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1
Seeger, B. R. "Wheelchair occupant restraints in motor vehicles." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 15, no. 1 (April 1991): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649109164275.
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The issue of safety for wheelchair users in motor vehicles has been raised in Australia by parents of young people with disabilities. Investigations revealed that wheelchair users were not covered by any legislated safety requirements, and each case received special dispensation from compliance with regulations covering the able-bodied population. Dynamic testing of restraint systems at the University of Michigan had revealed that existing systems were unsafe. Dynamic tests confirmed those findings on systems used at that time in Australia. Testing led to the design, development and marketing of a new wheelchair occupant and restraint system which remains a system of choice for use by organisations where the same people use the same buses in the same position each day. Australian Standard 2942-1987, Wheelchair Occupant Restraint Assemblies for Use in Motor Vehicles, has since been developed. It establishes design and performance requirements for these restraints and includes details of dynamic testing procedures. This paper describes the development of the above restraint system and the subsequent Australian Standard.
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Maulana, Febryan. "KONSEP DESAIN KENDARAAN LISTRIK RODA TIGA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v10i2.141.
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Dalam penelitian  ini dirancang sebuah kendaraan listrik roda tiga dengan menggunakan metode VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). Perancangan kendaraan listrik ini terfokus pada desain kontruksi rangka dan perhitungan kebutuhan motor listrik yang sesuai sebagai elemen utama kendaraan listrik. Dalam perancangan kendaraan listrik roda tiga terdapat 3 varian dan berdasarkan nilai evaluasi varian yang paling tinggi adalah varian 2 dengan nilai 0,05. Kendaraan roda tiga mempunyai dimensi panjang 2500 mm, lebar 1250 mm, tinggi 1400 mm dengan tingkat kestabilan 46%.Setelah dilakukan analisa dan pengujian terhadap kontruksi rangka yang menggunakan bahan S45C, maka dapat diketahui bahwa kontruksi rangka ini mampu menahan beban sebesar 250 kg. Dan  dengan spesifikasi motor listrik 5 Kw yang dibutuhkan pun tersedia di pasar, sehingga memungkinkan kendaraan listrik roda tiga ini untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.In this study will be designed a three-wheeled electric vehicle using the VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). The design of electric vehicles is focused on the design and calculation of required construction frame corresponding electric motor as the main element of the electric vehicle. In the design of three-wheeled electric vehicles, there are 3 variants and variants based on the value of the highest evaluation is a variant 2 with a value of 0.05. Three-wheeled vehicle has dimensions of length 2500 mm, width 1250 mm, height 1400 mm with a 46% degree of stability.After analysis and testing of construction materials using S45C frame, it can be seen that the frame construction can support the weight of 250 kg. And with a 5 Kw electric motor specifications required is available in the market, thus allowing the three-wheeled electric vehicles to be developed further.Dalam penelitian  ini dirancang sebuah kendaraan listrik roda tiga dengan menggunakan metode VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). Perancangan kendaraan listrik ini terfokus pada desain kontruksi rangka dan perhitungan kebutuhan motor listrik yang sesuai sebagai elemen utama kendaraan listrik. Dalam perancangan kendaraan listrik roda tiga terdapat 3 varian dan berdasarkan nilai evaluasi varian yang paling tinggi adalah varian 2 dengan nilai 0,05. Kendaraan roda tiga mempunyai dimensi panjang 2500 mm, lebar 1250 mm, tinggi 1400 mm dengan tingkat kestabilan 46%.Setelah dilakukan analisa dan pengujian terhadap kontruksi rangka yang menggunakan bahan S45C, maka dapat diketahui bahwa kontruksi rangka ini mampu menahan beban sebesar 250 kg. Dan  dengan spesifikasi motor listrik 5 Kw yang dibutuhkan pun tersedia di pasar, sehingga memungkinkan kendaraan listrik roda tiga ini untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.In this study will be designed a three-wheeled electric vehicle using the VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). The design of electric vehicles is focused on the design and calculation of required construction frame corresponding electric motor as the main element of the electric vehicle. In the design of three-wheeled electric vehicles, there are 3 variants and variants based on the value of the highest evaluation is a variant 2 with a value of 0.05. Three-wheeled vehicle has dimensions of length 2500 mm, width 1250 mm, height 1400 mm with a 46% degree of stability.After analysis and testing of construction materials using S45C frame, it can be seen that the frame construction can support the weight of 250 kg. And with a 5 Kw electric motor specifications required is available in the market, thus allowing the three-wheeled electric vehicles to be developed further.
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Yan, Ge. "Operation Concept and Mode Selection Design of Public Parking Lot." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i2.2175.
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With the continuous improvement of urban economic development and modernization, the number of motor vehicles has shown a sharp increase in recent years. At the same time, the construction of public parking lots is very backward, and parking spaces are seriously insufficient, leading to increasingly serious problems, such as urban traffic congestion and insufficient parking spaces. The management mode of public parking lot is backward, which is not conducive to the improvement of parking efficiency and may have a negative impact on traffic. This paper mainly analyzes the difference in the management concept of public parking places for social vehicles, and then investigates and analyzes the reasons for poor management and lagging construction of public parking places, and puts forward suggestions to improve the current public parking places.
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Li, Xi Qin, De Yu Song, and Bing Liu. "Design of Transmission Endurance Tester with Electric Energy Recycle Technology." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.652.
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Endurance test of vehicle transmission usually takes long time and spends a lot of electric energy. In order to save energy, a new kind of transmission endurance tester equipped with a DC brake motor and a digital DC reversible speed governor is developed. The tester can transfer electricity generated by the brake motor back into the electric grid. The experiment result shows that the average ratio of electricity recycle is as high as 68 percent. The tester can be used for transmission endurance test of various kinds of construction machineries and vehicles.
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Minh, D. B., V. D. Quoc, and P. N. Huy. "Efficiency Improvement of Permanent Magnet BLDC Motors for Electric Vehicles." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 5 (October 12, 2021): 7615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4367.
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A permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motor has been designed with different rotor configurations based on the arrangement of the permanent magnets. Rotor configurations strongly affect the torque and efficiency performance of permanent magnet electric motors. In this paper, different rotor configurations of the permanent magnet BLDC motor with parallel the Halbach array permanent magnet were compared and evaluated. Many applications of electric drives or air-crafts have recently preferred the surface-mounted permanent magnet design due to its ease of construction and maintenance. The finite element technique has been used for the analysis and comparison of different geometry parameters and rotor magnet configurations to improve efficiency and torque performance. A comprehensive design of a three-phase permanent magnet BLDC 35kW motor is presented and simulations were conducted to evaluate its design. The skewing rotor and Halbach magnet array are applied to the permanent surface-mounted magnet on the BLDC motor for eliminating torque ripples. In order to observe the skewing rotor effect, the rotor lamination layers were skewed with different angles and Halbach sinusoidal arrays. The determined skewing angle, the eliminated theoretically cogging torque, and the back electromotive force harmonics were also analyzed.
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Hryciów, Zdzisław. "The safety of wheelchair occupants in motor vehicles." Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 97, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am/155001.
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Ensuring the free movement of disabled people, including the use of vehicles, is a fundamental right. Therefore, efforts should be made to draw up standards regulating both organisational and technical aspects related to the construction and testing of wheelchairs. The main purpose of the paper is a review the literature related to wheelchair transport safety and the current standards for wheelchair crash testing Wheelchair users must securely and safely attach their wheelchair to the vehicle when travelling. The most common methods include securing with a four-belt system or using docking systems. Docking systems allow the disabled person to restrain the wheelchair themselves. Their main limitation is the lack of standardisation. Issues related to in-vehicle wheelchair design and testing are mainly described in international ISO standards and, in the US, in ANSI standards. Not all wheelchairs are crash tested. Before using wheelchairs, it should be checked if they can be mounted in a car. An important issue is education of wheelchair users and their carers on proper wheelchair securing. Even when wheelchairs are effectively secured, occupants in wheelchairs could be seriously and fatally injured because of improperly used and positioned belt restraints.
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S, Shivakumar, Mohammed Yahya Dil, and Sathyanarayana. "Design and Construction of Air Compressed Vehicle with Integration of Radio Control." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48580.
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Abstract: Air compressed vehicle as it is popularly known has caught the attention of researchers worldwide and is ideal for city driving conditions. Motor development international (MDI) is a French company thatholds international patent for compressed air operated vehicles. Even though it seems to be an eco-friendly solution, one must consider its well to wheel efficiency. While computing the overall efficiency of an air compressed vehicle, the electricity requirement for compressing air has to be considered. Nevertheless, the compressed air vehicle will contribute to reducing air pollution in longer run.
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Kaňuch, Ján, and Želmíra Ferková. "Design and simulation of disk stepper motor with permanent magnets." Archives of Electrical Engineering 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2013-0022.
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Abstract In this paper the design and the magneto-static simulation of axial-flux permanent- magnet stepper motor with the disc type rotor is presented. Disk motors are particularly suitable for electrical vehicles, robots, valve control, pumps, centrifuges, fans, machine tools and manufacturing. The brushless machine with axial flux and permanent magnets, also called the disc-type machine, is an interesting alternative to its cylindrical radial flux counterpart due to the disk shape, compact construction and high torque density. This paper describes a design of four phase microstepping motor with the disc type rotor. The FEM modeling and the 3D magneto-static simulation of the disk stepper motor with permanent magnets is being subject of the article, too. Disc rotor type permanent magnet stepper motor for high torque to inertia ratio is ideal for robotics and CNC machines.
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Ning, Donghong, Shuaishuai Sun, Jiawei Zhang, Haiping Du, Weihua Li, and Xu Wang. "An active seat suspension design for vibration control of heavy-duty vehicles." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 35, no. 4 (November 17, 2016): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092316676389.
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This paper presents the design, fabrication and testing of an innovative active seat suspension system for heavy-duty vehicles. Rather than using conventional linear actuators, such as hydraulic cylinders or linear motors, which need to be well maintained and are always expensive when high force outputs are required, the proposed seat suspension system directly applies a rotary motor in order to provide the required active actuation, without changing the basic structure of the existing off-the-shelf seat suspension. A gear reducer is also applied to amplify the output torque of the motor so that a high output torque can be achieved using a low rated power motor. A static output feedback [Formula: see text] controller with friction compensation is designed to actively reduce seat vibration. Experiments are carried out to test the fabricated suspension prototype. The experimental results show that this type of seat suspension can achieve greater ride comfort in the frequency range of 2–6 Hz than a passive seat suspension. The newly designed active seat suspension is much more cost effective and can be suitable for heavy-duty vehicles.
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Sukharev, R. Yu. "Pure pursuit method use to control unmanned motor grader." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 19, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2022-19-2-156-169.
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Introduction. A relevant objective of implementing the advanced systems of self-driving road construction vehicles can be accomplished by mathematical modelling. One of the important issues when creating a motion control system for a self-driving vehicle is to develop a trajectory following algorithm. The most well-known method of following the trajectory is a pure pursuit method, which is successfully used to control the movement of mobile robots.Materials and methods. Hence, the research objective has been defined and is to adapt the pure pursuit method to control an autonomous grader. To achieve the research objective, the task of a mathematical model of the motor grader movement with front steering wheels has been developed, and a mathematical model of the motor grader motion control system has been compiled. Besides, we propose an integral criterion to evaluate the efficiency of the motion control system of a unmanned grader. Some theoretical studies of the mathematical model have been carried out and the dependencies of the integral criterion on the design and operational parameters of the grader, as well as on the parameter of the control method (visibility range) have been obtained. Moreover, the optimal values of the visibility range for various values of the base length, base coefficient and machine speed have been defined according to the proposed efficiency criterion.Results. As a result of approximating the obtained optimal values, the pure pursuit method has been modified to control a self-driving motor grader, taking into account its design features and travel speed. The results obtained can be used to create the prototypes of unmanned control systems for road construction vehicles.
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Negrilă, R. I., and S. V. Igreţ. "The reliability of automotive subsystems influence on the motor vehicles fuel economy." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012028.
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Abstract The reliability theory consistently regards all phases of vehicle construction and operation. The properties determining the vehicle reliability, which are also called potential objectives, are precisely formulated from early design and manufacturing phases and accomplished in the production process. The analysis of reliability from the perspective of potential properties allows us to identify certain categories of potential properties. One refers to potential properties that depend on the deterioration of operating functions. In this category, we can find the resistance to breakage and deformation, stability of operating processes, stability of the physical-mechanical properties of the construction materials and of the working environment. Secondly, the potential properties required to accomplish the required level of production and reduce the manufacturing costs, such as manufacturing technology, the corresponding volume of production, simplicity of manufacture and failure-free manufacturing. Thirdly, there are potential properties needed to maintain the reliability at a high level during service, such as developing the quality of diagnoses, technical maintenance, reducing all types of costs and increasing productivity. Here we find the technology of the diagnosis and the totality of the external expenses and the adaptability to the automation of diagnosing tools. Operating reliability is the result of the full accomplishing of the potential reliability of components. The reliability of automotives treated as a subsystem can successfully be evaluated by defining certain operating indicators and characteristics, the economic characteristic being of great interest and importance.
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Xin, Fu-Long, Li-Jun Qian, Hai-Ping Du, and Wei-Hua Li. "Multi-objective robust optimization design for powertrain mount system of electric vehicles." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317719635.
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A multi-objective robust optimization scheme for the powertrain mount system of an electric vehicle is proposed in this paper. A permanent magnet synchronous motor model is established by taking account of the effects of magnetic saturation and space harmonics, in which the d–q-axis inductance and the flux linkage excited by permanent magnet were obtained by finite element method. The rippled output torque of the permanent magnet synchronous motor mixed with harmonic components is obtained with the New European Driving Cycle as the running condition of the electric vehicle. A six degree-of-freedoms (DOFs) powertrain mount system is established and the response of the system is obtained with the rippled torque as the excitation input. A multi-objective optimization model of the powertrain mount system is built with the stiffness’s of the mounts as the design variables, and with the goal of maximizing the decoupling rates and minimizing the dynamic reaction forces of the mounts acting on the car body. Genetic algorithm is used to conduct the global optimization and all the Pareto optimal solutions are found out based on the optimization theory, and the solution with the optimal robustness of dynamic reaction force is obtained by Latin hypercube sampling method. The results show that with the proposed multi-objective robust optimization scheme applied for the parameters optimization of the motor mount system, the decoupling rates increase obviously, the dynamic reaction force decreases apparently, and the optimization result shows good robustness. The optimization results can make the powertrain mount system of electric vehicles processing of optimal dynamic response characteristics correspondingly.
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Kinateder, J. G., N. J. McMillan, J. E. Orban, B. O. Skarpness, and D. Wells. "Sampling Designs and Estimators for Monitoring Vehicle Characteristics Under Limited Inspection Capacity." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1581, no. 1 (January 1997): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1581-10.
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Estimating characteristics of motor vehicles and their occupants based on sampling a small portion of vehicles on the road is inherently a statistical problem. The problem has two components: construction of an efficient sampling design and application of an appropriate estimator to collected data. Constructing the sampling design should involve optimal utilization of limited resources to maximize information collected. The selected estimator should provide the most precise and accurate estimate of the characteristic of interest. Four sampling designs and two estimators for determining the proportion of vehicles with a particular characteristic are compared. A simulation example comparing these designs and estimators is provided. The illustration is based on a hypothetical road network typical of the primary transportation system in a metropolitan area of 500,000 to 1 million persons. Some suggestions for choosing appropriate sampling designs and estimators for other vehicle categorization problems are provided.
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Leksono, Muhammad Andre Budi. "Design and Construction of Speed Control System of Brushless Direct Current Motor 350 Watt Type 120 and 60 Degrees on Prototype Electric Vehicles using Configuration Six-Step Commutation." INAJEEE Indonesian Journal of Electrical and Eletronics Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/inajeee.v5n1.p14-18.
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In the world of electric cars, the motor speed control system plays an important role in the design of an electric car. A vehicle will run if the control or control of a drive in the form of a motor runs stably and has little energy consumption. One way to achieve this stability is by understanding the commutation accuracy of each motor used. The purpose of this final project is to design a brushless direct current motor speed control system of type 120 and 60 degrees using the Six-Step Commutation configuration.
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Jo, Seong-Tae, Woo-Hyeon Kim, Young-Keun Lee, Yong-Joo Kim, and Jang-Young Choi. "Multi-Objective Optimal Design of SPMSM for Electric Compressor Using Analytical Method and NSGA-II Algorithm." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207510.
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In contrast to internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) obtain the power required for the compressor of air conditioning system from an electric source. Therefore, an optimal design for electric motor, the main component of an electric compressor, is essential for improving EV mileage. A multi-objective optimal design is required because the characteristics of the motor are in a trade-off relationship with each other. When the finite element method (FEM) is used, multi-objective optimal designs for the motor take a significant amount of time because of the diversity analyses required for the optimal-model search. To solve this problem, in this study, a multi-objective optimal design method of an SPMSM for an EVs air conditioner system compressor was proposed and applied using the NSGA-II and an analytical method. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by comparing the characteristics of the optimal design model with those of the initially designed model.
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Stabile, Pietro, Federico Ballo, Gianpiero Mastinu, and Massimiliano Gobbi. "An Ultra-Efficient Lightweight Electric Vehicle—Power Demand Analysis to Enable Lightweight Construction." Energies 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030766.
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A detailed analysis of the power demand of an ultraefficient lightweight-battery electric vehicle is performed. The aim is to overcome the problem of lightweight electric vehicles that may have a relatively bad environmental impact if their power demand is not extremely reduced. In particular, electric vehicles have a higher environmental impact during the production phase, which should be balanced by a lower impact during the service life by means of a lightweight design. As an example of an ultraefficient electric vehicle, a prototype for the Shell Eco-marathon competition is considered. A “tank-to-wheel” multiphysics model (thermo-electro-mechanical) of the vehicle was developed in “Matlab-Simscape”. The model includes the battery, the DC motors, the motor controller and the vehicle drag forces. A preliminary model validation was performed by considering experimental data acquisitions completed during the 2019 Shell Eco-marathon European competition at the Brooklands Circuit (UK). Numerical simulations are employed to assess the sharing of the energy consumption among the main dissipation sources. From the analysis, we found that the main sources of mechanical dissipation (i.e., rolling resistance, gravitational/inertial force and aerodynamic drag) have the same role in the defining the power consumption of such kind of vehicles. Moreover, the effect of the main vehicle parameters (i.e., mass, aerodynamic coefficient and tire rolling resistance coefficient) on the energy consumption was analyzed through a sensitivity analysis. Results showed a linear correlation between the variation of the parameters and the power demand, with mass exhibiting the highest influence. The results of this study provide fundamental information to address critical decisions for designing new and more efficient lightweight vehicles, as they allow the designer to clearly identify which are the main parameters to keep under control during the design phase and which are the most promising areas of action.
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Lim, Jong-Kyong, Bon-Gwan Gu, Seong-Hwan Im, and Rae-Young Kim. "Design of Stator Winding Turn Number of Tap-Change PMSM for EVs According to Driving Cycles." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010412.
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Driving cycles are commonly used to evaluate the fuel efficiency and mileage of internal combustion engine vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs). To improve the mileage of EVs, efficient propulsion motors and inverters must be employed, particularly at frequently used speed and torque points of driving cycles. In this study, the number of the stator winding turns of a tap-change permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used for EV propulsion was investigated to increase the motor and inverter energy efficiencies under an urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), a highway fuel economy test (HWFET), and combined UDDS/HWFET driving cycles. The motor core loss due to the carrier harmonics, copper loss, and inverter loss were analyzed for various winding turn number combinations, and the most efficient combination was selected. Based on the analysis results, the tap-change motor winding turns that exhibited the least loss were rewound on a PMSM of a mass-produced EV. The demand energy of the proposed tap-change PMSM and that of a mass-produced PMSM in the UDDS, HWFET, and combined UDDS/HWFET driving cycles were compared through experimentation. The proposed PMSM exhibited energy improvements of 1.50%, 1.84%, and 1.65%, respectively.
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Çömezoğlu, İrfan Güven, and Sibel Zorlu Partal. "Implementation and Experimental Validation of Efficiency Improvement in PM Synchronous Hub Motors for Light Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217953.
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The efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous hub motors (PMSHM) used in light electric vehicles (EVs) is lower than that used in commercial EVs. Therefore, in this study a high-efficiency radial-flux outer-rotor PMSHM was designed for light EVs. The high-efficiency motor will contribute to the reduction of the power consumption demand from the batteries of EVs, the longer life of the batteries and the longer uninterrupted operation of the system. The optimization objectives, such as motor sizing, number of slots and poles, air gap length, material selection, stator winding structure, stator slot shape, magnet thickness, and cutting method for stator sheets were considered to ensure high efficiency and low cogging torque. In this study, three validation stages were followed; electromagnetic analyzes with FEM, analytical calculations, and finally experimental validation. First, the design parameters of the motor were determined based on the analyses results obtained using ANSYS Maxwell software, and then validated both with the analytical calculations and experimental results. The comparison results show that the design data of the motor at the rated speed agree well with the analytical calculations and test results. After obtaining the optimized motor design, the motor was installed on a prototype electric car for the road test. During the test drive, the motor performed successfully and operated compatibly with the rest of the electric vehicle systems such as the motor driver and the battery.
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Li, Chunzhen, Xinhua Guo, Jinyuan Fu, Weinong Fu, Yulong Liu, Hao Chen, Rongkun Wang, and Zhongshen Li. "Design and Analysis of a Novel Double-Stator Double-Rotor Motor Drive System for In-Wheel Direct Drive of Electric Vehicles." Machines 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10010027.
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In-wheel direct drive (IWDD) of electric vehicles (EVs), which simplifies the transmission system and facilitates flexible control of vehicle dynamics, has evolved considerably in the EV sector. This paper proposes a novel double-stator double-rotor motor (DSDRM) with a bidirectional flux modulation effect for in-wheel direct drive of EVs. With the proposed special design, a synthetic-slot structure with synthetic materials containing copper and permanent magnets (PMs) in the slots of the motor is ingeniously employed, and the outer and inner rotors are mechanically connected together as a single rotor, making its mechanical structure less complicated than those of two-rotor machines. The main work of this paper involves the design, analysis, construction, and testing of the proposed machine. The DSDRM with a synthetic-slot structure was demonstrated to be feasible by finite element analysis (FEA), prototype fabrication, and experimental results. In addition, vehicle layout with DSDRM is presented and verified by the vehicle road test experiment. Thus, the DSDRM with the synthetic-slot structure can be used as a hub motor for in-wheel direct drive of EVs.
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Vargas-Sobrado, Ana, Luis Rodríguez-Solano, José Aguiar-Moya, Henry Hernández-Vega, and Luis Loría-Salazar. "Truck Weights on Municipal and National Roads without Weight Enforcement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (February 2019): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119828283.
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One of the main causes of premature deterioration in pavement structures is overweight heavy vehicles. To characterize these vehicles, real loads of motor vehicles of more than four tons should be monitored, especially vehicles classified as C2 (2-axles, single units), C3 (3-axles, single units), T3-S2 (5-axles, single trailer) and T3-S3 (6-axles, single trailer) type, as they represent 99.5% of the Costa Rican truck fleet. This study includes six temporal weighing surveys on municipal roads and seven weighing surveys on national roads, comprising the weight of 525 and 554 trucks, respectively. On municipal roads, C2 vehicles with bulk and wagon body types are predominant (67% of surveyed vehicles), whereas on national routes T3-S2 vehicles predominate (42%). Likewise, it was determined that most of exceeding data correspond to vehicles transporting pit material, construction materials, and merchandise on both types of roads. Compared with municipal roads (8%), the percentage of overweight vehicles is more than twice that on national roads (18%) where weight regulations are not enforced. To estimate updated and realistic load data that can be included in pavement design manuals and guides, the same results are provided in parameters such as truck factors and load spectra.
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Han, Feng, Hong Guo, and Xiaofeng Ding. "Design and optimization of a liquid cooled heat sink for a motor inverter in electric vehicles." Applied Energy 291 (June 2021): 116819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116819.
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Kysil, S. "Foreign experience of designing parking garages for storing electric vehicles." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 27 (February 27, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.27.2018.5-10.
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The article describes the current trends of designing and constructing multi-storey parking garages for storing electric vehicles. It has already been established that at the present stage of technology development, traditional gas stations are transforming into charging stations, operating on solar batteries. These technologies incentivize searching for new design forms of buildings for storing motor vehicles with solar charging stations in their structure. This applies to both multi-storey and flat parking garages. The paper analyzes the existing foreign experience of designing multi-storey parking garages for storing and charging electric vehicles, and identifies their main functional planning features and technological methods of organization. The main attention is paid to the artistic and aesthetic side of the formation of these objects. Electric vehicles can be very energy efficient and clean, as long as they are charged using renewable electricity. However, they need to overcome some challenges, including short driving range, the high price, and the lack of a charging infrastructure. Today, many design solutions have been developed for storing electric vehicles. The simplest of them is the parking lot design with 1-2 parking spaces for storing and charging of electric cars. This parking lot has the appearance of an open area with markings and with an element of built-in charger. Design solutions of indoor tent parkings lots for storing electric cars are considered to be more practical and convenient in operation. The most frequent of them are with rectilinear construction and with curved awning design at their base. The absence of developed infrastructure is the most important problem in the development of environmentally friendly transport. For this reason the design solution of storage sites and electric charging stations plays an important role and will allow us to experience the potential of electric mobility, which is the future.
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Srinivasulu, B., G. V. Nagesh Kumar, Vempalle Rafi, and P. Nageswara Rao. "Optimal Design of SRM for EV Application." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012140.
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Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) need a wide speed and torque range for their reliable operation and working. Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) offer several advantages like high life cycle, meager cost, simple construction, robustness, good speed characteristics, and fault-tolerance, making it a suitable motor drive for EV application. The selection of independent variables like dimensions, winding turns, make materials, the number of slots, and the shape of rotor and stator teeth is a cumbersome task as SRM performance is mainly dependent on these parameters. This paper describes the methodology for selecting these independent variables by evaluating the SRM performance for different shapes of rotor and stator teeth, with the different stator and rotor materials, by taking all the design constraints like winding resistance, turns, and the number of slots. The EV drive performance is evaluated for the chosen independent variables and analyzed using JMAG software for determining the efficiency, Torque, and speed responses for comparison and analysis to get the optimal design constraints of the independent variables of SRM.
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Park, Hyun-Jong, and Sung-Chul Go. "Modeling and Control of a Hybrid Multi DOF Motor for a Tilted Rotating System." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 7436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197436.
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This paper presents the design, modeling, and control of a hybrid multi-degree-of-freedom motor (HMDOF motor) that can be applied to unmanned aerial vehicles, such as drones. The HMDOF motor has a rotating motor and tilting motors separately and enables multi-DOF movement by driving each motor. In addition, owing to its structural characteristics, it is designed to allow a 3- or 6-DOF movement in only one motor. In this study, the control performance of an HMDOF motor was verified using simulated and experimental results. The position control performance for the rotation speed of the rotating motor was verified, and the control performance of the motor under the speed of the rotating motor and disturbance on tilting motors were analyzed.
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Verbytskyi, Ievgen, Mykola Lukianov, and Iuliia Bondarenko. "Principle of torque formation with reduced pulsation in switched reluctance motor with U-shaped poles." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 3(9) (October 18, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.03.01.
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In the paper the types of motors for vehicles and highlights the switched reluctance motor type as one that has a simple design, high reliability and low cost. The principle of operation of switched reluctance motors (SRM) and their modifications are given. However, the widespread use of SRM in vehicles is constrained by the low specific torque and its high ripple. To increase the specific torque, a paired winding of windings on adjacent rods of U-shaped stator poles is proposed. The principle of formation of rotational force is shown and the estimation of efficiency of use of the electric power for its formation is offered. The COMSOL Multiphysics software environment analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using U-shaped poles with a trapezoidal and rectangular profile, and selected the latter because of the greater torque at the same dimensions. It is shown that the width of the pole rods with a rectangular profile to ensure maximum torque should be about a third of the width of the base of the pole. A typical form of current of the pole winding, which minimizes the pulsation of the moment, is analyzed. The expediency of designing a specialized electric drive for the proposed topology of SRM and synthesis for it of the control law, which provides the required value of the moment with minimal ripple, is substantiated. As usual, to ensure the constant moment generated by the pole in a certain sector it is necessary to form a current of near trapezoidal shape in the pole winding. As a result of the research, conclusions were made about the possibility of reducing the cost of SRM technology when using a modular structure based on U-shaped poles with paired winding at the stator poles, in which the windings are wound on the rod of two adjacent poles, which allows them to be placed compactly the use of additional space and, accordingly, provides a greater density of the poles. Modeling the process of forming the torque of the motor in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment showed the advantages of using poles with a rectangular profile compared to trapezoidal poles and confirmed the feasibility of using poles with a rod width of about a third of the pole base width.
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M, Deepak, Janaki G, and Bharatiraja C. "Rotor Modification of Switched Reluctance Motor to Improve Multiphysics Performance on EV Grade." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1797ecst.
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The magnetless electrical machine Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) for low-cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) drive. Compared to induction motor and permanent magnet synchronous motor, the SRM has simple steel rotor construction, high reliability, high fault tolerance capability, wide operating frequency range, high constant power speed range, high-temperature operation, and low-cost steel materials. This paper design was carried out for EV grade 1200kg drive optimal duty cycle characteristics, SRM topology optimized the 8/6 geometry rating for 20kW and 2750rpm. The SRM rotor modification comparison performance of torque, efficiency, line current, and power for EVs. The five rotor modifications are rotor round teeth, straight teeth, taper and round teeth, taper and straight teeth, and straight and round rotor teeth are analyzed using the finite element method. The optimized geometry model analyses using JMAG software and compared with all rotor modifications for the improving performance on torque density, operating efficiency, rated power, and speed for EVs.
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Chen, Hanzhe, Dingxuan Zhao, Zhuxin Zhang, Tuo Jia, Ruoyu Zhao, and Zhengkun Qu. "Design and Development of Explosion-Proof Cavity of Hydraulic System Power Unit Applied in Explosion-Proof Area." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091824.
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The construction machinery and vehicles, especially the explosion-proof and explosion-isolation ability of the vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in the complex and unpredictable emergency rescue field. In this paper, the explosion-proof housing of hydraulic system power unit applied in engineering machinery is investigated, wherein the power unit includes motor, power supply and control element. Motor-driven hydraulic pump provides the necessary power for the hydraulic system. The gas explosion process, basic parameters, flame acceleration mechanism and the theory model of gas explosion in finite space are analyzed. Relevant mathematical models of the experimental gas explosion for explosion-proof cavity are established. Furthermore, the models are analyzed by numerical method. We simulate the dynamic process of explosion by software. The analysis, examination and simulation of structural strength are conducted on the explosion-proof cavity according to the maximum explosion pressure obtained from the simulation results. The reasonable design parameters satisfying the explosion-proof requirements are obtained. The explosion-proof cavity which is processed according to the design parameters is tested. The explosion-proof performance is verified by analyzing the experimental results. According to the test standard, the impact test, thermal test, pressure test, overpressure test and propagation test under internal ignition for the cavity are conducted. The results show that the pressure test coincides with the simulation results. The remaining test results also satisfy the experimental purpose. The reasonableness of the design of the explosion-proof cavity is verified, which can meet the actual requirements of the equipment.
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Mills, Donald L. "Guideway design and construction for Vancouver Advanced Light Rapid Transit." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-055.
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The Vancouver Advanced Light Rapid Transit (ALRT) System consists of 21.4 km (13.3 miles) of grade-separated guideway between the cities of Vancouver and New Westminster. Of the total length, 16.6 km (10.3 miles) are elevated, 1.3 km (0.8 miles) are in tunnel, and 3.5 km (2.2 miles) are at grade. There are 15 stations and a maintenance and vehicle storage facility. The system uses linear induction motor driven, light-weight driverless cars which are automatically controlled from the operations center located in the maintenance facility.The guideway beam concept was developed in concrete with the requirement that direct track fixation be used without a second pour. The beams are post-tensioned, following erection into two- and three-span continuous structures, encastre at the internal supports, with single pot bearings at the expansion ends.During construction the management for the project was provided by a joint project organization (JPO) consisting of the system contractor, Metro Canada Ltd., and the owner, B.C. Transit. The JPO was formed part way through the project to reduce duplication of effort and improve communication and coordination.Quality assurance for all materials and construction was critical to the successful completion and operation of the system. To ensure quality, the JPO instituted a detailed quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) program, implemented through the construction management team.Production of the precast guideway beams for the project was undertaken by two separate contractors. The initial contractor produced the beams for the 1 km prebuilt or demonstration phase, requiring 74 beams. The second contractor produced the remaining and major portion of the elevated guideway beams, for phase 2, amounting to an additional 1040 beams. Information obtained from phase 1, the prebuilt section, was used to modify the structural design, equipment requirements, and production and construction methods for phase 2.The cost of the transit system including 114 vehicles and all operation and control equipment was budgeted for a maximum expenditure of $854 million of which approximately $240 million was for civil works for the guideway, stations, and maintenance yard.Construction of the guideway began in August 1983 and was completed in December 1985. The guideway began operation January 1, 1986 on time and on budget. Key words: transit, automated, design, construction, guideway precast, concrete, quality assurance.
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Baier, Maja, Mateusz Dziewior, Jakub Franiasz, and Michal Zuk. "Thermal Analysis of a DC Motor Cooling System Availing an Engine Test Stand of Electrical Race Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.1145.
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Thermal analysis of a DC motor cooling system and description of measurement system applied to an engine test stand are the main topics of the paper. The motor that is being tested comes from the electric vehicle of Silesian Greenpower project whose aim is to design and build energy efficient bolids in order to participate in international races in Great Britain. During the designing process of the car, minimizing energy losses and maximizing powertrain efficiency are the main aspects taken into consideration. One of the crucial issues to accomplish these goals is to maintain optimal performance of the motor by applying effective cooling. The engine test stand used in this research was designed especially for Silesian Greenpower vehicles. Thanks to its modular construction and versatility, it enables measuring many different parameters of the motor and powertrain. In this paper the thermal analysis is described as well as how the measuring system of the engine stand works. The thermal analysis described in the article occurred to be very helpful in improving the cooling system and motor performance in the same time. The advanced measuring and control system of the test stand enables conducting versatile analysis of the DC motor and the powertrain.
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Wang, Cheng, Liyang Wei, Kun Wang, Hongya Tang, Bo Yang, and Mengfan Li. "Investigating the Factors Affecting Rider’s Decision on Overtaking Behavior: A Naturalistic Riding Research in China." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 11495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811495.
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Overtaking behavior between non-motorized vehicles is one of the main characteristics of the cycling path, and unsafe overtaking behavior has a certain negative impact on riders’ safety. However, little is known about the factors affecting riders’ overtaking decisions. This study aimed to identify the influence of road facilities, types of non-motorized vehicles, and human factors on the characteristics of overtaking behavior on bicycle lanes. DJI drone-based naturalistic riding research was explored in China and a random parameter logit regression model was estimated to model the overtaking decisions of non-motorized vehicle riders. The results showed that gender, age, professional deliverer, type of lead non-motor vehicle, type of non-motorized vehicles, and width of cycling lane influence overtaking behavior significantly. The present study provides theoretical evidence to strengthen the safety design and evaluation of cycling lane infrastructure.
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Zhang, Lixia, Taofeng Yan, Fuquan Pan, Wuyi Ge, and Wenjian Kong. "Research on Direct Yaw Moment Control of Electric Vehicles Based on Electrohydraulic Joint Action." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711072.
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To solve the problem of lateral instability of the vehicle caused by insufficient lateral force of the tires due to the insufficient torque provided by the motor to the tire when the vehicle turns sharply or avoids obstacles in an emergency, a layered control method is used to design a lateral stability control system. The upper decision layer selects the yaw rate and the sideslip angle of the center of mass as the control variables and uses the joint state deviation of the yaw rate and the sideslip angle of the center of mass and the rate of change of the deviation as the input of the sliding mode variable structure controller to calculate the additional yaw moment required to maintain vehicle stability. The lower torque distribution layer realizes the distribution of torque through the electro-hydraulic coordinated control method: the torque distribution rule based on real-time load transfer calculates the torque corresponding to the control wheel and generates the torque through the hub motor and transmits it to the wheel. When the torque output from the motor cannot provide sufficient torque for the vehicle, hydraulic braking is used as a compensating control, and the difference between the required yaw torque and the motor-generated yaw torque is used as the required torque for hydraulic control to calculate the wheel cylinder pressure required to brake the wheels. Based on the joint simulation model of MATLAB/Simulink and Carsim, the sine and double shift line working condition are selected for stability simulation experiments. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the yaw rate and sideslip angle of the center of mass of the vehicle with sliding mode control and electro-hydraulic coordinated control almost coincide with the ideal value curve, which are both smaller than the output parameters of the uncontrolled vehicle. From the perspective of the motor output torque, compared with pure motor control, the effect of electro-hydraulic coordinated control is better, and the hydraulic system can compensate for the braking torque in time and enhance the lateral stability of the vehicle. The designed control strategy can make the yaw rate and the sideslip angle of the center of mass of the vehicle follow the reference value better, which can effectively avoid the vehicle sideslip and instability and improve the vehicle yaw stability and driving safety. However, due to the limitations of experimental equipment, the proposed method could not be applied to the real vehicle test. The real vehicle test can better test the control effect of the proposed method.
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Guo, Rong, Hao Chen, and Meng-Jia Wang. "Modeling and active control of power-split hybrid electric vehicle launch vibration." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 592–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418817888.
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One of the key challenges with the development of hybrid electric vehicles is the noise, vibration, and harsh behavior, specifically the uncomfortable ride experience during launch. This paper focuses on the driveline vibration caused by the quick response of the traction motor in the launch condition of hybrid electric vehicles. A torsional vibration differential equation for frequency analysis, including a Ravigneaux planetary gear set, a reducer, a differential, half shafts, and wheels, is thus built. Based on the equation, many components of the power-split system are simplified to make the controller design easy. Finally, wave superposition control strategy has been proposed to suppress the vibration, in which the concept is delaying part of the input to superimpose with the original input to eliminate the output wave. In order to optimize the control effect, parameters of the controller are chosen according to the system response. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that wave superposition control strategy is effective in attenuating the vibration generated by hybrid electric vehicles during launch conditions.
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Skrúcaný, Tomáš, František Synák, and Štefánia Semanová. "Influence of the Braking System that is Contrary to Legislation on Breaking Characteristics of Passenger Car." Transport technic and technology 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttt-2018-0001.
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Abstract There are also the vehicles among the other vehicles in road traffic that have been modified without being authorised by their producer. These also include modifications such as structural modifications in the vehicle break system. Besides a brake system of road motor vehicles is one of the main factors influencing the active safety of vehicles. The design of the brake system, its technical condition and additional intervention in its construction may have a positive as well as negative impact on the braking distance length and the value of the mean braking deceleration achieved. The paper focuses on the influence of the brake disc diameter of the front axle on the achieved value of the mean braking deceleration and the braking distance length, while the braking system has been modified for several times without being approved by car manufacturer. The introductory part of the paper describes the braking distance sections and it also explains the term of mean braking deceleration. The following part of the paper deals with the measurement methodology, measuring equipment and the vehicle used during the measurements as well as procedures employed. The results obtained from the measurements are processed and presented in tables and also in graphs for greater clarity. The final part of the paper summarizes and evaluates the measured results. The importance of the paper lies in quantification of the influence of brake discs with different diameters on the vehicle active safety in the case of a particular vehicle.
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Zhang, Bowen, Zaixin Song, Senyi Liu, Rundong Huang, and Chunhua Liu. "Overview of Integrated Electric Motor Drives: Opportunities and Challenges." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 8299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218299.
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Integrated Motor Drives (IMDs) have recently received extensive attention. In electric vehicles (EVs), electric propulsion aircraft, and ship propulsion systems, integrated motors have the great potential to replace traditional motors with the distinct merits of compact size, high power density, high efficiency, and high-cost effectiveness. This paper investigates and reviews integrated motor drives’ development and critical technologies. It not only reveals the research progress of the motor structure, converter, volume optimization, heat dissipation design, and weakening electromagnetic interference of integrated motor drives but also explores in detail the applications of wide-bandgap semiconductors and the integration of LCL filters. In addition, this paper also puts forward the concept of integrated motor drive integration level and establishes a corresponding quantitative method to evaluate IMDs integration level. In the future, integrated wireless motor drives will have a broad scope of research and application. IMDs systems will play an important role in applications requiring high power density, providing solutions to motor system size and heat dissipation problems. This overview will help clarify the opportunities, challenges, and future development of IMDs.
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Sun, Binbin, Tianqi Gu, Mengxue Xie, Pengwei Wang, Song Gao, and Xi Zhang. "Strategy Design and Performance Analysis of an Electromechanical Flywheel Hybrid Scheme for Electric Vehicles." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 11017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711017.
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Energy management strategies are one of the key factors affecting the working efficiency of electric vehicle energy power systems. At present, electric vehicles will develop real-time and efficient energy management strategies according to the topology of on-board energy power system to improve the driving performance of vehicles. In this paper, a new electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is studied. Firstly, the characteristics of the topological scheme of the electromechanical flywheel hybrid system are analyzed, and the working modes are designed. Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of vehicles’ energy utilization and ensure the real-time performance of the management strategy, an energy management strategy based on fuzzy rules is designed with the flywheel’s state of energy (SOE) as the key reference parameter. Then, considering the directional stability in the braking process, the braking force distribution strategy between the front axle and the rear axle is designed. In order to improve the braking energy recovery efficiency, the secondary distribution strategy consisting of a mechanical braking force and regenerative braking force on the front and rear axles is designed. Finally, the bench test of a electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is carried out. Experiments show that compared with the original dual-motor four-wheel drive scheme, the electromechanical flywheel hybrid four-wheel drive system scheme developed in this paper can reduce the current variation range of lithium batteries by 43.16%, increase the average efficiency by 1.04%, and increase the braking energy recovery rate by 40.61% under the Japan urban cycle conditions. In addition, taking advantage of the energy and power regulation advantages of the electromechanical flywheel device, the power consumption of the lithium battery is reduced by 1.82% under cycling conditions.
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Rehnuma, M., AA Riad, and RI Shakur. "Assessment of Air Quality Parameters at Different Locations of Tangail Sadar Upazila, Tangail." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 13, no. 1-2 (July 6, 2022): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v13i1-2.60699.
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The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of PM2.5, PM10, CH4, CO2, CO, SO2 in the air of Tangail Sadar Upazila, Tangail. In the study area air quality data has been collected from eight sampling stations namely MBSTU campus, Baby stand, Nirala more, New bus stand, Rabna bypass, College gate, Old bus stand, Nogor jalfoi during dry season. The air quality data collected by using Aeroqual S 500 series. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, CH4, CO2, CO, SO2 found in air were ranged from 0.03-0.06, 0.04-0.10, 12.3-36, 919-1238.2, 0.00- 2.61, 0.00-0.48 mg/m3, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2 that have been found were higher than Bangladesh standard and WHO guideline. Their sources could be the motor vehicles, road dust, coal burning, road construction, open dumping of solid waste in Tangail Sadar Upazila. Appropriate engine design control strategies and maintenance services should be introduced for reducing emission. Efficient solid waste management system should be introduced to control emission from construction sources.
Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 118-122, 2020
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Wang, Liang-Yuan, and Pei-Jen Wang. "Maglev Systems Based on Combined Propulsion and Levitation Hybrid Technology." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2001): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0006.
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Maglev vehicles have been recognized as the transportation technology for the 21st century due to its advantage of being able to run on guides without wheels. However, applications of Maglev vehicles for material transportation have not been extensively studied in the past due to the technological limitations on achieving high energy efficiency. Recently, limitations have been circumvented with the advent of computer-aided engineering software tools and high-energy product permanent magnets. In this paper, a Maglev system employed for material transportation applications has been designed and analyzed based upon a novel concept by using hybrid levitation magnets for the rotor together with the linear synchronous motor for the stator. With the help of high retentivity of permanent magnets, the hybrid levitation magnets would consume little electrical energy when near-zero power control has been applied for levitation control. First, before going into design details, levitation stability of the hybrid magnets has been carefully investigated. Furthermore, possible responsive interactions between levitation and propulsion controllers have also been examined. This paper develops a fundamental approach to controller design and analysis on the Maglev system by going through simulations and experimental verifications. With the assistance of a commercial CAE package, the design and optimization of electromagnetic circuits has been accomplished for construction of a levitation controller. Simulated control results are compared to experimental results from a prototype built in-house. The future of the Maglev system is very promising and applicable in practice.
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Baier, Andrzej, Maja Baier, Michał Sobek, Łukasz Grabowski, Dawid Dusik, and Piotr Papaj. "Computer Aided Process of Designing the Mechatronic Silesian Greenpower Electric Car." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.674.
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"The Greenpower Corporate Challenge" is an annual race of four-wheeled electric vehicles organized on the tracks in the UK. Participants of the "The Greenpower Corporate Challenge" contest are students of high schools and universities which are involved in designing and construction process of an electric race car. The basic goal of GPCC competition is making the largest possible number of laps on the race track - for a limited time of 90 minutes. The main restriction is imposed by the organizers, the power source and type of the motor driving the car, which increases competition level and equalize the chances of teams. The design process of the vehicle was followed by the drawn intuitively, an iterative procedure. A simplified methodology for the design and construction of the vehicle has been adopted, which was based on a cyclic process of designing every mechatronic subsystems and gathering them all in one CAD model. During all designing and engineering tasks a mathematical model of the vehicle has been used. With using finite element method (FEM) and studies using an anthropometric drivers model there was a continuous control of the correctness of the solutions and results. This article describes the computer research methods used in the design process of selected systems and components of the vehicle Silesian Greenpower and their adequacy in relation to traditional methods.
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Zhu, Xiaoyong, Deyang Fan, Zixuan Xiang, Li Quan, Wei Hua, and Ming Cheng. "Systematic multi-level optimization design and dynamic control of less-rare-earth hybrid permanent magnet motor for all-climatic electric vehicles." Applied Energy 253 (November 2019): 113549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113549.
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Wei, Chun Gen, Hai Bo Jiang, Fei Xin Huang, Shi Wu Ouyang, and Xiang Long. "Cause Analysis of Longitudinal Cracks in Closure Segment of an Extra-Large Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2744.
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The longitudinal cracks in the bottom slab of box girder have been found in lots of prestressed concrete continuous girder bridges in China, and the disease has been common by now. In this paper, a review of the causes of longitudinal crack is given. Then an analysis model is established by MIDAS/Civil 2006 to analyze the causes of longitudinal cracks in the bottom slab of an extra-large bridge. In calculations, dead load, vehicle load, prestressed load and temperature load etc are considered, and the distributions of transverse stress are obtained under three load combinations. The results show that the downward force caused by prestressed cables and the eccentric load under motor vehicles are the main factors which cause the appearance of these cracks. Finally, suggestions for the design and construction of such bridges are proposed to prevent the cracks, which can be referenced by relevant people.
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Forda Nama, Gigih, Fadillah Halim Rasyidy, Raden Arum S P., and Mardiana . "A Real-time Schoolchild Shuttle Vehicle Tracking System Base on Android Mobile-apps." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.36 (May 6, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.36.29075.
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Indonesians parent widely use private school shuttle services for their schoolchild due to their lack of time and effectiveness, unfortunately mostly of those shuttle vehicles (car or motor cycle) services currently cannot be tracked. From a security point of view, the parent’s need a system that can identified the location of the vehicle in real-time. With rapid technological development today, parents' skepticism can be overcome by tracking the shuttle vehicles through a mobile applications that connected to Global Positioning System (GPS). This research presents the design of a prototype, called “AS-OJEK”, an android-based mobile apps and web technology for schoolchild shuttle applications that used several technology such as Web-services, JSON, PHP, MySQL and bootstrap framework as application builders. The application could be installed on any android smartphone version, it will be able to send the location and displaying the vehicle shuttle location on the smartphone screen and display historical location of the tracked vehicle. Rapid Application Development (RAD) framework was used as a software development method, with its 4 phases; phase 1: requirements planning and specifications, phase 2: user design, phase 3: construction, phase 4: cutover. The application was already appropriate with user’s needs, proven by performing functional testing and User Acceptance Test (UAT). Based on the results of the UAT, this application has been running well and succeed sending vehicle location to the server, and can tracked through mobile-apps or web applications.
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Contò, Chiara, and Nicola Bianchi. "E-Bike Motor Drive: A Review of Configurations and Capabilities." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010160.
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In recent years, the mobility sector is undergoing a revolution, which is resulting also into a worldwide spread of light electric vehicles, such as electric scooters and bicycles. The increasing public concern about environmental problems further feeds this revolution. Electric-bicycles (or e-bikes) are a new trend which fits different riders’ needs. In fact, they offer extended range and ease of use, allowing riders to travel in urban centres, but also to take longer trips. E–bikes are reliable, easy to ride, affordable, and they help people live and travel a little greener, with a great benefit for their health. Many Companies (such as Brose, Bafang, Bosch and Shimano) developed performing e-bike motor drives. However, there is not a detailed general procedure to help the choice and design of electric bikes, in particular concerning the electric machine. This review focuses on the analysis of different motors for e-bike application. First, the e-bike system state of art is presented. The pedal-assist and power-on-demand e-bike system typologies are presented, together with the most popular parallel configuration and the less common series configuration. Further on, the environmental resistances are analysed for a traditional bicycle system and then the force balance is extended to the electric vehicle example. The most common Lithium-ion battery and the battery management system state of art is discussed, presenting design schemes and typical performances. Concerning the electrical machine, some electromagnetic design approaches are described, together with some data on commercial motors. Finite element analysis of a common motor model is carried out and some experimental tests are presented to highlight their capabilities. Different control strategies are compared, including innovative solutions and new trends.
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Sołowczuk, Alicja Barbara, and Dominik Kacprzak. "Effect of Lane Narrowing Implemented on an Urban Dual Carriageway on Speed Reduction and Acoustic Environment." Buildings 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010031.
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The on-going growth in the use of motor vehicles leads to a number of traffic safety problems. Therefore, various traffic calming measures are applied to increase traffic safety in built-up areas. Lane narrowing is one of the techniques used to influence the perception of drivers and make them slow down. With this in mind, the authors conducted traffic volume and speed counts before and after installation of the lane narrowing treatment, covering 100 passing vehicles, at an intersection between an urban dual carriageway and an estate street where over a dozen fatal accidents occurred in the recent years. Traffic noise was also measured, both before and after lane narrowing. The traffic count data were analysed to show speed reduction by ca. 15 km/h, yet in all cases still above 50 km/h, which is the speed limit applicable to built-up areas in Poland. The analysis of the “before” and “after” noise maps showed only minor changes to the distribution of noise. The locations of these changes to the acoustic environment depended on the speed and volume of traffic and, much more importantly, on the topography of the surrounding area, the existing roadside layered landscape and the type of planted vegetation. The detailed analyses of the analysed parameters demonstrated that sustainable design of traffic calming measures on urban dual carriageways must consider not only the desired speed reduction but also the surrounding landscape and the local topography.
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Chalkiadakis, Nikolaos, Athanasios Stubos, Emmanuel I. Zoulias, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. "Pilot autonomous hybrid hydrogen refueling station utilizing a metal hydride compressor covering local transportation needs." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233406002.
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The need for decreasing carbon emissions in the transportation sector in order to meet the targets of the European Union by 2030, inevitably leads to the large scale adoption of cleaner alternatives. Hydrogen fueled vehicles could possibly provide one such alternative, if we could assume that the necessary infrastructure would be widely available throughout Europe. Already, the European Union has committed to the construction of a significant number of Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) by year 2025 and in view of that, there is a need of developing suitable configurations for the production, compression, storage and dispensing of green hydrogen to hydrogen fueled vehicles. This work presents an autonomous hybrid system which produces green hydrogen by PV- powered water electrolysis (PEM), which is subsequently compressed by a novel metal hydride hydrogen compressor to pressures up to 200 bar. This pilot HRS will meet the daily demand of 2 scooters and a golf cart which have been transformed, in order for their electric motor to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell instead of a battery. An important element of the work which is presented, revolves around the integration of the metal hydride compressor with the rest of the system, and how this integration won’t hinder its functionality. The complete system design and layout is presented, while the results from the system operation could give a good idea regarding the optimal system sizing for similar large scale applications.
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Guo, Rong, Shuai Han, Meng-Jia Wang, and Chong Cao. "Electric motor-based crankshaft stop position control to suppress range extender start vibration in electric vehicle." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 37, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 422–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317711598.
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Range-extended electric vehicles have the most complex noise and vibration problems since certain control strategies often make range extenders (REs) shut down or restart for the sake of better fuel consumption. This paper deals with this uncomfortable riding experience, especially during the range extender start phase. A control-oriented nonlinear model for the start–stop vibration analysis, including range extender mount system, engine–clutch–motor shaft system, engine inertia torque and force, engine friction torque, engine gas torque, engine manifold pressure, electric motor torque, and range extender controller, is thus built. In the developed model, a new estimation method for gas torque is proposed, where the initial crank angle is considered and the relevant equations are simplified. The method has proven to predict gas torque accurately without using a complex calculation process. According to the developed model, the active control method, crankshaft stop position control (CSPC) has been proposed. The crankshaft stop position is analyzed as well as the crankshaft movement with different speeds at top dead center is discussed, which lead to the design of the target curves for crankshaft movement during the stop phase. Based on the set-up model, CSPC is finally applied through the cascade control of the motor to evaluate the control effectiveness. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that CSPC can help the crankshaft to finally stop at the optimal initial crank angle, which effectively lessens the vibration in the next start phase.
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Liang, Zhaowen, Kai Liu, Jinjin Huang, Enfei Zhou, Chao Wang, Hui Wang, Qiong Huang, and Zhenpo Wang. "Powertrain Design and Energy Management Strategy Optimization for a Fuel Cell Electric Intercity Coach in an Extremely Cold Mountain Area." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 11253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811253.
Full textAbstract:
Facing the challenge that the single-motor electric drive powertrain cannot meet the continuous uphill requirements in the cold mountainous area of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the manuscript adopted a dual-motor coupling technology. Then, according to the operating characteristics and performance indicators of the fuel cell (FC)–traction battery hybrid power system, the structure design and parameter matching of the vehicle power system architecture were carried out to improve the vehicle’s dynamic performance. Furthermore, considering the extremely cold conditions in the Winter Olympics competition area and the poor low-temperature tolerance of core components of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) under extremely cold conditions, such as the reduced capacity and service life of traction batteries caused by the rapid deterioration of charging and discharging characteristics, the manuscript proposed a fuzzy logic control-based energy management strategy (EMS) optimization method for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), to reduce the power fluctuation, hydrogen consumption and battery charging/discharging times, and at the same time, to ensure the hybrid power system meets the varying demand under different conditions. In addition, the performance of the proposed approach was investigated and validated in an intercity coach in real-world driving conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed powertrain with an optimal control strategy successfully alleviated the fluctuation of vehicle power demand, reduced the battery charging/discharging times of traction battery, and improved the energy efficiency by 20.7%. The research results of this manuscript are of great significance for the future promotion and application of fuel cell electric coaches in all climate environments, especially in an extremely cold mountain area.
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Kofanova, Olena, and Oleksii Kofanov. "ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND AND TERRESTRIAL URBANISTICS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-119-134.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. The aim of the study is to predict the potential risk of urban air pollution by toxic components of exhaust gases of vehicles in terms of the underground and terrestrial urban planning, in particular, street canyons, underground pedestrian crossings, underground parking lots, etc. Methods. The following research methodology was used in the work: on the basis of space-time field observations of the intensity, density and speed of traffic flows, as well as using mathematical modeling methods it was proved that urban air pollution (of the roadside space, adjacent territories of well-type yards, underground infrastructure, etc.) by toxicants, which are components of vehicle engine emissions, remains at a high, often environmentally hazardous level, and therefore requires urgent development and implementation of the appropriate precautionary measures. Results. The analysis of problems of ecological safety of city objects of terrestrial (high-traffic roads, adjacent territories) and underground (underground pedestrian crossings, garages, parking lots) urbanistics allowed to reveal direct and indirect negative influences on air environment from emissions of motor vehicles; using mathematical modeling methods to predict the fields of concentration of major toxicants and identify areas of local emergency pollution in different weather conditions, identify the most unfavorable directions and wind speeds and assess the level of environmental hazards to human health (residents of houses located in the well-type yards, pedestrians, owners of underground garages (parking lots), tenants of parking spaces, etc.). Scientific novelty. The study revealed direct and indirect negative effects of the motor transport complex on the air environment of urban territories (objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics), in particular, based on the use of mathematical modeling methods. The level of environmental danger to the health of urban residents has been assessed. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the design and construction of urban infrastructure, as well as to reduce the technogenic load on the environment and human health in existing objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics and other city areas.
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Kireev, Alexander V., Nikolay M. Kozhemyaka, and Gennadiy N. Kononov. "Prerequisites for the Creation of a High-Speed Container Transport System." Transportation systems and technology 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst2017345-41.
Full textAbstract:
The new scope of application for vehicles equipped with magnetic suspension is the fright container transportation. In order to realise the transit potential of the country, the increase in mean speed of the container trains is required. Objective. The purpose of the work is to explore the possibilities to develop the highspeed transport system equipped with magnetic suspension for container transportation along Eurasian land bridge. Methods. The following methods and analysis have been used as research instruments: case study, computer modeling, transport geography and technical and economic analysis. Results. The market analysis results of the transit container transportation have shown that the major challenge for Russian transit development is the constrained traffic capacity of the existing transport corridors. The drastic solution of the problem can be the construction of a new high-speed transport system. The following factors determining the conditions for the creation of the new transport system have been identified: the use of the Azov-Black sea basin transportation facilities, provision of the accessibility of the northern areas; the development of technical solutions ensuring the design of the transport system with low cost infrastructure. The combined traction levitation system has been developed based on the extremely simple design of the linear switched reluctance motor. The experimental researches of the full-functional physical model of the transport platform have been performed. The assessment of investment project efficiency has shown that despite large start-up investment in the track infrastructure, the project has positive economic effect. Practical importance. The computer model of the combined traction levitation system based on the linear switched reluctance motor has been designed. The concept of the new transport system construction has been introduced taking into account the characteristics of the supposed operating test sites in poorly developed areas. The high-speed route has been proposed connecting the Azov-Black sea basin with the Pacific coastline and completely passing through the territories of Russia including some northern regions. The transit potential assessment has shown that due to the transit time reduction it is possible to attract the container freights with traffic volume of 1.52 million in twenty-pounds equivalent.
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Koppel, Sjaan, Sujanie Peiris, Mohammed Aburumman, Chernyse W. R. Wong, Justin M. Owens, and Katie N. Womack. "What Are the Restraint Practices, Preferences, and Experiences When Australian Parents Travel with Their Children in a Rideshare Vehicle?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 8928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178928.
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This study aimed to explore the preferences, experiences and restraint practices of Australian parents travelling with their children in rideshare vehicles. Six hundred and thirty-one participants completed an online survey (M = 39.2 years, SD = 10.5, Range = 18.0–70.0 years; Female: 63.4%). Most participants (59.1%) reported that they had not travelled in a rideshare vehicle with their youngest child (M = 7.2 years, SD = 5.2, Range = 0.0–17.0 years; Male: 54.2%). Participants who reported that they have travelled with their youngest child in a rideshare vehicle tended to: be younger, identify as male, have completed an Undergraduate or Postgraduate degree, reside in the Australian Capital Territory, earning a higher yearly household income, and were involved in an at-fault crash in the past two years. In addition, these participants were: less likely to have a ‘younger’ youngest child, less likely to ‘always’ wear a seatbelt while travelling in their private motor vehicle, and also less likely to ‘always’ restrain their child in an appropriate restraint while travelling in their private motor vehicle. Prohibitive reasons for not travelling in a rideshare vehicle included: cost (29.3%), concerns over driver safety (27.5%), concerns over travelling with children in a rideshare service (24.8%), or inconvenience (24.3%). Participants who reported that they had travelled in a rideshare vehicle with their youngest child reported lower rates of appropriate restraint use within the rideshare vehicle (57.3%) than when travelling in their private motor vehicle (85.6%). Reasons associated with inappropriate restraint use within the rideshare vehicle included: unavailability of a child restraint (39.6%), travelling a short distance (33.0%), were not required to use one in this situation (33.0%), or the parent did not have a restraint with them (26.4%). Given the increasing popularity of rideshare services in Australia, and globally, the urgent adaption of rideshare-specific policy, legislation, education, and design in relation to child restraint requirements is needed to ensure the safety of child occupants.
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Agyeman, Philip K., Gangfeng Tan, Frimpong J. Alex, Jamshid F. Valiev, Prince Owusu-Ansah, Isaac O. Olayode, and Mohammed A. Hassan. "Parameter Matching, Optimization, and Classification of Hybrid Electric Emergency Rescue Vehicles Based on Support Vector Machines." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197071.
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Based on the requisition for an ideal precise power source for a hybrid electric emergency rescue vehicle (HE-ERV), we present an optimistic parameter matching and optimization schemes for the selection of a HE-ERV. Then, given a set of optimized power source components, they are classified into different types of HE-ERV. In this study, due to the different design objectives of different types of emergency rescue vehicles and the problems of hybrid electric vehicle parameter matching, a multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA) and non-linear programming quadratic Lagrangian (NLPQL) is proposed for the matched parameters. The vehicle dynamic model is established based on the AVL Cruise simulation platform. The power source performance parameters are matched by theoretical analysis and coupled to the simulation platform. Finally, the optimized matched parameters are classified based on the support vector machines classification model to determine the category of the HE-ERV. The classification results showed that there is an unprecedented level for categorizing several factors of the power source parameters. This research showed that its more logical and reasonable to match HE-ERVs with medium motor/engine power output and battery capacity, as these can attain dynamic performance, extended driving range, and reduced energy consumption.