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Journal articles on the topic 'Motor control system; Neurophysiology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Zee, David S. "Adaptive Control of Eye Movements: Clinical Implications." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 21, no. 3 (August 1994): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100041147.

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Abstract:This paper is directed primarily to clinicians who diagnose and treat patients with neurological disorders. It is an attempt to illustrate that even with modern imaging technology and other advances in laboratory testing, a thorough understanding of neurophysiology and its anatomical substrate still plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with neurological diseases. One area in neurophysiology in which there has been great progress in the last few decades is the ocular motor system. Particular interest has been focused on the ways that the brain can adapt to lesions, and more specifically, how the ocular motor system keeps itself calibrated in the face of normal development and aging as well as in response to disease and trauma. Since disorders of eye movements are such common and often dramatic manifestations of neurological disease it seems appropriate to bring some of the newer concepts in ocular motor physiology to the “bedside”.

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Quick, Kristin M., Jessica L. Mischel, Patrick J. Loughlin, and Aaron P. Batista. "The critical stability task: quantifying sensory-motor control during ongoing movement in nonhuman primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00300.2017.

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Everyday behaviors require that we interact with the environment, using sensory information in an ongoing manner to guide our actions. Yet, by design, many of the tasks used in primate neurophysiology laboratories can be performed with limited sensory guidance. As a consequence, our knowledge about the neural mechanisms of motor control is largely limited to the feedforward aspects of the motor command. To study the feedback aspects of volitional motor control, we adapted the critical stability task (CST) from the human performance literature (Jex H, McDonnell J, Phatak A. IEEE Trans Hum Factors Electron 7: 138–145, 1966). In the CST, our monkey subjects interact with an inherently unstable (i.e., divergent) virtual system and must generate sensory-guided actions to stabilize it about an equilibrium point. The difficulty of the CST is determined by a single parameter, which allows us to quantitatively establish the limits of performance in the task for different sensory feedback conditions. Two monkeys learned to perform the CST with visual or vibrotactile feedback. Performance was better under visual feedback, as expected, but both monkeys were able to utilize vibrotactile feedback alone to successfully perform the CST. We also observed changes in behavioral strategy as the task became more challenging. The CST will have value for basic science investigations of the neural basis of sensory-motor integration during ongoing actions, and it may also provide value for the design and testing of bidirectional brain computer interface systems. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Currently, most behavioral tasks used in motor neurophysiology studies require primates to make short-duration, stereotyped movements that do not necessitate sensory feedback. To improve our understanding of sensorimotor integration, and to engineer meaningful artificial sensory feedback systems for brain-computer interfaces, it is crucial to have a task that requires sensory feedback for good control. The critical stability task demands that sensory information be used to guide long-duration movements.

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Morasso, P. "Robotic systems for motor neurophysiology: From the neural control of movement to neuromotor rehabilitation." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 57 (May 2014): e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.412.

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Chiovetto, Enrico. "The motor system plays the violin: a musical metaphor inferred from the oscillatory activity of the α-motoneuron pools during locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 4 (April 2011): 1429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01119.2010.

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Despite substantial advances in the field, particularly resulting from physiological studies in animals, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of many motor behaviors in humans remain unclear. A recent study (Cappellini G et al. J Neurophysiol 104: 3064–3073, 2010) sheds more light on this topic. Like the string of a violin, the α-motoneuron pools in the spinal cord during locomotion show continuous and oscillatory patterns of activation. In this report, the implications and relevance of this finding are discussed in a general framework that includes neurophysiology, optimal control theory, and robotics.

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Purushothaman, Gopathy, Harold E. Bedell, Haluk Öğmen, and Saumil S. Patel. "Neurophysiology of compensation for time delays: Visual prediction is off track." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0800397x.

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AbstractSpeculation by Nijhawan that visual perceptual mechanisms compensate for neural delays has no basis in the physiological properties of neurons known to be involved in motion perception and visuomotor control. Behavioral and physiological evidence is consistent with delay compensation mediated primarily by motor systems.

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Anastasio, Thomas J., and David A. Robinson. "Distributed Parallel Processing in the Vestibulo-Oculomotor System." Neural Computation 1, no. 2 (June 1989): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.2.230.

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The mechanisms of eye-movement control are among the best understood in motor neurophysiology. Detailed anatomical and physiological data have paved the way for theoretical models that have unified existing knowledge and suggested further experiments. These models have generally taken the form of black-box diagrams (for example, Robinson 1981) representing the flow of hypothetical signals between idealized signal-processing blocks. They approximate overall oculomotor behavior but indicate little about how real eye-movement signals would be carried and processed by real neural networks. Neurons that combine and transmit oculomotor signals, such as those in the vestibular nucleus (VN), actually do so in a diverse, seemingly random way that would be impossible to predict from a block diagram. The purpose of this study is to use a neural-network learning scheme (Rumelhart et al. 1986) to construct parallel, distributed models of the vestibulo-oculomotor system that simulate the diversity of responses recorded experimentally from VN neurons.

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Grooms, Dustin R., Stephen J. Page, and James A. Onate. "Brain Activation for Knee Movement Measured Days Before Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Neuroimaging in Musculoskeletal Medicine." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.10.02.

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Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has multifactorial causes encompassing mechanical, hormonal, exposure, and anatomical factors. Alterations in the central nervous system also play a role, but their influence after injury, recovery, and recurrent injury remain unknown. Modern neuroimaging techniques can be used to elucidate the underlying functional and structural alterations of the brain that predicate the neuromuscular control adaptations associated with ACL injury. This knowledge will further our understanding of the neural adaptations after ACL injury and rehabilitation and in relation to injury risk. In this paper, we describe the measurement of brain activation during knee extension-flexion after ACL injury and reconstruction and 26 days before a contralateral ACL injury. Methods Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging data for an ACL-injured participant and a matched control participant were collected and contrasted. Results Relative to the matched control participant, the ACL-injured participant exhibited increased activation of motor-planning, sensory-processing, and visual-motor control areas. A similar activation pattern was present for the contralateral knee that sustained a subsequent injury. Conclusions Bilateral neuroplasticity after ACL injury may contribute to the risk of second injury, or aspects of neurophysiology may be predisposing factors to primary injury. Clinical Implications Sensory-visual-motor function and motor-learning adaptations may provide targets for rehabilitation.

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De Beaumont, Louis, David Mongeon, Sébastien Tremblay, Julie Messier, François Prince, Suzanne Leclerc, Maryse Lassonde, and Hugo Théoret. "Persistent Motor System Abnormalities in Formerly Concussed Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.3.234.

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Context: The known detrimental effects of sport concussions on motor system function include balance problems, slowed motor execution, and abnormal motor cortex excitability. Objective: To assess whether these concussion-related alterations of motor system function are still evident in collegiate football players who sustained concussions but returned to competition more than 9 months before testing. Design: Case-control study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A group of 21 active, university-level football players who had experienced concussions was compared with 15 university football players who had not sustained concussions. Intervention(s): A force platform was used to assess center-of-pressure (COP) displacement and COP oscillation regularity (approximate entropy) as measures of postural stability in the upright position. A rapid alternating-movement task was also used to assess motor execution speed. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex was used to measure long-interval intracortical inhibition and the cortical silent period, presumably reflecting γ-aminobutyric acid subtype B receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition. Main Outcome Measure(s): COP displacement and oscillation regularity, motor execution speed, long-interval intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period. Results: Relative to controls, previously concussed athletes showed persistently lower COP oscillation randomness, normal performance on a rapid alternating-movement task, and more M1 intracortical inhibition that was related to the number of previous concussions. Conclusions: Sport concussions were associated with pervasive changes in postural control and more M1 intracortical inhibition, providing neurophysiologic and behavioral evidence of lasting, subclinical changes in motor system integrity in concussed athletes.

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Morelli, Nathan, and Matthew Hoch. "A Proposed Postural Control Theory Synthesizing Optimal Feedback Control Theory, Postural Motor Learning, and Cerebellar Supervision Learning." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520930868.

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Multiple theories regarding motor learning and postural control development aim to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) acquires, adjusts, and learns postural behaviors. However, few theories of postural motor development and learning propose possible neurophysiologic correlates to support their assumptions. Evidence from behavioral and computational models support the cerebellum’s role in supervising motor learning through the production of forward internal models, corrected by sensory prediction errors. Optimal Feedback Control Theory (OFCT) states that the CNS learns new behaviors by minimizing the cost of multi-joint movements that attain a task goal. By synthesizing principles of the OFCT, postural sway characteristics, and cerebellar anatomy and its internal models, we propose an integrated learning model in which cerebellar supervision of postural control is governed by movement cost functions.

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Shepherd, Roberta B. "Exercise and Training to Optimize Functional Motor Performance in Stroke: Driving Neural Reorganization?" Neural Plasticity 8, no. 1-2 (2001): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2001.121.

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Neurorehabilitation is increasingly taking account of scientific findings. Research areas directing stroke rehabilitation are neurophysiology; adaptability to use and activity; biomechanics; skill learning; and exercise science (task, context specificity). Understanding impairments and adaptations enables a reappraisal of interventions—for example,changes in motor control resulting from impairments (decreased descending inputs, reduced motor unit synchronization), secondary soft tissue changes (muscle length and stiffness changes) are adaptations to lesion and disuse. Changes in interventions include increasing emphasis on active exercise and task-specific training, active and passive methods of preserving muscle extensibility. Training has the potential to drive brain reorganization and to optimize functional performance. Research drives the development of training programs, and therapists are relying less on one-to-one, hands-on service delivery, making use of circuit training and group exercise and of technological advances (interactive computerized systems, treadmills) which increase time spent in active practice, Emphasis is on skill training, stressing cognitive engagement and practice, aiming to increase strength, control, skill, endurance, fitness, and social readjustment. Rehabilitation services remain slow to make the changes necessary to upgrade environments, attitudes, and rehabilitation methodologies to those shown to be more scientifically rational and for which there is evidence of effectiveness.

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Ikoeva, Galina A., Igor E. Nikityuk, Olga I. Kivoenko, Tatyana R. Moshonkina, Irina A. Solopova, Irina A. Sukhotina, Sergei V. Vissarionov, Valery V. Umnov, and Yurii P. Gerasimenko. "Clinical, neurological, and neurophysiological evaluation of the efficiency of motor rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy using robotic mechanotherapy and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 4, no. 4 (December 14, 2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors4447-55.

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Introduction. Rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) remains a very difficult task. Stable and growing movement restrictions in such patients cause a life-long need for treatment and rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation of children with CP at various stages includes not only traditional physical rehabilitation methods, but also extensive use of robotic mechanotherapy techniques and new technologies in the field of neurophysiology. One of such technology is non-invasive percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord.Aim of the study: To assess the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord to improve the motor function of children with spastic diplegia using the “Lokomat” robotic mechanotherapy system.Materials and methods. A clinical rehabilitation study of 26 patients aged 6–12 years with CP was conducted. The treatment group included 11 patients who received one course of robotic mechanotherapy using the “Lokomat” system combined with transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. The control group included 15 patients who received one course of robotic mechanotherapy only.Results. A comparative analysis of the two groups based on the results of clinical examinations using specific scales (GMFCS, GMFM-88, Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity), locomotor tests (L-FORCE, L-ROM), and evaluations of muscle activity using electromyography showed that one course of rehabilitation resulted in improvement in motor function in all patients of both groups, but positive dynamics were more significant in the treatment group that underwent percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord.Conclusion. Based on clinical data, changes in indicators of the locomotor tests L-FORCE and L-ROM, as well as assessment of changes in muscle activity, showed that motor rehabilitation of children with spastic diplegia using the “Lokomat” robotic mechanotherapy system combined with transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation was more effective than robotic mechanotherapy only.

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Garasz, Anna, and Juliusz Huber. "REVIEW ON METHODOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS INDUCED WITH MAGNETIC FIELD OR ELECTRICAL STIMULI RECORDED PREOPERATIVELY OR INTRAOPERATIVELY." Issues of Rehabilitation, Orthopaedics, Neurophysiology and Sport Promotion – IRONS, no. 34 (March 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19271/irons-000131-2021-34.

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Introduction The method of motor evoked potentials recordings induced with magnetic field (MEP) (as part of the differential diagnosis of disease in the musculoskeletal system before the introduction of treatment) and motor evoked potentials induced with electrical stimuli (during intraoperative neuromonitoring) is particularly intensively used among clinical neurophysiology studies in the last twenty years. Aim The aim of the study is to review the practical usefulness of MEP in clinical diagnostics and present the most common examples of the application of this method, the possibility of modifications aimed at increasing non-invasiveness, safety and diagnostic precision. Material and methods The results of pilot tests of different variants of MEP recordings are presented preoperatively from muscles and nerves of the lower extremities in healthy volunteers (N = 10) and patients with disc-root conflicts (N = 15). Results Pilot tests show that in healthy people after oververtebral stimulation with the magnetic field at the lumbar level, the MEP amplitude and latency parameters recorded from nerves compared to those recorded from muscles are characterized by lower values (amplitudes by about 50%, latencies with mean at about 3 ms) and the time duration is increased by approximately 20%. The variability of MEP parameters is similar in patients with disc-root conflict in preoperative diagnostics, even though mean amplitude values from muscles were lower in comparison to healthy control group. Conclusions The MEP recording method from nerves vs. muscles after oververtebral stimulation with the magnetic field at the lumbar level in patients with disc-root conflict is diagnostically essential in cases of visible atrophic changes in muscles with symptoms of slight pathology in the transmission of nerve impulses in motor axons. Keywords: motor evoked potentials, neurophysiological diagnostics, neuromonitoring, methodological modifications

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Wegner, Celine, Paul Schlett, Ulrich G. Hofmann, Julian Höth, Thomas Klotzbücher, Thomas Buckert, and Thilo B. Krüger. "Neurophotonic Scanning System – Towards Automatic Infrared Neurostimulation." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3069.

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AbstractIntraoperative neuromonitoring is without doubt important for all surgical interventions, where nerve structures are at risk. Mapping techniques for the identification of motor nerves and cortex are available. They rely on manual identification using an electrical stimulation probe. A landmark-based visualization of the results is currently not possible. To overcome these limitations, we are developing a system for automatic stimulation and display of functional tissue. Infrared neurostimulation (INS) was proposed to be a feasible alternative to electrical stimulation of nerves. It provides contactless and artifact-free activation of nerves. For our preclinical experiments we used an infrared diode laser system with a wavelength of 1470 nm. For automatic screening, we developed a scanning system and suitable scan-algorithms in order to provide optimal scanning parameters. Recording of compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) was performed with a differential amplifier and appropriate neurophysiologic software. Subunits of the system were combined via multiple interfaces. A control-software merges all relevant functions of the individual parts and parallel use. Marking of tissue was realized with a red pilot laser deflected by the same scanning system. With this work we could show, that a system for automatic laser deflection with parallel neurophysiologic recording and subsequent highlighting of irradiated tissue is possible. This system can serve as a tool for further systematic investigations in the field of INS.

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Liu, Ye, Qibin Zhao, and Liqing Zhang. "Uncorrelated Multiway Discriminant Analysis for Motor Imagery EEG Classification." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 04 (May 25, 2015): 1550013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065715500136.

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Motor imagery-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) training has been proved to be an effective communication system between human brain and external devices. A practical problem in BCI-based systems is how to correctly and efficiently identify and extract subject-specific features from the blurred scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and translate those features into device commands in order to control external devices. In real BCI-based applications, we usually define frequency bands and channels configuration that related to brain activities beforehand. However, a steady configuration usually loses effects due to individual variability among different subjects in practical applications. In this study, a robust tensor-based method is proposed for a multiway discriminative subspace extraction from tensor-represented EEG data, which performs well in motor imagery EEG classification without the prior neurophysiologic knowledge like channels configuration and active frequency bands. Motor imagery EEG patterns in spatial-spectral-temporal domain are detected directly from the multidimensional EEG, which may provide insights to the underlying cortical activity patterns. Extensive experiment comparisons have been performed on a benchmark dataset from the famous BCI competition III as well as self-acquired data from healthy subjects and stroke patients. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over the contemporary methods.

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Sartori, Luisa, Sonia Betti, Chiara Perrone, and Umberto Castiello. "Congruent and Incongruent Corticospinal Activations at the Level of Multiple Effectors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 10 (October 2015): 2063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00841.

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Motor resonance is defined as the subliminal activation of the motor system while observing actions performed by others. However, resonating with another person's actions is not always an appropriate response: In real life, people do not just imitate but rather respond in a suitable fashion. A growing body of neurophysiologic studies has demonstrated that motor resonance can be overridden by complementary motor responses (such as preparing a precision grip on a small object when seeing an open hand in sign of request). In this study, we investigated the relationship between congruent and incongruent corticospinal activations at the level of multiple effectors. The modulation of motor evoked potentials evoked by single-pulse TMS over the motor cortex was assessed in upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing a penalty kick straight in their direction. Study results revealed a double dissociation: Seeing the soccer player kicking the ball triggered a motor resonance in the observer's lower limb, whereas the upper limb response afforded by the object was overridden. On the other hand, seeing the ball approaching the observers elicited a complementary motor activation in upper limbs while motor resonance in lower limbs disappeared. Control conditions showing lateral kicks, mimicked kicks, and a ball in penalty area were also included to test the motor coding of object affordances. Results point to a modulation of motor responses in different limbs over the course of action and in function of their relevance in different contexts. We contend that ecologically valid paradigms are now needed to shed light on the motor system functioning in complex forms of interaction.

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Rinaldi, Simon, Alexander Davies, Janev Fehmi, Heidi N. Beadnall, Justine Wang, Todd A. Hardy, Michael H. Barnett, et al. "Overlapping central and peripheral nervous system syndromes in MOG antibody–associated disorders." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 8, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): e924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000924.

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ObjectiveAntibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with CNS demyelination inclusive of optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). To examine whether peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement is associated with MOG antibody–associated disorders (MOGAD), we performed detailed characterization of an Australasian MOGAD cohort.MethodsUsing a live cell–based assay, we diagnosed 271 adults with MOGAD (2013–2018) and performed detailed clinical and immunologic characterization on those with likely PNS involvement.ResultsWe identified 19 adults with MOGAD and PNS involvement without prior TM. All patients had CNS involvement including ON (bilateral [n = 3], unilateral [n = 3], and recurrent [n = 7]), a cortical lesion (n = 1), meningoencephalitis (n = 1), and subsequent TM (n = 4). Clinical phenotyping and neurophysiology were consistent with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (n = 1), myeloradiculitis (n = 3), multifocal motor neuropathy (n = 1), brachial neuritis (n = 2), migrant sensory neuritis (n = 3), and paresthesia and/or radicular limb pain (n = 10). Onset MRI spine was consistent with myeloradiculitis with nerve root enhancement in 3/19 and normal in 16/19. Immunotherapy resulted in partial/complete PNS symptom resolution in 12/15 (80%) (steroids and/or IV immunoglobulin n = 9, rituximab n = 2, and plasmapheresis n = 1). We identified serum antibodies targeting neurofascin 155, contactin-associated protein 2, or GM1 in 4/16 patients with MOGAD PNS compared with 0/30 controls (p = 0.01). There was no binding to novel cell surface antigens using an in vitro myelinating sensory neuronal coculture model.ConclusionsMyeloradiculitis, combined central and peripheral demyelination syndromes, and inflammatory neuropathies may be associated with MOGAD and may be immunotherapy responsive. We identified a subgroup who may have pathology mediated by coexistent autoantibodies.

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Hajela, Nupur, Chaithanya K. Mummidisetty, Andrew C. Smith, and Maria Knikou. "Corticospinal Reorganization after Locomotor Training in a Person with Motor Incomplete Paraplegia." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/516427.

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Activity-dependent plasticity as a result of reorganization of neural circuits is a fundamental characteristic of the central nervous system that occurs simultaneously in multiple sites. In this study, we established the effects of subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex region on the tibialis anterior (TA) long-latency flexion reflex. Neurophysiological tests were conducted before and after robotic gait training in one person with a motor incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) while at rest and during robotic-assisted stepping. The TA flexion reflex was evoked following nonnociceptive sural nerve stimulation and was conditioned by TMS at 0.9 TA motor evoked potential resting threshold at conditioning-test intervals that ranged from 70 to 130 ms. Subthreshold TMS induced a significant facilitation on the TA flexion reflex before training, which was reversed to depression after training with the subject seated at rest. During stepping, corticospinal facilitation of the flexion reflex at early and midstance phases before training was replaced with depression at early and midswing followed by facilitation at late swing after training. These results constitute the first neurophysiologic evidence that locomotor training reorganizes the cortical control of spinal interneuronal circuits that generate patterned motor activity, modifying spinal reflex function, in the chronic lesioned human spinal cord.

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Safron, Adam. "The Radically Embodied Conscious Cybernetic Bayesian Brain: From Free Energy to Free Will and Back Again." Entropy 23, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060783.

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Drawing from both enactivist and cognitivist perspectives on mind, I propose that explaining teleological phenomena may require reappraising both “Cartesian theaters” and mental homunculi in terms of embodied self-models (ESMs), understood as body maps with agentic properties, functioning as predictive-memory systems and cybernetic controllers. Quasi-homuncular ESMs are suggested to constitute a major organizing principle for neural architectures due to their initial and ongoing significance for solutions to inference problems in cognitive (and affective) development. Embodied experiences provide foundational lessons in learning curriculums in which agents explore increasingly challenging problem spaces, so answering an unresolved question in Bayesian cognitive science: what are biologically plausible mechanisms for equipping learners with sufficiently powerful inductive biases to adequately constrain inference spaces? Drawing on models from neurophysiology, psychology, and developmental robotics, I describe how embodiment provides fundamental sources of empirical priors (as reliably learnable posterior expectations). If ESMs play this kind of foundational role in cognitive development, then bidirectional linkages will be found between all sensory modalities and frontal-parietal control hierarchies, so infusing all senses with somatic-motoric properties, thereby structuring all perception by relevant affordances, so solving frame problems for embodied agents. Drawing upon the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference framework, I describe a particular mechanism for intentional action selection via consciously imagined (and explicitly represented) goal realization, where contrasts between desired and present states influence ongoing policy selection via predictive coding mechanisms and backward-chained imaginings (as self-realizing predictions). This embodied developmental legacy suggests a mechanism by which imaginings can be intentionally shaped by (internalized) partially-expressed motor acts, so providing means of agentic control for attention, working memory, imagination, and behavior. I further describe the nature(s) of mental causation and self-control, and also provide an account of readiness potentials in Libet paradigms wherein conscious intentions shape causal streams leading to enaction. Finally, I provide neurophenomenological handlings of prototypical qualia including pleasure, pain, and desire in terms of self-annihilating free energy gradients via quasi-synesthetic interoceptive active inference. In brief, this manuscript is intended to illustrate how radically embodied minds may create foundations for intelligence (as capacity for learning and inference), consciousness (as somatically-grounded self-world modeling), and will (as deployment of predictive models for enacting valued goals).

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Cincotta, M., and U. Ziemann. "Neurophysiology of unimanual motor control and mirror movements." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (April 2008): 744–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.11.047.

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MacDonald, David B. "Intraoperative neurophysiology of the motor system in children." Child's Nervous System 26, no. 5 (February 25, 2010): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-010-1111-4.

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Derambure, Philippe, and Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur. "Clinical neurophysiology: The quest to understand motor and postural control." Neurophysiologie Clinique 49, no. 2 (April 2019): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2019.03.003.

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Lang, ST, B. Goodyear, J. Kelly, and P. Federico. "Neurophysiology (fMRI)." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 42, S1 (May 2015): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.173.

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Background: Resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) provides many advantages to task-based fMRI in neurosurgical populations, foremost of which is the lack of the need to perform a task. Many networks can be identified by rs-fMRI in a single period of scanning. Despite the advantages, there is a paucity of literature on rs-fMRI in neurosurgical populations. Methods: Eight patients with tumours near areas traditionally considered as eloquent cortex participated in a five minute rs-fMRI scan. Resting-state fMRI data underwent Independent Component Analysis (ICA) using the Multivariate Exploratory Linear Optimized Decomposition into Independent Components (MELODIC) toolbox in FSL. Resting state networks (RSNs) were identified on a visual basis. Results: Several RSNs, including language (N=7), sensorimotor (N=7), visual (N=7), default mode network (N=8) and frontoparietal attentional control (n=7) networks were readily identifiable using ICA of rs-fMRI data. Conclusion: These pilot data suggest that ICA applied to rs-fMRI data can be used to identify motor and language networks in patients with brain tumours. We have also shown that RSNs associated with cognitive functioning, including the default mode network and the frontoparietal attentional control network can be identified in individual subjects with brain tumours. While preliminary, this suggests that rs-fMRI may be used pre-operatively to localize areas of cortex important for higher order cognitive functioning.

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Grunewald, Alexander. "Neurophysiology indicates cognitive penetration of the visual system." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99372022.

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Short-term memory, nonattentional task effects and nonspatial extraretinal representations in the visual system are signs of cognitive penetration. All of these have been found physiologically, arguing against the cognitive impenetrability of vision as a whole. Instead, parallel subcircuits in the brain, each subserving a different competency including sensory and cognitive (and in some cases motor) aspects, may have cognitively impenetrable components.

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Sala, Francesco, Paolo Manganotti, Stefan Grossauer, Vincenzo Tramontanto, Carlo Mazza, and Massimo Gerosa. "Intraoperative neurophysiology of the motor system in children: a tailored approach." Child's Nervous System 26, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-009-1081-6.

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Majeed, Zana R., Esraa Abdeljaber, Robin Soveland, Kristin Cornwell, Aubrey Bankemper, Felicitas Koch, and Robin L. Cooper. "Modulatory Action by the Serotonergic System: Behavior and Neurophysiology inDrosophila melanogaster." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7291438.

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Serotonin modulates various physiological processes and behaviors. This study investigates the role of 5-HT in locomotion and feeding behaviors as well as in modulation of sensory-motor circuits. The 5-HT biosynthesis was dysregulated by feedingDrosophilalarvae 5-HT, a 5-HT precursor, or an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase during early stages of development. The effects of feeding fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during early second instars were also examined. 5-HT receptor subtypes were manipulated using RNA interference mediated knockdown and 5-HT receptor insertional mutations. Moreover, synaptic transmission at 5-HT neurons was blocked or enhanced in both larvae and adult flies. The results demonstrate that disruption of components within the 5-HT system significantly impairs locomotion and feeding behaviors in larvae. Acute activation of 5-HT neurons disrupts normal locomotion activity in adult flies. To determine which 5-HT receptor subtype modulates the evoked sensory-motor activity, pharmacological agents were used. In addition, the activity of 5-HT neurons was enhanced by expressing and activating TrpA1 channels or channelrhodopsin-2 while recording the evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in muscle fibers. 5-HT2 receptor activation mediates a modulatory role in a sensory-motor circuit, and the activation of 5-HT neurons can suppress the neural circuit activity, while fluoxetine can significantly decrease the sensory-motor activity.

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Petrenko, Serhii, A. V. Omelyan, Victor Antonyuk, and O. G. Novakovsky. "PIEZOELECTRIC MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 55(1) (June 29, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.55(1).2018.135857.

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Nijhawan, Romi. "Visual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003804.

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AbstractA necessary consequence of the nature of neural transmission systems is that as change in the physical state of a time-varying event takes place, delays produce error between the instantaneous registered state and the external state. Another source of delay is the transmission of internal motor commands to muscles and the inertia of the musculoskeletal system. How does the central nervous system compensate for these pervasive delays? Although it has been argued that delay compensation occurs late in the motor planning stages, even the earliest visual processes, such as phototransduction, contribute significantly to delays. I argue that compensation is not an exclusive property of the motor system, but rather, is a pervasive feature of the central nervous system (CNS) organization. Although the motor planning system may contain a highly flexible compensation mechanism, accounting not just for delays but also variability in delays (e.g., those resulting from variations in luminance contrast, internal body temperature, muscle fatigue, etc.), visual mechanisms also contribute to compensation. Previous suggestions of this notion of “visual prediction” led to a lively debate producing re-examination of previous arguments, new analyses, and review of the experiments presented here. Understanding visual prediction will inform our theories of sensory processes and visual perception, and will impact our notion of visual awareness.

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VanBommel, G., and W. R. Quinn. "Inexpensive stepping motor control system." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 12 (December 1987): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139301.

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West, Ryan J. H., Rebecca Furmston, Charles A. C. Williams, and Christopher J. H. Elliott. "Neurophysiology ofDrosophilaModels of Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/381281.

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We provide an insight into the roleDrosophilahas played in elucidating neurophysiological perturbations associated with Parkinson’s disease- (PD-) related genes. Synaptic signalling deficits are observed in motor, central, and sensory systems. Given the neurological impact of disease causing mutations within these same genes in humans the phenotypes observed in fly are of significant interest. As such we observe four unique opportunities provided by fly nervous system models of Parkinson’s disease. Firstly,Drosophilamodels are instrumental in exploring the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, with several PD-related mutations eliciting related phenotypes including sensitivity to energy supply and vesicular deformities. These are leading to the identification of plausible cellular mechanisms, which may be specific to (dopaminergic) neurons and synapses rather than general cellular phenotypes. Secondly, models show noncell autonomous signalling within the nervous system, offering the opportunity to develop our understanding of the way pathogenic signalling propagates, resembling Braak’s scheme of spreading pathology in PD. Thirdly, the models link physiological deficits to changes in synaptic structure. While the structure-function relationship is complex, the genetic tractability ofDrosophilaoffers the chance to separate fundamental changes from downstream consequences. Finally, the strong neuronal phenotypes permit relevant firstin vivodrug testing.

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Bove, Cecilia, and R. Alberto Travagli. "Neurophysiology of the brain stem in Parkinson’s disease." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00056.2019.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is predominantly idiopathic in origin, and a large body of evidence indicates that gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions are a significant comorbid clinical feature; these dysfunctions include dysphagia, nausea, delayed gastric emptying, and severe constipation, all of which occur commonly before the onset of the well-known motor symptoms of PD. Based on a distinct distribution pattern of Lewy bodies (LB) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and in the preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and together with the early onset of GI symptoms, it was suggested that idiopathic PD begins in the ENS and spreads to the central nervous system (CNS), reaching the DMV and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). These two areas are connected by a recently discovered monosynaptic nigro-vagal pathway, which is dysfunctional in rodent models of PD. An alternative hypothesis downplays the role of LB transport through the vagus nerve and proposes that PD pathology is governed by regional or cell-restricted factors as the leading cause of nigral neuronal degeneration. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize the neuronal electrophysiological findings in the SNpc and DMV in PD.

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Salihagic-Kadic, Aida, and Maja Predojevic. "What We have Learned from Fetal Neurophysiology?" Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 2 (2012): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1241.

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ABSTRACT The nervous system is one of the earliest emerging systems in fetal development. Due to progress of modern imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, a growing pool of information on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and fetal behavioral patterns has been made available. The major events in the development of the CNS, fetal motor and sensory development as well as fetal response to stress are discussed in this review. The fetus is not entirely protected from harmful influence of the external factors. Postnatal follow-up studies have showed that many environmental influences causing the fetal stress can interfere with the fetal neurodevelopment and leave long-term and profound consequences on brain structure and function. How to cite this article SalihagićKadić A, Predojevic M. What We have Learned from Fetal Neurophysiology? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):179-188.

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Shadmehr, Reza. "Motor Learning: A Cortical System for Adaptive Motor Control." Current Biology 28, no. 14 (July 2018): R793—R795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.071.

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Akazawa, Kenzo. "Adaptability of Neuromuscular Motor Control System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 3 (June 20, 1992): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0181.

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Shein, Phyu Phyu, Tin Tin Nwet, and Kyi Kyi Khaing. "Microcontroller Based Servo Motor Control System." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 67, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v67i6p108.

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KONDO, Keiichiro. "Application of Speed-sensor-less Induction Motor Control for Traction Motor Control System." Quarterly Report of RTRI 44, no. 1 (2003): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.44.22.

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Nirkko, Arto C., Debbie Serrien, Karl-Olof Loevblad, Zsuzsanna Aranyi, Kai Roesler, and Mario Wiesendanger. "Motor control in patients with lesion or agenesis of the corpus callosum:fMRI, TMS and behavioral neurophysiology." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92163-9.

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Chen, Chong. "Neural Network Control of Induction Motor Speed Control System." International Journal of Control and Automation 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2014.7.10.22.

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Leung, Victoria, Jeffery Pugh, and Jonathan A. Norton. "Utility of neurophysiology in the diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 15, no. 4 (April 2015): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.peds1434.

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OBJECT The diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) remains difficult, and the decision to operate is even more complex. The objective of this study was to examine how detailed examination of neurophysiological test results can affect the diagnosis for patients undergoing a surgical cord release. METHODS Patients undergoing tethered spinal cord releases were matched by age and sex with control patients undergoing scoliosis correction in the absence of spinal cord pathology. The latency and width of the P37 peak of the posterior tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and the motor evoked potential (MEP) latencies were examined. Immediate changes as a result of the surgical procedure were reported. RESULTS The width of the P37 response differed significantly between TCS and control patients and changed significantly during the surgical procedure. Nonsignificant trends were seen in SSEP and MEP latencies. CONCLUSIONS The width of the P37 response may be a useful marker for TCS and may play a role in presurgical decision making.

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LI, Junqiu. "New Enhanced Magnetism Motor Drive Control System." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 11 (2008): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2008.11.197.

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Artemova, S. V., A. A. Artemov, N. G. Chernyshov, and M. A. Kamenskaya. "INTELLIGENT ENERGY-SAVING INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 25, no. 3 (2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2019.03.pp.374-380.

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Mitkowski, Wojciech, Marta Zagórowska, and Waldemar Bauer. "Comparative Analysis of DC Motor Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 817 (January 2016): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.817.111.

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In this work we will present a control method for DC system – the so-called practical PID controller, where the inertia of both the derivative and the actuator is included. The original element in this paper consists of a comparative analysis of various controller stabilizing the position of motor shaft. In a system with ideal gain, K>0 ensures asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. Taking into account this inertia along with the inertia of the derivative, we obtain limited values 0<Kp<Kgr. A similar restrictions apply to a system with delay.

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Nishizawa, Uichi, and Shigeki Toyama. "Phase Difference Control System for TR Motor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 841 (June 2016): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.841.173.

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The authors have developed a translational and rotational motor in one device by ultrasonic drive technology. This motor has two degree of freedom, that is, translational movement and rotational movement (TR motor). Two movements are controlled independently or simultaneously such as screw movement. As the motor is driven by ultrasonic vibration at the resonant frequency, the motor (stator) is designed and optimized by FEM analysis. Based on the analysis of FEM, the authors have developed a TR motor successfully. It shows good controllability in both movements.

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Wang, Wen-cheng, and Guo-qiang Zhang. "Design of Intelligent Stepping Motor Control System." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 7 (March 11, 2013): 2420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4674.

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M. K. G. Abbas, Khaled M. A. Ahmed,. "Wireless DC Motor and Breaking Control System." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 8 (August 15, 2016): 14301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2016.0508001.

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Tun, Aung Ye. "DC Motor Control System with PID Controller." International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 7, no. 8 (August 24, 2018): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijsea0708.1022.

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Kamano, Takuya, Takayuki Suzuki, and Toshihiro Kuzuhara. "Position Control System Driven by Ultrasonic Motor." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, S1 (January 1, 1989): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.28s1.155.

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Ohki, Yukari. "Human motor control and spinal interneuronal system." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1561.

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Kubiczek, Zdeněk. "Motor Control System with Smart Gate Driver." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 1 (February 2003): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33778-3.

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FURUICHI, Hiroya. "2402 Optimization of SR Motor Control System." Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference 2013.23 (2013): _2402–1_—_2402–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedsd.2013.23._2402-1_.

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Morar, Alexandru. "DC MOTOR SPEED AND POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 8 (2007): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070709-3-ro-4910.00034.

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