manage to subtract this dominant effect from the data and identify the subdominant collectivities which affect different, large parts of the traffic network. To this end, we employ a spectral analysis of the correlation matrix for the whole system. We thereby extract information from the virtual network induced by the correlations and map it on the true topology, i.e. on the real motorway network. The uncovered subdominant collectivities provide a new characterization of the traffic network. We carry out our study for the large motorway network of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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van Vuren, Tom, Jo Baker, Jennifer Ogawa, David Cooke, and Paul Unwin. "Managed Motorways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2278, no. 1 (January 2012): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2278-10.

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Amorim, Marco, António Lobo, and António Couto. "TOLLING MOTORWAYS IN THE TIME OF ECONOMIC DOWNTURN: THE CASE OF PORTUGAL." Transport 34, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.8581.

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The recent European debt crisis has led many governments to impose strict measures to alleviate public expenditure and increase revenue, especially in the southern countries. Many public services and infrastructures became more costly for users due to the increase of existing fees or the implementation of new ones. In Portugal, one of the measures adopted by the government consisted in the removal of shadow tolls and the application of the user-pays principle to the entire network of rural motorways. To rapidly implement, this measure, in the context of financial constraints, the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), materialized by the installation of gantries in selected motorway segments, was the preferred solution over the more time and resource consuming construction of toll plazas. Toll revenue is directly collected by the state, which intends to cover, at least partially, the expenses associated with the contractual payments to private concessionaires for the traffic using these roads. The main objective of this research is to provide a new optimization tool to allocate toll gantries to the segments of an existing motorway with the aim of maximizing toll revenue, based on the case study of Portuguese motorways. A macroscopic decision model that predicts drivers’ decision on using a tolled segment or the fastest alternative route and an optimization model that sets the price and location of toll gantries along a given motorway work together to provide a valuable tool to maximize the revenue. A special focus has been placed on scenarios of economic downturn, characterized by a negative growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); however, the new tool allows making explanatory analyses for situations of economic growth. The results show that the optimal configuration for ETC vary with the macroeconomic scenario, with the number of tolled segments and price per kilometre inducing relevant variations on the revenue and traffic volume. The proposed methodology may be applied in other countries to assist decision makers in the implementation of ETC in motorways under different conditions. The required data is easy to collect from sources at the disposal of the practitioners.

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Aksoy, Göker, and Kemal Selçuk Öğüt. "Discharge Flow Rate Change Under Rainy Conditions on Urban Motorways." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i6.2940.

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Queue discharge flow is the most frequently observed phenomenon on urban motorways when demand exceeds capacity. Once a queue is formed, congestion arises, and the number of vehicles that can pass from downstream reduces. This reduction phenomenon is defined as the capacity drop and calculated by taking the difference between capacity and discharge flow at a road section. Obviously, this capacity drop exists after an onset of congestion and may increase in relation to weather conditions, such as rain, snow, or fog, which cause longer queues and delays. In this paper, the effect of rain on discharge flows is investigated and compared with sunny days on Istanbul urban motorways. Besides, rain precipitation during congestion is considered and related to discharge flow. Four different motorway sections were analyzed, and up to 37% discharge flow reduction was determined between sunny and rainy conditions. Motorway sections with higher free flow speed (FFS) were found to be more affected by rain, and discharge flow reduction was bigger compared to the section with the lowest FFS. For 1 mm/m2/h of precipitation, the discharge flow is estimated as 1,719 pcu/h/lane when FFS is 84 km/h, and as 1,560 pcu/h/lane if FFS is 104 km/h.

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Konopka, Michał. "The influence of effective managing the speed on motorways to ecology." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.362.

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Paper discussed the problem of influence of the speed of vehicles on motorways to degradation of the environment. There is no need to improve that implementation of new ecological solutions in transport must be made. Everyone know, that we must use the renewable sources of energy in transport. It manifests in constant raising norms of Euro which are more and more difficult to fulfil for manufacturers of vehicles. All action is supposed to raising effectiveness of transport and limiting the degradation of the environment. It is time consuming and expensive. But it is possible to raise to effectiveness of road transport now using well known technology. The solution consists on limiting the permited speed on motorways to reduce the harmful substances to natural environment. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of using the fuel by popular delivery car at different speeds on motorway.

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Gregurić, Martin, Edouard Ivanjko, and Sadko Mandžuka. "The Use of Cooperative Approach in Ramp Metering." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i1.1889.

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To ensure higher Level of Service (LoS) at urban motorways,new traffic control concepts are being applied since in most cases there is no available space for infrastructural build-up. For urban motorways, the mostly used control methods are ramp metering combined with additional control methods like variable speed limit control (VSLC). This paper gives a review of the current ramp metering approaches with special emphasis on cooperative control concepts between ramp metering, VSLC, prohibiting lane changes system and the vehicle itself. Additionally, a learning framework for ramp metering proposed by the authors is described. The CTMSIM Matlab based macroscopic motorway simulator with ramp metering control support is used for the simulation of selected ramp metering approaches. The simulatoris also augmented to enable the development and implementation of cooperative ramp metering approaches. TheZagreb bypass is used as test case for evaluation of severaldifferent ramp metering algorithms.

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ADAMATZKY, ANDREW, MICHAEL LEES, and PETER SLOOT. "BIO-DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORWAY NETWORK IN THE NETHERLANDS: A SLIME MOULD APPROACH." Advances in Complex Systems 16, no. 02n03 (May 2013): 1250034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500348.

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Plasmodium of a cellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a very large eukaryotic microbe visible to the unaided eye. During its foraging behavior the plasmodium spans sources of nutrients with a network of protoplasmic tubes. In this paper we attempt to address the following question: Is slime mould capable of computing transport networks? By assuming the sources of nutrients are cities and protoplasmic tubes connecting the sources are motorways, how well does the plasmodium approximate existing motorway networks? We take the Netherlands as a case study for bio-development of motorways, while it has the most dense motorway network in Europe, current demand is rapidly approaching the upper limits of existing capacity. We represent twenty major cities with oat flakes, place plasmodium in Amsterdam and record how the plasmodium spreads between oat flakes via the protoplasmic tubes. First we analyze slime-mould-built and man-built transport networks in a framework of proximity graphs to investigate if the slime mould is capable of computing existing networks. We then go on to investigate if the slime mould is able calculate or adapt the network through imitating restructuring of the transport network as a response to potential localized flooding of the Netherlands.

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Alina, Jiri, Richard McGrath, Ivana Faltová Leitmanová, and Filip Petrách. "Using Constraints in Freight Volume to Identify Regional Needs for Roadway Infrastructure." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i2.3183.

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Policy decisions on the allocation of funds among sub-national regions for transportation infrastructure, specifically for motorways, face budgetary constraints and problems of geographical allocation. The purpose of this research is to assist the policymakers in efficiently allocating resources. The objective of this research is to test the ability of a limited model to identify regions whose freight transport capacity is constrained by lack of motorway infrastructure. This paper conducts an analysis of the relationship between freight transport volume, indicators of the demand for goods, indicators of congestion, and the availability of motorways and class one roadways across regions to determine if a model based on available data may inform the policymakers to effectively use limited funds and avoid unnecessary construction. The NUTS3 regions in the Czech Republic are used to estimate a preliminary model that may be generalized for the use across countries. The analysis finds sufficient variability across regions in the marginal effect of motorways on freight transport to assist the policymakers in determining which regions face the most economically severe constraints, and to separate the effects of population density from the lack of infrastructure. Although the Czech Republic is a developed country, there is significant emphasis, due to the increasing volumes of transportation flows, on the analysis of transportation in relation with the land use.

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Tajtehranifard, Hasti, Ashish Bhaskar, Md Mazharul Haque, and Edward Chung. "Motorway crash duration and its determinants: do durations vary across motorways?" Journal of Advanced Transportation 50, no. 5 (March 1, 2016): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/atr.1371.

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Romanowska, Aleksandra, Kazimierz Jamroz, and Piotr Olszewski. "Review of methods for assessing traffic conditions on basic motorway and expressway sections." Archives of Transport 52, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0205.

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Motorways and expressways are the core of each country’s road system. Road planning, design and management requires tools to ensure that roads have the right geometry, traffic layout and equipment. These include methods for capacity estimation and assessing traffic conditions. Because the paper focusses on the basic segments of motorways and expressways (sections located between interchanges and outside of their influence), its objective is to review and compare methods used worldwide and establish whether their assumptions or procedures could be used in Polish conditions. Four methods were selected for analysis: US, German, Swedish and Dutch. Theoretical and empirical comparisons were conducted, with the latter using data from sections of motorways and expressways in Poland collected in the RID-2B project. The results of the analyses showed important differences between the methods in terms of procedures for traffic conditions assessment, assumptions, base capacities, traffic conditions measures, factors or speed-flow models. Significant differences were also found when traffic parameter estimates made with particular methods were compared to real data from Polish roads. The results contributed to the development of Poland’s new method, to be prepared as a result of the RID-2B project. It was concluded that none of the analysed methods can be directly adopted to Polish conditions. An important conclusion is the need to include Poland-specific motorway speed limits and procedure for determining free-flow speed, the basis for further analyses.

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Gross, Sven, and Dominik Huber. "Tourist information boards on motorways: perceptions, memory effects and decision-making support." Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jqrt.2020.01.02.

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In recent years more and more tourist information boards have been put up on German motorways. Little research exists with regard to the effects of these information boards. A qualitative research approach was used and 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted to increase knowledge about the relationships between tourist information boards and related tourism behaviour. A model was developed which integrates the elements perception of tourist motorway signage, its memory effects and tourism decision-making processes. Findings suggest that spontaneous driving off the motorway is rarely found and points of interest are more likely to be visited after the trip or used as travel inspiration. This study shows for the first time that tourist information boards can play an important role in tourism decision-making processes and resulting behaviours.

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Cundy, J. M. "Coaches on motorways." BMJ 291, no. 6505 (November 9, 1985): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.291.6505.1347.

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Maier, Karel, and Daniel Franke. "Assessment of territorial benefits and efficiency from the construction of motorway and speed train networks: The Czech case." Moravian Geographical Reports 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0011.

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Abstract The Czech Republic has been developing its motorway network since the 1970s, while efforts to upgrade its railway system from the 1990s have been limited to improvements of existing major lines. Only recently has the government decided to construct new “speed connection” rail lines. This article investigates the possible territorial benefits from the future development of planned motorways and of various speed connection railway options. The modelling is based on Huff’s gravity model that calculates the benefits from improved accessibility, to job and service centres for residents of each municipality. The modelling outcomes are used to compare planned motorway development and rail development options with respect to their efficiency, related to the investment and potential numbers of users.

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Janas,, Monika, and Alicja Zawadzka. "Analysis of the impact of the eastern ring road of Lodz on selected components of the environment." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801014.

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The geographical location of Poland and the pursuit of economic growth make it necessary to build a sufficiently equipped and compact network of expressways and motorways. Such investments do not, however, leave the environment unaffected. The work analyzes changes that have occurred in the natural environment under the influence of the construction and operation of Lodz eastern ring road being a section of the A1 motorway commissioned in August 2016. Changes in the pollution of air, soil and acoustic climate are discussed in detail.

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Beškovnik, Bojan. "Possibilities for Motorways of the Sea development in the eastern part of the Adriatic Sea." Polish Maritime Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0010.

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AbstractThis article presents a wider perspective on possibilities of Motorways of the Sea development in the Adriatic Sea, with a special emphasis on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. A complete overview of Motorways of the Sea development has been presented, and key elements influencing the development of Motorways of the Sea were analysed. It has been ascertained that there exist a lot of bottlenecks in the connection to the transport infrastructure in South East Europe. Superannuated port infrastructure, unsuitable inland connections, and nonexistent IT tools for electronic data exchange between all participators in the logistics chain hinder dynamic development of Motorways of the Sea. All these elements were thoroughly analysed, and a proposal for a macro transport strategy suitable for South East Europe has been exposed. It has been accentuated that there is a future for Motorways of the Sea introduction but all described bottlenecks have to be further analysed and removed in a short period of time, to stimulate private sector for financial investments.

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Petković, Miloš. "Analysis of the users’ attitudes regarding the toll avoidance in the Republic of Serbia." Put i saobraćaj 67, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.67.01.05.

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With the introduction of tolls some drivers avoid tolled motorways and drive on alternative two lane roads. Drivers usually avoid toll roads due to toll "additional costs". Therefore, this paper is aimed at examining the attitudes of users regarding the avoidance of using toll roads in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this paper is to answer the question of what are the reasons of toll avoidance. The survey was conducted on alternative two-lane roads, on the high attractive locations, close to the motorway. The results of the conducted research enable the perception of the problem of toll avoidance from the users’ perspective, which provides a clearer picture to motorway operators when perceiving and solving this problem.

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Carvalho, António, Victor Cavaleiro, António Albuquerque, and Flora Silva. "Modeling and Mitigation of Noise on the A23 Motorway Using GIS." Proceedings 2, no. 20 (October 18, 2018): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201306.

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Rendering at the European Directive 2002/49/EC, all EU members have to draw up a strategic noise map for all agglomerations with more than 250,000 inhabitants and for all major airports, roads and railways. A study of environmental impact assessment on motorway A23 in the stretch between Castelo Branco–Alcains (Portugal), based in the impact of the environmental noise, allowed the modeling the noise variation, which can be useful for establishing mitigation measures. The results show that noise model can be a useful tool for the monitoring noise impact in surrounding of motorways.

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Kopper, Christopher. "Germany's National Socialist Transport Policy and the Claim of Modernity: Reality or Fake?" Journal of Transport History 34, no. 2 (December 2013): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.34.2.5.

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The construction of the extensive motorway network by the Nazi regime has often been seen as a textbook example of a thorough motorisation policy. But the motorway construction took place under a transport policy that favoured public railroads at the expense of private road haulage companies. A strict regulation of freight rates prevented road hauliers from competing with railroads and gaining a greater share of the freight market. The division of administrative and planning competencies between the motor-minded enthusiasts around Hitler's road builder Fritz Todt and the railroad lobby in the Ministry of Transport contributed to a contradictory motorisation policy. Not even the design of the German motorways was favourable to commercial road hauliers. The German Autobahn was built primarily for cars and ignored the needs of the trucking industry.

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STRUIJS, Maarten. "Bridges over troubled motorways." IABSE Congress Report 16, no. 24 (January 1, 2000): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137900796298445.

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Bak, Monika, and Jan Burnewicz. "Financing Motorways in Poland." Research in Transportation Economics 15 (January 2005): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)15012-4.

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Soper, Kate. "Of megaliths and motorways." Capitalism Nature Socialism 8, no. 1 (March 1997): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455759709358724.

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Holl, Adelheid. "Factors influencing the location of new motorways: large scale motorway building in Spain." Journal of Transport Geography 19, no. 6 (November 2011): 1282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.06.006.

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Kušić, Krešimir, Edouard Ivanjko, Martin Gregurić, and Mladen Miletić. "An Overview of Reinforcement Learning Methods for Variable Speed Limit Control." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144917.

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Variable Speed Limit (VSL) control systems are widely studied as solutions for improving safety and throughput on urban motorways. Machine learning techniques, specifically Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods, are a promising alternative for setting up VSL since they can learn and react to different traffic situations without knowing the explicit model of the motorway dynamics. However, the efficiency of combined RL-VSL is highly related to the class of the used RL algorithm, and description of the managed motorway section in which the RL-VSL agent sets the appropriate speed limits. Currently, there is no existing overview of RL algorithm applications in the domain of VSL. Therefore, a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of RL-VSL is presented. Best practices are summarized, and new viewpoints and future research directions, including an overview of current open research questions are presented.

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Žgaljić, Dražen, Edvard Tijan, Alen Jugović, and Tanja Poletan Jugović. "Implementation of Sustainable Motorways of the Sea Services Multi-Criteria Analysis of a Croatian Port System." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 6827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236827.

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Motorways of the Sea present a practical example of combined and sustainable transport. With respect to the present model of functionality of the transport system in the Republic of Croatia, where the development of the port and of the gravitational transport system is left to each individual port (six independent ports), and where there is no systematic approach to specialization of each port or route, the results of the analysis are not promising. The goal of this research is to explain why the current Motorways of the Sea implementation model is inefficient and unsustainable. The analysis shows that a scientific approach to multicriteria analysis, which includes the identification of all relevant factors, the analysis of the transport infrastructure, as well as the identification of criteria which could potentially affect the Motorways of the Sea system, can correctly define the optimal model for the implementation of a sustainable Motorways of the Sea system.

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Chrzan, Tadeusz. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION OF MOTORWAYS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2001): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2001vol1.1924.

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In this paper given and analysed are the factors related to the construction of motorways and having a negative impact on the environment. Given are the conditions o f the assessment of the impact of the motorways on the environment, arable land andforests and cultural heritage.

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Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka, D., and A. Antolik. "Assessment of highway pavement concrete suffering from alkali-silica reaction: case study." Materiales de Construcción 72, no. 348 (October 14, 2022): e299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2022.296922.

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After 15 years of exploitation, numerous instances of damage to the concrete pavement motorway located in northern Germany were observed. Detailed macro and microscopic analysis and determination of mechanical properties were performed on the collected cores. It was found that cracks in the coarse and fine aggregate resulted from advanced alkali-silica reaction. No impact of de-icing agents on the destruction of the concrete pavement was found, while attention was paid to the potential intensification of concrete degradation resulting from the increase in traffic on motorways. The results obtained are a detailed supplement to the German research, as this region (Rostock) has not been analysed before.

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Hussain, Muhammad, Jing SHI, and Yousaf Ali. "Accident Analysis and Identification of Black Spots on the Motorways in Pakistan - a Reliability Analysis Approach." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 40, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2104.01.

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The objective of this study is to explore the contributory factors responsible for road accidents and identifies the black spots on the three motorways; M1 (Peshawar-Islamabad), M2 (Islamabad-Lahore), and M3 (Pindi BhattianFaisalabad) in Pakistan. Five years’ road accident data was obtained from the National Highways and Motorway Police (NHMP), Pakistan. The database of this study included six hundred road accidents on a total of 574 kilometers long routes of M1, M2 and M3. The reliability analysis approach was used to locate black spot locations on each motorway. For the visualization and mapping of black spots on each motorway, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The results explored that vehicle condition was the significant contributory factor responsible for the maximum number of road accidents on M1 and M3, while for M2, it was drowsy driving. It is also found that a maximum number of road accidents on M2 and M3 occurred in late-night, while for M1, it was day timing. Furthermore, road accidents were relatively higher in May-July and December on M1 and M2, which shows that extreme weather influences the occurrence of road accidents. On the contrary, no substantial variation of road accidents was examined for M3 month-wise. Finally, black spots on each motorway were located and their georeferenced coordinates were presented for future use. As a result, precautionary measures and provisions are suggested for concerned authorities to mitigate road safety problems.

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Sohrab, Seyedehmehrmanzar, Nándor Csikós, and Péter Szilassi. "Connection between the Spatial Characteristics of the Road and Railway Networks and the Air Pollution (PM10) in Urban–Rural Fringe Zones." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 10103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610103.

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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) is one of the most important pollutants for human health, and road transport could be a major anthropogenic source of it. Several research studies have shown the impact of roads on the air quality in urban areas, but the relationship between road and rail networks and ambient PM10 concentrations has not been well studied, especially in suburban and rural landscapes. In this study, we examined the link between the spatial characteristics of each road type (motorway, primary road, secondary road, and railway) and the annual average PM10 concentration. We used the European 2931 air quality (AQ) station dataset, which is classified into urban, suburban, and rural landscapes. Our results show that in urban and rural landscapes, the spatial characteristics (the density of the road network and its distance from the AQ monitoring points) have a significant statistical relationship with PM10 concentrations. According to our findings from AQ monitoring sites within the urban landscape, there is a significant negative relationship between the annual average PM10 concentration and the density of the railway network. This result can be explained by the driving wind generated by railway trains (mainly electric trains). Among the road network types, all road types in the urban landscape, only motorways in the suburban landscape, and only residential roads in the rural landscape have a significant positive statistical relationship with the PM10 values at the AQ monitoring points. Our results show that in the suburban zones, which represent the rural–urban fringe, motorways have a strong influence on PM-related air pollution. In the suburban areas, the speed of vehicles changes frequently near motorways and intersections, so higher traffic-related PM10 emission levels can be expected in these areas. The findings of this study can be used to decrease transportation-related environmental conflicts related to the air quality in urban, urban–rural fringe, and rural (agricultural) landscapes.

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Kegalj, Igor, and Luka Traven. "Influence of Cargo flows on Sustainable Development of East Mediterranean “Motorways of the sea”." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 53, no. 1 (July 2017): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/5302.

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An integrated approach to redirecting traffic from roads to more efficient and environmentally friendly forms of transport implies the definition of strategic guidelines for combining comparative advantages of intermodal transport and development of land, port, railroad and other traffic infrastructure. This concept of development of east-Mediterranean “motorways of the sea” enables the development of shipping and intermodality in the entire region. The European transport policy, in the context of affirmation of a sustainable and efficient traffic and particularly important potential of “motorways of the sea” in environment protection, enables the achievement of a sustainable economic development of the countries in the region. The aim of the paper is to study the influence of cargo flows on the sustainable development of the “motorways of the sea” in the east Mediterranean and the applicability of the general framework of MoS policy. The paper emphasises the advantages and significance of coastal traffic connections and the “motorways of the sea” and identifies the limitations. It analyses the corridors in the Mediterranean countries relevant for the tra c development of the region. Among other things, the aim of the paper is to provide support to decision makers in establishing a successful MoS network.

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Coşciug, Anatolie. "Romanian Mobilities Series: Transnational Motorways." Anthropology News 58, no. 1 (January 2017): e338-e342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.349.

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Fayard, Alain, Francesco Gaeta, and Emile Quinet. "French motorways: experience and assessment." Research in Transportation Economics 15 (January 2005): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)15008-2.

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Bartels, Arne, Thanh-Binh To, Simon Karrenberg, and Andreas Weiser. "Highly Automated Driving on Motorways." ATZ worldwide eMagazine 113, no. 9 (February 9, 2011): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38311-011-0086-4.

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Turi, Attila, Marian Mocan, Larisa Ivascu, and Gilles Goncalves. "Can motorways develop car industry ?" IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 3 (2015): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.082.

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Li, Duo, Prakash Ranjitkar, and Yifei Zhao. "Efficiency and Equity Performance of a Coordinated Ramp Metering Algorithm." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i5.2033.

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Ramp metering (RM) has been widely applied due to its effectiveness in improving motorway traffic conditions by limiting inflow from on-ramps. A great deal of experimental and simulation-based studies have proven system-wide benefits of motorways from RM. Benefits attributed to RM in the literature include reducing travel times, increasing motorway throughputs and decreasing fuel consumption and emissions. However, RM benefits might be costing more some motorway users, e.g. some on-ramp users might be experiencing longer delay than others, which leads to an unfair allocation of RM benefits. This paper presents a coordinated ramp metering strategy, which is aimed at reducing the inequity among motorway users using different on-ramps and investigates trade-offs between efficiency and equity for the proposed strategy. Total travel time is used to measure the efficiency while Gini coefficient is used to measure equity. A combined index is proposed incorporating the two measures to serve as an objective function to solve the bi-objective control design problem. The performance of the proposed strategy is verified by comparing it to a well-established coordinated ramp metering strategy HERO using micro-simulationsoftware AIMSUN. Simulation results revealed that the equity of the motorway system can be improved significantly by using the proposed strategy without compromising much on the efficiency of the system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Motorways'

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