Academic literature on the topic 'Motor Units (MUs)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Motor Units (MUs)"
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Knight, C. A., and G. Kamen. "Superficial motor units are larger than deeper motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle." Muscle & Nerve 31, no. 4 (2005): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20265.
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Fuglevand, Andrew J., Rosemary A. Lester, and Richard K. Johns. "Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate saturation in human motor units." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00777.2014.
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During voluntary contraction, firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) increase modestly over a narrow force range beyond which little additional increase in firing rate is seen. Such saturation of MU discharge may be a consequence of extrinsic factors that limit net synaptic excitation acting on motor neurons (MNs) or may be due to intrinsic properties of the MNs. Two sets of experiments involving recording of human biceps brachii MUs were carried out to evaluate saturation. In the first set, the extent of saturation was quantified for 136 low-threshold MUs during isometric ramp contractions. Firing rate-force data were best fit by a saturating function for 90% of MUs recorded with a maximum rate of 14.8 ± 2.0 impulses/s. In the second set of experiments, to distinguish extrinsic from intrinsic factors underlying saturation, we artificially augmented descending excitatory drive to biceps MNs by activation of muscle spindle afferents through tendon vibration. We examined the change in firing rate caused by tendon vibration in 96 MUs that were voluntarily activated at rates below and at saturation. Vibration had little effect on the discharge of MUs that were firing at saturation frequencies but strongly increased firing rates of the same units when active at lower frequencies. These results indicate that saturation is likely caused by intrinsic mechanisms that prevent further increases in firing rate in the presence of increasing synaptic excitation. Possible intrinsic cellular mechanisms that limit firing rates of motor units during voluntary effort are discussed.
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Brown, William F., Michael J. Strong, and Robert Snow. "Methods for estimating numbers of motor units in biceps-brachialis muscles and losses of motor units with aging." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 5 (May 1988): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110503.
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Defreitas, Jason M., Travis W. Beck, Xin Ye, and Matt S. Stock. "Synchronization of low- and high-threshold motor units." Muscle & Nerve 49, no. 4 (January 6, 2014): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.23978.
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Johns, Richard K., and Andrew J. Fuglevand. "Number of motor units in human abductor hallucis." Muscle & Nerve 43, no. 6 (May 23, 2011): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.22071.
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Bailey, E. Fiona, Keith W. Fridel, and Amber D. Rice. "Sleep/Wake Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (December 2007): 3284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00865.2007.
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Although studies of the principal tongue protrudor muscle genioglossus (GG) suggest that whole muscle GG electromyographic (EMG) activities are preserved in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, it is unclear what influence sleep exerts on individual GG motor unit (MU) activities. We characterized the firing patterns of human GG MUs in wakefulness and NREM sleep with the aim of determining 1) whether the range of MU discharge patterns evident in wakefulness is preserved in sleep and 2) what effect the removal of the “wakefulness” input has on the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of MU activities. Microelectrodes inserted into the extrinsic tongue protrudor muscle, the genioglossus, were used to follow the discharge of single MUs. We categorized MU activities on the basis of the temporal relationship between the spike train and the respiration cycle and quantified the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of each MU using the eta (η2) index, in wakefulness and sleep. The majority of MUs exhibited subtle increases or decreases in respiratory modulation but were otherwise unaffected by NREM sleep. In contrast, 30% of MUs exhibited marked sleep-associated changes in discharge frequency and respiratory modulation. We suggest that GG MUs should not be considered exclusively tonic or phasic; rather, the discharge pattern appears to be a flexible feature of GG activities in healthy young adults. Whether such flexibility is important in the response to changes in the chemical and/or mechanical environment and whether it is preserved as a function of aging or in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea are critical questions for future research.
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McNulty, Penelope A., and Vaughan G. Macefield. "Intraneural microstimulation of motor axons in the study of human single motor units." Muscle & Nerve 32, no. 2 (2005): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20324.
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Emeryk-Szajewska, Barbara, and Jerzy Kopeć. "PS-54-4 Reorganization of motor units (MUS) in motor neuron disease (MND)." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control 97, no. 4 (September 1995): S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-980x(95)93285-2.
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Palmer, S. S., and E. E. Fetz. "Discharge properties of primate forearm motor units during isometric muscle activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.5.1178.
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Activity of single motor units (MUs) was recorded in forelimb muscles of rhesus macaques while they generated isometric ramp-and-hold torques about the wrist. Multiunit electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from 10-12 identified flexor and extensor muscles of the wrist and digits with implanted EMG wire electrodes. Single MUs from these muscles were recorded with a remotely controlled tripolar microelectrode array. The parent muscle of each MU was determined by compiling MU-triggered averages of multiunit EMGs. The MU firing patterns during the isometric task were determined from response histograms aligned with change in torque. At moderate torque levels, MUs (n = 86) exhibited four types of discharge patterns during the ramp-and-hold trajectory: phasic-tonic (23%), tonic (33%), decrementing (39%), and phasic (5%). Phasic-tonic MUs exhibited a phasic burst of activity during the torque ramp which exceeded the firing rate during the static hold period. Both phasic-tonic and tonic MUs exhibited a constant mean firing rate during the hold period; the discharge of decrementing MUs gradually decreased during the static hold. Phasic MUs fired only during the change in force. The relation between MU firing rate and torque was investigated as the monkeys generated responses of different levels of static torque during the hold period. Mean firing rate during the hold was found to be proportional to static torque up to moderate torque levels, where it reached a maximum. In the linear range, the mean rate-torque slope was 3.4 +/- 1.9 imp/s per 10(5) dyn . cm (n = 9).
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Sokoloff, Alan J. "Localization and Contractile Properties of Intrinsic Longitudinal Motor Units of the Rat Tongue." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.827.
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Tongue dysfunction is a hallmark of many human clinical disorders, yet we lack even a rudimentary understanding of tongue neural control. Here, the location and contractile properties of intrinsic longitudinal motor units (MUs) of the rat tongue body are described to provide a foundation for developing and testing theories of tongue motor control. One hundred and sixty-five MUs were studied by microelectrode penetration and stimulation of individual motor axons coursing in the terminal portion of the lateral (retrusor) branch of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat. Uniaxial MU force was recorded by a transducer attached to the protruded tongue tip, and MU location was estimated by electromyographic (EMG) electrodes implanted into the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the tongue body. All MUs produced retrusive force. MU twitch force ranged from 2–129 mg (mean = 35 mg) and tetanic force ranged from 9–394 mg (mean = 95 mg). MUs reached maximal twitch force in 8–33 ms (mean = 15 ms) and were resistant to fatigue; following 2 min of stimulation, MUs ( n= 11) produced 78–131% of initial force. EMG data were collected for 105 MUs. For 65 of these MUs, the EMG response was confined to a single electrode location: for 26 MUs to the anterior, 21 MUs to the middle, and 18 MUs to the posterior portion of the tongue. Of the remaining MUs, EMG responses were observed in two (38/40) or all three (2/40) tongue regions. These data provide the first contractile measures of identified intrinsic tongue body MUs and the first evidence that intrinsic longitudinal MUs are restricted to a portion of tongue length. Localization of MU territory suggests a role for intrinsic MU in the regional control of the mammalian tongue observed during feeding and speech.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Motor Units (MUs)"
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Berro, Soumaya. "Identification of muscle activation schemes by inverse methods applied on HD-sEMG signals." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COMP2708.
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L'identification rapide ou en temps réel de l'activation spatio-temporelle des unités motrices (UM) qui représentent les unités fonctionnelles du système neuromusculaire est fondamentale dans les applications de contrôle des prothèses et en réhabilitation fonctionnelle. Cependant, cette procédure demande un temps de calcul énorme. Par conséquent, le travail de cette thèse a été consacré à fournir un algorithme permettant l'identification en temps réel des stratégies d'activation spatiale et temporelle des UMs en appliquant des méthodes inverses sur les signaux HD-sEMG (électromyogramme de surface à haute densité) à partir d'une grille placée sur le Biceps Brachial (BB). À cette fin, nous proposons une approche innovante, qui implique l'utilisation de la méthode inverse classique de minimisation de norme et une interpolation de courbe en 3D, à savoir l'approche est nommée CFB-MNE. Cette méthode, fondée sur l'identification inverse (estimation de la norme minimale) couplée à un dictionnaire des potentiels d'action des unités motrices simulées (MUAP) d'un modèle récent et testée sur des simulations, a permis la localisation en temps réel des unités motrices individuelles simulées. Une analyse de robustesse (modifications anatomiques, physiologiques et instrumentales) a ensuite été effectuée pour vérifier l'efficacité de l'algorithme proposé. Enfin, l'algorithme proposé a été testé sur des UMs avec des schémas de recrutement réalistes donnant des résultats prometteurs et encourageants en identification spatiale et temporelle sur trois scenarios. Pour conclure, en perspectives, les résultats prometteurs obtenus suggèrent l'utilisation de l'apprentissage automatique et de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) pour améliorer encore les performances de l'algorithme proposéFast or real-time identification of the spatiotemporal activation of Motor Units (MUs), functional units of the neuromuscular system, is fundamental in applications as prosthetic control and rehabilitation guidance but often dictates expensive computational times. Therefore, the thesis work was devoted to providing an algorithm that enables the real-time identification of MU spatial and temporal activation strategies by applying inverse methods on HD-sEMG (high-density surface electromyogram) signals from a grid placed over the Biceps Brachii (BB). For this purpose, we propose an innovative approach, that involves the use of the classical minimum norm inverse method and a 3D fitting curve interpolation, namely CFB-MNE approach. This method, based on inverse identification (minimum norm estimation) coupled to simulated motor unit action potential (MUAP) dictionary from a recent model and tested on simulations, allowed the real time localization of simulated individual motor units. A robustness analysis (anatomical, physiological, and instrumental modifications) was then performed to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Finally, the proposed algorithm was tested on MUs with realistic recruitment patterns giving promising results in both spatial and temporal identification. To conclude, a door to future perspectives was opened, according to the obtained promising results, suggesting the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to further boost the performance of the proposed algorithm
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Rungta, Satya Prakash. "Central and Peripheral Correlates of Motor Planning." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3092.
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A hallmark of human behaviour is that we can either couple or decouple our thoughts, decision and motor plans from actions. Previous studies have reported evidence of gating of information between intention and action that can happen at different levels in the central nervous system (CNS) involving the motor cortex, subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia and even in the spinal cord. In my research I examine the extent of this gating and its modulation by task context. I will present results obtained by data collected from (a) neck muscles and neural recording from frontal eye field (FEF) in macaque monkeys and (b) putative motor units (MUs) from high density electrode arrays using surface EMG signals in human to delineate the type of information that leaks into muscles in the periphery when subjects are involved in preparing eye and hand movements, respectively, and its modulation by task context Overall, my results reveal that we can assess some aspects of central planning in the activity of motor units Further, the recruitment of these motor units depend on task context.
Books on the topic "Motor Units (MUs)"
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Fuglsang-Frederiksen, Anders, Kirsten Pugdahl, and Hatice Tankisi. Quantitative electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0008.
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Several quantitative electromyography (QEMG) methods are used for diagnosing and monitoring in patients with neuromuscular disorders. At weak effort of the muscle, motor unit potential (MUP) analyses as individual MUP, multi-MUP, and macro-EMG are diagnostically sensitive and well tested. At higher effort of the muscle, interference pattern analyses such as the turns amplitude analysis are also diagnostically sensitive. Other potential diagnostic methods are power spectrum analysis, muscle fibre conduction velocity analysis, and some surface EMG methods. In patients with myopathy, QEMG has an important role in the diagnosis as a supplement to blood tests, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing. In patients with neurogenic disorders such as anterior horn cell disorders, peripheral nerve lesions, or polyneuropathy, QEMG has important roles in characterizing the lesion and differential diagnosis. Furthermore, QEMG may be useful in the examination of patients with neuromuscular transmission failure, critical illness disorders, and in treatment of dystonic muscle with botulinum toxin.
Book chapters on the topic "Motor Units (MUs)"
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Daube, Jasper R. "Quantitative Motor Unit Number Estimates." In Clinical Neurophysiology, 493–514. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195385113.003.0029.
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The all-or-none increment, the STA, DQEMG, MPS, and the STAT MUNE methods of obtaining MUNE give similar values in each of the muscles compared in normal subjects. Alternative MUNE methods continue to be developed, but none have been used sufficiently in a clinical setting to assess them. 64 In addition, Felice has shown that MUNE is more reliable than other measurements in documenting the course of ALS. 38 Thus each of these methods can be used whenever and wherever it is most feasible and that different methods may be appropriate in different settings. For example, when each of the motor units can be identified with small increments of stimuli in a severe neurogenic process, MUNE is defined most rapidly and accurately by actually counting the total number of increments. When the number of motor units is too large to do this or their size is too small for them to be identified accurately in the CMAP, the STAT MUNE or multipoint methods are appropriate. In muscles in which CMAPs cannot be obtained reliably, as in proximal muscles that are difficult to immobilize during stimulation of the motor nerve, the STA and DQEMG methods are most appropriate. The value of other methods of MUNE remains to be determined. 65–69
Conference papers on the topic "Motor Units (MUs)"
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Kim, Jeong Yong, and Matthew Bryant. "Implications of Resistive Force on Variable Recruitment Fluidic Artificial Muscle Bundle State Transition." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-91587.
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Abstract This paper investigates the effect of resistive forces within a variable recruitment (VR) bundle actuators during recruitment state transition. Due to their versatility in design, ease of manufacturing, high force-to-weight ratio, and inherent compliance, FAMs have become a favorable actuation method for the robotics research community. Recently, researchers have adapted mammalian muscle topology to construct a multi-chamber FAM bundle actuator, consisting of separate units of actuation called motor units (MUs). These bundle actuators have VR functionality in which one or more MUs are sequentially activated according to the load demand. This activation scheme has been shown to have higher actuator efficiencies as compared to a single equivalent cross-sectional area FAM actuator. A characteristic behavior of VR bundles is the interaction between FAM elements in the bundle. Distinctively during recruitment state transition, inactive/low-pressure FAMs buckle outward and are compressed past its free strain due to the higher strain of fully active FAMs. There exists an onset pressure above which such FAMs need to contribute positively to the overall force output of the bundle. This paper presents a realistic scenario in which MU pressure is controlled by a hydraulic servo valve. As a result, the overall bundle force exhibits a sharp decrease during recruitment state transition while the MU being recruited is below the onset pressure.
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Sugiura, Junichi, and Steve Jones. "The Industry's First Real-Time Pseudo Gamma Measurements From an Instrumented Steerable Motor Using High-Frequency Drilling Dynamics Sensors." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213650-ms.
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Abstract Downhole drilling motors are the workhorse of our industry and are used on almost every land well drilled globally. This makes an instrumented drilling motor the perfect tool for geosteering with near-bit inclination, drilling-dynamics and formation-identification sensors. Already proven drilling motor technology has been upgraded with miniature embedded sensors to provide real-time continuous inclination, advanced drilling dynamics, and pseudo-formation-identification data. The sensors are sized to mount into existing drilling motor components without adding length or compromising the mechanical integrity. The high-frequency drilling-dynamics measurements, including lateral vibrations, axial vibrations, stick-slip, high-frequency torsional oscillation (HFTO) and motor back-drive dynamics are measured in the motor. The sensor unit applies advanced signal processing routines to the high-frequency vibration measurements downhole and converts the vibration data into pseudo gamma (pGamma) measurements, which have been correlated with measurement-while-drilling (MWD) gamma measurements in lateral wellbores. pGamma can alert the driller as soon as the bit starts cutting new formations, as compared with traditional real-time gamma measurement, which is about 40-50ft away from the drill bit. In addition, the sensor units measure bit and string rotation speeds below and above the mud motor, enabling the detection of the motor output rotation speed and motor back-drive dynamics in real time. Real-time near-bit inclination, advanced drilling-dynamics and geosteering measurements have been provided in a mud motor without compromising mechanical integrity or directional response. The real-time inclination, drilling dynamics data, and pseudo-gamma measurements from the instrumented motor are integrated into our drilling advisory system to enhance the drilling efficiency and wellbore placement accuracy.
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Lykova, Natalia, and Danila Martiushev. "Using ESP Permanent Magnet Motor Technology in High-Temperature Geothermal Applications." In SPE Gulf Coast Section Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204484-ms.
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Abstract Geothermal energy is one of the more efficient renewable energy sources. It uses heat from the Earth's interior to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. In binary cycle power plants, geothermal water can often be produced naturally from high-pressure wells. But when reservoir pressure drops, these power plants need to add artificial lift to continue to produce needed quantities of hot water. The geothermal industry is looking at electrical submersible pumping (ESP) systems as a way to improve geothermal fluid production. But ESPs were designed for the conditions in oil wells and are subject to severe complicating factors in geothermal conditions that significantly reduce runlife, such as temperatures up to 200°C (390°F), highly corrosive fluid, and salt deposition (scale). At the same time, production rates need to be higher than those typical of oil production. The most commonly used geothermal pumps are driven by a transmission shaft and drive on the surface, or they use a submersible asynchronous induction motor. Surface-driven pumps, commonly called line-shaft pumps, have significant depth limitations. Submersible asynchronous induction motors cannot provide a sufficient volume of fluid supply and tend to overheat in high-temperature conditions. To compensate for the heat, induction motors must operate underloaded. Even so, they are subject to frequent premature failures with operating times of between 30 and 100 days. To solve the problem of cost-effective exploitation of geothermal fields, Novomet used its expertise with permanent magnet motors and high-speed pumps to develop an electrical submersible pumping system that would offer more reliability and runlife in geothermal conditions. A 254-mm (10-in.) geothermal submersible pumping (GSP) system was designed, manufactured, and tested with a production output of up to 12,000 m3/d (75,477 bbl/d, 139 l/s, 2201 gpm,). It featured new generation, high-efficiency pump stages and a permanent magnet motor with a capacity of up to 1.5 MW. The GSP system design was field tested in Turkey. Improvements to early system designs include the use of a heat-conducting filler in the materials used to compound the permanent magnet motor, the adoption of various high-temperature-rated components (AFLAS rubber elements, RYTON motor terminals, and heat-resistant motor oil), and the development of metal-to-metal sealing in the motor lead extension. One of the early GSP systems installed in the field performed reliably for 470 days at a frequency of 90 Hz, significantly exceeding the target runtime. More than thirty units with a total flow rate of 190,000 m3/d (1,195,000 bbl/d, 2199 l/s, 34,856 gpm) are currently in operation in Turkey. The electrical consumption savings average 25% for each GSP system with a permanent magnet motor compared to systems using asynchronous induction motors. While designed for geothermal applications, GSPs can also be used in oil and gas operations.
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Manikandan, Arumugampillai, and Zeeshan Anwar. "Case Study: Consecutive Failure of Lube Oil Cooler Fans Coupling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206120-ms.
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Abstract Do we analyze on why can even the most reliable turbomachinery are getting failure and stopped? In some cases, it's all about bad installation or design literally. This paper explores the challenges one site had with repeated failure of lube oil fin fan coolers coupling which caused the unit availability of more than 3 months. It outlines the troubleshooting attempts made to remedy this issue, its root cause, and the resulting solution. This issue occurred at a site with a train configuration of motor driven centrifugal compressors. The plant lube oil system has been configured with 3 trains. Each train has been configured with Main electric motor + Vorecon Gearbox + Low Pressure centrifugal compressor + High Pressure centrifugal compressor. Lube oil system of the train has been configured as 2 lube oil coolers and 2 working oil coolers. Lube oil coolers are having fins with air cooler type. Air is supplied by fin fans and each train has 2 lube oil cooler fans and 2 working oil cooler fans. In total site has 3 trains x 4 fin fans so it has 12 fin fan cooler fans. All cooler fans are driven by electric motor which is coupled with gearbox and gear box is connected with cooler fan. During normal operation of working oil cooler fan A- stopped rotation suddenly from normal operation. During investigation, motor shaft was found running freely. No movement was seen on cooler fan. Coupling between motor to gearbox was inspected. Coupling is shear plate coupling. Its spacer flexible element were found broken into several pieces. Further investigation revealed that motor coupling hub was moving free axially back and forth due to clearance between motor shaft to coupling hub internal diameter. Motor side Coupling hub bolt hole was found with loss of material and ovality in shape. Hub locking Allen screw was found in damaged condition. Missing materials were noted and broken shear plate materials were found around coupling guard area. While site team was conducting the investigation on the unit A, similar incident occurred in next unit and other 3 units with 2 days difference between them. During detailed investigation it has been noted that all motor to gear box coupling are shear plates and shear plates were broken. Coupling hub was found loose and coupling hub locking screw was found broken or partial damage.
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Hoevenaars, Anthony Tony, Mike McGraw, Colt Burley, and Elizabeth Bierhaus. "Improving Motor Performance and Runtime in ESP Applications with Novel Sinewave Filter." In SPE Gulf Coast Section Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204493-ms.
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Abstract In recent years, the Oil and Gas Industry has greatly improved efforts in evaluating the electrical system involved in operating Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP). The negative effects that poor power quality has on ESP motors equipped with variable speed drives is generally understood by the industry. However, with a strong focus on optimization and reliability, improvements of the power quality provided to our ESP systems has tremendous potential to enhance the ESP lifecycle. This paper will provide a detailed description of the current mitigation technique involving the conventional designs of PWM sinewave filters. Additionally, this paper will outline multiple Case Studies that have been conducted on several wells with ESPs installed, that demonstrate the success of a new design approach for PWM sinewave filters yielding lower electrical distortion and significantly improved motor performance. A detailed analysis evaluating problems and premature failures was performed on existing ESP wells equipped with both "6-step" and PWM operation. Computer simulations executed to analyze the new sinewave filter design showed much lower voltage distortion (< 2%) as well as other important improvements in performance included a very low insertion loss (ie. < 3% drop in voltage at full load) and improvement in PF to near unity at the inverter output. To complete the study, sinewave filters were built, tested and installed in several wells. Field data was gathered providing power quality measurements for electrical distortion, current imbalance, motor temperatures, motor vibration and production rates. The successful sinewave filter design used different tuned frequency parameters than conventional sinewave filters with clear data providing performance improvement. These results showed a substantial reduction in motor temperature leading to confidence in operations regarding the positive effect this would have on lifecycle of downhole equipment. The improvements can be streamlined across other ESP wells in the field leading to improved runtime, decrease in CAPEX & OPEX cost associated with ESPs and other surface equipment eventually leading to a strong cash flow performance for operators.
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Adeniyi, Adekunle, Anselm Igbafe, Olokpa Ebis, Adebayo Ogunyemi, Sikiru Yusuff, and Oluwadare Oyebode. "Design and Construction of Rotary Drilling Rig Prototype." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211999-ms.
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Abstract Drilling in search for hydrocarbon is an essential component of exploration and production activities. Chemicals, Drill rig, Casing, Tubing, Drill pipes and bits are basic requirements to successfully drill a well. Rotary Drilling rig is very crucial among the basic requirements. A major function of rotary drilling rig, is continuous circulation of drilling fluid and removal of cuttings. Hence, this paper focused on the design and construction of drilling rig prototype, for training purposes in academic environment. Components were constructed from the most suitable materials obtained from metal scraps individually, and when put together forms an integrated system that enables the drilling process to make a well. The prototype was produced successfully. The mixing hopper, hoisting and the mud circulatory systems were fully incorporated and connected. The rig prototype was, in principle, to transport fluid from the mud pit up the stand pipe to the swivel via the rotary hose down the drill pipe to the annulus and back to the mud pit through the shale shaker, De-sander, De-gasser, De-silter units, via the mud return line. The drawworks is to lift the drill pipe and lower it back into the rotary table with the aid of the drawworks motor and a top drive system.
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Shakirov, Anton, Evgeny Nikonov, Yaroslav Alexeev, and Sami Suheil. "Application of Surface PM Motor Drive for Sucker Rod Pumps." In SPE Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition - Americas. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209725-ms.
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Abstract For decades standard V-belt transmission with an asynchronous motor has been a traditional method to drive beam pumping units. This study describes a new approach based on the use of a Permanent Magnet Motor with no transmission. Non-transmission drive integrates a permanent magnet motor (PMM) and smart variable frequency drive. Since rotor is mounted directly on the gearbox input shaft, with stator being mechanically attached to the gearbox housing, the technology eliminates the need for conventional V-belt transmission between the motor and the gearbox. Variable Speed Drive (VSD) can provide a more advanced control for the permanent magnet motor, embedding mathematical models with a number of options for motor speed and rod load control, operation monitoring, failure risk mitigation, and production optimization. Application results revealed unique features of the system, that cannot be reached with a standard application. Elimination of V-belt transmission allows for safe and environmentally friendly operation with enhanced reliability and reduced non-productive time as no maintenance is required. High-efficient PM Motor (with no losses in the transmission) improves power consumption and practically demonstrate total power savings of 15-35 % if compared to the previously installed systems. The PMM system is easy to install, with installation time being less than 1 hour. PM Motor principles of operation provide a number of options for its control through smart VSD algorithms requiring no additional sensors. Real-time up-stroke / down-stroke speed adjustment, torque control, operating trips detection and many other features can potentially improve production and expected runlife of downhole and surface equipment. The results of this study are intended to demonstrate an effective and efficient alternative for oil production with Sucker-Rod Pumps (SRP). Application of the new type of surface drive has proved its high potential for production optimization and power consumption improvement with minimized risk of failures.
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Ferrigno, E., and J. Zabala. "Pumping Unit Gearbox Torque Determination Method Based on Motor Behavior." In SPE Artificial Lift Conference — Latin America and Caribbean. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173982-ms.
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Zihlmann, Livia, Mike Parker, and Luke Malsam. "Surface Tubing Temperature Transducers Reduce Damage to Downhole Equipment Following a Downhole Gauge Failure." In SPE Gulf Coast Section Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204490-ms.
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Abstract Downhole sensors gather vital data for the health of an ESP system. Not only do the sensor readings help indicate the flow pattern; they also help indicate further issues such as plugging and degradation of the ESP system. Once a system has grounded on a single phase, sensor readings are lost, and operators must rely on current and frequency for the system to operate efficiently. In unconventional applications of ESP, operators see a small difference between no load, no flow and gas locking conditions. This small difference is due to the de-rating of motors used in order to get the fluid to surface in the severe applications. When the sensor readings typically are lost, operators are no longer able to accurately diagnose the reason for a shutdown. Adding the Tubing Temperature Transducers (TTT's) helps regain an indication of motor temperature along with load on the system. When operators have a drop in the tubing temperature this indicates the system is not able to get as much fluid to surface either indicating gas locking or a no-load condition which results in heating of the downhole system, particularly the motor. All these possible scenarios cause degradation of the ESP equipment and can cause pre-mature failure. If the system is set up with TTT's operators can shut-in the well to avoid extended periods of excessive heating caused by either gas locking or no flow conditions. Single phase to ground conditions occur frequently, however this paper does not address the root cause of a single-phase grounds, rather it addresses what the operator can do to operate efficiently when a unit has grounded out a single phase.
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Kawasaki, Yoshiki, Masahiko Karube, Aizoh Kubo, B. S. Khargonkar, N. K. Rao, and Vikas Manjrekar. "Development of Transmission and Transfer Gear With Locomotive Noise (Whine Noise)." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14447.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Between 1990 and 1995, ISUZU (ISZ) automobiles RV lines, specifically Trooper with MUA Type Transfer (Fig.1), had problems with loud locomotive noise, also known as whine noise. In July 1992, HINDUSTAN MOTORS (HM) found the same problem with its 4X2 MSG Type Transmission (Fig.2).† At first, we looked to the gear precision and tooth contact pattern on both good and defective transfer units for the cause of the whine noise; unfortunately, after investigation, nothing was found. In total, we checked the involute helicoid, outer shape of shaft and all faces of gear and root of gear. Consequently, we found the whine noise was caused by the root running out of gear resulting in an imbalance in the face and the shape of shaft, causing each to run out. At the same time, we found that minimized the unbalance value will solve the whine noise issue. We used two test units (good and defective) to conduct the research and to resolve the whine noise problem.