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1
West, Sarah Elizabeth. "Public finance solutions to vehicle emissions problems /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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2
Kern, Justin M. "Inventory and prediction of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1245.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 125 p. : ill. (some col.), map Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-103).
3
Andrei, Paul. "Real world heavy-duty vehicle emissions modeling." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2048.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 100 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-100).
4
Jiménez-Palacios, José Luis 1968. "Understanding and quantifying motor vehicle emissions with vehicle specific power and TILDAS remote sensing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44505.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-361).
Motor vehicles are one of the largest sources of air pollutants worldwide. Despite their importance, motor vehicle emissions are inadequately understood and quantified. This is due in part to large variations in individual vehicle emissions with changing operating conditions, and to significant differences between vehicles. To better relate emissions with operating conditions, a new parameter termed "specific power" (SP) is presented. SP is the instantaneous tractive power per unit vehicle mass. This parameter has three main advantages: it can be calculated from roadside measurements, it captures most of the dependence of light-duty vehicle emissions on driving conditions, and it is directly specified in emissions certification cycles. The dependence of CO, HC, and NOx emissions on SP is better than on several other commonly used parameters, such as speed, acceleration, power, or fuel rate. Using SP as the basic metric allows meaningful comparisons to be made between data from different remote sensing sites, dynamometer driving cycles, and emission models. Modem U.S. vehicles are likely to operate under commanded enrichment when SP exceeds the maximum value on the Federal Test Procedure (-22 kW/Metric Ton). This may allow transient high emissions to be screened out during future remote sensing campaigns. Remote sensing can address the problem of inter-vehicle differences by quickly and cheaply measuring the emissions of large numbers of vehicles. Here, a tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectrometer (TILDAS) remote sensor was used to gather the first on-road measurements of N20 and N02, and the first high precision measurements of NO. NO was detected with a sensitivity of 5 ppm, which allowed even Ultra Low Emission Vehicles to be measured. On-road accuracy was demonstrated by comparing the TILDAS results with the on-board measurements of a heavy-duty diesel truck (HDDT). The remote sensor could operate with an optical path length of 88 meters, more than five times that of competing instruments. The NO and N20 emission distributions of passenger cars (PCs) and light-duty trucks (LDTs) were found to be highly skewed, while the NO emission distribution for HDDTs was not. N20 emissions from PCs and LDTs are estimated to contribute between 0.5% and 0.9% to U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.
by José Luis Jiménez-Palacios.
Ph.D.
5
Hitchins, Jane. "Dispersion of particles from vehicle emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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6
Barnett, Ryan A. "Characterization of infield vehicle activity data and exhaust emissions from diesel powered off-road vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2094.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 164 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-156).
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Riddle, Wesley C. "Design and evaluation of the emissions measurement components for a heavy-duty diesel powered vehicle mobile emissions measurement system (MEMS)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1939.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 167 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-130).
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Nyika, Paidamoyo A. "An anaysis [sic] of a reformulated emission control diesel effects on heavy duty vehicle diesel exhaust emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2120.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 111 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111).
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Gajendran, Prakash. "Development of a heavy duty diesel vehicle emissions inventory prediction methodology." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4263.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-173).
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Edirveerasingam, Veronica. "Implications of vehicle emissions in Lake Tahoe soils and sediments." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239872.
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Goldstone, Mark Edward. "The behaviour and control of motor vehicle related pollutants in urban air." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260759.
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Xu, Zhuyun. "Analysis of particulate matter concentration and size distribution in heavy-duty vehicle exhaust emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2012.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 133 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-133).
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Cirillo, Emily D. "Development of a micro-dilution tunnel system for in-use, on-board heavy duty vehicle particulate matter emissions measurement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2085.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 147 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124).
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Moynahan, Nathan A. "Development of a vehicle road load model for ECU broadcast power verification in on-road emissions testing." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4454.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 117 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).
15
Buckeridge, David Llewellyn. "A spatial analysis of the relationship between respiratory health and motor vehicle emissions amongst small urban areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ40706.pdf.
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Dohanich, Francis Albert. "On-Road Remote Sensing of Motor Vehicle Emissions: Associations between Exhaust Pollutant Levels and Vehicle Parameters for Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5524/.
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On-road remote sensing has the ability to operate in real-time, and under real world conditions, making it an ideal candidate for detecting gross polluters on major freeways and thoroughfares. In this study, remote sensing was employed to detect carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO). On-road remote sensing data taken from measurements performed in six states, (Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah) were cleaned and analyzed. Data mining and exploration were first undertaken in order to search for relationships among variables such as make, year, engine type, vehicle weight, and location. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the three pollutants of interest. The data were found to have non-normal distributions. Applied transformations were ineffective, and nonparametric tests were applied. Due to the extremely large sample size of the dataset (508,617 records), nonparametric tests resulted in "p" values that demonstrated "significance." The general linear model was selected due to its ability to handle data with non-normal distributions. The general linear model was run on each pollutant with output producing descriptive statistics, profile plots, between-subjects effects, and estimated marginal means. Due to insufficient data within certain cells, results were not obtained for gross vehicle weight and engine type. The "year" variable was not directly analyzed in the GLM because "year" was employed in a weighted least squares transformation. "Year" was found to be a source of heteroscedasticity; and therefore, the basis of a least-squares transformation. Grouped-years were analyzed using medians, and the results were displayed graphically. Based on the GLM results and descriptives, Japanese vehicles typically had the lowest CO, HC, and NO emissions, while American vehicles ranked high for the three. Illinois, ranked lowest for CO, while Texas ranked highest. Illinois and Colorado were lowest for HC emissions, while Utah and California were highest. For NO, Colorado ranked highest with Texas and Arizona, lowest.
17
Kelly, Kenneth John. "The effects of fuels and test cycles on light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions." Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176490219.
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Thornhill, Dwight Anthony Corey. "Air Quality in Mexico City: Spatial and Temporal Variations of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Source Apportionment of Gasoline-Versus-Diesel Vehicle Emissions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34421.
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The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is one of the largest cities in the world, and as with many megacities worldwide, it experiences serious air quality and pollution problems, especially with ozone and particulate matter. Ozone levels exceed the health-based standard, which is equivalent to the U.S. standard, on approximately 80% of all days, and concentrations of particulate matter 10 μm and smaller (PM10) exceed the standard on more than 40% of all days in most years. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of semi-volatile compounds that are formed during combustion and many of these compounds are known or suspected carcinogens. Recent studies on PAHs in Mexico City indicate that very high concentrations have been observed there and may pose a serious health hazard.
The first part of this thesis describes results from the Megacities Initiative: Local and Regional Observations (MILAGRO) study in Mexico City in March 2006. During this field campaign, we measured PAH and aerosol active surface area (AS) concentrations at six different locations throughout the city using the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML). The different sites encompassed a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and undeveloped land use. The goals of this research were to describe spatial and temporal patterns in PAH and AS concentrations, to gain insight into sources of PAHs, and to quantify the relationships between PAHs and other pollutants. We observed that the highest measurements were generally found at sites with dense traffic networks. Also, PAH concentrations varied considerably in space. An important implication of this result is that for risk assessment studies, a single monitoring site will not adequately represent an individual's exposure.
Source identification and apportionment are essential for developing effective control strategies to improve air quality and therefore reduce the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter and PAHs. However, very few studies have separated gasoline- versus diesel-powered vehicle emissions under a variety of on-road driving conditions. The second part of this thesis focuses on distinguishing between the two types of engine emissions within the MCMA using positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modeling. The Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory drove throughout the MCMA in March 2006 and measured on-road concentrations of a large suite of gaseous and particulate pollutants, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), benzene (C6H6), formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PAHs, and black carbon (BC). These pollutant species served as the input data for the receptor model. Fuel-based emission factors and annual emissions within Mexico City were then calculated from the source profiles of the PMF model and fuel sales data. We found that gasoline-powered vehicles were responsible for 90% of mobile source CO emissions and 85% of VOCs, while diesel-powered vehicles accounted for almost all of NO emissions (99.98%). Furthermore, the annual emissions estimates for CO and VOC were lower than estimated during the MCMA-2003 field campaign.
The number of megacities is expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades. As one of the world's largest megacities, Mexico City serves as a model for studying air quality problems in highly populated, extremely polluted environments. The results of this work can be used by policy makers to improve air quality and reduce related health risks in Mexico City and other megacities.Master of Science
19
Dong, Caroline. "Effect of diesel exhaust particles on allergic reactions and airway responsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized brown Norway rats." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5046.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 118 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-118).
20
Schultz, Grant George. "Developing a methodology to account for commercial motor vehicles using microscopic traffic simulation models." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/111.
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The collection and interpretation of data is a critical component of traffic and transportation engineering used to establish baseline performance measures and to forecast future conditions. One important source of traffic data is commercial motor vehicle (CMV) weight and classification data used as input to critical tasks in transportation design, operations, and planning. The evolution of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies has been providing transportation engineers and planners with an increased availability of CMV data. The primary sources of these data are automatic vehicle classification (AVC) and weigh-in-motion (WIM). Microscopic traffic simulation models have been used extensively to model the dynamic and stochastic nature of transportation systems including vehicle composition. One aspect of effective microscopic traffic simulation models that has received increased attention in recent years is the calibration of these models, which has traditionally been concerned with identifying the "best" parameter set from a range of acceptable values. Recent research has begun the process of automating the calibration process in an effort to accurately reflect the components of the transportation system being analyzed. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology in which the effects of CMVs can be included in the calibration of microscopic traffic simulation models. The research examines the ITS data available on weight and operating characteristics of CMVs and incorporates this data in the calibration of microscopic traffic simulation models. The research develops a methodology to model CMVs using microscopic traffic simulation models and then utilizes the output of these models to generate the data necessary to quantify the impacts of CMVs on infrastructure, travel time, and emissions. The research uses advanced statistical tools including principal component analysis (PCA) and recursive partitioning to identify relationships between data collection sites (i.e., WIM, AVC) such that the data collected at WIM sites can be utilized to estimate weight and length distributions at AVC sites. The research also examines methodologies to include the distribution or measures of central tendency and dispersion (i.e., mean, variance) into the calibration process. The approach is applied using the CORSIM model and calibrated utilizing an automated genetic algorithm methodology.
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Keogh, Diane Underwood. "Development of a particle number and particle mass emissions inventory for an urban fleet : a study in South-East Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/30297/1/Diane_Keogh_Thesis.pdf.
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Motor vehicles are a major source of gaseous and particulate matter pollution in urban areas, particularly of ultrafine sized particles (diameters < 0.1 µm). Exposure to particulate matter has been found to be associated with serious health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Particle emissions generated by motor vehicles span a very broad size range (from around 0.003-10 µm) and are measured as different subsets of particle mass concentrations or particle number count. However, there exist scientific challenges in analysing and interpreting the large data sets on motor vehicle emission factors, and no understanding is available of the application of different particle metrics as a basis for air quality regulation. To date a comprehensive inventory covering the broad size range of particles emitted by motor vehicles, and which includes particle number, does not exist anywhere in the world. This thesis covers research related to four important and interrelated aspects pertaining to particulate matter generated by motor vehicle fleets. These include the derivation of suitable particle emission factors for use in transport modelling and health impact assessments; quantification of motor vehicle particle emission inventories; investigation of the particle characteristic modality within particle size distributions as a potential for developing air quality regulation; and review and synthesis of current knowledge on ultrafine particles as it relates to motor vehicles; and the application of these aspects to the quantification, control and management of motor vehicle particle emissions. In order to quantify emissions in terms of a comprehensive inventory, which covers the full size range of particles emitted by motor vehicle fleets, it was necessary to derive a suitable set of particle emission factors for different vehicle and road type combinations for particle number, particle volume, PM1, PM2.5 and PM1 (mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 µm, < 2.5 µm and < 10 µm respectively). The very large data set of emission factors analysed in this study were sourced from measurement studies conducted in developed countries, and hence the derived set of emission factors are suitable for preparing inventories in other urban regions of the developed world. These emission factors are particularly useful for regions with a lack of measurement data to derive emission factors, or where experimental data are available but are of insufficient scope. The comprehensive particle emissions inventory presented in this thesis is the first published inventory of tailpipe particle emissions prepared for a motor vehicle fleet, and included the quantification of particle emissions covering the full size range of particles emitted by vehicles, based on measurement data. The inventory quantified particle emissions measured in terms of particle number and different particle mass size fractions. It was developed for the urban South-East Queensland fleet in Australia, and included testing the particle emission implications of future scenarios for different passenger and freight travel demand. The thesis also presents evidence of the usefulness of examining modality within particle size distributions as a basis for developing air quality regulations; and finds evidence to support the relevance of introducing a new PM1 mass ambient air quality standard for the majority of environments worldwide. The study found that a combination of PM1 and PM10 standards are likely to be a more discerning and suitable set of ambient air quality standards for controlling particles emitted from combustion and mechanically-generated sources, such as motor vehicles, than the current mass standards of PM2.5 and PM10. The study also reviewed and synthesized existing knowledge on ultrafine particles, with a specific focus on those originating from motor vehicles. It found that motor vehicles are significant contributors to both air pollution and ultrafine particles in urban areas, and that a standardized measurement procedure is not currently available for ultrafine particles. The review found discrepancies exist between outcomes of instrumentation used to measure ultrafine particles; that few data is available on ultrafine particle chemistry and composition, long term monitoring; characterization of their spatial and temporal distribution in urban areas; and that no inventories for particle number are available for motor vehicle fleets. This knowledge is critical for epidemiological studies and exposure-response assessment. Conclusions from this review included the recommendation that ultrafine particles in populated urban areas be considered a likely target for future air quality regulation based on particle number, due to their potential impacts on the environment. The research in this PhD thesis successfully integrated the elements needed to quantify and manage motor vehicle fleet emissions, and its novelty relates to the combining of expertise from two distinctly separate disciplines - from aerosol science and transport modelling. The new knowledge and concepts developed in this PhD research provide never before available data and methods which can be used to develop comprehensive, size-resolved inventories of motor vehicle particle emissions, and air quality regulations to control particle emissions to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations.
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Keogh, Diane Underwood. "Development of a particle number and particle mass emissions inventory for an urban fleet : a study in South-East Queensland." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/30297/.
Full textAbstract:
Motor vehicles are a major source of gaseous and particulate matter pollution in urban areas, particularly of ultrafine sized particles (diameters < 0.1 µm). Exposure to particulate matter has been found to be associated with serious health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Particle emissions generated by motor vehicles span a very broad size range (from around 0.003-10 µm) and are measured as different subsets of particle mass concentrations or particle number count. However, there exist scientific challenges in analysing and interpreting the large data sets on motor vehicle emission factors, and no understanding is available of the application of different particle metrics as a basis for air quality regulation. To date a comprehensive inventory covering the broad size range of particles emitted by motor vehicles, and which includes particle number, does not exist anywhere in the world. This thesis covers research related to four important and interrelated aspects pertaining to particulate matter generated by motor vehicle fleets. These include the derivation of suitable particle emission factors for use in transport modelling and health impact assessments; quantification of motor vehicle particle emission inventories; investigation of the particle characteristic modality within particle size distributions as a potential for developing air quality regulation; and review and synthesis of current knowledge on ultrafine particles as it relates to motor vehicles; and the application of these aspects to the quantification, control and management of motor vehicle particle emissions. In order to quantify emissions in terms of a comprehensive inventory, which covers the full size range of particles emitted by motor vehicle fleets, it was necessary to derive a suitable set of particle emission factors for different vehicle and road type combinations for particle number, particle volume, PM1, PM2.5 and PM1 (mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 µm, < 2.5 µm and < 10 µm respectively). The very large data set of emission factors analysed in this study were sourced from measurement studies conducted in developed countries, and hence the derived set of emission factors are suitable for preparing inventories in other urban regions of the developed world. These emission factors are particularly useful for regions with a lack of measurement data to derive emission factors, or where experimental data are available but are of insufficient scope. The comprehensive particle emissions inventory presented in this thesis is the first published inventory of tailpipe particle emissions prepared for a motor vehicle fleet, and included the quantification of particle emissions covering the full size range of particles emitted by vehicles, based on measurement data. The inventory quantified particle emissions measured in terms of particle number and different particle mass size fractions. It was developed for the urban South-East Queensland fleet in Australia, and included testing the particle emission implications of future scenarios for different passenger and freight travel demand. The thesis also presents evidence of the usefulness of examining modality within particle size distributions as a basis for developing air quality regulations; and finds evidence to support the relevance of introducing a new PM1 mass ambient air quality standard for the majority of environments worldwide. The study found that a combination of PM1 and PM10 standards are likely to be a more discerning and suitable set of ambient air quality standards for controlling particles emitted from combustion and mechanically-generated sources, such as motor vehicles, than the current mass standards of PM2.5 and PM10. The study also reviewed and synthesized existing knowledge on ultrafine particles, with a specific focus on those originating from motor vehicles. It found that motor vehicles are significant contributors to both air pollution and ultrafine particles in urban areas, and that a standardized measurement procedure is not currently available for ultrafine particles. The review found discrepancies exist between outcomes of instrumentation used to measure ultrafine particles; that few data is available on ultrafine particle chemistry and composition, long term monitoring; characterization of their spatial and temporal distribution in urban areas; and that no inventories for particle number are available for motor vehicle fleets. This knowledge is critical for epidemiological studies and exposure-response assessment. Conclusions from this review included the recommendation that ultrafine particles in populated urban areas be considered a likely target for future air quality regulation based on particle number, due to their potential impacts on the environment. The research in this PhD thesis successfully integrated the elements needed to quantify and manage motor vehicle fleet emissions, and its novelty relates to the combining of expertise from two distinctly separate disciplines - from aerosol science and transport modelling. The new knowledge and concepts developed in this PhD research provide never before available data and methods which can be used to develop comprehensive, size-resolved inventories of motor vehicle particle emissions, and air quality regulations to control particle emissions to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations.
23
Fox, Ian, and n/a. "A study of particulate matter pollutants in the Canberra air shed, including total suspended particles PM10, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060710.125220.
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Methods for the determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
associated with suspended participate matter were developed with the aim of
determining airborne concentrations and to investigate seasonal trends. Other
associate pollutants such as Total Suspended Particulate matter (TSP), Particulate
Matter with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometres (PM10)
and lead concentration were also reviewed to determine trends. Motor vehicle
emissions appear to be the source of the PAHs and differences between the types
and concentrations of PAHs detected at central business district sites verses
suburban sites were noted. Wind erosion, biomass burning, motor vehicle emissions
and industrial processes are sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Lead
comes mainly from motor vehicles emissions in the ACT with some lead possibly
from the burning of lead contaminated fuel. TSP and lead concentrations have
decreased since air quality monitoring began in the early 1980s. PM10 concentration
may also have fallen but the data set for PM10s is to small to draw any firm
conclusions. Only TSP lead concentrations displayed a seasonal pattern. The ACT
air pollution Act 1984 has placed restriction on the burning of fuels to improve air
quality in the ACT. The air quality in regards to TSP and lead is improving.
However, the only strong links between the Act and decreased pollutant
concentrations is the introduction of unleaded petrol and the decrease of airborne
lead concentrations.
24
Madireddy, Madhava Rao. "Analytical design of a parallel hybrid electric powertrain for sports utility vehicles and heavy trucks." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175278829.
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Fomunung, Ignatius Wobyeba. "Predicting emissions rates for the Atlanta on-road light-duty vehicular fleet as a function of operating modes, control technologies, and engine charateristics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20834.
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LeBlanc, David Charles. "Modeling hot running carbon monoxide emissions : a comparison of speed-based and engine-based approaches." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20750.
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Bachman, William Hendricks. "Towards a GIS-based modal model of automobile exhaust emissions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21762.
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Van, der Westhuisen H., AB Taylor, AJ Bella, and MM Mbarawa. "Evaluation of evaporative emissions from gasoline powered motor vehicles under South African conditions." Elsevier, 2004. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001751.
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Abstract
This paper reports the quantification of the evaporative emissions from gasoline-poweredmotor vehicles in South
Africa under various conditions including high temperatures. Three vehicles with and without evaporative emission
control systems have been tested to quantify gasoline evaporative emissions, including both diurnal and running loss
emissions. Measurements were made in a Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination over a range of ambient
temperatures. The standard diurnal test shows that evaporative emissions increase progressively with increasing fuel
temperature. South African gasoline poweredmotor vehicles exhibitedevaporative emissions 10 times higher than that
allowed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The extended-time diurnal test shows that the fuel
emittedfrom gasoline-poweredmotor vehicles in South Africa is about 97 million litres of gasoline every year.
29
Madireddy, Madhava Rao. "Methods for reconstruction of transient emissions from heavy-duty vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5826.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 117 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-117).
30
Ušiak, Michal. "Porovnání koncepcí hybridního pohonu v režimu denního dojíždění do práce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417429.
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The master’s thesis deals with modelling of various architectures of hybrid powertrains for three vehicle sizes in GT-SUITE and compares them in daily commuting operating mode. On top of making of the hybrid vehicle simulation models, control algorithms had to be created to manage the energy split between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for each of the architectures. Routes to work and back were logged using the GPS and postprocessed to obtain the speed and the road grade profiles. Resulting data was used as an input in simulations of daily commuting. To compare all hybrid powertrain architectures, fuel economy and electricity consumption were evaluated for WLTP and daily commuting operating modes. Finally, the environmental impact of each topology was assessed based on an estimation of corresponding well-to-wheel emissions.
31
Thomas, Stephen Bradley. "Characterisation of ambient fine and ultrafine atmospheric aerosols." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Johnson, Lynne Alison. "Modelling particle emissions from traffic flows." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.
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33
Khan, ABM Siddiqur Rahman. "Evaluating real-world idle emissions from heavy-duty vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4217.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 58 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-58).
34
Udell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.
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Lee, Ka-yin Anna, and 李家賢. "Controlling vehicular emissions in an era of rapid motorization: a case study of Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664457.
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Singh, Rakesh Bhushan. "Modelling and measurement of particulate pollution from motor vehicles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389355.
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Toral, del Rio Maria Isabel. "An analysis of the influence of phosphorus poisoning on the exhaust emission after treatement systems of light-duty diesel vehicles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/697.
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Climate change has become a discussion topic of exponentially increasing urgency and importance amoung world leaders of all disciplines. These changes are brought about by the emission of so-called Greenhouse gases from various human activities. The primary cause of CO2 emissions is the burning of the Earth’s supply of nonrenewable natural fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The world first agreed on the prevention of “dangerous” climatic changes at the Earth Summit in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was the first step toward protection of the atmosphere and prescribes restrictions on emission pollutants. Since then the vehicle gas emissions are being controlled by means of different gas emissions norms, like the European Union Norm in Europe. The automotive manufacturers and suppliers are collectively working on reducing overall vehicle emissions. They are focusing on several different emission limiting possibilities, for example improved engine design, special fuel development and exhaust gas treatment systems. The exhaust gas treatment process requires continuous controlling and management of the exhaust gas emissions while driving a vehicle. Certain factors such as high emission temperatures have a negative influence on the life span of these systems. Their functionality and durability is also known to be reduced by the presence of chemical poisoning species like sulphur, phosphorus, zinc and calcium. The chemical poisoning species are produced during combustion of fuel and engine oil. They are therefore contained in the exhaust emissions and can poison the catalyst when passing over it. Phosphorous poisoning is particularly problematic and should be reduced considerably. This study involves the investigation of the phosphorous poisoning process and aims to provide clarity regarding the influences of different fuel and oil compositions on the severity of the process. Engine oil and biodiesel are two major sources of phosphorous poisoning. The phosphorus contained in biodiesel fuel is a natural component and can be minimized during the refining procedure. In contrast to others studies, the biodiesel fuel used during this project was SME (Soya Methyl Ester) with a 20% biodiesel content. This choice of fuel was made because of the increasingly important role that this type of biodiesel is playing in the European market and the future tendency to increase the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture with standard diesel fuel. The phosphorus contained in engine oil is a necessary additive to retain the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the oil. This study examined the poisoning influences from the most commonly used phosphorus containing oil additive, Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDDP), as well as a Zn-free, phosphorus containing anti-wear oil additive. This formulation provides information about the phosphorus poisoning process as caused by the engine oil in the absence of Zn in the oil additives. The results show how the phosphorus content in biodiesel fuel affects the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems and the importance of reducing the permitted content of phosphorus contained in the fuel. Reducing the phosphorus content in the fuel will conserve the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems during their operational life and thereby protect the environmental from emission pollutants. It also provides insight into the differences in the poisoning processes when the phosphorus deposited on the catalyst comes from biodiesel fuel and when it comes from the engine oil. Finally the results also illustrate the influence of different phosphorous forms contained in engine oil additives on the catalyst poisoning process. This information could be used for the development of new oil additive formulations.
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Ing, Koh. "Variations in carbon emissions from vehicles at signalised intersections." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349003/.
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Carbon emissions from road transport make up 20% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. Therefore, reducing carbon emissions from road transport is significant in reaching carbon reduction targets. In urban areas where signal controlled intersections are common, carbon emissions from vehicular traffic can be aggravated by aggressive driving and interruptions induced by traffic control. Considerable variations in speed and acceleration profiles could be observed between high carbon and low carbon driving. In view of the immediate effects that changing driving behaviour could have on carbon emissions without extra cost, this study had investigated the variations in carbon emissions at signalised intersection, which includes the scale of impacts of changing driving behaviour and flow interruption on carbon emissions. Characteristics which lead to high CO2 emissions could then be modified by addressing the behavioural change and control strategies. High frequency real world driving data was collected using the TRG highly instrumented vehicle. The vehicle was equipped with a number of on-board systems, i.e., on-board emission measurement system, velocity box, on-board diagnostic unit, Dashdyno and video recorder. Aggressive and economical driving styles observed for two drivers during initial tests showed distinct differences in terms of speed profiles and fuel consumption. These initial tests were used to examine the nature and scale of potential impacts on fuel consumption and to design main field tests. Natural driving observed from twenty nine drivers from the main field tests also showed significantly different levels of carbon emissions at signalised intersections, which were caused by variations in both driving behaviour and traffic control. In terms of driving behaviour, changing the worst driving to the best driving during interrupted driving was found to reduce CO2 emissions significantly. The carbon reductions were collectively contributed by 1) applying soft acceleration and keeping acceleration below 0.6m/s2 during the acceleration mode and 2) reducing leaving speed at intersections, 3) practising smooth deceleration and stable speed during the deceleration mode and 4) applying the idle-stop system. Carbon emission rates of different vehicles may vary from one to another. However, it was found that the amount of carbon savings demonstrated in this study could be possibly achieved by other internal combustion vehicles of the same class, and by hybrid electric vehicles to a lesser extent. In this study, changing driving behaviour is recommended as a cost effective way to achieve carbon reduction.
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Byers, Richard J. "Measurement of particulate matter size, concentration and mass emissions from in-use heavy duty vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1146.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 289 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-262).
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Lee, Ka-yin Anna. "Controlling vehicular emissions in an era of rapid motorization a case study of Guangzhou /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664457.
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Namdeo, Anil Kumar. "Modelling the emission and dispersion of air pollution from motor vehicles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294728.
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Brown, Nicholas M. "Characterisation of emissions and combustion stability of a port fuelled spark ignition engine." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10821/.
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The chemical and physical limits of cycle-to-cycle combustion variability and engine out emissions of a gasoline port fuelled spark ignition engine have been investigated. The experimental investigations were carried out on a V8 engine with port fuel injection and variable intake valve timing. The chemical limits of stable combustion have been shown to be a function of burned gas, fuel and air mixture. The widest limit, gas fuel ratio of <24, burned gas fraction <0.27 and AFR >9 was found at maximum brake torque spark timing. Retarding the spark timing by 10oCA caused a small reduction in the stable area, 20oCA retard reduced the stable combustion area significantly, whereby stable combustion occurred within an area of gas fuel ratio of <19, burned gas fraction <0.2 and AFR >10. Burn rate analysis indicated increased variability in both the flame development and rapid burn period. The increase in variability in the rapid burn period is greater than that associated with the flame development. The variability is magnified from flame development through the rapid burn phase. This finding was consistent for unstable combustion caused by exceeding chemical and physical limits. Engine out emissions were investigated and characterised using engine global state parameters, for example AFR, burned gas fraction, for both stable and unstable combustion conditions. Carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions correlations were unaffected by the presence of unstable combustion events whereas hydrocarbon emissions showed a significant increase. The incorporation of these findings were implemented into an engine simulation (Nu-SIM V8) investigating the impact for the New European Drive Cycle condition.
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Zhang, Jun. "Particle matter emission control and related issues for diesel engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1521/.
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The particulate matter is probably one of the most critical issues of the diesel engine emissions. After years of research, people begin to understand it further, with respect to its impact on the environment and human health, its formation mechanism inside and outside the diesel engine, and most importantly, the methods to control its formation. This study has focused on the particulate matter emission control in diesel engines. It started with the application of two closely coupled Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs), consisting of an assistant DPF and a main standard honeycomb DPF, to replace the standard Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) + DPF system, commonly applied on diesel engines these days. This new after-treatment system showed a great potential to be adopted in the future, not only for the tighter emission regulations but also for the great cost reduction of the total after-treatment system by the reduction of the main DPF’s size and weight and more options of other cheaper materials. The back pressure problem revealed in the experiment was then studied through a one dimensional model simulation and its influence to the engine performance was discussed. Fuel injection parameters which are related with the engine performance and emissions were also investigated in the study. After careful calibrations, a single injection induced Partially Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion was achieved, in which mode, NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by more than 80% compared with using the normal multiple injections. Following that, the non-volatile particulate emissions under the pilot injection’s impacts were studied and the key parameters of the pilot control such as fuel quantity and injection timing were examined. The particulate number concentrations and size distributions were investigated under different engine operation conditions and the results illustrated how a pilot injection alongside a main injection could influence particulates and what these effects were closely related to. The research continued with the investigation of bio-fuels on the particle emission reduction, when 10% alternative diesel fuel blends (Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL)) were used. They indicated that without any modification to the engine, adding selected alternative fuels, even at a low percentage, could result in a noticeable reduction of the particle numbers, both in the total and the non-volatile parts; however, the number of nucleation mode particles could increase in certain cases. It was also revealed that the engine suffered very high numbers of the nucleation mode particulates during warming up.
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Lim, McKenzie C. H. "Chemical and physical characterization of aerosols from the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16428/1/McKenzie_Lim_Thesis.pdf.
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The number concentration and size distribution of particles in Brisbane have been studied extensively by the researchers at The International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (Morawska et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b). However, the comprehensive studies of chemical compositions of atmospheric particles, especially with regard to the two main classes of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements), that are usually of environmental and health interest, have not been fully undertaken. Therefore, this thesis presents detailed information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental compositions of vehicle exhausts and of urban air in Brisbane.
The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elements in three of Brisbane's urban sites (Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba and ANZ stadium sites) were measured. The most common PAHs found in all sites were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene while Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn were the most common elements detected in the total suspended particles and fine particle (PM2.5). With the aid of multivariate analysis techniques, several outcomes were obtained. For example:
-- Major human activities such as vehicular and industrial sources were the most contributing pollution sources in Brisbane. However, these two sources have different influential strength on the compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace inorganic elements found in the urban air.
-- Woolloongabba bus platform was the most polluted site on the basis of the elemental and PAH compositions in its air samples while QUT site was the worst polluted site in terms of PM2.5 elemental contents.
These results demonstrated that the impact of traffic related pollutants on Brisbane's urban air is significant. This led to the investigations of the direct emissions of pollutants from exhaust vehicular source in the second part of this research work. The exhaust studies included the investigations of PAHs, trace inorganic elements and particles. At the time of the study, the majority of vehicles in Brisbane used low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel or unleaded petrol (ULP). However, the importance of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is constantly growing. Therefore, the exhaust emission studies on chassis dynamometer from heavy duty non-catalyst-equipped buses powered by LSD and ULSD with 500 ppm and 50 ppm sulfur contents respectively as well as passenger cars powered by ULP and LPG were explored. The outcomes of such studies are summarized as follows:
-- Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were frequently emitted by the buses powered by LSD and ULSD. However, buses powered by ULSD emitted 91% less PAHs than those powered by LSD. On the other hand, Mg, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Be, P, Se, Ti and Ge were found in measurable quantities in the exhaust of the buses. The emissions of the elements were found to be strongly influenced by the engine driving conditions of the buses and fuel parameters such as sulfur content, fuel density and cetane index.
-- Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were predominantly emitted by ULP and LPG cars. On the average, the total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than those of ULP cars, but given the large variations in the emission factors of cars powered by the same type of fuel, differences in the emission factors from both car types were statistically insignificant. In general, platinum group elements and many other elements were found in the exhausts of cars powered by both fuels. Emissions of inorganic elements from the cars were dependent on the type and the mileage of the cars. For example, ULP cars generally emitted higher levels of Cu, Mg, Al and Zn while LPG cars emitted higher level of V. In addition, cars with higher mileages were associated with higher emissions of the major elements (Zn, Al, Fe, V and Cu).
-- Buses powered by ULSD usually emitted fewer particles, which were generally 31% to 59% lower than those emitted by LSD powered buses. Similarly, cars powered by LPG emitted less particles from those powered by ULP fuel. However, more nanoparticles (those with aerodynamic diameters of less than 50 nm) were emitted by LPG powered cars than their ULP counterparts.
Health effect assessment of the exhaust PAHs was evaluated in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent (BAPeq). The potential toxicities of PAHs emitted by ULSD powered buses were generally lower than those emitted by their LSD counterparts. A similar trend with lower emissions of PAHs from LPG cars than from ULP cars was observed when otherwise identical passenger cars were powered by LPG and ULP fuels.
In summary, this thesis has shown that the majority of airborne particles found around Brisbane have anthropogenic origins, particularly vehicle emissions, and that fuel or lubricant formulations and engine operating conditions play important roles in the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants emitted by vehicles. The implications of these results on worldwide strategies to reduce the environmental and health effects of particles emitted by motor vehicles were discussed. In this regard, direct emission measurements from vehicles powered by LSD, ULSD, ULP and LPG unveiled the relative environmental benefits associated with the use of ULSD in place of LSD to power diesel engines, and of LPG in place of ULP to power passenger cars.
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Lim, McKenzie C. H. "Chemical and physical characterization of aerosols from the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16428/.
Full textAbstract:
The number concentration and size distribution of particles in Brisbane have been studied extensively by the researchers at The International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (Morawska et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b). However, the comprehensive studies of chemical compositions of atmospheric particles, especially with regard to the two main classes of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements), that are usually of environmental and health interest, have not been fully undertaken. Therefore, this thesis presents detailed information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental compositions of vehicle exhausts and of urban air in Brisbane. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elements in three of Brisbane's urban sites (Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba and ANZ stadium sites) were measured. The most common PAHs found in all sites were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene while Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn were the most common elements detected in the total suspended particles and fine particle (PM2.5). With the aid of multivariate analysis techniques, several outcomes were obtained. For example: -- Major human activities such as vehicular and industrial sources were the most contributing pollution sources in Brisbane. However, these two sources have different influential strength on the compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace inorganic elements found in the urban air. -- Woolloongabba bus platform was the most polluted site on the basis of the elemental and PAH compositions in its air samples while QUT site was the worst polluted site in terms of PM2.5 elemental contents. These results demonstrated that the impact of traffic related pollutants on Brisbane's urban air is significant. This led to the investigations of the direct emissions of pollutants from exhaust vehicular source in the second part of this research work. The exhaust studies included the investigations of PAHs, trace inorganic elements and particles. At the time of the study, the majority of vehicles in Brisbane used low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel or unleaded petrol (ULP). However, the importance of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is constantly growing. Therefore, the exhaust emission studies on chassis dynamometer from heavy duty non-catalyst-equipped buses powered by LSD and ULSD with 500 ppm and 50 ppm sulfur contents respectively as well as passenger cars powered by ULP and LPG were explored. The outcomes of such studies are summarized as follows: -- Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were frequently emitted by the buses powered by LSD and ULSD. However, buses powered by ULSD emitted 91% less PAHs than those powered by LSD. On the other hand, Mg, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Be, P, Se, Ti and Ge were found in measurable quantities in the exhaust of the buses. The emissions of the elements were found to be strongly influenced by the engine driving conditions of the buses and fuel parameters such as sulfur content, fuel density and cetane index. -- Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were predominantly emitted by ULP and LPG cars. On the average, the total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than those of ULP cars, but given the large variations in the emission factors of cars powered by the same type of fuel, differences in the emission factors from both car types were statistically insignificant. In general, platinum group elements and many other elements were found in the exhausts of cars powered by both fuels. Emissions of inorganic elements from the cars were dependent on the type and the mileage of the cars. For example, ULP cars generally emitted higher levels of Cu, Mg, Al and Zn while LPG cars emitted higher level of V. In addition, cars with higher mileages were associated with higher emissions of the major elements (Zn, Al, Fe, V and Cu). -- Buses powered by ULSD usually emitted fewer particles, which were generally 31% to 59% lower than those emitted by LSD powered buses. Similarly, cars powered by LPG emitted less particles from those powered by ULP fuel. However, more nanoparticles (those with aerodynamic diameters of less than 50 nm) were emitted by LPG powered cars than their ULP counterparts. Health effect assessment of the exhaust PAHs was evaluated in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent (BAPeq). The potential toxicities of PAHs emitted by ULSD powered buses were generally lower than those emitted by their LSD counterparts. A similar trend with lower emissions of PAHs from LPG cars than from ULP cars was observed when otherwise identical passenger cars were powered by LPG and ULP fuels. In summary, this thesis has shown that the majority of airborne particles found around Brisbane have anthropogenic origins, particularly vehicle emissions, and that fuel or lubricant formulations and engine operating conditions play important roles in the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants emitted by vehicles. The implications of these results on worldwide strategies to reduce the environmental and health effects of particles emitted by motor vehicles were discussed. In this regard, direct emission measurements from vehicles powered by LSD, ULSD, ULP and LPG unveiled the relative environmental benefits associated with the use of ULSD in place of LSD to power diesel engines, and of LPG in place of ULP to power passenger cars.
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Kumar, Ravindra. "Modelling motorcycles driving cycles and emissions in Edinburgh." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2009. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3047.
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The level of ownership and use of motorcycling has increased rapidly in Edinburgh and the UK in the last ten years. In this study, motorcycle driving cycles (rural and urban) were developed for Edinburgh (Edinburgh Motorcycle Driving cycle-EMDC). The analysis of EMDC demonstrates that motorcycles‘ driving behaviour differs between urban and rural areas. EMDC shows a typical transient nature of speed, acceleration and deceleration, which is also different from regulatory driving cycles (Economic Commission for Europe-ECE and World Motorcycle Test Cycle-WMTC) and examples from Asia (Taiwan, Bangkok and China). This research underlines the need for detailed investigations of driving cycles in any local condition. It is not generally feasible for a driving cycle developed in one area to be applicable in another area, even with some similar characteristics. Emission factors were also estimated using onboard, laboratory and micro simulation measurements along the test corridor (Air Quality Management Area-AQMA). Laboratory measurements were carried out by applying a number of standard driving cycles (ECE and WMTC) and the derived EMDCs. Results show that the emission factors (EFs) calculated in the laboratory for carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) are higher for the urban EMDC cycle compared to the standard regulatory factors than they are for the rural (except Nitrogen Oxide-NOx). Laboratory emission factors for CO and HC for the urban EMDC were found to be higher than the micro-simulation and onboard methods. EFs obtained from micro-simulation and onboard emissions using the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) emission coefficients were not very different with the exception of NOx, which were relatively higher than those of EMDC. Micro simulation models were mainly developed for private cars and therefore special care should be taken when using them for modelling other conditions (e.g. motorcycles driving characteristics). This study illustrates the extent to which micro-simulation may be utilised to accurately model emissions and discusses the refinements required to model motorcycle motion (hence emission) accurately in micro simulation. The study provides a platform for a large number of potential future applications for the evaluation of emissions and for developing various policy scenarios of pollution reduction and reducing health impacts at local levels.
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Samoylov, Alexander V. "Improvement of the efficiency of vehicle inspection and maintenance programs through incorporation of vehicle remote sensing data and vehicle characteristics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50410.
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Emissions from light-duty passenger vehicles represent a significant portion of total criteria pollutant emissions in the United States. Since the 1970s, emissions testing of these vehicles has been required in many major metropolitan areas, including Atlanta, GA, that were designated to be in non-attainment for one or more of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. While emissions inspections have successfully reduced emissions by identifying and repairing high emitting vehicles, they have been increasingly inefficient as emissions control systems have become more durable and fewer vehicles are in need of repair. Currently, only about 9% of Atlanta area vehicles fail emissions inspection, but every vehicle is inspected annually. This research addresses explores ways to create a more efficient emissions testing program while continuing to use existing testing infrastructure. To achieve this objective, on road vehicle emissions data were collected as a part of the Continuous Atlanta Fleet Evaluation program sponsored the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. These remote sensing data were combined with in-program vehicle inspection data from the Atlanta Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program to establish the degree to which on road vehicle remote sensing could be used to enhance program efficiency. Based on this analysis, a multi-parameter model was developed to predict the probability of a particular vehicle failing an emissions inspection. The parameters found to influence the probability of failure include: vehicle characteristics, ownership history, vehicle usage, previous emission test results, and remote sensing emissions readings. This model was the foundation for a proposed emissions testing program that would create variable timing for vehicle retesting with high and low failure probability vehicles being more and less frequently, respectively, than the current annual cycle. Implementation of this program is estimated to reduce fleet emissions of 17% for carbon monoxide, 11% for hydrocarbons, and 5% for nitrogen oxides in Atlanta. These reductions would be achieved very cost-effectively at an estimated marginal cost of $149, $7,576 and $2,436 per-ton-per-year for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides emissions reductions respectfully.
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Doucette, Reed. "The Oxford Vehicle Model : a tool for modeling and simulating the powertrains of electric and hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfff8f27-f4a4-4c77-953e-09253aba3aa0.
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This dissertation addresses the challenges of scoping and sizing components and modeling the tank to wheel energy flows in new and rapidly evolving classes of automotive vehicles. It introduces a system of computer models, known as the Oxford Vehicle Model (OVEM), which provide for the novel simulation of the powertrains of electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). OVEM has a three-level structure that makes a unique contribution to the field of vehicle analysis by enabling a user to proceed from performing scoping and sizing exercises through to accurately simulating the energy flows in powertrains of EVs and HEVs utilizing existing and emerging technologies based on real world data. Level 1 uses simplified models to support initial component scoping and sizing exercises in an analysis environment where uncertainty regarding component specifications is high. Level 2 builds on Level 1 by obtaining more refined component scoping and sizing estimates via the use of component models based on well-understood scientific principles that are product-independent – a crucial feature for obtaining unbiased scoping and sizing estimates. Level 3 employs a high degree of fidelity in that its models impose actual physical limits and are based on data from real technologies. This dissertation concludes with two chapters based on studies published as journal articles that used OVEM to address key issues facing the development of EVs and HEVs. The first study used OVEM to make the novel comparison between high-speed flywheels, batteries, and ultracapacitors on the bases of cost and fuel consumption while functioning as the energy storage systems in an HEV. The second study applied OVEM towards a novel examination of the CO2 emissions from plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and compares their CO2 emissions to those from similar EVs and ICE-based vehicles.
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Johnson, Kent Charles. "Quantitative assessment on in-use emissions from on-road diesel vehicles." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=134&did=1974971641&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270570208&clientId=48051.
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Gill, Simaranjit Singh. "Controlling diesel NO_x & PM emissions using fuel components and enhanced aftertreatment techniques : developing the next generation emission control system." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3643/.
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The following research thesis focuses on methods of controlling nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) emissions emitted from a low temperature diesel exhaust. This involves studying the influence of hydrogen (H₂) on various aftertreatment devices such as hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) over silver-alumina (Ag-Al₂O₃) catalysts for lean NO_x reduction, platinum diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) production and passive regeneration methods for the diesel particulate filter (DPF). H₂ was implemented on-board either through diesel exhaust gas fuel reforming or via the simulation of ammonia (NH₃) dissociation. Both methods showed to be very effective in enhancing the activity of a silver HC-SCR catalyst for the reduction of NO_x with conversions reaching 90% with the aid of an upstream DPF. A combined DOC and catalysed DPF (cDPF) configuration proved promising for passive regeneration in the presence of reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR). The addition of H₂ over the DOC led to an improved catalyst light-off temperature and increased rate of oxidation for NO₂ production. Implementing filtered EGR (FEGR) removes the hydrocarbon (HC) and soot recirculation penalty, thus minimising particulate growth which results in a significantly reduced engine-out soot emission during exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and hence, an improved NO_x/soot ratio. Introducing fuel components which enhance the cetane number and oxygenate the diesel fuel allow better control of the NO_x/soot trade-off with improved soot oxidation properties.