Relevant bibliographies by topics / Motor control system; Neurophysiology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Motor control system; Neurophysiology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

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Zee, David S. "Adaptive Control of Eye Movements: Clinical Implications." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 21, no. 3 (August 1994): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100041147.

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Abstract:This paper is directed primarily to clinicians who diagnose and treat patients with neurological disorders. It is an attempt to illustrate that even with modern imaging technology and other advances in laboratory testing, a thorough understanding of neurophysiology and its anatomical substrate still plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with neurological diseases. One area in neurophysiology in which there has been great progress in the last few decades is the ocular motor system. Particular interest has been focused on the ways that the brain can adapt to lesions, and more specifically, how the ocular motor system keeps itself calibrated in the face of normal development and aging as well as in response to disease and trauma. Since disorders of eye movements are such common and often dramatic manifestations of neurological disease it seems appropriate to bring some of the newer concepts in ocular motor physiology to the “bedside”.
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Quick, Kristin M., Jessica L. Mischel, Patrick J. Loughlin, and Aaron P. Batista. "The critical stability task: quantifying sensory-motor control during ongoing movement in nonhuman primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00300.2017.

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Everyday behaviors require that we interact with the environment, using sensory information in an ongoing manner to guide our actions. Yet, by design, many of the tasks used in primate neurophysiology laboratories can be performed with limited sensory guidance. As a consequence, our knowledge about the neural mechanisms of motor control is largely limited to the feedforward aspects of the motor command. To study the feedback aspects of volitional motor control, we adapted the critical stability task (CST) from the human performance literature (Jex H, McDonnell J, Phatak A. IEEE Trans Hum Factors Electron 7: 138–145, 1966). In the CST, our monkey subjects interact with an inherently unstable (i.e., divergent) virtual system and must generate sensory-guided actions to stabilize it about an equilibrium point. The difficulty of the CST is determined by a single parameter, which allows us to quantitatively establish the limits of performance in the task for different sensory feedback conditions. Two monkeys learned to perform the CST with visual or vibrotactile feedback. Performance was better under visual feedback, as expected, but both monkeys were able to utilize vibrotactile feedback alone to successfully perform the CST. We also observed changes in behavioral strategy as the task became more challenging. The CST will have value for basic science investigations of the neural basis of sensory-motor integration during ongoing actions, and it may also provide value for the design and testing of bidirectional brain computer interface systems. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Currently, most behavioral tasks used in motor neurophysiology studies require primates to make short-duration, stereotyped movements that do not necessitate sensory feedback. To improve our understanding of sensorimotor integration, and to engineer meaningful artificial sensory feedback systems for brain-computer interfaces, it is crucial to have a task that requires sensory feedback for good control. The critical stability task demands that sensory information be used to guide long-duration movements.
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Morasso, P. "Robotic systems for motor neurophysiology: From the neural control of movement to neuromotor rehabilitation." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 57 (May 2014): e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.412.

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Chiovetto, Enrico. "The motor system plays the violin: a musical metaphor inferred from the oscillatory activity of the α-motoneuron pools during locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 4 (April 2011): 1429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01119.2010.

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Despite substantial advances in the field, particularly resulting from physiological studies in animals, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of many motor behaviors in humans remain unclear. A recent study (Cappellini G et al. J Neurophysiol 104: 3064–3073, 2010) sheds more light on this topic. Like the string of a violin, the α-motoneuron pools in the spinal cord during locomotion show continuous and oscillatory patterns of activation. In this report, the implications and relevance of this finding are discussed in a general framework that includes neurophysiology, optimal control theory, and robotics.
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Purushothaman, Gopathy, Harold E. Bedell, Haluk Öğmen, and Saumil S. Patel. "Neurophysiology of compensation for time delays: Visual prediction is off track." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0800397x.

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AbstractSpeculation by Nijhawan that visual perceptual mechanisms compensate for neural delays has no basis in the physiological properties of neurons known to be involved in motion perception and visuomotor control. Behavioral and physiological evidence is consistent with delay compensation mediated primarily by motor systems.
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Anastasio, Thomas J., and David A. Robinson. "Distributed Parallel Processing in the Vestibulo-Oculomotor System." Neural Computation 1, no. 2 (June 1989): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.2.230.

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The mechanisms of eye-movement control are among the best understood in motor neurophysiology. Detailed anatomical and physiological data have paved the way for theoretical models that have unified existing knowledge and suggested further experiments. These models have generally taken the form of black-box diagrams (for example, Robinson 1981) representing the flow of hypothetical signals between idealized signal-processing blocks. They approximate overall oculomotor behavior but indicate little about how real eye-movement signals would be carried and processed by real neural networks. Neurons that combine and transmit oculomotor signals, such as those in the vestibular nucleus (VN), actually do so in a diverse, seemingly random way that would be impossible to predict from a block diagram. The purpose of this study is to use a neural-network learning scheme (Rumelhart et al. 1986) to construct parallel, distributed models of the vestibulo-oculomotor system that simulate the diversity of responses recorded experimentally from VN neurons.
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Grooms, Dustin R., Stephen J. Page, and James A. Onate. "Brain Activation for Knee Movement Measured Days Before Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Neuroimaging in Musculoskeletal Medicine." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.10.02.

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Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has multifactorial causes encompassing mechanical, hormonal, exposure, and anatomical factors. Alterations in the central nervous system also play a role, but their influence after injury, recovery, and recurrent injury remain unknown. Modern neuroimaging techniques can be used to elucidate the underlying functional and structural alterations of the brain that predicate the neuromuscular control adaptations associated with ACL injury. This knowledge will further our understanding of the neural adaptations after ACL injury and rehabilitation and in relation to injury risk. In this paper, we describe the measurement of brain activation during knee extension-flexion after ACL injury and reconstruction and 26 days before a contralateral ACL injury. Methods Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging data for an ACL-injured participant and a matched control participant were collected and contrasted. Results Relative to the matched control participant, the ACL-injured participant exhibited increased activation of motor-planning, sensory-processing, and visual-motor control areas. A similar activation pattern was present for the contralateral knee that sustained a subsequent injury. Conclusions Bilateral neuroplasticity after ACL injury may contribute to the risk of second injury, or aspects of neurophysiology may be predisposing factors to primary injury. Clinical Implications Sensory-visual-motor function and motor-learning adaptations may provide targets for rehabilitation.
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De Beaumont, Louis, David Mongeon, Sébastien Tremblay, Julie Messier, François Prince, Suzanne Leclerc, Maryse Lassonde, and Hugo Théoret. "Persistent Motor System Abnormalities in Formerly Concussed Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.3.234.

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Context: The known detrimental effects of sport concussions on motor system function include balance problems, slowed motor execution, and abnormal motor cortex excitability. Objective: To assess whether these concussion-related alterations of motor system function are still evident in collegiate football players who sustained concussions but returned to competition more than 9 months before testing. Design: Case-control study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A group of 21 active, university-level football players who had experienced concussions was compared with 15 university football players who had not sustained concussions. Intervention(s): A force platform was used to assess center-of-pressure (COP) displacement and COP oscillation regularity (approximate entropy) as measures of postural stability in the upright position. A rapid alternating-movement task was also used to assess motor execution speed. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex was used to measure long-interval intracortical inhibition and the cortical silent period, presumably reflecting γ-aminobutyric acid subtype B receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition. Main Outcome Measure(s): COP displacement and oscillation regularity, motor execution speed, long-interval intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period. Results: Relative to controls, previously concussed athletes showed persistently lower COP oscillation randomness, normal performance on a rapid alternating-movement task, and more M1 intracortical inhibition that was related to the number of previous concussions. Conclusions: Sport concussions were associated with pervasive changes in postural control and more M1 intracortical inhibition, providing neurophysiologic and behavioral evidence of lasting, subclinical changes in motor system integrity in concussed athletes.
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Morelli, Nathan, and Matthew Hoch. "A Proposed Postural Control Theory Synthesizing Optimal Feedback Control Theory, Postural Motor Learning, and Cerebellar Supervision Learning." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520930868.

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Multiple theories regarding motor learning and postural control development aim to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) acquires, adjusts, and learns postural behaviors. However, few theories of postural motor development and learning propose possible neurophysiologic correlates to support their assumptions. Evidence from behavioral and computational models support the cerebellum’s role in supervising motor learning through the production of forward internal models, corrected by sensory prediction errors. Optimal Feedback Control Theory (OFCT) states that the CNS learns new behaviors by minimizing the cost of multi-joint movements that attain a task goal. By synthesizing principles of the OFCT, postural sway characteristics, and cerebellar anatomy and its internal models, we propose an integrated learning model in which cerebellar supervision of postural control is governed by movement cost functions.
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Shepherd, Roberta B. "Exercise and Training to Optimize Functional Motor Performance in Stroke: Driving Neural Reorganization?" Neural Plasticity 8, no. 1-2 (2001): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2001.121.

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Neurorehabilitation is increasingly taking account of scientific findings. Research areas directing stroke rehabilitation are neurophysiology; adaptability to use and activity; biomechanics; skill learning; and exercise science (task, context specificity). Understanding impairments and adaptations enables a reappraisal of interventions—for example,changes in motor control resulting from impairments (decreased descending inputs, reduced motor unit synchronization), secondary soft tissue changes (muscle length and stiffness changes) are adaptations to lesion and disuse. Changes in interventions include increasing emphasis on active exercise and task-specific training, active and passive methods of preserving muscle extensibility. Training has the potential to drive brain reorganization and to optimize functional performance. Research drives the development of training programs, and therapists are relying less on one-to-one, hands-on service delivery, making use of circuit training and group exercise and of technological advances (interactive computerized systems, treadmills) which increase time spent in active practice, Emphasis is on skill training, stressing cognitive engagement and practice, aiming to increase strength, control, skill, endurance, fitness, and social readjustment. Rehabilitation services remain slow to make the changes necessary to upgrade environments, attitudes, and rehabilitation methodologies to those shown to be more scientifically rational and for which there is evidence of effectiveness.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

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Robertson, Edwin M. "Features of the neural coding of actions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244630.

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Elias, Leonardo Abdala. "Modelagem e simulação do sistema neuromuscular responsável pelo controle do torque gerado na articulação do tornozelo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-02102013-150228/.

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O estudo do controle neurofisiológico do movimento tem sido realizado sob várias perspectivas. Experimentos com seres humanos são realizados durante a execução de uma dada tarefa motora e, frequentemente, mediante a aplicação de estímulos externos (elétrico, magnético ou mecânico) ao sistema neuromuscular. Estes experimentos fornecem uma grande quantidade de dados referentes ao funcionamento das redes neuronais e dos atuadores biomecânicos envolvidos nos procedimentos. Entretanto, alguns achados experimentais permanecem incompreensíveis, requerendo a utilização de outros recursos para elucidar quais mecanismos estão por trás dos resultados. Neste sentido, a modelagem matemática e a simulação computacional servem como parte importante destas ferramentas que são imprescindíveis para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos neurofisiológicos e biomecânicos por trás do controle do movimento. A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo prover um modelo neuromusculoesquelético biologicamente plausível capaz de investigar diferentes mecanismos responsáveis pelo controle do torque gerado na articulação do tornozelo. Este modelo teve como base um modelo neuromuscular previamente proposto, porém, que não incorporava uma série de elementos fundamentais para um estudo mais amplo do sistema motor. O novo modelo proposto contempla modelos de motoneurônios com dendritos ativos, proprioceptores musculares responsáveis pelas vias reflexas de curta e média latência, modelos que representam as características viscoelásticas dos músculos e um modelo biomecânico do ser humano durante a postura ereta quieta. O modelo foi aplicado a diferentes problemas relacionados ao funcionamento do sistema neuromusculoesquelético, que são tipicamente explorados por experimentos com seres humanos, e forneceu bases teóricas importantes para estes achados.
The neurophysiological control of movement has been studied from several standpoints. Human experiments are performed during the execution of a given motor task and, frequently, by applying an external stimulation (electrical, magnetic, or mechanical) to the neuromuscular system. These experiments provide a large amount of data concerning the functioning of the neuronal networks and biomechanical actuators involved in the procedures. Nonetheless, some experimental findings remain puzzling, so that other available resources should be used to clarify what mechanisms are behind these results. In this vein, the mathematical modeling and computer simulations are invaluable tools that may be used to better understand the neurophysiological and biomechanical mechanisms underlying the motor control. The present PhD thesis aimed at providing a biologically plausible neuromusculoskeletal model that was used to study different mechanisms involved in the control of the ankle joint torque. This model was based on a previous neuromuscular model, which did not employ several elements that are fundamental to a comprehensive evaluation of the motor system. The novel proposed model encompasses motor neuron models with active dendrites, muscle proprioceptors responsible for the short- and medium-latency reflex pathways, muscle models with the main viscoelastic features, and a biomechanical model of the human body during upright stance. It was applied to a series of problems frequently related to the functioning of the neuromusculoskeletal system and its main outcomes provided important theoretical bases for a set of experimental findings.
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Gezelius, Henrik. "Studies of Spinal Motor Control Networks in Genetically Modified Mouse Models." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-109889.

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Carlsen, Anthony Nigel. "Motor preparation and the auditory startle response." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/384.

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Studies investigating human information processing have provided evidence that in some cases, movements can be prepared in advance. Although evidence for motor preparation has been shown at cortical and spinal levels, motor preparation at a subcortical level is not well described. One line of inquiry has involved the use of a startling acoustic stimulus (115-124 dB) that can act as an early trigger for pre-programmed actions in reaction time (RT) tasks. In light of this new research paradigm, the startle reflex may be used as a tool to investigate motor preparation. Here, six experiments were conducted that work towards the goals of understanding the mechanism of RT shortening due to startle, and motor preparation at a subcortical level. The first section (2 experiments) of this dissertation provides evidence that when a motor action can be prepared in advance, it is pre-programmed and stored subcortically awaiting the normal cortical “go” signal. A startle appears to activate structures directly that are involved with the voluntary response channel leading to early triggering of the pre-programmed response, and dramatically reduced RT. In the current dissertation we investigated alternative mechanisms to explain startle RT facilitation, including the stimulus intensity effect, and a fast transcortical route, with results supporting the original subcortical storage hypothesis. The second section (4 experiments) presents data which together provide insight into motor programming processes, and the circumstances under which a response is pre-programmed. For example, when the possibility of not having to make the response existed, a known response was not pre-programmed. Similarly, no pre-programming occurred when certainty existed regarding when to respond. However, while a previous experiment showed that having to make a choice between several response alternatives precluded pre-programming, this dissertation shows that if possible response alternatives are not in conflict with one another, multiple responses can be prepared in parallel. Finally, the complexity of a response such as one involving multiple sequenced sub-components may limit the ability to pre-program in a simple RT task. Taken together, these results suggest that pre-programming is dependent on the task characteristics and appears to involve implementation of strategies to increase programming efficiency.
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Brown, Jennifer. "Feedback motor control and the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648678.

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Montgomery, Alistair Scott. "Excitability of somatic afferent pathways to the motor cortex during locomotion in the cat." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385915.

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Issa, Fadi Aziz. "Effect of Social Status on the Behavior and Neurophysiology of Crayfish." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/35.

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Adaptation to changing social conditions is important for many social animals. Here, the effects of social experience on the behavior and neurophysiology of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were studied. Evidence is presented that shows juvenile crayfish interact and form social order, and their behavior patterns shift in accordance to social status. Dominant animals maintain a high level of aggressive behavior, while subordinates shift their behavior pattern from aggressive to submissive behavior. Adult male crayfish show similar behavior pattern during dominance formation. However, this work demonstrates that male crayfish adopt a unique strategy to signify the formation of a social order expressed in the form of pseudocopulation. Pseudocopulation between male crayfish signifies the acceptance of the social status and leads to the reduction of aggression of dominants and enhances the survival of subordinate animals. I investigated the long-term effects of social status on the behavioral and physiological responses of crayfish to unexpected sensory touch. I discovered that animals of different social experience display different orienting responses that correlate with in vivo electromyographic recordings from the legs’ depressor muscle. The status-dependent response patterns observed in vivo are retained in a reduced, in vitro, preparation that lacks descending input from the brain. The role of serotonin (5-HT) was investigated in mediating the motor output patterns of the depressor nerve. Putative serotonergic innervations of the depressor nerve were identified that originate from serotonergic neurons located in the first abdominal ganglion. Selective stimulation of the ipsilateral 5-HT neuron enhances the response of the depressor nerve to sensory stimulation. Application of 5-HT modestly increased the tonic firing activity of the depressor nerve in social isolates and subordinates but significantly decreased the activity in dominants. This work illustrates that the formation of a dominance relationship significantly and immediately alters the behavior of the participants. As the social relationship matures, the social experience that develops affects the underlying neurophysiology that mediates the behavior. It will be of great interest in future studies to identify not only the effects rather the mechanisms of how social experience induces physiological changes.
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Uygur, Serdar. "An Fpga Based Bldc Motor Control System." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614104/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, position and current control systems for a brushless DC (Direct Current) motor are designed and integrated into one FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chip. Experimental results are obtained by driving the brushless DC motors of Control Actuation System of a guided missile. Because of their high performance, brushless DC motors are widely used in Control Actuation Systems of guided missiles. In order to control the motor torque, current controller is designed and implemented in the FPGA. Position controller is designed to fulfill the position commands. A soft processor in the FPGA is used to connect and configure the current controller, position sensor interfaces and communication modules such as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and Spacewire. In addition
position controller is implemented in the soft processor in the FPGA. An FPGA based electronic board is designed and manufactured to implement control algorithms, power converter circuitry and to perform other tasks such as communication with PC (Personal Computer). In order to monitor the behavior of the controllers in real time and to achieve performance tests, a graphical user interface is provided.
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Turl, Gary. "A synchronised multi-motor control system using hybrid sensorless induction motor drives." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29510/.

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The main aim of this project was to research, develop and test an induction motor drive not requiring a speed encoder, but which could be considered commercially viable by motor drives manufacturers, and which should aim to meet the follow requirements: • Dynamic torque performance and steady state speed-holding accuracy to be comparable with encodered vector controlled drives • Extensive and highly accurate knowledge of electrical and mechanical parameters of the motor and load not to be required • Extensive commissioning from an expert engineer not to be necessary • Algorithm not to rely on excessive computational capability being available The drive was to operate, in a stable manner, over speed and load ranges at least comparable with commercially available sensorless induction motor drives. The above requirements were set such that the developed sensorless technique may be considered for synchronised multi-motor process applications, where the advantages of a sensorless system could be exploited for hazardous, damp and hot conditions. The solution developed consists of a leading model-based sensorless method augmented with a speed estimator that tracks harmonics, seen in the stator terminal quantities, due to rotor slotting. The model-based scheme facilitates field-orientated control for dynamic performance. The slot harmonic speed estimator tunes the model for speed accuracy. Slot harmonics are identified using a recursive signal processing method termed the Recursive Maximum Likelihood - Adaptive Tracking Filter. This work is the first example of the method being developed into a practical sensorless drive system and the complete speed identifier is described, including set-up, pre-filtering and the minimal parameter considerations. Being recursive the method is computationally efficient, yet has accuracy comparable with that of FFT identifiers used in other work. The developed sensorless strategy was implemented practically on two motor drive systems. The performance of the scheme is shown to give encoder like speed holding accuracy and field-orientated dynamic performance. The two drives were also configured and tested as a speed synchronised pair, using applicable multi-motor control techniques, themselves compared and contrasted. The sensorless performance is demonstrated, alongside an encodered version acting as a benchmark, and the performance of the two schemes is shown to be highly comparable. The author has found no other example of sensorless techniques considered for use in multi-motor applications. The use of such a technique brings established advantages associated with encoder removal and allows multi-axis electronic synchronisation to be considered for parts of a process where an encoder may not be appropriate.
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Cabib, Christopher. "Alteraciones de la excitabilidad refleja y del control motor en esclerosis múltiple." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401656.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: En Esclerosis Múltiple (EM) el sustrato neuropatológico típicamente muestra un patrón de distribución aleatoria de lesiones desmielinizantes, con particular predilección por estructuras comisurales y subcorticales tales como el cuerpo calloso y el tronco del encéfalo. En estos pacientes, es común observar fenómenos subclínicos pocos explorados, tales como la hiperactividad facial, la lentitud motora y la falta de control motor, que pueden estar relacionados al daño encefálico multifocal que ocurre en vías neurales y circuitos específicos por alteración en los mecanismos de conducción y excitabilidad. HIPÓTESIS: Los pacientes con EM presentan signos neurofisiológicos subclínicos indicativos de alteraciones en la excitabilidad de los circuitos reflejos tronco-encefálicos y del control motor en la ejecución de tareas unimanuales. Estas alteraciones se correlacionan con lesiones cerebrales subcorticales, especialmente comisurales. MÉTODOS: Veintiún pacientes con EM en estadio leve de enfermedad fueron sometidos a 2 diseños experimentales. Primero, la excitabilidad del reflejo de parpadeo fue evaluada en ambos lados del rostro mediante el estudio del tamaño de las respuestas obtenidas por diversas técnicas electrofisiológicas (estimulación única trigeminal y somatosensorial, estimulación pareada y condicionada con prepulso somato-sensorial), y correlacionada con el patrón de distribución hemisférica de lesiones desmielinizantes. Segundo, en un paradigma de tiempo de reacción “cruzado” (extensión de la muñeca ante un estímulo somato-sensorial aplicado en la mano contralateral como señal imperativa) que involucra necesariamente la transferencia inter-hemisférica de impulsos, se estudió la asociación entre el retraso del tiempo de reacción con: el tiempo de tránsito transcalloso (medido por estimulación magnética transcraneal), la excitabilidad de estructuras subcorticales involucradas en la preparación del acto motor (mediante el estudio del efecto StartReact), y la presencia de actividad involuntaria electromiográfica “en espejo”. Tales anormalidades fueron comparadas con los datos obtenidos en sujetos sanos, y correlacionadas con medidas de daño estructural y microestructural por resonancia magnética nuclear en cuerpo calloso y tronco del encéfalo. RESULTADOS: 1. En un subgrupo de pacientes en un estadio más precoz de enfermedad (35%) se observó una asimetría en la “excitabilidad” del reflejo de parpadeo que se asoció a una distribución asimétrica de lesiones hemisféricas, a diferencia de lo observado en pacientes en un estadio más avanzado (40%) que mostraron un retraso en la “conducción” de las respuestas del reflejo de parpadeo y una distribución hemisférica simétrica de lesiones. 2. En pacientes, se observó que la lentitud de reacción motora se asocia a una reducción en el efecto StartReact, y que el retraso del tiempo de reacción en tareas “cruzadas” se correlaciona con una prolongación en el tiempo de tránsito transcalloso. 3. En tareas motoras “cruzadas”, los pacientes mostraron una actividad “en espejo” exagerada que se asocia a un mayor daño microestructural de fibras callosas y a atrofia del tronco del encéfalo. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con EM es frecuente encontrar alteraciones subclínicas de la excitabilidad en los circuitos reflejos y estructuras subcorticales y a falta de control motor, revelados mediante estudios neurofisiológicos. Tales alteraciones se explican mayormente por el daño multifocal encefálico con afectación predominante de los hemisferios cerebrales, cuerpo calloso y tronco del encéfalo.
INTRODUCTION: Multifocal distribution of demyelinating lesions in the brain affecting mainly the brainstem and the corpus callosum (CC) are common findings in magnetic resonance (MRI) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These patients may present with subclinical signs (myokymia, bradykinesia or lack of motor control) representing altered excitability in specific neural circuits. HYPOTHESIS: Signs of altered excitability in MS show in the study of brainstem reflex circuits or during the hand movement execution in reaction time paradigms requiring transcallosal pathways (“crossed” motor tasks). These abnormalities combine with distant lesions in cerebral hemispheres or with focal lesions in brainstem and CC. METHODS: We studied 21 mildly-disabled MS patients and 11 healthy volunteers in two experimental conditions. First, the blink reflex excitability was examined in both sides to single stimulation of trigeminal and median nerves, and to paired trigeminal stimulation and conditioned with a somato-sensory prepulse. These measures were associated with the distribution of hemispheric demyelinating MRI-lesions. Second, in the context of a “crossed” reaction time paradigm, participants were requested to perform unilateral wrist-extension movements to a sensory stimulus applied in the contralateral hand used as imperative signal. “Crossed” reaction time was correlated to transcallosal conduction time measured with transcranial-magnetic-stimulation, and associated to the startling- acceleration in the reaction time (a.k.a. StartReact effect) and with the presence of mirror electromyographic activity (mEMG). Abnormalities were correlated with MRI- measures of structural/ultrastructural damage in brainstem and CC. RESULTS: In 35% of patients we found an asymmetric blink reflex excitability in absence of brainstem lesions which associated with an asymmetric distribution of hemispheric lesions, whereas in 40% of patients we found delayed blink responses which associated with brainstem lesions and symmetric distribution of hemispheric lesions. In patients, slowness of reaction associated with reduced StartReact effect, and delayed “crossed” reaction time correlated with lengthening in transcallosal conduction time. In "crossed” reaction time, patients showed enhanced mEMG which associated with increased ultrastructural callosal damage and brainstem atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: MS patients show altered excitability in brainstem reflex circuits and subcortical structures and lack of motor control. These abnormalities are related to lesion involvement of cerebral hemispheres, CC and brainstem.
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Books on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

1

N, Gantchev G., Dimitrov B, and Gatev P, eds. Motor control. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

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Strata, Piergiorgio, ed. The Olivocerebellar System in Motor Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73920-0.

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Steve, Parker. Control freak! Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2006.

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Hu, Xiuyi. Microcontroller-based DC motor speed control system. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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The neural basis of motor control. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Cope, D. Vehicle emissions control system tampering. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1988.

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Parker, Steve. Control freak!: Hormones, the brain, and the nervous system. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2007.

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Steve, Parker. Control freak!: Hormones, the brain, and the nervous system. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2007.

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Talbot, Kevin. Motor neuron disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Talbot, Kevin. Motor neuron disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

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Krasne, F. B. "Modes of Control over Sensory and Motor Events in a Simple System." In Neurophysiology and Psychophysiology, 27–37. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003164647-4.

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Zimmermann, M. "Regulatory Functions of the Nervous System, as Exemplified by the Spinal Motor System." In Fundamentals of Neurophysiology, 201–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9553-9_7.

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Hunter, I., and R. Kearney. "System Identification in Motor Control: Time-Varying Techniques." In Motor Control, 189–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7508-5_33.

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van der Brugge, Frans. "Motor Control Models." In Neurorehabilitation for Central Nervous System Disorders, 133–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58738-7_9.

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Baev, Konstantin V. "The Spinal Motor Optimal Control System." In Biological Neural Networks: Hierarchical Concept of Brain Function, 87–101. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4100-3_5.

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Llinás, R. R. "Electrophysiological Properties of the Olivocerebellar System." In The Olivocerebellar System in Motor Control, 201–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73920-0_19.

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Fabianski, B., and K. Zawirski. "Switched Reluctance Motor Drive Embedded Control System." In Mechatronics 2013, 339–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02294-9_43.

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Singh, Rajesh, Anita Gehlot, Bhupendra Singh, and Sushabhan Choudhury. "DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI." In Arduino-Based Embedded Systems, 173–84. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315162881-14.

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Singh, Rajesh, Anita Gehlot, Bhupendra Singh, and Sushabhan Choudhury. "Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI." In Arduino-Based Embedded Systems, 185–96. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315162881-15.

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Hong, Huo, Yao Zhiliang, and He Kebin. "Motor Vehicle Development and Air Pollution Control." In Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China, 7–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36847-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

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Krouchev, Nedialko I., Henrietta L. Galiana, and John F. Kalaska. "Principal component analysis of M1 neurophysiology data suggests a motor-control system-architecture template." In 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2008.4649509.

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Odegard, G. M., T. L. Haut Donahue, D. A. Morrow, and K. R. Kaufman. "Constitutive Modeling of Skeletal Muscle Tissue." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175848.

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Abstract:
The main functions of the human musculoskeletal system are to sustain loads and provide mobility. Bones and joints themselves cannot produce movement; skeletal muscles provide the ability to move. Knowledge of muscle forces during given activities can provide insight into muscle mechanics, muscle physiology, musculoskeletal mechanics, neurophysiology, and motor control. However, clinical examinations or instrumented strength testing only provides information regarding muscle groups. Musculoskeletal models are typically needed to calculate individual muscle forces.
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Kadage, A. D., and J. D. Gawade. "Wireless Control System for Agricultural Motor." In 2009 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetet.2009.236.

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Song, Jianlin, Xiaowen Dai, and Liquan Yue. "Intelligent Control Strategy of Motor Speed Control System." In 2019 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaeac47372.2019.8997613.

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Ma Guoliang, Wang Daobo, and Wang Hongqiang. "Switched PID control of motor-load system." In 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2008.4605634.

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Turl, G. "A synchronised multi-motor control system using sensorless induction motor drives." In International Conference on Power Electronics Machines and Drives. IEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20020086.

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Prasannakumar, Nikhilesh, and C. Nagamani. "C2000 LaunchPad Based Generic Motor Control System." In 2014 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference (TIIEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiiec.2014.035.

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Bandyopadhyay, Mandakinee, Subrata Chattopadhyay, and Nirupama Mandal. "Position control system of a PMDC motor." In 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeot.2016.7754785.

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Ciucur, Violeta-Vali. "Speed position control system for DC motor." In 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichqp.2014.6842915.

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Chu, Chao-Ting, Huann-Keng Chiang, and Yung-Sheng Chang. "Wireless cloud interaction system implement motor control." In 2016 11th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/impact.2016.7800001.

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Reports on the topic "Motor control system; Neurophysiology"

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Arimitsu, Minoru, Masaki Nakano, Yuusuke Minagawa, and Shouichi Maeda. Compound Current Control of an Innovatively Wired Two-Motor System. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0210.

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Castillo, V., D. Derryberry, Z. Huang, and T. Tallerico. Motor control system for the Expt. No. 821 Plan B compressor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157478.

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Carpenter, K. E. Work plan for upgrading the 241-A-701 compressed air system and motor control center. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10115168.

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